--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/scripts/autoid.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Add unique ID attributes to para tags. This script should only be
+# run by one person, since otherwise it introduces the possibility of
+# chaotic conflicts among tags.
+
+import glob, os, re, sys
+
+tagged = re.compile('<para[^>]* id="x_([0-9a-f]+)"[^>]*>', re.M)
+untagged = re.compile('<para>')
+
+names = glob.glob('ch*.docbook')
+# First pass: find the highest-numbered paragraph ID.
+
+
+chapter=None
+seen = set()
+errs = 0
+beginning="p_list= "
+
+id_file=open('p_list.py','w')
+dictionary={}
+id_list=[]
+for name in names:
+ for m in tagged.finditer(open(name).read()):
+ i = int(m.group(1),16)
+ if i in seen:
+ print >> sys.stderr, '%s: duplication of ID %s' % (name, i)
+ errs += 1
+ seen.add(i)
+ if i > biggest_id:
+ biggest_id = i
+
+
+def retag(s):
+ global biggest_id
+ global chapter
+ biggest_id += 1
+
+ id_name="%s_%x" % (chapter,biggest_id)
+ id_list.append(id_name)
+
+ return '<para id="%s">' %id_name
+
+# Second pass: add IDs to paragraphs that currently lack them.
+
+for name in names:
+ biggest_id=0
+ chapter=name.split('.')[0]
+ id_list=[]
+ f = open(name).read()
+ f1 = untagged.sub(retag, f )
+ dictionary[chapter]=id_list
+ if f1 != f:
+ tmpname = name + '.tmp'
+ fp = open(tmpname, 'w')
+ fp.write(f1)
+ fp.close()
+ os.rename(tmpname, name)
+p_lists_string=beginning+str(dictionary)
+id_file.write(p_lists_string)
+sys.exit(errs)
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/scripts/docbook2html.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import glob, os, re, sys
+import subprocess
+import time
+names = glob.glob('ch*.docbook')
+for name in names:
+ command="xsltproc html-single.xsl %s > %s.html" %(name ,name.split('.')[0])
+ print command
+ subprocess.Popen(command,shell=True)
+ time.sleep(10)
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/scripts/html-single.xsl Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" version='1.0'>
+
+ <xsl:import href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/html/docbook.xsl"/>
+
+ <xsl:param name="draft.mode" select="no"/>
+
+ <!-- xsltproc can't support these extensions
+ <xsl:param name="use.extensions">1</xsl:param>
+ <xsl:param name="callouts.extension">1</xsl:param>
+ <xsl:param name="linenumbering.extension">1</xsl:param>
+ <xsl:param name="tablecolumns.extension">1</xsl:param>
+ <xsl:param name="textinsert.extension">1</xsl:param>
+ -->
+
+ <xsl:param name="admon.graphics" select="1" />
+ <xsl:param name="admon.graphics.extension">.png</xsl:param>
+ <xsl:param name="admon.graphics.path">figs/</xsl:param>
+ <xsl:param name="callout.graphics" select="1" />
+ <xsl:param name="callout.graphics.extension">.png</xsl:param>
+ <xsl:param name="callout.graphics.path">images/callouts/</xsl:param>
+
+ <xsl:param name="section.autolabel" select="1" />
+ <xsl:param name="section.label.includes.component.label">1</xsl:param>
+
+ <xsl:output method="html" encoding="utf-8" indent="yes"/> <!-- html only -->
+ <xsl:param name="use.id.as.filename">0</xsl:param> <!-- html only -->
+ <xsl:param name="chunk.section.depth">0</xsl:param> <!-- html only -->
+ <xsl:param name="chunker.output.indent">yes</xsl:param> <!-- html only -->
+ <xsl:param name="html.stylesheet">hgbook.css</xsl:param> <!-- html only -->
+
+</xsl:stylesheet>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/scripts/index.config Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Introduction/Introduction.rst
+basic_python/intro.rst
+basic_python/list_tuples.rst
+basic_python/strings_dicts.rst
+basic_python/func.rst
+basic_python/oop.rst
+basic_python/interim_assessment.rst
+ult/ult_module_plan.rst
+ult/Using_Linux_Tools.rst
+ult/session4.rst
+ult/Section_5.rst
+versionControl/index.rst
+versionControl/versionControl.rst
+versionControl/handOut.rst
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/scripts/myrst2xml.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+"""
+Just a hack to convert rst to xml and then docbook .
+May not containt all the required elements of a docbook .
+Just done to make it run for the specific rst for our
+sees documentation.
+"""
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import os
+import pkg_resources
+import time
+from docutils.core import publish_file
+chapterno=0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+def convert2xml(file):
+# print folder,subfolder,file
+ file=file.split("\n")[0]
+ file= file.split("\t")[0]
+ global chapterno
+ name=file.split('/')[-1]
+ name='ch'+str(chapterno)+name.split('.')[0]
+# full_file=os.path.join(folder,file)
+# if file.endswith('.rst'):
+ print file
+ xml_file=name+'.xml'
+ a=open(xml_file,'w')
+# a.close()
+# command="rst2xml.py %s > %s" %(file , xml_file)
+
+# a=subprocess.Popen(command , shell=True)
+# time.sleep(10)
+# a.kill()
+ publish_file(source_path=file, destination_path=xml_file,parser_name='restructuredtext', writer_name='xml')
+def walk(repo):
+ global chapterno
+ mainfolder='/home/amit/sttp_latest/'
+ for readline in open('index.config','r').readlines():
+ chapterno+=1
+ filename=mainfolder+readline
+ convert2xml(filename)
+
+
+
+
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+ repo='/home/amit/sphinxvirt/review/'
+ walk(repo)
+# convert(1,2,3)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/scripts/p_list.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+p_list= {'ch12index': [], 'ch6oop': ['ch6oop_1', 'ch6oop_2', 'ch6oop_3', 'ch6oop_4', 'ch6oop_5', 'ch6oop_6'], 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools': ['ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_20', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_21', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_22', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_23', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_24', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_25', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_26', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_27', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_28', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_29', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_30', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_31', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_32', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_33', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_34', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_35', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_36', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_37', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_38', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_39', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_40', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_41', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_42', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_43', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_44', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_45', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_46', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_47', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_48', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_49', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_50', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_51', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_52', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_53', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_54', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_55', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_56', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_57', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_58', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_59', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_60', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_61', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_62', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_63', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_64', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_65', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_66', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_67', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_68', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_69', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_70', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_71', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_72', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_73', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_74', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_75', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_76', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_77', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_78', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_79', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_80', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_81', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_82', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_83', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_84', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_85', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_86', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_87', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_88', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_89', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_90', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_91', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_92', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_93', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_94', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_95', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_96', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_97', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_98', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_99', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_aa', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ab', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ac', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ad', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ae', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_af', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ba', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bb', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_be', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bf', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ca', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cb', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ce', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cf', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_da', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_db', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_dc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_dd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_de', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_df', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ea', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_eb', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ec', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ed', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ee', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ef', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fa', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fb', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fe', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ff', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_100', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_101', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_102', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_103', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_104', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_105', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_106', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_107', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_108', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_109', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_110', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_111', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_112', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_113', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_114', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_115', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_116', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_117', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_118', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_119', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_120', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_121', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_122', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_123', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_124', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_125', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_126', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_127', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_128', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_129', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_130', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_131', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_132', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_133', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_134', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_135', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_136', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_137', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_138', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_139', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_140', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_141', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_142', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_143', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_144', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_145', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_146', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_147', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_148', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_149', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_150', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_151', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_152', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_153', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_154', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_155', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_156', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_157', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_158', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_159', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_160', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_161', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_162', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_163', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_164', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_165', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_166', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_167', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_168', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_169', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_170', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_171', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_172', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_173', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_174', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_175', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_176', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_177', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_178', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_179', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_180', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_181', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_182', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_183', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_184', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_185', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_186', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_187', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_188', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_189', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_190', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_191', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_192', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_193', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_194', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_195', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_196', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_197', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_198', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_199', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19a', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19b', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19c', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19d', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19e', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19f', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1aa', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ab', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ac', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ad', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ae', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1af', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ba', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bb', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1be', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bf', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ca', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cb', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ce', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cf', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1da', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1db', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1dc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1dd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1de', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1df', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e1'], 'ch1Introduction': ['ch1Introduction_1', 'ch1Introduction_2', 'ch1Introduction_3', 'ch1Introduction_4', 'ch1Introduction_5', 'ch1Introduction_6', 'ch1Introduction_7', 'ch1Introduction_8', 'ch1Introduction_9', 'ch1Introduction_a', 'ch1Introduction_b', 'ch1Introduction_c', 'ch1Introduction_d'], 'ch5func': ['ch5func_1', 'ch5func_2', 'ch5func_3', 'ch5func_4', 'ch5func_5', 'ch5func_6', 'ch5func_7', 'ch5func_8', 'ch5func_9', 'ch5func_a', 'ch5func_b', 'ch5func_c', 'ch5func_d', 'ch5func_e', 'ch5func_f', 'ch5func_10', 'ch5func_11', 'ch5func_12', 'ch5func_13', 'ch5func_14', 'ch5func_15', 'ch5func_16', 'ch5func_17', 'ch5func_18', 'ch5func_19', 'ch5func_1a', 'ch5func_1b', 'ch5func_1c', 'ch5func_1d', 'ch5func_1e', 'ch5func_1f'], 'ch3list_tuples': ['ch3list_tuples_1', 'ch3list_tuples_2', 'ch3list_tuples_3', 'ch3list_tuples_4', 'ch3list_tuples_5', 'ch3list_tuples_6', 'ch3list_tuples_7', 'ch3list_tuples_8', 'ch3list_tuples_9', 'ch3list_tuples_a', 'ch3list_tuples_b', 'ch3list_tuples_c', 'ch3list_tuples_d', 'ch3list_tuples_e', 'ch3list_tuples_f', 'ch3list_tuples_10', 'ch3list_tuples_11', 'ch3list_tuples_12', 'ch3list_tuples_13', 'ch3list_tuples_14', 'ch3list_tuples_15', 'ch3list_tuples_16', 'ch3list_tuples_17', 'ch3list_tuples_18', 'ch3list_tuples_19', 'ch3list_tuples_1a', 'ch3list_tuples_1b', 'ch3list_tuples_1c', 'ch3list_tuples_1d', 'ch3list_tuples_1e', 'ch3list_tuples_1f', 'ch3list_tuples_20', 'ch3list_tuples_21', 'ch3list_tuples_22', 'ch3list_tuples_23', 'ch3list_tuples_24', 'ch3list_tuples_25', 'ch3list_tuples_26', 'ch3list_tuples_27', 'ch3list_tuples_28', 'ch3list_tuples_29', 'ch3list_tuples_2a', 'ch3list_tuples_2b', 'ch3list_tuples_2c', 'ch3list_tuples_2d', 'ch3list_tuples_2e', 'ch3list_tuples_2f', 'ch3list_tuples_30', 'ch3list_tuples_31', 'ch3list_tuples_32', 'ch3list_tuples_33', 'ch3list_tuples_34', 'ch3list_tuples_35', 'ch3list_tuples_36', 'ch3list_tuples_37'], 'ch2intro': ['ch2intro_1', 'ch2intro_2', 'ch2intro_3', 'ch2intro_4', 'ch2intro_5', 'ch2intro_6', 'ch2intro_7', 'ch2intro_8', 'ch2intro_9', 'ch2intro_a', 'ch2intro_b', 'ch2intro_c', 'ch2intro_d', 'ch2intro_e', 'ch2intro_f', 'ch2intro_10', 'ch2intro_11', 'ch2intro_12', 'ch2intro_13', 'ch2intro_14', 'ch2intro_15', 'ch2intro_16', 'ch2intro_17', 'ch2intro_18', 'ch2intro_19', 'ch2intro_1a', 'ch2intro_1b', 'ch2intro_1c', 'ch2intro_1d', 'ch2intro_1e', 'ch2intro_1f', 'ch2intro_20', 'ch2intro_21', 'ch2intro_22', 'ch2intro_23', 'ch2intro_24', 'ch2intro_25', 'ch2intro_26', 'ch2intro_27', 'ch2intro_28', 'ch2intro_29', 'ch2intro_2a', 'ch2intro_2b', 'ch2intro_2c', 'ch2intro_2d', 'ch2intro_2e', 'ch2intro_2f', 'ch2intro_30', 'ch2intro_31', 'ch2intro_32', 'ch2intro_33', 'ch2intro_34', 'ch2intro_35', 'ch2intro_36', 'ch2intro_37', 'ch2intro_38', 'ch2intro_39', 'ch2intro_3a', 'ch2intro_3b', 'ch2intro_3c', 'ch2intro_3d', 'ch2intro_3e', 'ch2intro_3f', 'ch2intro_40', 'ch2intro_41', 'ch2intro_42', 'ch2intro_43', 'ch2intro_44', 'ch2intro_45', 'ch2intro_46', 'ch2intro_47', 'ch2intro_48', 'ch2intro_49', 'ch2intro_4a', 'ch2intro_4b', 'ch2intro_4c', 'ch2intro_4d', 'ch2intro_4e', 'ch2intro_4f', 'ch2intro_50', 'ch2intro_51', 'ch2intro_52', 'ch2intro_53', 'ch2intro_54', 'ch2intro_55', 'ch2intro_56', 'ch2intro_57', 'ch2intro_58', 'ch2intro_59', 'ch2intro_5a', 'ch2intro_5b', 'ch2intro_5c', 'ch2intro_5d', 'ch2intro_5e', 'ch2intro_5f', 'ch2intro_60', 'ch2intro_61', 'ch2intro_62', 'ch2intro_63', 'ch2intro_64', 'ch2intro_65', 'ch2intro_66', 'ch2intro_67'], 'ch4strings_dicts': ['ch4strings_dicts_1', 'ch4strings_dicts_2', 'ch4strings_dicts_3', 'ch4strings_dicts_4', 'ch4strings_dicts_5', 'ch4strings_dicts_6', 'ch4strings_dicts_7', 'ch4strings_dicts_8', 'ch4strings_dicts_9', 'ch4strings_dicts_a', 'ch4strings_dicts_b', 'ch4strings_dicts_c', 'ch4strings_dicts_d', 'ch4strings_dicts_e', 'ch4strings_dicts_f', 'ch4strings_dicts_10', 'ch4strings_dicts_11', 'ch4strings_dicts_12', 'ch4strings_dicts_13', 'ch4strings_dicts_14', 'ch4strings_dicts_15', 'ch4strings_dicts_16', 'ch4strings_dicts_17', 'ch4strings_dicts_18', 'ch4strings_dicts_19', 'ch4strings_dicts_1a', 'ch4strings_dicts_1b', 'ch4strings_dicts_1c', 'ch4strings_dicts_1d', 'ch4strings_dicts_1e', 'ch4strings_dicts_1f', 'ch4strings_dicts_20', 'ch4strings_dicts_21', 'ch4strings_dicts_22', 'ch4strings_dicts_23', 'ch4strings_dicts_24', 'ch4strings_dicts_25', 'ch4strings_dicts_26', 'ch4strings_dicts_27', 'ch4strings_dicts_28', 'ch4strings_dicts_29', 'ch4strings_dicts_2a', 'ch4strings_dicts_2b', 'ch4strings_dicts_2c', 'ch4strings_dicts_2d', 'ch4strings_dicts_2e', 'ch4strings_dicts_2f', 'ch4strings_dicts_30'], 'ch11Section_5': ['ch11Section_5_1', 'ch11Section_5_2', 'ch11Section_5_3', 'ch11Section_5_4', 'ch11Section_5_5', 'ch11Section_5_6', 'ch11Section_5_7', 'ch11Section_5_8', 'ch11Section_5_9', 'ch11Section_5_a', 'ch11Section_5_b', 'ch11Section_5_c', 'ch11Section_5_d', 'ch11Section_5_e', 'ch11Section_5_f', 'ch11Section_5_10', 'ch11Section_5_11', 'ch11Section_5_12', 'ch11Section_5_13', 'ch11Section_5_14', 'ch11Section_5_15', 'ch11Section_5_16', 'ch11Section_5_17', 'ch11Section_5_18', 'ch11Section_5_19', 'ch11Section_5_1a', 'ch11Section_5_1b', 'ch11Section_5_1c', 'ch11Section_5_1d', 'ch11Section_5_1e', 'ch11Section_5_1f', 'ch11Section_5_20', 'ch11Section_5_21', 'ch11Section_5_22', 'ch11Section_5_23', 'ch11Section_5_24', 'ch11Section_5_25', 'ch11Section_5_26', 'ch11Section_5_27', 'ch11Section_5_28', 'ch11Section_5_29', 'ch11Section_5_2a', 'ch11Section_5_2b', 'ch11Section_5_2c', 'ch11Section_5_2d', 'ch11Section_5_2e', 'ch11Section_5_2f', 'ch11Section_5_30', 'ch11Section_5_31', 'ch11Section_5_32', 'ch11Section_5_33', 'ch11Section_5_34', 'ch11Section_5_35', 'ch11Section_5_36', 'ch11Section_5_37', 'ch11Section_5_38', 'ch11Section_5_39', 'ch11Section_5_3a', 'ch11Section_5_3b', 'ch11Section_5_3c', 'ch11Section_5_3d', 'ch11Section_5_3e', 'ch11Section_5_3f', 'ch11Section_5_40', 'ch11Section_5_41', 'ch11Section_5_42', 'ch11Section_5_43', 'ch11Section_5_44', 'ch11Section_5_45', 'ch11Section_5_46', 'ch11Section_5_47', 'ch11Section_5_48', 'ch11Section_5_49', 'ch11Section_5_4a', 'ch11Section_5_4b', 'ch11Section_5_4c', 'ch11Section_5_4d', 'ch11Section_5_4e', 'ch11Section_5_4f', 'ch11Section_5_50', 'ch11Section_5_51', 'ch11Section_5_52', 'ch11Section_5_53', 'ch11Section_5_54', 'ch11Section_5_55', 'ch11Section_5_56', 'ch11Section_5_57', 'ch11Section_5_58', 'ch11Section_5_59', 'ch11Section_5_5a', 'ch11Section_5_5b', 'ch11Section_5_5c', 'ch11Section_5_5d', 'ch11Section_5_5e', 'ch11Section_5_5f', 'ch11Section_5_60', 'ch11Section_5_61', 'ch11Section_5_62', 'ch11Section_5_63', 'ch11Section_5_64', 'ch11Section_5_65', 'ch11Section_5_66', 'ch11Section_5_67', 'ch11Section_5_68', 'ch11Section_5_69', 'ch11Section_5_6a', 'ch11Section_5_6b', 'ch11Section_5_6c', 'ch11Section_5_6d', 'ch11Section_5_6e'], 'ch7interim_assessment': [], 'ch8ult_module_plan': ['ch8ult_module_plan_1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_20', 'ch8ult_module_plan_21', 'ch8ult_module_plan_22', 'ch8ult_module_plan_23', 'ch8ult_module_plan_24', 'ch8ult_module_plan_25', 'ch8ult_module_plan_26', 'ch8ult_module_plan_27', 'ch8ult_module_plan_28', 'ch8ult_module_plan_29', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_30', 'ch8ult_module_plan_31', 'ch8ult_module_plan_32', 'ch8ult_module_plan_33', 'ch8ult_module_plan_34', 'ch8ult_module_plan_35', 'ch8ult_module_plan_36', 'ch8ult_module_plan_37', 'ch8ult_module_plan_38', 'ch8ult_module_plan_39', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_40', 'ch8ult_module_plan_41', 'ch8ult_module_plan_42', 'ch8ult_module_plan_43', 'ch8ult_module_plan_44'], 'ch10session4': ['ch10session4_1', 'ch10session4_2', 'ch10session4_3', 'ch10session4_4', 'ch10session4_5', 'ch10session4_6', 'ch10session4_7', 'ch10session4_8', 'ch10session4_9', 'ch10session4_a', 'ch10session4_b', 'ch10session4_c', 'ch10session4_d', 'ch10session4_e', 'ch10session4_f', 'ch10session4_10', 'ch10session4_11', 'ch10session4_12', 'ch10session4_13', 'ch10session4_14', 'ch10session4_15', 'ch10session4_16', 'ch10session4_17', 'ch10session4_18', 'ch10session4_19', 'ch10session4_1a', 'ch10session4_1b', 'ch10session4_1c', 'ch10session4_1d', 'ch10session4_1e', 'ch10session4_1f', 'ch10session4_20', 'ch10session4_21', 'ch10session4_22', 'ch10session4_23', 'ch10session4_24', 'ch10session4_25', 'ch10session4_26', 'ch10session4_27', 'ch10session4_28', 'ch10session4_29', 'ch10session4_2a', 'ch10session4_2b', 'ch10session4_2c', 'ch10session4_2d', 'ch10session4_2e', 'ch10session4_2f', 'ch10session4_30', 'ch10session4_31', 'ch10session4_32', 'ch10session4_33', 'ch10session4_34', 'ch10session4_35', 'ch10session4_36', 'ch10session4_37', 'ch10session4_38', 'ch10session4_39', 'ch10session4_3a', 'ch10session4_3b', 'ch10session4_3c', 'ch10session4_3d', 'ch10session4_3e', 'ch10session4_3f', 'ch10session4_40', 'ch10session4_41', 'ch10session4_42', 'ch10session4_43', 'ch10session4_44', 'ch10session4_45', 'ch10session4_46', 'ch10session4_47', 'ch10session4_48', 'ch10session4_49', 'ch10session4_4a', 'ch10session4_4b', 'ch10session4_4c', 'ch10session4_4d', 'ch10session4_4e', 'ch10session4_4f', 'ch10session4_50', 'ch10session4_51', 'ch10session4_52', 'ch10session4_53', 'ch10session4_54', 'ch10session4_55', 'ch10session4_56', 'ch10session4_57', 'ch10session4_58', 'ch10session4_59', 'ch10session4_5a', 'ch10session4_5b', 'ch10session4_5c', 'ch10session4_5d', 'ch10session4_5e', 'ch10session4_5f', 'ch10session4_60', 'ch10session4_61', 'ch10session4_62', 'ch10session4_63', 'ch10session4_64', 'ch10session4_65', 'ch10session4_66', 'ch10session4_67', 'ch10session4_68', 'ch10session4_69', 'ch10session4_6a', 'ch10session4_6b', 'ch10session4_6c', 'ch10session4_6d', 'ch10session4_6e', 'ch10session4_6f', 'ch10session4_70', 'ch10session4_71', 'ch10session4_72', 'ch10session4_73', 'ch10session4_74', 'ch10session4_75', 'ch10session4_76', 'ch10session4_77', 'ch10session4_78', 'ch10session4_79', 'ch10session4_7a', 'ch10session4_7b', 'ch10session4_7c', 'ch10session4_7d', 'ch10session4_7e', 'ch10session4_7f', 'ch10session4_80', 'ch10session4_81', 'ch10session4_82', 'ch10session4_83', 'ch10session4_84', 'ch10session4_85', 'ch10session4_86', 'ch10session4_87', 'ch10session4_88', 'ch10session4_89', 'ch10session4_8a', 'ch10session4_8b', 'ch10session4_8c', 'ch10session4_8d', 'ch10session4_8e', 'ch10session4_8f', 'ch10session4_90', 'ch10session4_91', 'ch10session4_92', 'ch10session4_93', 'ch10session4_94', 'ch10session4_95', 'ch10session4_96', 'ch10session4_97', 'ch10session4_98', 'ch10session4_99', 'ch10session4_9a', 'ch10session4_9b', 'ch10session4_9c', 'ch10session4_9d', 'ch10session4_9e', 'ch10session4_9f', 'ch10session4_a0', 'ch10session4_a1', 'ch10session4_a2', 'ch10session4_a3', 'ch10session4_a4', 'ch10session4_a5', 'ch10session4_a6', 'ch10session4_a7', 'ch10session4_a8', 'ch10session4_a9', 'ch10session4_aa', 'ch10session4_ab', 'ch10session4_ac', 'ch10session4_ad', 'ch10session4_ae', 'ch10session4_af', 'ch10session4_b0', 'ch10session4_b1', 'ch10session4_b2', 'ch10session4_b3', 'ch10session4_b4', 'ch10session4_b5', 'ch10session4_b6']}
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/scripts/rst2docbook.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+"""
+Just a hack to convert rst to xml and then docbook .
+May not containt all the required elements of a docbook .
+Just done to make it run for the specific rst for our
+sees documentation.
+"""
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+import os
+import pkg_resources
+import glob, os, re, sys
+names = glob.glob('ch*.xml')
+"""
+chapterno=0
+
+def convert2xml(file):
+# print folder,subfolder,file
+ global chapterno
+ name=file.split('/')[-1]
+ name=str(chapterno)+name.split('.')[0]
+# full_file=os.path.join(folder,file)
+# if file.endswith('.rst'):
+ print file
+ xml_file=name+'.xml'
+ command="rst2xml.py %s > %s" %(file , xml_file)
+ print command
+ a=subprocess.Popen(command , shell=True)
+
+
+
+def walk(repo):
+ global chapterno
+ mainfolder='/home/amit/sttp_latest/'
+ for readline in open('index.config','r').readlines():
+ chapterno+=1
+ filename=mainfolder+readline
+ convert2xml(filename)
+
+
+"""
+def convert2docbook(xml_string):
+# xml_file_obj=open(file,'r')
+# xml_string=xml_file_obj.read()
+# xml_file_obj.close()
+ try:
+ xml_string=re.sub('<strong>','<emphasis role="strong">', xml_string)
+ xml_string=re.sub('<literal_block','<programlisting>',xml_string)
+ xml_string=re.sub('</literal_block>','</programlisting>',xml_string)
+ xml_string=re.sub('xml:space="preserve">','',xml_string)
+ xml_string=re.sub('<paragraph>' ,'<para>',xml_string)
+ xml_string=re.sub('</paragraph>' ,'</para>',xml_string)
+ xml_string=re.sub('</strong>' ,'</emphasis>',xml_string)
+ chapter= ET.Element("chapter")
+ article=ET.SubElement(chapter,"article")
+ articleinfo=ET.SubElement(article,"articleinfo")
+ tree = ET.fromstring(xml_string)
+ title= ET.SubElement(articleinfo,"title")
+ try:
+ title.text=tree.items()[1][1]
+ except:
+ pass
+ article.insert(1,tree)
+ xml_string=ET.tostring(chapter)
+ xml_string=re.sub('<document ids=.*">' ,'',xml_string)
+ xml_string=re.sub('</document>' ,'',xml_string)
+ return xml_string
+# docbook_file=file.split('.')[0]+'.docbook'
+# f=open(docbook_file,'w')
+# f.write(xml_string)
+# xml_string=None
+ except :
+ pass
+
+
+
+
+if __name__=='__main__':
+# repo='/home/amit/sphinxvirt/review/'
+# walk(repo)
+# convert(1,2,3)
+ for name in names:
+ print name
+ xml_string=open(name,'r').read()
+
+ xml_string=convert2docbook(xml_string)
+ docbook_file=name.split('.')[0]+'.docbook'
+ f=open(docbook_file,'w')
+ try:
+ f.write(xml_string)
+ except:
+ pass
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/README Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+This directory contains web-related files. Surprise!
+
+javascript - files used by the comment system, based on jQuery
+hgbook - Django app that acts as the comment back end
+styles.css - style file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/genindex.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import glob, os, re
+
+chapter_re = re.compile(r'<(chapter|appendix|preface)\s+id="([^"]+)">')
+filename_re = re.compile(r'<\?dbhtml filename="([^"]+)"\?>')
+title_re = re.compile(r'<title>(.*)</title>')
+
+chapters = (sorted(glob.glob('../en/ch*.xml')) +
+ sorted(glob.glob('../en/app*.xml')))
+
+fp = open('index-read.html.in', 'w')
+
+print >> fp, '''<!-- -*- html -*- -->
+{% extends "boilerplate.html" %}
+{% block bodycontent %}
+<div class="navheader"><h1 class="booktitle">Mercurial: The Definitive Guide<div class="authors">by Bryan O'Sullivan</div></h1></div>
+<div class="book"><ul class="booktoc">'''
+
+ch = 0
+app = 0
+ab = 0
+for c in chapters:
+ filename = None
+ title = None
+ chapid = None
+ chaptype = None
+ for line in open(c):
+ m = chapter_re.search(line)
+ if m:
+ chaptype, chapid = m.groups()
+ m = filename_re.search(line)
+ if m:
+ filename = m.group(1)
+ m = title_re.search(line)
+ if m:
+ title = m.group(1)
+ if filename and title and chapid:
+ if chaptype == 'appendix':
+ num = chr(ord('A') + app)
+ app += 1
+ else:
+ num = ch
+ ch += 1
+ ab += 1
+ date = os.popen('hg log -l1 --template "{date|isodate}" ' + c).read().split(None, 1)[0]
+ args = {
+ 'ab': "ab"[ab % 2],
+ 'date': date,
+ 'chapid': chapid,
+ 'num': num,
+ 'filename': filename,
+ 'title': title,
+ }
+ print >> fp, '<li class="zebra_%(ab)s"><span class="chapinfo">%(date)s<a href="/feeds/comments/%(chapid)s/"><img src="/support/figs/rss.png"/></a></span>%(num)s. <a href="%(filename)s">%(title)s</a></li>' % args
+ break
+
+print >> fp, '''</ul></div>
+{% endblock %}'''
+
+fp.close()
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook.conf Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# -*- apache -*-
+
+<VirtualHost *:80>
+# ServerName hgbook.red-bean.com
+# ServerAdmin bos@serpentine.com
+ ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
+ ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log
+# ErrorLog logs/hgbook-error_log
+ # Debian:
+ # CustomLog logs/hgbook-access_log full
+ # Fedora:
+# CustomLog logs/hgbook-access_log combined
+ CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
+# Options +MultiViews
+# DirectoryIndex index.html.var index.html
+ DocumentRoot "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/html"
+
+
+# Redirect permanent /hgbook.html /index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch1.html /read/preface.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch2.html /read/a-tour-of-mercurial-the-basics.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch3.html /read/a-tour-of-mercurial-merging-work.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch4.html /read/behind-the-scenes.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch5.html /read/mercurial-in-daily-use.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch6.html /read/file-names-and-pattern-matching.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch6.html /read/managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch7.html /read/finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch8.html /read/handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch9.html /read/customizing-the-output-of-mercurial.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch10.html /read/managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch11.html /read/advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch12.html /read/adding-functionality-with-extensions.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap1.html /read/command-reference.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap2.html /read/mercurial-queues-reference.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap3.html /read/installing-mercurial-from-source.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap4.html /read/open-publication-license.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli1.html /read/index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli2.html /read/index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli3.html /read/index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli4.html /read/index.html
+
+ WSGIScriptAlias /review /home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook/run.wsgi
+
+
+
+ # Actively redirect requests via a ServerAlias to the canonical hostname.
+ RewriteEngine On
+# RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !=hgbook.red-bean.com
+# RewriteRule ^(.*) http://hgbook.red-bean.com$1 [R]
+
+# <Location "/">
+# SetHandler python-program
+ # hg clone http://bitbucket.org/mirror/django-trunk/
+# PythonPath "['/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook'] + sys.path"
+# PythonHandler django.core.handlers.modpython
+# PythonAutoReload Off
+# SetEnv DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE hgbook.settings
+# PythonDebug Off
+# </Location>
+
+
+
+ <Location ~ "^/$">
+ SetHandler None
+ DirectoryIndex index.html
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location ~ "^/index.html">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location ~ "^/robots.txt">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location "/read">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location "/support">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location "/media">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+# Alias /media /home/bos/hg/django-trunk/django/contrib/admin/media
+
+ <Directory "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/en/html">
+ Options Indexes FollowSymlinks
+ AllowOverride None
+ Order allow,deny
+ Allow from all
+ </Directory>
+
+ <Directory "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/en/html">
+ AllowOverride AuthConfig
+ </Directory>
+
+ <Directory "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/support">
+ Options None
+ </Directory>
+</VirtualHost>
+
+#<Directory "/home/bos/hg/django-trunk/django/contrib/admin/media">
+# Options None
+# AllowOverride None
+# Order allow,deny
+# Allow from all
+#</Directory>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook.conf~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+# -*- apache -*-
+
+<VirtualHost *:80>
+# ServerName hgbook.red-bean.com
+# ServerAdmin bos@serpentine.com
+ ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
+ ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log
+# ErrorLog logs/hgbook-error_log
+ # Debian:
+ # CustomLog logs/hgbook-access_log full
+ # Fedora:
+# CustomLog logs/hgbook-access_log combined
+ CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
+# Options +MultiViews
+# DirectoryIndex index.html.var index.html
+# DocumentRoot "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/html"
+
+
+# Redirect permanent /hgbook.html /index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch1.html /read/preface.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch2.html /read/a-tour-of-mercurial-the-basics.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch3.html /read/a-tour-of-mercurial-merging-work.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch4.html /read/behind-the-scenes.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch5.html /read/mercurial-in-daily-use.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch6.html /read/file-names-and-pattern-matching.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch6.html /read/managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch7.html /read/finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch8.html /read/handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch9.html /read/customizing-the-output-of-mercurial.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch10.html /read/managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch11.html /read/advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookch12.html /read/adding-functionality-with-extensions.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap1.html /read/command-reference.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap2.html /read/mercurial-queues-reference.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap3.html /read/installing-mercurial-from-source.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookap4.html /read/open-publication-license.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli1.html /read/index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli2.html /read/index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli3.html /read/index.html
+# Redirect permanent /hgbookli4.html /read/index.html
+
+ WSGIScriptAlias /review /home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook/run.wsgi
+
+
+
+ # Actively redirect requests via a ServerAlias to the canonical hostname.
+ RewriteEngine On
+# RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !=hgbook.red-bean.com
+# RewriteRule ^(.*) http://hgbook.red-bean.com$1 [R]
+
+# <Location "/">
+# SetHandler python-program
+ # hg clone http://bitbucket.org/mirror/django-trunk/
+# PythonPath "['/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook'] + sys.path"
+# PythonHandler django.core.handlers.modpython
+# PythonAutoReload Off
+# SetEnv DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE hgbook.settings
+# PythonDebug Off
+# </Location>
+
+
+
+ <Location ~ "^/$">
+ SetHandler None
+ DirectoryIndex index.html
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location ~ "^/index.html">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location ~ "^/robots.txt">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location "/read">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location "/support">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+ <Location "/media">
+ SetHandler None
+ </Location>
+
+# Alias /media /home/bos/hg/django-trunk/django/contrib/admin/media
+
+ <Directory "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/en/html">
+ Options Indexes FollowSymlinks
+ AllowOverride None
+ Order allow,deny
+ Allow from all
+ </Directory>
+
+ <Directory "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/en/html">
+ AllowOverride AuthConfig
+ </Directory>
+
+ <Directory "/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/support">
+ Options None
+ </Directory>
+</VirtualHost>
+
+#<Directory "/home/bos/hg/django-trunk/django/contrib/admin/media">
+# Options None
+# AllowOverride None
+# Order allow,deny
+# Allow from all
+#</Directory>
Binary file web/hgbook/.database.sqlite3 has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/__init__.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+import admin
Binary file web/hgbook/__init__.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/admin.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from django.contrib import admin
+from hgbook.comments.models import Comment, Element
+
+class CommentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+ list_display = ['element', 'submitter_name', 'comment', 'reviewed',
+ 'hidden', 'date']
+ search_fields = ['comment']
+ date_hierarchy = 'date'
+ list_filter = ['date', 'submitter_name']
+ search_fields = ['title', 'submitter_name', 'submitter_url']
+ fieldsets = (
+ (None, {'fields': ('submitter_name', 'element', 'comment')}),
+ ('Review and presentation state', {'fields': ('reviewed', 'hidden')}),
+ ('Other info', {'fields': ('submitter_url', 'ip')}),
+ )
+ # XXX: adding 'date' to the 'Other info' fieldset results in a
+ # ImproperlyConfigured error. :S
+
+class ElementAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+ search_fields = ['id', 'chapter']
+ list_filter = ['chapter', 'title']
+# search_fields = ['id'
+admin.site.register(Comment, CommentAdmin)
+admin.site.register(Element, ElementAdmin)
Binary file web/hgbook/admin.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/admin.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+from django.contrib import admin
+from hgbook.comments.models import Comment, Element
+
+class CommentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+ list_display = ['element', 'submitter_name', 'comment', 'reviewed',
+ 'hidden', 'date']
+ search_fields = ['comment']
+ date_hierarchy = 'date'
+ list_filter = ['date', 'submitter_name']
+ search_fields = ['title', 'submitter_name', 'submitter_url']
+ fieldsets = (
+ (None, {'fields': ('submitter_name', 'element', 'comment')}),
+ ('Review and presentation state', {'fields': ('reviewed', 'hidden')}),
+ ('Other info', {'fields': ('submitter_url', 'ip')}),
+ )
+ # XXX: adding 'date' to the 'Other info' fieldset results in a
+ # ImproperlyConfigured error. :S
+
+class ElementAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
+ search_fields = ['id']
+# list_filter = ['chapter', 'title']
+
+admin.site.register(Comment, CommentAdmin)
+admin.site.register(Element, ElementAdmin)
Binary file web/hgbook/comments/__init__.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/feeds.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from django.core.exceptions import ObjectDoesNotExist
+from django.utils.feedgenerator import Atom1Feed
+from django.contrib.syndication.feeds import Feed
+from hgbook.comments.models import Comment, Element
+
+class MyAtomFeed(Atom1Feed):
+ title_type = u'html'
+
+class Comments(Feed):
+ feed_type = MyAtomFeed
+ title = 'Mercurial - The Definitive Guide: recent comments'
+ subtitle = ('Recent comments on the text of “Mercurial: The '
+ 'Definitive Guide”, from our readers')
+ link = '/feeds/comments/'
+ author_name = 'Our readers'
+
+ def feedfilter(self, queryset):
+ return queryset.order_by('-date')[:20]
+
+ def items(self):
+ return self.feedfilter(Comment.objects)
+
+ def item_author_name(self, obj):
+ return obj.submitter_name
+
+ def item_pubdate(self, obj):
+ return obj.date
+
+ def get_object(self, bits):
+ if len(bits) == 0:
+ return self.items()
+ elif len(bits) > 1:
+ raise ObjectDoesNotExist
+ return self.feedfilter(Comment.objects.filter(element__chapter=bits[0],
+ hidden=False))
Binary file web/hgbook/comments/feeds.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/models.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+from django.db import models
+import hashlib
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.contrib.flatpages.models import FlatPage
+import os
+from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
+import django
+from django.utils.html import strip_tags
+import djapian
+from djapian.indexer import CompositeIndexer ,Indexer
+mutable = True
+#standard_url='localhost/review/html/'
+
+
+
+class Element(models.Model):
+ id = models.CharField('ID attribute', max_length=64, editable=False,
+ primary_key=True)
+
+ chapter = models.CharField('Chapter ID', max_length=100, editable=False,
+ db_index=True)
+ title = models.CharField('Section title', max_length=256, editable=False)
+
+ def __unicode__(self):
+ return self.id
+
+class Comment(models.Model):
+ element = models.ForeignKey(Element,
+ help_text='ID of paragraph that was commented on')
+ comment = models.TextField(editable=mutable,
+ help_text='Text of submitted comment (please do not modify)')
+ submitter_name = models.CharField('Submitter', max_length=64,
+ help_text='Self-reported name of submitter (may be bogus)')
+ submitter_url = models.URLField('URL', blank=True, editable=mutable,
+ help_text='Self-reported URL of submitter (may be empty or bogus)')
+ ip = models.IPAddressField('IP address', editable=mutable,
+ help_text='IP address from which comment was submitted')
+ date = models.DateTimeField('date submitted', auto_now=True,
+ auto_now_add=True)
+ reviewed = models.BooleanField(default=False, db_index=True,
+ help_text='Has this comment been reviewed by an author?')
+ hidden = models.BooleanField(default=False, db_index=True,
+ help_text='Has this comment been hidden from public display?')
+
+ def __unicode__(self):
+ return self.comment[:32]
+
+# def get_absolute_url(self):
+# s = hashlib.new()
+# s.update(repr(self.comment))
+# s.update(repr(self.submitter_name))
+# s.update(str(self.date))
+# print '/read/%s.html#%s?comment=%s&uuid=%s' % (
+# self.element.chapter, self.element.id, self.id, s.hexdigest()[:20]
+# )
+# return '/read/%s.html#%s?comment=%s&uuid=%s' % (
+# self.element.chapter, self.element.id, self.id, s.hexdigest()[:20]
+# )
+
+
+"""
+for directory,lists,files in os.walk('../html'):
+ if directory=='../html':
+ for file in files:
+ if file.endswith('.html'):
+ filename=os.path.join('../html/'+file)
+ f=open(filename,'r')
+ soup = BeautifulSoup(''.join(f.read()))
+ titletag=soup.html.head.title
+ body=strip_tags(soup.html.body)
+ c=FlatPage(url=standard_url+file,title=titletag.string,content=body)
+ c.save()
+
+class FlatPageIndexer( djapian.Indexer ):
+ fields = [ 'title', 'content' ]
+
+
+djapian.space.add_index(FlatPage, FlatPageIndexer, attach_as="indexer")
+FlatPage.indexer.update()
+result = FlatPage.indexer.search('lists')
+for row in result :
+ print row.instance.url
+print result.count()
+
+"""
+
Binary file web/hgbook/comments/models.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/models.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+from django.db import models
+import hashlib
+from django.conf import settings
+from django.contrib.flatpages.models import FlatPage
+import os
+from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
+import django
+from django.utils.html import strip_tags
+import djapian
+from djapian.indexer import CompositeIndexer ,Indexer
+mutable = True
+standard_url='localhost/review/html/'
+
+
+
+class Element(models.Model):
+ id = models.CharField('ID attribute', max_length=64, editable=False,
+ primary_key=True)
+
+ chapter = models.CharField('Chapter ID', max_length=100, editable=False,
+ db_index=True)
+ title = models.CharField('Section title', max_length=256, editable=False)
+
+ def __unicode__(self):
+ return self.id
+
+class Comment(models.Model):
+ element = models.ForeignKey(Element,
+ help_text='ID of paragraph that was commented on')
+ comment = models.TextField(editable=mutable,
+ help_text='Text of submitted comment (please do not modify)')
+ submitter_name = models.CharField('Submitter', max_length=64,
+ help_text='Self-reported name of submitter (may be bogus)')
+ submitter_url = models.URLField('URL', blank=True, editable=mutable,
+ help_text='Self-reported URL of submitter (may be empty or bogus)')
+ ip = models.IPAddressField('IP address', editable=mutable,
+ help_text='IP address from which comment was submitted')
+ date = models.DateTimeField('date submitted', auto_now=True,
+ auto_now_add=True)
+ reviewed = models.BooleanField(default=False, db_index=True,
+ help_text='Has this comment been reviewed by an author?')
+ hidden = models.BooleanField(default=False, db_index=True,
+ help_text='Has this comment been hidden from public display?')
+
+ def __unicode__(self):
+ return self.comment[:32]
+
+# def get_absolute_url(self):
+# s = hashlib.new()
+# s.update(repr(self.comment))
+# s.update(repr(self.submitter_name))
+# s.update(str(self.date))
+# print '/read/%s.html#%s?comment=%s&uuid=%s' % (
+# self.element.chapter, self.element.id, self.id, s.hexdigest()[:20]
+# )
+# return '/read/%s.html#%s?comment=%s&uuid=%s' % (
+# self.element.chapter, self.element.id, self.id, s.hexdigest()[:20]
+# )
+
+
+"""
+for directory,lists,files in os.walk('../html'):
+ if directory=='../html':
+ for file in files:
+ if file.endswith('.html'):
+ filename=os.path.join('../html/'+file)
+ f=open(filename,'r')
+ soup = BeautifulSoup(''.join(f.read()))
+ titletag=soup.html.head.title
+ body=strip_tags(soup.html.body)
+ c=FlatPage(url=standard_url+file,title=titletag.string,content=body)
+ c.save()
+
+class FlatPageIndexer( djapian.Indexer ):
+ fields = [ 'title', 'content' ]
+
+
+djapian.space.add_index(FlatPage, FlatPageIndexer, attach_as="indexer")
+FlatPage.indexer.update()
+result = FlatPage.indexer.search('lists')
+for row in result :
+ print row.instance.url
+print result.count()
+
+"""
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/p_list.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+p_list= {'ch6oop': ['ch6oop_1', 'ch6oop_2', 'ch6oop_3', 'ch6oop_4', 'ch6oop_5', 'ch6oop_6'], 'ch1Introduction': ['ch1Introduction_1', 'ch1Introduction_2', 'ch1Introduction_3', 'ch1Introduction_4', 'ch1Introduction_5', 'ch1Introduction_6', 'ch1Introduction_7', 'ch1Introduction_8', 'ch1Introduction_9', 'ch1Introduction_a', 'ch1Introduction_b', 'ch1Introduction_c', 'ch1Introduction_d'], 'ch5func': ['ch5func_1', 'ch5func_2', 'ch5func_3', 'ch5func_4', 'ch5func_5', 'ch5func_6', 'ch5func_7', 'ch5func_8', 'ch5func_9', 'ch5func_a', 'ch5func_b', 'ch5func_c', 'ch5func_d', 'ch5func_e', 'ch5func_f', 'ch5func_10', 'ch5func_11', 'ch5func_12', 'ch5func_13', 'ch5func_14', 'ch5func_15', 'ch5func_16', 'ch5func_17', 'ch5func_18', 'ch5func_19', 'ch5func_1a', 'ch5func_1b', 'ch5func_1c', 'ch5func_1d', 'ch5func_1e', 'ch5func_1f'], 'ch3list_tuples': ['ch3list_tuples_1', 'ch3list_tuples_2', 'ch3list_tuples_3', 'ch3list_tuples_4', 'ch3list_tuples_5', 'ch3list_tuples_6', 'ch3list_tuples_7', 'ch3list_tuples_8', 'ch3list_tuples_9', 'ch3list_tuples_a', 'ch3list_tuples_b', 'ch3list_tuples_c', 'ch3list_tuples_d', 'ch3list_tuples_e', 'ch3list_tuples_f', 'ch3list_tuples_10', 'ch3list_tuples_11', 'ch3list_tuples_12', 'ch3list_tuples_13', 'ch3list_tuples_14', 'ch3list_tuples_15', 'ch3list_tuples_16', 'ch3list_tuples_17', 'ch3list_tuples_18', 'ch3list_tuples_19', 'ch3list_tuples_1a', 'ch3list_tuples_1b', 'ch3list_tuples_1c', 'ch3list_tuples_1d', 'ch3list_tuples_1e', 'ch3list_tuples_1f', 'ch3list_tuples_20', 'ch3list_tuples_21', 'ch3list_tuples_22', 'ch3list_tuples_23', 'ch3list_tuples_24', 'ch3list_tuples_25', 'ch3list_tuples_26', 'ch3list_tuples_27', 'ch3list_tuples_28', 'ch3list_tuples_29', 'ch3list_tuples_2a', 'ch3list_tuples_2b', 'ch3list_tuples_2c', 'ch3list_tuples_2d', 'ch3list_tuples_2e', 'ch3list_tuples_2f', 'ch3list_tuples_30', 'ch3list_tuples_31', 'ch3list_tuples_32', 'ch3list_tuples_33', 'ch3list_tuples_34', 'ch3list_tuples_35', 'ch3list_tuples_36', 'ch3list_tuples_37'], 'ch2intro': ['ch2intro_1', 'ch2intro_2', 'ch2intro_3', 'ch2intro_4', 'ch2intro_5', 'ch2intro_6', 'ch2intro_7', 'ch2intro_8', 'ch2intro_9', 'ch2intro_a', 'ch2intro_b', 'ch2intro_c', 'ch2intro_d', 'ch2intro_e', 'ch2intro_f', 'ch2intro_10', 'ch2intro_11', 'ch2intro_12', 'ch2intro_13', 'ch2intro_14', 'ch2intro_15', 'ch2intro_16', 'ch2intro_17', 'ch2intro_18', 'ch2intro_19', 'ch2intro_1a', 'ch2intro_1b', 'ch2intro_1c', 'ch2intro_1d', 'ch2intro_1e', 'ch2intro_1f', 'ch2intro_20', 'ch2intro_21', 'ch2intro_22', 'ch2intro_23', 'ch2intro_24', 'ch2intro_25', 'ch2intro_26', 'ch2intro_27', 'ch2intro_28', 'ch2intro_29', 'ch2intro_2a', 'ch2intro_2b', 'ch2intro_2c', 'ch2intro_2d', 'ch2intro_2e', 'ch2intro_2f', 'ch2intro_30', 'ch2intro_31', 'ch2intro_32', 'ch2intro_33', 'ch2intro_34', 'ch2intro_35', 'ch2intro_36', 'ch2intro_37', 'ch2intro_38', 'ch2intro_39', 'ch2intro_3a', 'ch2intro_3b', 'ch2intro_3c', 'ch2intro_3d', 'ch2intro_3e', 'ch2intro_3f', 'ch2intro_40', 'ch2intro_41', 'ch2intro_42', 'ch2intro_43', 'ch2intro_44', 'ch2intro_45', 'ch2intro_46', 'ch2intro_47', 'ch2intro_48', 'ch2intro_49', 'ch2intro_4a', 'ch2intro_4b', 'ch2intro_4c', 'ch2intro_4d', 'ch2intro_4e', 'ch2intro_4f', 'ch2intro_50', 'ch2intro_51', 'ch2intro_52', 'ch2intro_53', 'ch2intro_54', 'ch2intro_55', 'ch2intro_56', 'ch2intro_57', 'ch2intro_58', 'ch2intro_59', 'ch2intro_5a', 'ch2intro_5b', 'ch2intro_5c', 'ch2intro_5d', 'ch2intro_5e', 'ch2intro_5f', 'ch2intro_60', 'ch2intro_61', 'ch2intro_62', 'ch2intro_63', 'ch2intro_64', 'ch2intro_65', 'ch2intro_66', 'ch2intro_67'], 'ch4strings_dicts': ['ch4strings_dicts_1', 'ch4strings_dicts_2', 'ch4strings_dicts_3', 'ch4strings_dicts_4', 'ch4strings_dicts_5', 'ch4strings_dicts_6', 'ch4strings_dicts_7', 'ch4strings_dicts_8', 'ch4strings_dicts_9', 'ch4strings_dicts_a', 'ch4strings_dicts_b', 'ch4strings_dicts_c', 'ch4strings_dicts_d', 'ch4strings_dicts_e', 'ch4strings_dicts_f', 'ch4strings_dicts_10', 'ch4strings_dicts_11', 'ch4strings_dicts_12', 'ch4strings_dicts_13', 'ch4strings_dicts_14', 'ch4strings_dicts_15', 'ch4strings_dicts_16', 'ch4strings_dicts_17', 'ch4strings_dicts_18', 'ch4strings_dicts_19', 'ch4strings_dicts_1a', 'ch4strings_dicts_1b', 'ch4strings_dicts_1c', 'ch4strings_dicts_1d', 'ch4strings_dicts_1e', 'ch4strings_dicts_1f', 'ch4strings_dicts_20', 'ch4strings_dicts_21', 'ch4strings_dicts_22', 'ch4strings_dicts_23', 'ch4strings_dicts_24', 'ch4strings_dicts_25', 'ch4strings_dicts_26', 'ch4strings_dicts_27', 'ch4strings_dicts_28', 'ch4strings_dicts_29', 'ch4strings_dicts_2a', 'ch4strings_dicts_2b', 'ch4strings_dicts_2c', 'ch4strings_dicts_2d', 'ch4strings_dicts_2e', 'ch4strings_dicts_2f', 'ch4strings_dicts_30'], 'ch11Section_5': ['ch11Section_5_1', 'ch11Section_5_2', 'ch11Section_5_3', 'ch11Section_5_4', 'ch11Section_5_5', 'ch11Section_5_6', 'ch11Section_5_7', 'ch11Section_5_8', 'ch11Section_5_9', 'ch11Section_5_a', 'ch11Section_5_b', 'ch11Section_5_c', 'ch11Section_5_d', 'ch11Section_5_e', 'ch11Section_5_f', 'ch11Section_5_10', 'ch11Section_5_11', 'ch11Section_5_12', 'ch11Section_5_13', 'ch11Section_5_14', 'ch11Section_5_15', 'ch11Section_5_16', 'ch11Section_5_17', 'ch11Section_5_18', 'ch11Section_5_19', 'ch11Section_5_1a', 'ch11Section_5_1b', 'ch11Section_5_1c', 'ch11Section_5_1d', 'ch11Section_5_1e', 'ch11Section_5_1f', 'ch11Section_5_20', 'ch11Section_5_21', 'ch11Section_5_22', 'ch11Section_5_23', 'ch11Section_5_24', 'ch11Section_5_25', 'ch11Section_5_26', 'ch11Section_5_27', 'ch11Section_5_28', 'ch11Section_5_29', 'ch11Section_5_2a', 'ch11Section_5_2b', 'ch11Section_5_2c', 'ch11Section_5_2d', 'ch11Section_5_2e', 'ch11Section_5_2f', 'ch11Section_5_30', 'ch11Section_5_31', 'ch11Section_5_32', 'ch11Section_5_33', 'ch11Section_5_34', 'ch11Section_5_35', 'ch11Section_5_36', 'ch11Section_5_37', 'ch11Section_5_38', 'ch11Section_5_39', 'ch11Section_5_3a', 'ch11Section_5_3b', 'ch11Section_5_3c', 'ch11Section_5_3d', 'ch11Section_5_3e', 'ch11Section_5_3f', 'ch11Section_5_40', 'ch11Section_5_41', 'ch11Section_5_42', 'ch11Section_5_43', 'ch11Section_5_44', 'ch11Section_5_45', 'ch11Section_5_46', 'ch11Section_5_47', 'ch11Section_5_48', 'ch11Section_5_49', 'ch11Section_5_4a', 'ch11Section_5_4b', 'ch11Section_5_4c', 'ch11Section_5_4d', 'ch11Section_5_4e', 'ch11Section_5_4f', 'ch11Section_5_50', 'ch11Section_5_51', 'ch11Section_5_52', 'ch11Section_5_53', 'ch11Section_5_54', 'ch11Section_5_55', 'ch11Section_5_56', 'ch11Section_5_57', 'ch11Section_5_58', 'ch11Section_5_59', 'ch11Section_5_5a', 'ch11Section_5_5b', 'ch11Section_5_5c', 'ch11Section_5_5d', 'ch11Section_5_5e', 'ch11Section_5_5f', 'ch11Section_5_60', 'ch11Section_5_61', 'ch11Section_5_62', 'ch11Section_5_63', 'ch11Section_5_64', 'ch11Section_5_65', 'ch11Section_5_66', 'ch11Section_5_67', 'ch11Section_5_68', 'ch11Section_5_69', 'ch11Section_5_6a', 'ch11Section_5_6b', 'ch11Section_5_6c', 'ch11Section_5_6d', 'ch11Section_5_6e'], 'ch7interim_assessment': [], 'ch8ult_module_plan': ['ch8ult_module_plan_1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_20', 'ch8ult_module_plan_21', 'ch8ult_module_plan_22', 'ch8ult_module_plan_23', 'ch8ult_module_plan_24', 'ch8ult_module_plan_25', 'ch8ult_module_plan_26', 'ch8ult_module_plan_27', 'ch8ult_module_plan_28', 'ch8ult_module_plan_29', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_30', 'ch8ult_module_plan_31', 'ch8ult_module_plan_32', 'ch8ult_module_plan_33', 'ch8ult_module_plan_34', 'ch8ult_module_plan_35', 'ch8ult_module_plan_36', 'ch8ult_module_plan_37', 'ch8ult_module_plan_38', 'ch8ult_module_plan_39', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_40', 'ch8ult_module_plan_41', 'ch8ult_module_plan_42', 'ch8ult_module_plan_43', 'ch8ult_module_plan_44'], 'ch10session4': ['ch10session4_1', 'ch10session4_2', 'ch10session4_3', 'ch10session4_4', 'ch10session4_5', 'ch10session4_6', 'ch10session4_7', 'ch10session4_8', 'ch10session4_9', 'ch10session4_a', 'ch10session4_b', 'ch10session4_c', 'ch10session4_d', 'ch10session4_e', 'ch10session4_f', 'ch10session4_10', 'ch10session4_11', 'ch10session4_12', 'ch10session4_13', 'ch10session4_14', 'ch10session4_15', 'ch10session4_16', 'ch10session4_17', 'ch10session4_18', 'ch10session4_19', 'ch10session4_1a', 'ch10session4_1b', 'ch10session4_1c', 'ch10session4_1d', 'ch10session4_1e', 'ch10session4_1f', 'ch10session4_20', 'ch10session4_21', 'ch10session4_22', 'ch10session4_23', 'ch10session4_24', 'ch10session4_25', 'ch10session4_26', 'ch10session4_27', 'ch10session4_28', 'ch10session4_29', 'ch10session4_2a', 'ch10session4_2b', 'ch10session4_2c', 'ch10session4_2d', 'ch10session4_2e', 'ch10session4_2f', 'ch10session4_30', 'ch10session4_31', 'ch10session4_32', 'ch10session4_33', 'ch10session4_34', 'ch10session4_35', 'ch10session4_36', 'ch10session4_37', 'ch10session4_38', 'ch10session4_39', 'ch10session4_3a', 'ch10session4_3b', 'ch10session4_3c', 'ch10session4_3d', 'ch10session4_3e', 'ch10session4_3f', 'ch10session4_40', 'ch10session4_41', 'ch10session4_42', 'ch10session4_43', 'ch10session4_44', 'ch10session4_45', 'ch10session4_46', 'ch10session4_47', 'ch10session4_48', 'ch10session4_49', 'ch10session4_4a', 'ch10session4_4b', 'ch10session4_4c', 'ch10session4_4d', 'ch10session4_4e', 'ch10session4_4f', 'ch10session4_50', 'ch10session4_51', 'ch10session4_52', 'ch10session4_53', 'ch10session4_54', 'ch10session4_55', 'ch10session4_56', 'ch10session4_57', 'ch10session4_58', 'ch10session4_59', 'ch10session4_5a', 'ch10session4_5b', 'ch10session4_5c', 'ch10session4_5d', 'ch10session4_5e', 'ch10session4_5f', 'ch10session4_60', 'ch10session4_61', 'ch10session4_62', 'ch10session4_63', 'ch10session4_64', 'ch10session4_65', 'ch10session4_66', 'ch10session4_67', 'ch10session4_68', 'ch10session4_69', 'ch10session4_6a', 'ch10session4_6b', 'ch10session4_6c', 'ch10session4_6d', 'ch10session4_6e', 'ch10session4_6f', 'ch10session4_70', 'ch10session4_71', 'ch10session4_72', 'ch10session4_73', 'ch10session4_74', 'ch10session4_75', 'ch10session4_76', 'ch10session4_77', 'ch10session4_78', 'ch10session4_79', 'ch10session4_7a', 'ch10session4_7b', 'ch10session4_7c', 'ch10session4_7d', 'ch10session4_7e', 'ch10session4_7f', 'ch10session4_80', 'ch10session4_81', 'ch10session4_82', 'ch10session4_83', 'ch10session4_84', 'ch10session4_85', 'ch10session4_86', 'ch10session4_87', 'ch10session4_88', 'ch10session4_89', 'ch10session4_8a', 'ch10session4_8b', 'ch10session4_8c', 'ch10session4_8d', 'ch10session4_8e', 'ch10session4_8f', 'ch10session4_90', 'ch10session4_91', 'ch10session4_92', 'ch10session4_93', 'ch10session4_94', 'ch10session4_95', 'ch10session4_96', 'ch10session4_97', 'ch10session4_98', 'ch10session4_99', 'ch10session4_9a', 'ch10session4_9b', 'ch10session4_9c', 'ch10session4_9d', 'ch10session4_9e', 'ch10session4_9f', 'ch10session4_a0', 'ch10session4_a1', 'ch10session4_a2', 'ch10session4_a3', 'ch10session4_a4', 'ch10session4_a5', 'ch10session4_a6', 'ch10session4_a7', 'ch10session4_a8', 'ch10session4_a9', 'ch10session4_aa', 'ch10session4_ab', 'ch10session4_ac', 'ch10session4_ad', 'ch10session4_ae', 'ch10session4_af', 'ch10session4_b0', 'ch10session4_b1', 'ch10session4_b2', 'ch10session4_b3', 'ch10session4_b4', 'ch10session4_b5', 'ch10session4_b6']}
\ No newline at end of file
Binary file web/hgbook/comments/p_list.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/p_list.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+p_list={'chap_intro':['x_38', 'x_39', 'x_3d', 'x_3e', 'x_3f', 'x_40', 'x_41', 'x_42', 'x_46', 'x_4c', 'x_4d', 'x_4e', 'x_4f', 'x_50', 'x_51', 'x_52', 'x_53', 'x_54', 'x_55', 'x_56', 'x_57', 'x_58', 'x_59', 'x_5a', 'x_5b', 'x_5c', 'x_5d', 'x_5e', 'x_5f', 'x_60', 'x_61', 'x_62', 'x_63', 'x_64', 'x_65', 'x_66', 'x_67', 'x_68', 'x_69', 'x_6d', 'x_6e', 'x_6f', 'x_70', 'x_71', 'x_72', 'x_73', 'x_74', 'x_75', 'x_79', 'x_7a', 'x_7b', 'x_7c', 'x_7d', 'x_7e', 'x_7f', 'x_80', 'x_81', 'x_82', 'x_83', 'x_84', 'x_85', 'x_86', 'x_87', 'x_88', 'x_89', 'x_8a', 'x_8b', 'x_8c', 'x_8d', 'x_8e', 'x_8f', 'x_90', 'x_91', 'x_92', 'x_93', 'x_94', 'x_95', 'x_96', 'x_97', 'x_98', 'x_99', 'x_9a', 'x_9b', 'x_9c', 'x_9d'],'chap01_intro':['x_1', 'x_2'],'chap02_basic':['x_197', 'x_198', 'x_19c', 'x_19d', 'x_19e', 'x_19f', 'x_1a0', 'x_1a1', 'x_1a5', 'x_1ab', 'x_1ac', 'x_1ad', 'x_1ae', 'x_1af', 'x_1b0', 'x_1b1', 'x_1b2', 'x_1b3', 'x_1b4', 'x_1b5', 'x_1b6', 'x_1b7', 'x_1b8', 'x_1b9', 'x_1ba', 'x_1bb', 'x_1bc', 'x_1bd', 'x_1be', 'x_1bf', 'x_1c0', 'x_1c1', 'x_1c2', 'x_1c3', 'x_1c4', 'x_1c5', 'x_1c6', 'x_1c7', 'x_1c8', 'x_1cc', 'x_1cd', 'x_1ce', 'x_1cf', 'x_1d0', 'x_1d1', 'x_1d2', 'x_1d3', 'x_1d4', 'x_1d8', 'x_1d9', 'x_1da', 'x_1db', 'x_1dc', 'x_1dd', 'x_1de', 'x_1df', 'x_1e0', 'x_1e1', 'x_1e2', 'x_1e3', 'x_1e4', 'x_1e5', 'x_1e6', 'x_1e7', 'x_1e8', 'x_1e9', 'x_1ea', 'x_1eb', 'x_1ec', 'x_1ed', 'x_1ee', 'x_1ef', 'x_1f0', 'x_1f1', 'x_1f2', 'x_1f3', 'x_1f4', 'x_1f5', 'x_1f6', 'x_1f7', 'x_1f8', 'x_1f9', 'x_1fa', 'x_1fb','x_1fc'],'chap02_basicoop':['x_c2', 'x_c3', 'x_c4', 'x_c5', 'x_c6', 'x_c7'],'chap03-session4':['x_f', 'x_10', 'x_11', 'x_12', 'x_13', 'x_14', 'x_15', 'x_16', 'x_17', 'x_18', 'x_19', 'x_1a', 'x_1b', 'x_1c', 'x_1d', 'x_1e', 'x_1f', 'x_23', 'x_24', 'x_25', 'x_26', 'x_27', 'x_28', 'x_29', 'x_2a', 'x_2b', 'x_2c', 'x_2d', 'x_2e', 'x_2f', 'x_30', 'x_31', 'x_32', 'x_33', 'x_34', 'x_35', 'x_66', 'x_67', 'x_68', 'x_71', 'x_72', 'x_7c', 'x_7d', 'x_7e', 'x_9b', 'x_9c', 'x_9d', 'x_9e', 'x_9f', 'x_a0', 'x_a1', 'x_a2', 'x_a3', 'x_a4', 'x_a5', 'x_a6', 'x_b8', 'x_b9', 'x_ba', 'x_bb', 'x_bc', 'x_c0', 'x_c1','chap04_handout':['x_204']}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/sql/comment.mysql.sql Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+alter table comments_comment convert to character set utf8 collate utf8_bin;
+alter table comments_comment default character set utf8 collate utf8_bin;
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/sql/element.mysql.sql Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+alter table comments_element convert to character set utf8 collate utf8_bin;
+alter table comments_element default character set utf8 collate utf8_bin;
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/test Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide"><link rel="prev" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html" title="Chapter 8. Managing releases and branchy development"><link rel="next" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks"><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Comments" href="/feeds/comments/"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png"><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/form.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><h2 class="booktitle"><a href="/">Mercurial: The Definitive Guide</a><span class="authors">by Bryan O'Sullivan</span></h2></div><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap:undo"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390081">Erasing local history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390087">The accidental commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback">Rolling back a transaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390858">The erroneous pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback-after-push">Rolling back is useless once you've pushed</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id391000">You can only roll back once</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id391367">Reverting the mistaken change</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:mgmt">File management errors</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392218">Dealing with committed changes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392287">Backing out a changeset</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392424">Backing out the tip changeset</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392766">Backing out a non-tip change</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect3"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392990">Always use the --merge option</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id393181">Gaining more control of the backout process</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id393814">Why hg backout works as
+ it does</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:aaaiiieee">Changes that should never have been</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394303">Backing out a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394612">Protect yourself from escaped
+ changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394667">What to do about sensitive changes that escape</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:bisect">Finding the source of a bug</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394992">Using the hg bisect
+ command</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396541">Cleaning up after your search</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396622">Tips for finding bugs effectively</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396628">Give consistent input</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396884">Automate as much as possible</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396713">Check your results</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396770">Beware interference between bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396856">Bracket your search lazily</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div>
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/test~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide"><link rel="prev" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html" title="Chapter 8. Managing releases and branchy development"><link rel="next" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks"><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Comments" href="/feeds/comments/"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png"><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/form.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><h2 class="booktitle"><a href="/">Mercurial: The Definitive Guide</a><span class="authors">by Bryan O'Sullivan</span></h2></div><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap:undo"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390081">Erasing local history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390087">The accidental commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback">Rolling back a transaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390858">The erroneous pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback-after-push">Rolling back is useless once you've pushed</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id391000">You can only roll back once</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id391367">Reverting the mistaken change</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:mgmt">File management errors</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392218">Dealing with committed changes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392287">Backing out a changeset</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392424">Backing out the tip changeset</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392766">Backing out a non-tip change</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect3"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392990">Always use the --merge option</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id393181">Gaining more control of the backout process</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id393814">Why hg backout works as
+ it does</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:aaaiiieee">Changes that should never have been</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394303">Backing out a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394612">Protect yourself from escaped
+ changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394667">What to do about sensitive changes that escape</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:bisect">Finding the source of a bug</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394992">Using the hg bisect
+ command</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396541">Cleaning up after your search</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396622">Tips for finding bugs effectively</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396628">Give consistent input</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396884">Automate as much as possible</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396713">Check your results</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396770">Beware interference between bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396856">Bracket your search lazily</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div>
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/urls.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
+
+urlpatterns = patterns('',
+ (r'chapter/(?P<id>[^/]+)/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.chapter'),
+ (r'chapter/(?P<id>[^/]+)/count/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.single_com'),
+ (r'single/(?P<id>[^/]+)/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.single'),
+ (r'submit/(?P<id>[^/]+)/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.submit')
+)
Binary file web/hgbook/comments/urls.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/urls.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
+
+urlpatterns = patterns('',
+ (r'chapter/(?P<id>[^/]+)/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.chapter'),
+ (r'chapter/(?P<id>[^/]+)/count/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.single_com'),
+ (r'single/(?P<id>[^/]+)/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.single'),
+ (r'submit/(?P<id>[^/]+)/?$', 'hgbook.comments.views.submit')
+)
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/views.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+import sys
+import django.forms as forms
+from django.db import connection
+from django.http import HttpResponse
+from hgbook.comments.models import Comment, Element
+from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render_to_response
+from django.template import Context ,RequestContext
+from django.template.loader import get_template
+from django.utils.simplejson import dumps
+from p_list import *
+from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
+import glob
+html_folder='/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/html/'
+
+def sort_dict(dict):
+ new_dict = {}
+ sorted_keys = dict.keys()
+ sorted_keys.sort()
+ print >> sys.stderr , sorted_keys
+ for key in sorted_keys:
+ new_dict[key] = dict[key]
+
+ return new_dict
+
+def dump_queries():
+ # requires settings.DEBUG to be set to True in order to work
+ if len(connection.queries) == 1:
+ print connection.queries
+ else:
+ qs = {}
+ for q in connection.queries:
+ qs[q['sql']] = qs.setdefault(q['sql'], 0) + 1
+ for q in sorted(qs.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True):
+ print q
+ print len(connection.queries)
+
+class CommentForm(forms.Form):
+ id = forms.CharField(widget=forms.HiddenInput)
+ name = forms.CharField(max_length=64)
+ url = forms.URLField(max_length=128, required=False)
+ comment = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea(attrs={
+ 'rows': 8, 'cols': 60
+ }))
+ remember = forms.BooleanField(initial=True, required=False)
+
+def search(request):
+ print request
+
+
+def index(request):
+ html_files = glob.glob(html_folder+'ch*.html')
+# print >> sys.stderr , html_files
+ html_files.sort()
+ link_list=['/review/html/'+a.split('/')[-1] for a in html_files]
+# print >> sys.stderr , html_files
+ title_list=[]
+ for html_file in html_files:
+ file_str=open(html_file,'r').read()
+ soup_obj=BeautifulSoup(''.join(file_str))
+ title_str=soup_obj.html.head.title.string
+ title_str=unicode(title_str)
+ title_str.encode('ascii','ignore')
+ title_list.append(title_str)
+
+ resp_dict=zip(link_list,title_list)
+
+ return render_to_response('index.html', {'resp_dict': resp_dict })
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+def comments_by_chapter(id):
+ objs = {}
+ for c in Comment.objects.filter(element=id, hidden=False).order_by('date'):
+ objs.setdefault(c.element_id, []).append(c)
+ return objs
+
+def chapter(request, id):
+ template = get_template('comment.html')
+ resp = {}
+ for elt, comments in comments_by_chapter(id).iteritems():
+
+ form = CommentForm(initial={
+ 'id': elt,
+ 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+ })
+
+
+
+ resp[elt] = template.render(RequestContext({
+ 'id': elt,
+ 'form': form,
+ 'length': len(comments),
+ 'query': comments,
+ }))
+ return HttpResponse(dumps(resp), mimetype='application/json')
+
+# queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=id, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+# if form is None:
+# form = CommentForm(initial={
+# 'id': id,
+# 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+# })
+# try:
+# error = form.errors[0]
+# except:
+# error = ''
+# return render_to_response('comment.html', {
+# 'id': id,
+# 'form': form,
+# 'length': len(queryset),
+# 'query': queryset,
+# 'newid': newid or True,
+# 'error': error,
+# })
+
+
+
+
+
+def single_com(request,id):
+
+# template = get_template('comment.html')
+ resp = {}
+ print >> sys.stderr ,id
+ for i in p_list[id]:
+# form=None
+ queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=i, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+
+# if form is None:
+# form = CommentForm(initial={
+# 'id': id,
+# 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+# })
+ if len(queryset)==0:
+ resp[i] = "No"
+ elif len(queryset)==1:
+ resp[i]="One"
+ else:
+ resp[i] = len(queryset)
+# 'id': i,
+# 'form': form,
+# 'length': len(queryset),
+# 'query': queryset,
+
+ return HttpResponse(dumps(resp), mimetype='application/json')
+# template = get_template('comment.html')
+# for i in p_list[id]:
+# form=None
+# queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=i, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+# print queryset
+# if form is None:
+# form = CommentForm(initial={
+# 'id': id,
+# 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+# })
+# try:
+# error = form.errors[0]
+# except:
+# error = ''
+
+# return HttpResponse(response_list)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+def chapter_count(request, id):
+
+ resp = comments_by_chapter(id)
+
+ for elt, comments in resp.iteritems():
+
+ resp[elt] = len(comments)
+
+ return HttpResponse(dumps(resp), mimetype='application/json')
+
+def single(request, id, form=None, newid=None ):
+ queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=id, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+ if form is None:
+ form = CommentForm(initial={
+ 'id': id,
+ 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+ })
+ try:
+ error = form.errors[0]
+ except:
+ error = ''
+ return render_to_response('comment.html', {
+ 'id': id,
+ 'form': form,
+ 'length': len(queryset),
+ 'query': queryset,
+ 'newid': newid or True,
+ 'error': error,
+ })
+
+def submit(request, id):
+# print request
+# print id
+ try :
+ element=Element.objects.get(id=id,chapter='chap_intro')
+ except Element.DoesNotExist:
+ element=Element(id=id)
+ element.save()
+
+
+ if request.method == 'POST':
+
+ form = CommentForm(request.POST)
+
+ if form.is_valid():
+ data = form.cleaned_data
+
+ if data.get('remember'):
+
+ request.session['name'] = data['name']
+ request.session['url'] = data['url']
+ else:
+ request.session.pop('name', None)
+ request.session.pop('url', None)
+ c = Comment(element=element,
+ comment=data['comment'],
+ submitter_name=data['name'],
+ submitter_url=data['url'],
+ ip=request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR'))
+
+
+ c.save()
+ newid=c.id
+ form = None
+ return single(request, id, form, newid)
+
Binary file web/hgbook/comments/views.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/views.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+import sys
+import django.forms as forms
+from django.db import connection
+from django.http import HttpResponse
+from hgbook.comments.models import Comment, Element
+from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render_to_response
+from django.template import Context ,RequestContext
+from django.template.loader import get_template
+from django.utils.simplejson import dumps
+from p_list import *
+from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
+import glob
+html_folder='/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/html/'
+
+def sort_dict(dict):
+ new_dict = {}
+ sorted_keys = dict.keys()
+ sorted_keys.sort()
+ print >> sys.stderr , sorted_keys
+ for key in sorted_keys:
+ new_dict[key] = dict[key]
+
+ return new_dict
+
+def dump_queries():
+ # requires settings.DEBUG to be set to True in order to work
+ if len(connection.queries) == 1:
+ print connection.queries
+ else:
+ qs = {}
+ for q in connection.queries:
+ qs[q['sql']] = qs.setdefault(q['sql'], 0) + 1
+ for q in sorted(qs.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True):
+ print q
+ print len(connection.queries)
+
+class CommentForm(forms.Form):
+ id = forms.CharField(widget=forms.HiddenInput)
+ name = forms.CharField(max_length=64)
+ url = forms.URLField(max_length=128, required=False)
+ comment = forms.CharField(widget=forms.Textarea(attrs={
+ 'rows': 8, 'cols': 60
+ }))
+ remember = forms.BooleanField(initial=True, required=False)
+
+def search(request):
+ print request
+
+
+def index(request):
+ html_files = glob.glob(html_folder+'ch*.html')
+# print >> sys.stderr , html_files
+ html_files.sort()
+ link_list=['/review/html/'+a.split('/')[-1] for a in html_file]
+# print >> sys.stderr , html_files
+ title_list=[]
+ for html_file in html_files:
+ file_str=open(html_file,'r').read()
+ soup_obj=BeautifulSoup(''.join(file_str))
+ title_str=soup_obj.html.head.title.string
+ title_str=unicode(title_str)
+ title_str.encode('ascii','ignore')
+ title_list.append(title_str)
+
+ resp_dict=zip(link_list,title_list)
+
+ return render_to_response('index.html', {'resp_dict': resp_dict })
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+def comments_by_chapter(id):
+ objs = {}
+ for c in Comment.objects.filter(element=id, hidden=False).order_by('date'):
+ objs.setdefault(c.element_id, []).append(c)
+ return objs
+
+def chapter(request, id):
+ template = get_template('comment.html')
+ resp = {}
+ for elt, comments in comments_by_chapter(id).iteritems():
+
+ form = CommentForm(initial={
+ 'id': elt,
+ 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+ })
+
+
+
+ resp[elt] = template.render(RequestContext({
+ 'id': elt,
+ 'form': form,
+ 'length': len(comments),
+ 'query': comments,
+ }))
+ return HttpResponse(dumps(resp), mimetype='application/json')
+
+# queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=id, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+# if form is None:
+# form = CommentForm(initial={
+# 'id': id,
+# 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+# })
+# try:
+# error = form.errors[0]
+# except:
+# error = ''
+# return render_to_response('comment.html', {
+# 'id': id,
+# 'form': form,
+# 'length': len(queryset),
+# 'query': queryset,
+# 'newid': newid or True,
+# 'error': error,
+# })
+
+
+
+
+
+def single_com(request,id):
+
+# template = get_template('comment.html')
+ resp = {}
+ print >> sys.stderr ,id
+ for i in p_list[id]:
+# form=None
+ queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=i, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+
+# if form is None:
+# form = CommentForm(initial={
+# 'id': id,
+# 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+# })
+ if len(queryset)==0:
+ resp[i] = "No"
+ elif len(queryset)==1:
+ resp[i]="One"
+ else:
+ resp[i] = len(queryset)
+# 'id': i,
+# 'form': form,
+# 'length': len(queryset),
+# 'query': queryset,
+
+ return HttpResponse(dumps(resp), mimetype='application/json')
+# template = get_template('comment.html')
+# for i in p_list[id]:
+# form=None
+# queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=i, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+# print queryset
+# if form is None:
+# form = CommentForm(initial={
+# 'id': id,
+# 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+# })
+# try:
+# error = form.errors[0]
+# except:
+# error = ''
+
+# return HttpResponse(response_list)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+def chapter_count(request, id):
+
+ resp = comments_by_chapter(id)
+
+ for elt, comments in resp.iteritems():
+
+ resp[elt] = len(comments)
+
+ return HttpResponse(dumps(resp), mimetype='application/json')
+
+def single(request, id, form=None, newid=None ):
+ queryset = Comment.objects.filter(element=id, hidden=False).order_by('date')
+ if form is None:
+ form = CommentForm(initial={
+ 'id': id,
+ 'name': request.session.get('name', ''),
+ })
+ try:
+ error = form.errors[0]
+ except:
+ error = ''
+ return render_to_response('comment.html', {
+ 'id': id,
+ 'form': form,
+ 'length': len(queryset),
+ 'query': queryset,
+ 'newid': newid or True,
+ 'error': error,
+ })
+
+def submit(request, id):
+# print request
+# print id
+ try :
+ element=Element.objects.get(id=id,chapter='chap_intro')
+ except Element.DoesNotExist:
+ element=Element(id=id)
+ element.save()
+
+
+ if request.method == 'POST':
+
+ form = CommentForm(request.POST)
+
+ if form.is_valid():
+ data = form.cleaned_data
+
+ if data.get('remember'):
+
+ request.session['name'] = data['name']
+ request.session['url'] = data['url']
+ else:
+ request.session.pop('name', None)
+ request.session.pop('url', None)
+ c = Comment(element=element,
+ comment=data['comment'],
+ submitter_name=data['name'],
+ submitter_url=data['url'],
+ ip=request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR'))
+
+
+ c.save()
+ newid=c.id
+ form = None
+ return single(request, id, form, newid)
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/converter.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+from lxml import etree
+from lxml import html
+from lxml.cssselect import CSSSelector
+import md5
+import sys
+
+
+args = sys.argv[1:]
+
+# django stuff
+from django.core.management import setup_environ
+import settings # Assumed to be in the same directory.
+setup_environ(settings) # ugly django collateral effects :(
+from comments.models import Element
+
+doc_id = 'MMSC'
+sel = CSSSelector('div.chapter p, pre, h1, table.equation')
+chapter_sel = CSSSelector('div.chapter')
+
+try:
+ filename = args[0]
+except IndexError:
+ raise IndexError("Usage: %s <path-to-html-file>" % __file__)
+
+tree = etree.parse(filename, html.HTMLParser(remove_blank_text=True))
+root = tree.getroot()
+
+chapter = chapter_sel(root)[0]
+chapter_title = chapter.get('id').split(':')[1]
+chapter_hash = md5.new(chapter.get('id').encode('utf8')).hexdigest()
+
+chapter.set('id', chapter_hash)
+
+for element in sel(root):
+ hsh_source = element.text or element.get('alt') or etree.tostring(element)
+
+ if hsh_source:
+ hsh_source_encoded = hsh_source.encode('utf8')
+ hsh = md5.new(hsh_source_encoded).hexdigest()
+ element.set('id', '%s-%s' % (chapter_hash, hsh))
+
+ # create the commentable element in the DB
+ e = Element()
+ e.id = '%s-%s' % (chapter_hash, hsh)
+ e.chapter = chapter_hash
+ e.title = chapter_title
+ e.save()
+
+
+
+print etree.tostring(root) # pipe to a file if you wish
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/dbutil.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+import MySQLdb as mysql
+import sys
+
+def connect():
+ try:
+ import secrets
+ except ImportError:
+ print >> sys.stderr, 'Decrypt secrets.py.gpg or create a new copy!'
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+ if secrets.DATABASE_ENGINE != 'mysql':
+ print >> sys.stderr, ('You are using a %s database' %
+ secrets.DATABASE_ENGINE)
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+ kwargs = {
+ 'charset': 'utf8',
+ 'use_unicode': True,
+ }
+ if secrets.DATABASE_USER:
+ kwargs['user'] = secrets.DATABASE_USER
+ if secrets.DATABASE_NAME:
+ kwargs['db'] = secrets.DATABASE_NAME
+ if secrets.DATABASE_PASSWORD:
+ kwargs['passwd'] = secrets.DATABASE_PASSWORD
+ if secrets.DATABASE_HOST.startswith('/'):
+ kwargs['unix_socket'] = secrets.DATABASE_HOST
+ elif secrets.DATABASE_HOST:
+ kwargs['host'] = secrets.DATABASE_HOST
+ if secrets.DATABASE_PORT:
+ kwargs['port'] = int(secrets.DATABASE_PORT)
+ return mysql.connect(**kwargs)
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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/load_elements.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# This script updates the contents of the comments_element table.
+# It's fugly, but a lot less painful than trying to use Django's
+# fixtures system.
+
+import os, sys
+sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+import dbutil
+
+os.system('make -C ../../en all-ids.dat')
+
+conn = dbutil.connect()
+c = conn.cursor()
+c.execute('''load data local infile "../../en/all-ids.dat" replace
+ into table comments_element
+ fields terminated by "|"''')
+print 'Database updated'
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/manage.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+from django.core.management import execute_manager
+try:
+ import settings # Assumed to be in the same directory.
+except ImportError:
+ import sys
+ sys.stderr.write("Error: Can't find the file 'settings.py' in the directory containing %r. It appears you've customized things.\nYou'll have to run django-admin.py, passing it your settings module.\n(If the file settings.py does indeed exist, it's causing an ImportError somehow.)\n" % __file__)
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ execute_manager(settings)
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/reviewers.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+import os, sys
+sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+import dbutil
+
+conn = dbutil.connect()
+c = conn.cursor()
+
+c.execute('''select submitter_name from comments_comment''')
+
+reviewers = {}
+
+mappings = {
+ u'alejandro "tab-lover" dubrovsky': u'Alejandro Dubrovsky',
+ u'alex hirzel <ahirzel@mtu.edu>': u'Alex Hirzel',
+ u'anonymous coward': u'Anonymous',
+ u'arthur van leeuwen': u'Arthur van Leeuwen',
+ u'augustss': u'Lennart Augustsson',
+ u'ed t': u'Anonymous',
+ u'geogre moschovitis': u'George Moschovitis',
+ u'george m': u'George Moschovitis',
+ u'haskell newb': u'Anonymous',
+ u'j. pablo fernandez': u'J. Pablo Fernández',
+ u'kamal al-marhoobi': u'Kamal Al-Marhubi',
+ u'kevin w.': u'Kevin Watters',
+ u'max cantor (#haskell - mxc)': u'Max Cantor',
+ u'michael campbell': u'Michael Campbell',
+ u'mike btauwerman': u'Mike Brauwerman',
+ u'no credit necessary': u'Anonymous',
+ u'nykänen, matti': u'Matti Nykänen',
+ u'omar antolin camarena': u'Omar Antolín Camarena',
+ u'ryan t mulligan': u'Ryan T. Mulligan',
+ u'sengan baring-gould': u'Sengan Baring-Gould',
+ u'some guy': u'Anonymous',
+ u'tomas janousek': u'Tomáš Janoušek',
+ u'william halchin': u'William N. Halchin',
+ }
+
+def fixup(s):
+ try:
+ return s.encode('ascii')
+ except UnicodeEncodeError:
+ def f(c):
+ o = ord(c)
+ if o < 128:
+ return c
+ return '&#%d;' % o
+ return ''.join(map(f, s))
+
+total = 0
+for r in c.fetchall():
+ r = r[0].decode('utf-8')
+ if r in ("Bryan O'Sullivan",):
+ continue
+ total += 1
+ m = mappings.get(r.lower())
+ if m:
+ r = m
+ elif len(r) < 2 or ' ' not in r:
+ r = 'Anonymous'
+ reviewers.setdefault(r, 0)
+ reviewers[r] += 1
+
+reviewers = sorted(reviewers.iteritems(), key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+cohorts = [(.01,1),(.002,.01)]
+
+for (lo,hi) in cohorts:
+ lo = total * lo
+ hi = total * hi
+ for r in [n for n in reviewers if lo <= n[1] < hi]:
+ if r[1] > 3:
+ print '%s,' % fixup(r[0])
+ print
+
+lo = total * .002
+for n in reviewers:
+ if n[1] < lo:
+ print '%s,' % fixup(n[0])
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/run.wsgi Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import django
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web')
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook/comments')
+os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'hgbook.settings'
+import django.core.handlers.wsgi
+application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
+
+
+
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/run.wsgi~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import os
+import sys
+import django
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web')
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook/comments')
+os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'hgbook.settings'
+application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
+
+
+
+
Binary file web/hgbook/secrets.py.gpg has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/settings.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# Django settings for hgbook project.
+
+import os, sys
+
+DEBUG = True
+TEMPLATE_DEBUG = DEBUG
+
+ADMINS = (
+ ("Bryan O'Sullivan", 'bos@serpentine.com'),
+)
+
+MANAGERS = ADMINS
+
+ROOT = os.path.dirname(sys.modules[__name__].__file__)
+
+DJAPIAN_DATABASE_PATH = '/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook'
+DJAPIAN_STEMMING_LANG = 'en'
+
+
+try:
+ from secrets import DATABASE_ENGINE, DATABASE_NAME, DATABASE_USER, \
+ DATABASE_PASSWORD, DATABASE_HOST, DATABASE_PORT, SECRET_KEY
+except ImportError:
+ print >> sys.stderr, 'Faking up some database configuration for you'
+ DATABASE_ENGINE = 'sqlite3'
+ DATABASE_NAME = os.path.join(ROOT, '.database.sqlite3')
+ DATABASE_USER = ''
+ DATABASE_PASSWORD = ''
+ DATABASE_HOST = ''
+ DATABASE_PORT = ''
+ SECRET_KEY = ''
+
+# Local time zone for this installation. Choices can be found here:
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_zones_by_name
+# although not all choices may be avilable on all operating systems.
+# If running in a Windows environment this must be set to the same as your
+# system time zone.
+TIME_ZONE = 'America/Los_Angeles'
+
+# Language code for this installation. All choices can be found here:
+# http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/dirlang.html#langcodes
+LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
+
+SITE_ID = 1
+
+# If you set this to False, Django will make some optimizations so as not
+# to load the internationalization machinery.
+USE_I18N = True
+
+# Absolute path to the directory that holds media.
+# Example: "/home/media/media.lawrence.com/"
+MEDIA_ROOT = ''
+
+# URL that handles the media served from MEDIA_ROOT. Make sure to use a
+# trailing slash if there is a path component (optional in other cases).
+# Examples: "http://media.lawrence.com", "http://example.com/media/"
+MEDIA_URL = ''
+
+# URL prefix for admin media -- CSS, JavaScript and images. Make sure to use a
+# trailing slash.
+# Examples: "http://foo.com/media/", "/media/".
+ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX = '/media/'
+
+
+#Index Directories for searching static html files
+DD_SEARCH_INDEX_DIR = '../html/'
+
+
+
+# List of callables that know how to import templates from various sources.
+TEMPLATE_LOADERS = (
+ 'django.template.loaders.filesystem.load_template_source',
+ 'django.template.loaders.app_directories.load_template_source',
+# 'django.template.loaders.eggs.load_template_source',
+)
+
+MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
+ 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+ 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
+ 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
+ 'django.middleware.doc.XViewMiddleware',
+ 'django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware'
+)
+
+ROOT_URLCONF = 'hgbook.urls'
+
+TEMPLATE_DIRS = (
+ os.path.join(ROOT, 'templates')
+)
+
+INSTALLED_APPS = (
+ 'django.contrib.admin',
+ 'django.contrib.auth',
+ 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+ 'django.contrib.sessions',
+ 'django.contrib.sites',
+ 'django.contrib.flatpages',
+ 'hgbook.comments',
+)
Binary file web/hgbook/settings.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/settings.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# Django settings for hgbook project.
+
+import os, sys
+
+DEBUG = True
+TEMPLATE_DEBUG = DEBUG
+
+ADMINS = (
+ ("Bryan O'Sullivan", 'bos@serpentine.com'),
+)
+
+MANAGERS = ADMINS
+
+ROOT = os.path.dirname(sys.modules[__name__].__file__)
+
+DJAPIAN_DATABASE_PATH = '/path/to/my/project/data/djapian/'
+DJAPIAN_STEMMING_LANG = 'en'
+
+
+try:
+ from secrets import DATABASE_ENGINE, DATABASE_NAME, DATABASE_USER, \
+ DATABASE_PASSWORD, DATABASE_HOST, DATABASE_PORT, SECRET_KEY
+except ImportError:
+ print >> sys.stderr, 'Faking up some database configuration for you'
+ DATABASE_ENGINE = 'sqlite3'
+ DATABASE_NAME = os.path.join(ROOT, '.database.sqlite3')
+ DATABASE_USER = ''
+ DATABASE_PASSWORD = ''
+ DATABASE_HOST = ''
+ DATABASE_PORT = ''
+ SECRET_KEY = ''
+
+# Local time zone for this installation. Choices can be found here:
+# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_zones_by_name
+# although not all choices may be avilable on all operating systems.
+# If running in a Windows environment this must be set to the same as your
+# system time zone.
+TIME_ZONE = 'America/Los_Angeles'
+
+# Language code for this installation. All choices can be found here:
+# http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/struct/dirlang.html#langcodes
+LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'
+
+SITE_ID = 1
+
+# If you set this to False, Django will make some optimizations so as not
+# to load the internationalization machinery.
+USE_I18N = True
+
+# Absolute path to the directory that holds media.
+# Example: "/home/media/media.lawrence.com/"
+MEDIA_ROOT = ''
+
+# URL that handles the media served from MEDIA_ROOT. Make sure to use a
+# trailing slash if there is a path component (optional in other cases).
+# Examples: "http://media.lawrence.com", "http://example.com/media/"
+MEDIA_URL = ''
+
+# URL prefix for admin media -- CSS, JavaScript and images. Make sure to use a
+# trailing slash.
+# Examples: "http://foo.com/media/", "/media/".
+ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX = '/media/'
+
+
+#Index Directories for searching static html files
+DD_SEARCH_INDEX_DIR = '../html/'
+
+
+
+# List of callables that know how to import templates from various sources.
+TEMPLATE_LOADERS = (
+ 'django.template.loaders.filesystem.load_template_source',
+ 'django.template.loaders.app_directories.load_template_source',
+# 'django.template.loaders.eggs.load_template_source',
+)
+
+MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = (
+ 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
+ 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
+ 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
+ 'django.middleware.doc.XViewMiddleware',
+ 'django.contrib.flatpages.middleware.FlatpageFallbackMiddleware'
+)
+
+ROOT_URLCONF = 'hgbook.urls'
+
+TEMPLATE_DIRS = (
+ os.path.join(ROOT, 'templates')
+)
+
+INSTALLED_APPS = (
+ 'django.contrib.admin',
+ 'django.contrib.auth',
+ 'django.contrib.contenttypes',
+ 'django.contrib.sessions',
+ 'django.contrib.sites',
+ 'django.contrib.flatpages',
+ 'hgbook.comments',
+)
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/404.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+{% extends "simple.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}Page Not Found{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>Sorry, we hit <a href="http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Bottom">⊥</a> when trying to find the
+page you requested.</p>
+{% endblock %}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/500.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{% extends "simple.html" %}
+
+{% block title %}Internal Server Error{% endblock %}
+
+{% block body %}
+<p>Sorry, we hit <a
+href="http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Bottom">⊥</a> when
+trying to process your request. If possible, please let <a
+href="mailto:bos@serpentine.com">Bryan</a> know that this problem happened,
+and what you were doing when it occurred.</p>
+{% endblock %}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/boilerplate.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+ <head>
+ <title>{% block pagetitle %}Mercurial: The Definitive Guide{% endblock %}</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css"/>
+ <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Comments"
+ href="/feeds/comments/"/>
+ <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png"/>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery.js"></script>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/support/form.js"></script>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+ </head>
+
+ <body>
+ {% block bodycontent %}{% endblock %}
+
+ <div class="hgbookfooter"> <p><img src="/support/figs/rss.png"> Want to stay
+ up to date? Subscribe to comment feeds for any chapter, or
+ the <a class="feed"
+ href="/feeds/comments/">entire book</a>.</p> <p>Copyright
+ 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Bryan O'Sullivan.
+ Icons by
+ <a href="mailto:mattahan@gmail.com">Paul Davey</a> aka <a
+ href="http://mattahan.deviantart.com/">Mattahan</a>.</p>
+ </div>
+
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
+ document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
+ </script>
+ <script type="text/javascript">
+ try {
+ var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-1805907-5");
+ pageTracker._trackPageview();
+ } catch(err) {}</script>
+ </body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/comment.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{% ifequal length 1 %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">One comment</a>
+{% else %}
+ {% if length %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">{{ length }} comments</a>
+ {% else %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">No comments</a>
+ <div class="comment" {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}>
+ <div class="comment_body">Be the first to comment on this paragraph!</div>
+ </div>
+ {% endif %}
+{% endifequal %}
+{% for c in query %}
+ <div class="{% ifequal c.id newid %}new_{% endifequal %}comment"
+ {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}
+ id="comment{{ c.id }}">
+ <a name="comment{{ c.id }}"/>
+ <div class="comment_header">
+ <span class="comment_id"><a href="/review/admin/comments/comment/{{ c.id }}/">{{ c.id }}</a></span>
+ {% if c.submitter_url %}
+ <span class="comment_name"><a rel="nofollow"
+ href="{{ c.submitter_url }}">{{ c.submitter_name|escape }}</a></span>
+ {% else %}
+ <span class="comment_name">{{ c.submitter_name|escape }}</span>
+ {% endif %}
+ <span class="comment_date">{{ c.date|date:"Y-m-d" }}</span>
+ {% if c.reviewed %}
+ <span class="comment_reviewed">(reviewed)</span>
+ {% endif %}
+ {% ifequal c.id newid %}
+ <span class="comment_thanks">thank you for your comment!</span>
+ {% endifequal %}
+ </div>
+ <div class="comment_body">{{ c.comment|escape|linebreaks }}</div>
+ </div>
+{% endfor %}
+<form class="comment" id="form_{{ id }}" action="/review/comments/submit/{{ id }}/"
+ method="post" {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}>
+ {{ form.id }}
+ <table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr><td align="right" valign="top">Comment<br><a class="comment_help"
+ href="web.html#web.comment">[ help ]</a></td>
+ <td>{{ form.comment }}</td></tr>
+ <tr><td align="right">Your name</td><td>{{ form.name }}
+ <span class="comment_help"><b>Required</b> so we can <a
+ href="web.html#web.comment.name">give you credit</a></span></td></tr>
+ <tr><td align="right">Your URL</td><td>{{ form.url }}
+ <span class="comment_help"><b>Optional</b> link to blog, home page,
+ <i>etc</i>.</span></td></tr>
+ <tr><td align="right">Remember you?</td><td>{{ form.remember }}</td></tr>
+ <tr><td/><td><input name="submit" type="submit"
+ value="Submit Comment"/><span class="comment_error">{{ error }}</span></td></tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+</form>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/comment.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{% ifequal length 1 %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">One comment</a>
+{% else %}
+ {% if length %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">{{ length }} comments</a>
+ {% else %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">No comments</a>
+ <div class="comment" {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}>
+ <div class="comment_body">Be the first to comment on this paragraph!</div>
+ </div>
+ {% endif %}
+{% endifequal %}
+{% for c in query %}
+ <div class="{% ifequal c.id newid %}new_{% endifequal %}comment"
+ {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}
+ id="comment{{ c.id }}">
+ <a name="comment{{ c.id }}"/>
+ <div class="comment_header">
+ <span class="comment_id"><a href="/admin/comments/comment/{{ c.id }}/">{{ c.id }}</a></span>
+ {% if c.submitter_url %}
+ <span class="comment_name"><a rel="nofollow"
+ href="{{ c.submitter_url }}">{{ c.submitter_name|escape }}</a></span>
+ {% else %}
+ <span class="comment_name">{{ c.submitter_name|escape }}</span>
+ {% endif %}
+ <span class="comment_date">{{ c.date|date:"Y-m-d" }}</span>
+ {% if c.reviewed %}
+ <span class="comment_reviewed">(reviewed)</span>
+ {% endif %}
+ {% ifequal c.id newid %}
+ <span class="comment_thanks">thank you for your comment!</span>
+ {% endifequal %}
+ </div>
+ <div class="comment_body">{{ c.comment|escape|linebreaks }}</div>
+ </div>
+{% endfor %}
+<form class="comment" id="form_{{ id }}" action="/review/comments/submit/{{ id }}/"
+ method="post" {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}>
+ {{ form.id }}
+ <table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr><td align="right" valign="top">Comment<br><a class="comment_help"
+ href="web.html#web.comment">[ help ]</a></td>
+ <td>{{ form.comment }}</td></tr>
+ <tr><td align="right">Your name</td><td>{{ form.name }}
+ <span class="comment_help"><b>Required</b> so we can <a
+ href="web.html#web.comment.name">give you credit</a></span></td></tr>
+ <tr><td align="right">Your URL</td><td>{{ form.url }}
+ <span class="comment_help"><b>Optional</b> link to blog, home page,
+ <i>etc</i>.</span></td></tr>
+ <tr><td align="right">Remember you?</td><td>{{ form.remember }}</td></tr>
+ <tr><td/><td><input name="submit" type="submit"
+ value="Submit Comment"/><span class="comment_error">{{ error }}</span></td></tr>
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+</form>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/feeds/comments_description.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<p>On {{ obj.date|date:"Y-m-d" }},
+ {% if obj.submitter_url %}
+ <a rel="nofollow" href="{{ obj.submitter_url }}">{{ obj.submitter_name|escape }}</a>
+ {% else %}
+ {{ obj.submitter_name|escape }}
+ {% endif %}
+commented on “{{ obj.element.title|escape }}”:</p>
+<blockquote>
+{{ obj.comment|escape|linebreaks }}
+</blockquote>
+<p>To see this comment in context or to respond, visit <a
+ href="http://{{ site.domain }}{{ obj.get_absolute_url }}">{{ site.domain }}</a></p>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/feeds/comments_title.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+Comment on “{{ obj.element.title|escape }}”
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/index.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<html>
+ <head>
+ <title>Software Engineering for Engineers and Scientists</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css"/>
+
+ <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png"/>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery.js"></script>
+
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+ </head>
+
+<body>
+
+<div class="navheader"><h1 class="booktitle">SEES Documentation<div class="authors">by The FOSSEE TEAM</div></h1></div>
+<div class="book">
+{% if resp_dict %}
+{% for key,value in resp_dict %}
+<li>
+<a href={{ key }}>{{ value }}</a>
+</li>
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
+
+
+<!-- <ul>
+{% if resp_dict %}
+{% for key, value in resp_dict.items %}
+<li> <a href={{ key }}>{{ val }}</a></li>
+{% endfor %} {% endif %}
+
+</ul>
+-->
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/index.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<html>
+ <head>
+ <title>Software Engineering for Engineers and Scientists</title>
+ <link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css"/>
+
+ <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png"/>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery.js"></script>
+
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+ <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+ </head>
+
+<body>
+
+<div class="navheader"><h1 class="booktitle">SEES Documentation<div class="authors">by The FOSSEE TEAM</div></h1></div>
+<div class="book">
+{% if resp_dict %}
+{% for item in resp_dict %}
+<li>
+<a href={{ item(0) }}>{{ item(1) }}</a>
+</li>
+{% endfor %}
+{% endif %}
+
+
+
+<!-- <ul>
+{% if resp_dict %}
+{% for key, value in resp_dict.items %}
+<li> <a href={{ key }}>{{ val }}</a></li>
+{% endfor %} {% endif %}
+
+</ul>
+-->
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/simple.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{% extends "boilerplate.html" %}
+
+{% block bodycontent %}
+<div class="navheader"><h1>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</h1></div>
+
+<div class="basetemplate">{% block body %}{% endblock %}</div>
+{% endblock %}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/single_com.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{% ifequal length 1 %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">One comment</a>
+{% else %}
+ {% if length %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">{{ length }} comments</a>
+ {% else %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">No comments</a>
+ <div class="comment" {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}>
+ <div class="comment_body">Be the first to comment on this paragraph!</div>
+ </div>
+ {% endif %}
+{% endifequal %}
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/templates/single_com.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+{% ifequal length 1 %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">One comment</a>
+{% else %}
+ {% if length %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">{{ length }} comments</a>
+ {% else %}
+ <a class="commenttoggle" id="toggle_{{ id }}"
+ onclick="return toggleComment('{{ id }}')"
+ href="comments: show / hide">No comments</a>
+ <div class="comment" {% if not newid %} style="display: none;" {% endif %}>
+ <div class="comment_body">Be the first to comment on this paragraph!</div>
+ </div>
+ {% endif %}
+{% endifequal %}
+{% for c in query %}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/urls.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import os, sys
+from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
+import hgbook.comments.feeds as feeds
+from django.contrib import admin
+
+admin.autodiscover()
+
+feeds = {
+ 'comments': feeds.Comments,
+ }
+
+urlpatterns = patterns('',
+ (r'^comments/', include('hgbook.comments.urls')),
+
+ (r'^feeds/(?P<url>.*)/$', 'django.contrib.syndication.views.feed',
+ {'feed_dict': feeds}),
+ (r'^$', 'hgbook.comments.views.index'),
+
+ (r'^search/', 'hgbook.comments.views.search'),
+
+ # Only uncomment this for local testing without Apache.
+ (r'^html/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',
+ {'document_root': os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(
+ sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + '/../html/')}),
+ (r'^support/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',
+ {'document_root': os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(
+ sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + '/../support/')}),
+
+ # Uncomment this for admin:
+ (r'^admin/(.*)', admin.site.root),
+)
Binary file web/hgbook/urls.pyc has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/hgbook/urls.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import os, sys
+from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
+import hgbook.comments.feeds as feeds
+from django.contrib import admin
+
+admin.autodiscover()
+
+feeds = {
+ 'comments': feeds.Comments,
+ }
+
+urlpatterns = patterns('',
+ (r'^comments/', include('hgbook.comments.urls')),
+
+ (r'^feeds/(?P<url>.*)/$', 'django.contrib.syndication.views.feed',
+ {'feed_dict': feeds}),
+ (r'^/$', 'hgbook.comments.views.index'),
+
+ (r'^search/', 'hgbook.comments.views.search'),
+
+ # Only uncomment this for local testing without Apache.
+ (r'^html/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',
+ {'document_root': os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(
+ sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + '/../html/')}),
+ (r'^support/(?P<path>.*)$', 'django.views.static.serve',
+ {'document_root': os.path.realpath(os.path.dirname(
+ sys.modules[__name__].__file__) + '/../support/')}),
+
+ # Uncomment this for admin:
+ (r'^admin/(.*)', admin.site.root),
+)
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/abc.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<title>Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide">
+<link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide">
+<link rel="prev" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html" title="Chapter 8. Managing releases and branchy development">
+<link rel="next" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks"><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Comments" href="/feeds/comments/">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script></head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="navheader">
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</th></tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%" align="left">
+<a accesskey="p" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<th width="60%" align="center"> </th>
+<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="migrating-to-mercurial.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" title="Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="chap:hgext"></a>Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:inotify">14.1. Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:extdiff">14.2. Flexible diff support with the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3071699">14.2.1. Defining command aliases</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:transplant">14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the <code class="literal">transplant</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:patchbomb">14.4. Send changes via email with the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3072184">14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p><a name="x_4fe"></a>While the core of Mercurial is quite complete from a
+ functionality standpoint, it's deliberately shorn of fancy
+ features. This approach of preserving simplicity keeps the
+ software easy to deal with for both maintainers and users.</p>
+<p><a name="x_4ff"></a>However, Mercurial doesn't box you in with an inflexible
+ command set: you can add features to it as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>extensions</em></span> (sometimes known as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>plugins</em></span>). We've already discussed a few of
+ these extensions in earlier chapters.</p>
+<p id="x_546"><a name="x_546"></a>When you provide a directory name, Mercurial will interpret
+ this as “<span class="quote">operate on every file in this directory and its
+ subdirectories</span>”. Mercurial traverses the files and
+ subdirectories in a directory in alphabetical order. When it
+ encounters a subdirectory, it will traverse that subdirectory
+ before continuing with the current directory.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_500"></a><a class="xref" href="a-tour-of-mercurial-merging-work.html#sec:tour-merge:fetch" title="3.3. Simplifying the pull-merge-commit sequence">Section 3.3, “Simplifying the pull-merge-commit sequence”</a>
+ covers the <code class="literal">fetch</code> extension;
+ this combines pulling new changes and merging them with local
+ changes into a single command, <span class="command"><strong>fetch</strong></span>.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_501"></a>In <a class="xref" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks">Chapter 10, <i>Handling repository events with hooks</i></a>, we covered
+ several extensions that are useful for hook-related
+ functionality: <code class="literal">acl</code> adds
+ access control lists; <code class="literal">bugzilla</code> adds integration with the
+ Bugzilla bug tracking system; and <code class="literal">notify</code> sends notification emails on
+ new changes.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_502"></a>The Mercurial Queues patch management extension is
+ so invaluable that it merits two chapters and an appendix all
+ to itself. <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html" title="Chapter 12. Managing change with Mercurial Queues">Chapter 12, <i>Managing change with Mercurial Queues</i></a> covers the
+ basics; <a class="xref" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html" title="Chapter 13. Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues">Chapter 13, <i>Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues</i></a> discusses advanced topics;
+ and <a class="xref" href="mercurial-queues-reference.html" title="Appendix B. Mercurial Queues reference">Appendix B, <i>Mercurial Queues reference</i></a> goes into detail on
+ each
+ command.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p><a name="x_503"></a>In this chapter, we'll cover some of the other extensions that
+ are available for Mercurial, and briefly touch on some of the
+ machinery you'll need to know about if you want to write an
+ extension of your own.</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_504"></a>In <a class="xref" href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:inotify" title="14.1. Improve performance with the inotify extension">Section 14.1, “Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension”</a>,
+ we'll discuss the possibility of <span class="emphasis"><em>huge</em></span>
+ performance improvements using the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension.</p></li></ul></div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.1. Improve performance with the inotify extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:inotify"></a>14.1. Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_505"></a>Are you interested in having some of the most common
+ Mercurial operations run as much as a hundred times faster?
+ Read on!</p>
+<p><a name="x_506"></a>Mercurial has great performance under normal circumstances.
+ For example, when you run the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ status</strong></span> command, Mercurial has to scan almost every
+ directory and file in your repository so that it can display
+ file status. Many other Mercurial commands need to do the same
+ work behind the scenes; for example, the <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> command uses the status
+ machinery to avoid doing an expensive comparison operation on
+ files that obviously haven't changed.</p>
+<p><a name="x_507"></a>Because obtaining file status is crucial to good
+ performance, the authors of Mercurial have optimised this code
+ to within an inch of its life. However, there's no avoiding the
+ fact that when you run <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ status</strong></span>, Mercurial is going to have to perform at
+ least one expensive system call for each managed file to
+ determine whether it's changed since the last time Mercurial
+ checked. For a sufficiently large repository, this can take a
+ long time.</p>
+<p><a name="x_508"></a>To put a number on the magnitude of this effect, I created a
+ repository containing 150,000 managed files. I timed <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span> as taking ten seconds to
+ run, even when <span class="emphasis"><em>none</em></span> of those files had been
+ modified.</p>
+<p><a name="x_509"></a>Many modern operating systems contain a file notification
+ facility. If a program signs up to an appropriate service, the
+ operating system will notify it every time a file of interest is
+ created, modified, or deleted. On Linux systems, the kernel
+ component that does this is called
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code>.</p>
+<p><a name="x_50a"></a>Mercurial's <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension talks to the kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ component to optimise <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span>
+ commands. The extension has two components. A daemon sits in
+ the background and receives notifications from the
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem. It also listens for
+ connections from a regular Mercurial command. The extension
+ modifies Mercurial's behavior so that instead of scanning the
+ filesystem, it queries the daemon. Since the daemon has perfect
+ information about the state of the repository, it can respond
+ with a result instantaneously, avoiding the need to scan every
+ directory and file in the repository.</p>
+<p><a name="x_50b"></a>Recall the ten seconds that I measured plain Mercurial as
+ taking to run <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span> on a
+ 150,000 file repository. With the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension enabled, the time
+ dropped to 0.1 seconds, a factor of <span class="emphasis"><em>one
+ hundred</em></span> faster.</p>
+<p><a name="x_50c"></a>Before we continue, please pay attention to some
+ caveats.</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_50d"></a>The <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension is Linux-specific. Because it interfaces directly
+ to the Linux kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem,
+ it does not work on other operating systems.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_50e"></a>It should work on any Linux distribution that
+ was released after early 2005. Older distributions are
+ likely to have a kernel that lacks
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code>, or a version of
+ <code class="literal">glibc</code> that does not have the necessary
+ interfacing support.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_50f"></a>Not all filesystems are suitable for use with
+ the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension.
+ Network filesystems such as NFS are a non-starter, for
+ example, particularly if you're running Mercurial on several
+ systems, all mounting the same network filesystem. The
+ kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code> system has no way of
+ knowing about changes made on another system. Most local
+ filesystems (e.g. ext3, XFS, ReiserFS) should work
+ fine.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p><a name="x_510"></a>The <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is
+ not yet shipped with Mercurial as of May 2007, so it's a little
+ more involved to set up than other extensions. But the
+ performance improvement is worth it!</p>
+<p><a name="x_511"></a>The extension currently comes in two parts: a set of patches
+ to the Mercurial source code, and a library of Python bindings
+ to the <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem.</p>
+<div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="figs/note.png"></td>
+<th align="left">Note</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a name="x_512"></a> There are <span class="emphasis"><em>two</em></span> Python
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code> binding libraries. One of them is
+ called <code class="literal">pyinotify</code>, and is packaged by some
+ Linux distributions as <code class="literal">python-inotify</code>.
+ This is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the one you'll need, as it is
+ too buggy and inefficient to be practical.</p></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><a name="x_513"></a>To get going, it's best to already have a functioning copy
+ of Mercurial installed.</p>
+<div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="figs/note.png"></td>
+<th align="left">Note</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a name="x_514"></a> If you follow the instructions below, you'll be
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>replacing</em></span> and overwriting any existing
+ installation of Mercurial that you might already have, using
+ the latest <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">bleeding edge</span>”</span> Mercurial code. Don't
+ say you weren't warned!</p></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem">
+<p><a name="x_515"></a>Clone the Python <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ binding repository. Build and install it.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/python/inotify
+cd inotify
+python setup.py build --force
+sudo python setup.py install --skip-build</pre>
+</li>
+<li class="listitem">
+<p><a name="x_516"></a>Clone the <code class="filename">crew</code> Mercurial repository.
+ Clone the <code class="literal">inotify</code> patch
+ repository so that Mercurial Queues will be able to apply
+ patches to your cope of the <code class="filename">crew</code> repository.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg clone http://hg.intevation.org/mercurial/crew
+hg clone crew inotify
+hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/mercurial/patches/inotify inotify/.hg/patches</pre>
+</li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_517"></a>Make sure that you have the Mercurial Queues
+ extension, <code class="literal">mq</code>, enabled. If
+ you've never used MQ, read <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html#sec:mq:start" title="12.5. Getting started with Mercurial Queues">Section 12.5, “Getting started with Mercurial Queues”</a> to get started
+ quickly.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem">
+<p><a name="x_518"></a>Go into the <code class="filename">inotify</code> repo, and apply all
+ of the <code class="literal">inotify</code> patches
+ using the <code class="option">hg
+ -a</code> option to the <span class="command"><strong>qpush</strong></span> command.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">cd inotify
+hg qpush -a</pre>
+</li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_519"></a> If you get an error message from <span class="command"><strong>qpush</strong></span>, you should not continue.
+ Instead, ask for help.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem">
+<p><a name="x_51a"></a>Build and install the patched version of
+ Mercurial.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">python setup.py build --force
+sudo python setup.py install --skip-build</pre>
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+<p><a name="x_51b"></a>Once you've build a suitably patched version of Mercurial,
+ all you need to do to enable the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is add an entry to
+ your <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extensions] inotify =</pre>
+<p><a name="x_51c"></a>When the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension
+ is enabled, Mercurial will automatically and transparently start
+ the status daemon the first time you run a command that needs
+ status in a repository. It runs one status daemon per
+ repository.</p>
+<p><a name="x_51d"></a>The status daemon is started silently, and runs in the
+ background. If you look at a list of running processes after
+ you've enabled the <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension and run a few commands in different repositories,
+ you'll thus see a few <code class="literal">hg</code> processes sitting
+ around, waiting for updates from the kernel and queries from
+ Mercurial.</p>
+<p><a name="x_51e"></a>The first time you run a Mercurial command in a repository
+ when you have the <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension enabled, it will run with about the same performance
+ as a normal Mercurial command. This is because the status
+ daemon needs to perform a normal status scan so that it has a
+ baseline against which to apply later updates from the kernel.
+ However, <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> subsequent command that does
+ any kind of status check should be noticeably faster on
+ repositories of even fairly modest size. Better yet, the bigger
+ your repository is, the greater a performance advantage you'll
+ see. The <code class="literal">inotify</code> daemon makes
+ status operations almost instantaneous on repositories of all
+ sizes!</p>
+<p><a name="x_51f"></a>If you like, you can manually start a status daemon using
+ the <span class="command"><strong>inserve</strong></span> command.
+ This gives you slightly finer control over how the daemon ought
+ to run. This command will of course only be available when the
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is
+ enabled.</p>
+<p><a name="x_520"></a>When you're using the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension, you should notice
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>no difference at all</em></span> in Mercurial's
+ behavior, with the sole exception of status-related commands
+ running a whole lot faster than they used to. You should
+ specifically expect that commands will not print different
+ output; neither should they give different results. If either of
+ these situations occurs, please report a bug.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.2. Flexible diff support with the extdiff extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:extdiff"></a>14.2. Flexible diff support with the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_521"></a>Mercurial's built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ diff</strong></span> command outputs plaintext unified diffs.</p>
+<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg diff</code></strong>
+diff -r 80997726a0ea myfile
+--- a/myfile Wed Jan 06 06:50:18 2010 +0000
++++ b/myfile Wed Jan 06 06:50:18 2010 +0000
+@@ -1,1 +1,2 @@
+ The first line.
++The second line.
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_522"></a>If you would like to use an external tool to display
+ modifications, you'll want to use the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension. This will let you
+ use, for example, a graphical diff tool.</p>
+<p><a name="x_523"></a>The <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension is
+ bundled with Mercurial, so it's easy to set up. In the <code class="literal">extensions</code> section of your
+ <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>, simply add a
+ one-line entry to enable the extension.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extensions]
+extdiff =</pre>
+<p><a name="x_524"></a>This introduces a command named <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span>, which by default uses
+ your system's <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> command to generate a
+ unified diff in the same form as the built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> command.</p>
+<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg extdiff</code></strong>
+--- a.80997726a0ea/myfile 2010-01-06 06:50:18.613674526 +0000
++++ /tmp/extdiffNErQlu/a/myfile 2010-01-06 06:50:18.437687076 +0000
+@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+ The first line.
++The second line.
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_525"></a>The result won't be exactly the same as with the built-in
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> variations, because the
+ output of <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> varies from one system to
+ another, even when passed the same options.</p>
+<p><a name="x_526"></a>As the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">making snapshot</code></span>”</span>
+ lines of output above imply, the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command works by
+ creating two snapshots of your source tree. The first snapshot
+ is of the source revision; the second, of the target revision or
+ working directory. The <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command generates
+ these snapshots in a temporary directory, passes the name of
+ each directory to an external diff viewer, then deletes the
+ temporary directory. For efficiency, it only snapshots the
+ directories and files that have changed between the two
+ revisions.</p>
+<p><a name="x_527"></a>Snapshot directory names have the same base name as your
+ repository. If your repository path is <code class="filename">/quux/bar/foo</code>, then <code class="filename">foo</code> will be the name of each
+ snapshot directory. Each snapshot directory name has its
+ changeset ID appended, if appropriate. If a snapshot is of
+ revision <code class="literal">a631aca1083f</code>, the directory will be
+ named <code class="filename">foo.a631aca1083f</code>.
+ A snapshot of the working directory won't have a changeset ID
+ appended, so it would just be <code class="filename">foo</code> in this example. To see what
+ this looks like in practice, look again at the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> example above. Notice
+ that the diff has the snapshot directory names embedded in its
+ header.</p>
+<p><a name="x_528"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command
+ accepts two important options. The <code class="option">hg -p</code> option
+ lets you choose a program to view differences with, instead of
+ <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span>. With the <code class="option">hg -o</code> option,
+ you can change the options that <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> passes to the program
+ (by default, these options are
+ <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">-Npru</code></span>”</span>, which only make sense
+ if you're running <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span>). In other respects,
+ the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command
+ acts similarly to the built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ diff</strong></span> command: you use the same option names, syntax,
+ and arguments to specify the revisions you want, the files you
+ want, and so on.</p>
+<p><a name="x_529"></a>As an example, here's how to run the normal system
+ <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> command, getting it to generate context
+ diffs (using the <code class="option">-c</code> option)
+ instead of unified diffs, and five lines of context instead of
+ the default three (passing <code class="literal">5</code> as the argument
+ to the <code class="option">-C</code> option).</p>
+<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg extdiff -o -NprcC5</code></strong>
+*** a.80997726a0ea/myfile Wed Jan 6 06:50:18 2010
+--- /tmp/extdiffNErQlu/a/myfile Wed Jan 6 06:50:18 2010
+***************
+*** 1 ****
+--- 1,2 ----
+ The first line.
++ The second line.
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_52a"></a>Launching a visual diff tool is just as easy. Here's how to
+ launch the <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span> viewer.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg extdiff -p kdiff3 -o</pre>
+<p><a name="x_52b"></a>If your diff viewing command can't deal with directories,
+ you can easily work around this with a little scripting. For an
+ example of such scripting in action with the <code class="literal">mq</code> extension and the
+ <span class="command"><strong>interdiff</strong></span> command, see <a class="xref" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html#mq-collab:tips:interdiff" title="13.9.2. Viewing the history of a patch">Section 13.9.2, “Viewing the history of a patch”</a>.</p>
+<div class="sect2" title="14.2.1. Defining command aliases">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3071699"></a>14.2.1. Defining command aliases</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_52c"></a>It can be cumbersome to remember the options to both the
+ <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command and
+ the diff viewer you want to use, so the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension lets you define
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>new</em></span> commands that will invoke your diff
+ viewer with exactly the right options.</p>
+<p><a name="x_52d"></a>All you need to do is edit your <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>, and add a section named
+ <code class="literal">extdiff</code>. Inside this
+ section, you can define multiple commands. Here's how to add
+ a <code class="literal">kdiff3</code> command. Once you've defined
+ this, you can type <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg kdiff3</code></span>”</span>
+ and the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension
+ will run <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span> for you.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
+cmd.kdiff3 =</pre>
+<p><a name="x_52e"></a>If you leave the right hand side of the definition empty,
+ as above, the <code class="literal">extdiff</code>
+ extension uses the name of the command you defined as the name
+ of the external program to run. But these names don't have to
+ be the same. Here, we define a command named
+ <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg wibble</code></span>”</span>, which runs
+ <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
+ cmd.wibble = kdiff3</pre>
+<p><a name="x_52f"></a>You can also specify the default options that you want to
+ invoke your diff viewing program with. The prefix to use is
+ <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">opts.</code></span>”</span>, followed by the name
+ of the command to which the options apply. This example
+ defines a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg vimdiff</code></span>”</span> command
+ that runs the <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> editor's
+ <code class="literal">DirDiff</code> extension.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
+ cmd.vimdiff = vim
+opts.vimdiff = -f '+next' '+execute "DirDiff" argv(0) argv(1)'</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the transplant extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:transplant"></a>14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the <code class="literal">transplant</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_530"></a>Need to have a long chat with Brendan about this.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.4. Send changes via email with the patchbomb extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:patchbomb"></a>14.4. Send changes via email with the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_531"></a>Many projects have a culture of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">change
+ review</span>”</span>, in which people send their modifications to a
+ mailing list for others to read and comment on before they
+ commit the final version to a shared repository. Some projects
+ have people who act as gatekeepers; they apply changes from
+ other people to a repository to which those others don't have
+ access.</p>
+<p><a name="x_532"></a>Mercurial makes it easy to send changes over email for
+ review or application, via its <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension. The extension is
+ so named because changes are formatted as patches, and it's usual
+ to send one changeset per email message. Sending a long series
+ of changes by email is thus much like <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">bombing</span>”</span> the
+ recipient's inbox, hence <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">patchbomb</span>”</span>.</p>
+<p><a name="x_533"></a>As usual, the basic configuration of the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension takes just one or
+ two lines in your <code class="filename">
+ /.hgrc</code>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extensions]
+patchbomb =</pre>
+<p><a name="x_534"></a>Once you've enabled the extension, you will have a new
+ command available, named <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span>.</p>
+<p><a name="x_535"></a>The safest and best way to invoke the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command is to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> run it first with the <code class="option">hg -n</code> option.
+ This will show you what the command <span class="emphasis"><em>would</em></span>
+ send, without actually sending anything. Once you've had a
+ quick glance over the changes and verified that you are sending
+ the right ones, you can rerun the same command, with the <code class="option">hg -n</code> option
+ removed.</p>
+<p><a name="x_536"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command
+ accepts the same kind of revision syntax as every other
+ Mercurial command. For example, this command will send every
+ revision between 7 and <code class="literal">tip</code>, inclusive.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg email -n 7:tip</pre>
+<p><a name="x_537"></a>You can also specify a <span class="emphasis"><em>repository</em></span> to
+ compare with. If you provide a repository but no revisions, the
+ <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will
+ send all revisions in the local repository that are not present
+ in the remote repository. If you additionally specify revisions
+ or a branch name (the latter using the <code class="option">hg -b</code> option),
+ this will constrain the revisions sent.</p>
+<p><a name="x_538"></a>It's perfectly safe to run the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command without the
+ names of the people you want to send to: if you do this, it will
+ just prompt you for those values interactively. (If you're
+ using a Linux or Unix-like system, you should have enhanced
+ <code class="literal">readline</code>-style editing capabilities when
+ entering those headers, too, which is useful.)</p>
+<p><a name="x_539"></a>When you are sending just one revision, the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will by
+ default use the first line of the changeset description as the
+ subject of the single email message it sends.</p>
+<p><a name="x_53a"></a>If you send multiple revisions, the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will usually
+ send one message per changeset. It will preface the series with
+ an introductory message, in which you should describe the
+ purpose of the series of changes you're sending.</p>
+<div class="sect2" title="14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3072184"></a>14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_53b"></a>Not every project has exactly the same conventions for
+ sending changes in email; the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension tries to
+ accommodate a number of variations through command line
+ options.</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53c"></a>You can write a subject for the introductory
+ message on the command line using the <code class="option">hg -s</code>
+ option. This takes one argument, the text of the subject
+ to use.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53d"></a>To change the email address from which the
+ messages originate, use the <code class="option">hg -f</code>
+ option. This takes one argument, the email address to
+ use.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53e"></a>The default behavior is to send unified diffs
+ (see <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html#sec:mq:patch" title="12.4. Understanding patches">Section 12.4, “Understanding patches”</a> for a
+ description of the
+ format), one per message. You can send a binary bundle
+ instead with the <code class="option">hg -b</code>
+ option.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53f"></a>Unified diffs are normally prefaced with a
+ metadata header. You can omit this, and send unadorned
+ diffs, with the <code class="option">hg
+ --plain</code> option.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_540"></a>Diffs are normally sent <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">inline</span>”</span>,
+ in the same body part as the description of a patch. This
+ makes it easiest for the largest number of readers to
+ quote and respond to parts of a diff, as some mail clients
+ will only quote the first MIME body part in a message. If
+ you'd prefer to send the description and the diff in
+ separate body parts, use the <code class="option">hg -a</code>
+ option.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_541"></a>Instead of sending mail messages, you can
+ write them to an <code class="literal">mbox</code>-format mail
+ folder using the <code class="option">hg -m</code>
+ option. That option takes one argument, the name of the
+ file to write to.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_542"></a>If you would like to add a
+ <span class="command"><strong>diffstat</strong></span>-format summary to each patch,
+ and one to the introductory message, use the <code class="option">hg -d</code>
+ option. The <span class="command"><strong>diffstat</strong></span> command displays
+ a table containing the name of each file patched, the
+ number of lines affected, and a histogram showing how much
+ each file is modified. This gives readers a qualitative
+ glance at how complex a patch is.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="navfooter">
+<hr>
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+<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td>
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+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#default-arguments">1. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#keyword-arguments">2. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#parameter-packing-and-unpacking">3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#nested-functions-and-scopes">4. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#map-reduce-and-filter-functions">5. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#list-comprehensions">5.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="x_74b"><a name="x_74b"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the convenience of not polluting the global variables.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_74c"><a name="x_74c"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword
+ <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_74d"></a>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and returns the value.</p>
+<p><a name="x_74e"></a>A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the arguments to the function.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_74f"></a>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fact5 = factorial(5)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_750"></a>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
+<p><a name="x_751"></a>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This string is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically from it.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_752"></a>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any Python value or a Python object, which also includes a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other valid Python datatypes, including
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any number of values through a tuple
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_753"></a>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_754"></a>Function scope --------------- The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if it is of basic Python data type:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_755"></a>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> the values are manipulated even outside the function:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_756"></a>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return None when the funnction is called.</p>
+<div class="section" title="1. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="default-arguments"></a>1. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_757"></a>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing a facility called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can define the function as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_758"></a>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="keyword-arguments"></a>2. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_759"></a>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in the function definition. This is known as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_75a"></a>In a function call,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the following fashion:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75b"></a>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be specified. Also note, that we have combined
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75c"></a>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified in the function definition is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always start with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75d"></a>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75e"></a>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="parameter-packing-and-unpacking"></a>3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_75f"></a>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a *****, for collecting positional parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_760"></a>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can be interchanged:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_761"></a>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in place of a list of *Positional arguments* or *Keyword arguments* respectively using ***** or ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="nested-functions-and-scopes"></a>4. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_762"></a>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Python decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this course. If you are interested in knowing more about
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in Python you are suggested to read:
+ </p>
+<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar" target="_top">http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar</a>/<br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://personalpages.tds.net" target="_top">http://personalpages.tds.net</a>/~kent37/kk/00001.html<br>
+ </p></div>
+<p><a name="x_763"></a>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="map-reduce-and-filter-functions"></a>5. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_764"></a>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_765"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> and a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned by each call to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than one sequence. In this case, the first argument,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or
+ <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the sequence is exhausted:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_766"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_767"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence, obtains the result, calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24
+
+</pre>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="list-comprehensions"></a>5.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_768"></a>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a syntatic sugar to create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself. The syntax of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate the result is a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one
+ <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and multiple
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_769"></a>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num, if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="navfooter">
+<hr>
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
+<tr>
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+<a accesskey="p" href="index.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
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+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. </td>
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+<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td>
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+<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<title>Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</title>
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+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide">
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+<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</th></tr>
+<tr>
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+<a accesskey="p" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<th width="60%" align="center"> </th>
+<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="migrating-to-mercurial.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="chapter" title="Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="chap:hgext"></a>Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:inotify">14.1. Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:extdiff">14.2. Flexible diff support with the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3071699">14.2.1. Defining command aliases</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:transplant">14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the <code class="literal">transplant</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:patchbomb">14.4. Send changes via email with the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3072184">14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="x_4fe"></a>While the core of Mercurial is quite complete from a
+ functionality standpoint, it's deliberately shorn of fancy
+ features. This approach of preserving simplicity keeps the
+ software easy to deal with for both maintainers and users.</p>
+<p id="x_4ff"></a>However, Mercurial doesn't box you in with an inflexible
+ command set: you can add features to it as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>extensions</em></span> (sometimes known as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>plugins</em></span>). We've already discussed a few of
+ these extensions in earlier chapters.</p>
+<p id="x_546" id="x_546"></a>When you provide a directory name, Mercurial will interpret
+ this as “<span class="quote">operate on every file in this directory and its
+ subdirectories</span>”. Mercurial traverses the files and
+ subdirectories in a directory in alphabetical order. When it
+ encounters a subdirectory, it will traverse that subdirectory
+ before continuing with the current directory.</p>
+
+
+
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_500"></a><a class="xref" href="a-tour-of-mercurial-merging-work.html#sec:tour-merge:fetch" title="3.3. Simplifying the pull-merge-commit sequence">Section 3.3, “Simplifying the pull-merge-commit sequence”</a>
+ covers the <code class="literal">fetch</code> extension;
+ this combines pulling new changes and merging them with local
+ changes into a single command, <span class="command"><strong>fetch</strong></span>.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_501"></a>In <a class="xref" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks">Chapter 10, <i>Handling repository events with hooks</i></a>, we covered
+ several extensions that are useful for hook-related
+ functionality: <code class="literal">acl</code> adds
+ access control lists; <code class="literal">bugzilla</code> adds integration with the
+ Bugzilla bug tracking system; and <code class="literal">notify</code> sends notification emails on
+ new changes.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_502"></a>The Mercurial Queues patch management extension is
+ so invaluable that it merits two chapters and an appendix all
+ to itself. <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html" title="Chapter 12. Managing change with Mercurial Queues">Chapter 12, <i>Managing change with Mercurial Queues</i></a> covers the
+ basics; <a class="xref" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html" title="Chapter 13. Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues">Chapter 13, <i>Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues</i></a> discusses advanced topics;
+ and <a class="xref" href="mercurial-queues-reference.html" title="Appendix B. Mercurial Queues reference">Appendix B, <i>Mercurial Queues reference</i></a> goes into detail on
+ each
+ command.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_503"></a>In this chapter, we'll cover some of the other extensions that
+ are available for Mercurial, and briefly touch on some of the
+ machinery you'll need to know about if you want to write an
+ extension of your own.</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p id="x_504"></a>In <a class="xref" href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:inotify" title="14.1. Improve performance with the inotify extension">Section 14.1, “Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension”</a>,
+ we'll discuss the possibility of <span class="emphasis"><em>huge</em></span>
+ performance improvements using the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension.</p></li></ul></div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.1. Improve performance with the inotify extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:inotify"></a>14.1. Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_505"></a>Are you interested in having some of the most common
+ Mercurial operations run as much as a hundred times faster?
+ Read on!</p>
+<p id="x_506"></a>Mercurial has great performance under normal circumstances.
+ For example, when you run the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ status</strong></span> command, Mercurial has to scan almost every
+ directory and file in your repository so that it can display
+ file status. Many other Mercurial commands need to do the same
+ work behind the scenes; for example, the <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> command uses the status
+ machinery to avoid doing an expensive comparison operation on
+ files that obviously haven't changed.</p>
+<p id="x_507"></a>Because obtaining file status is crucial to good
+ performance, the authors of Mercurial have optimised this code
+ to within an inch of its life. However, there's no avoiding the
+ fact that when you run <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ status</strong></span>, Mercurial is going to have to perform at
+ least one expensive system call for each managed file to
+ determine whether it's changed since the last time Mercurial
+ checked. For a sufficiently large repository, this can take a
+ long time.</p>
+<p id="x_508"></a>To put a number on the magnitude of this effect, I created a
+ repository containing 150,000 managed files. I timed <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span> as taking ten seconds to
+ run, even when <span class="emphasis"><em>none</em></span> of those files had been
+ modified.</p>
+<p id="x_509"></a>Many modern operating systems contain a file notification
+ facility. If a program signs up to an appropriate service, the
+ operating system will notify it every time a file of interest is
+ created, modified, or deleted. On Linux systems, the kernel
+ component that does this is called
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code>.</p>
+<p id="x_50a"></a>Mercurial's <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension talks to the kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ component to optimise <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span>
+ commands. The extension has two components. A daemon sits in
+ the background and receives notifications from the
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem. It also listens for
+ connections from a regular Mercurial command. The extension
+ modifies Mercurial's behavior so that instead of scanning the
+ filesystem, it queries the daemon. Since the daemon has perfect
+ information about the state of the repository, it can respond
+ with a result instantaneously, avoiding the need to scan every
+ directory and file in the repository.</p>
+<p id="x_50b"></a>Recall the ten seconds that I measured plain Mercurial as
+ taking to run <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span> on a
+ 150,000 file repository. With the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension enabled, the time
+ dropped to 0.1 seconds, a factor of <span class="emphasis"><em>one
+ hundred</em></span> faster.</p>
+<p id="x_50c"></a>Before we continue, please pay attention to some
+ caveats.</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_50d"></a>The <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension is Linux-specific. Because it interfaces directly
+ to the Linux kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem,
+ it does not work on other operating systems.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_50e"></a>It should work on any Linux distribution that
+ was released after early 2005. Older distributions are
+ likely to have a kernel that lacks
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code>, or a version of
+ <code class="literal">glibc</code> that does not have the necessary
+ interfacing support.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_50f"></a>Not all filesystems are suitable for use with
+ the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension.
+ Network filesystems such as NFS are a non-starter, for
+ example, particularly if you're running Mercurial on several
+ systems, all mounting the same network filesystem. The
+ kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code> system has no way of
+ knowing about changes made on another system. Most local
+ filesystems (e.g. ext3, XFS, ReiserFS) should work
+ fine.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_510"></a>The <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is
+ not yet shipped with Mercurial as of May 2007, so it's a little
+ more involved to set up than other extensions. But the
+ performance improvement is worth it!</p>
+<p id="x_511"></a>The extension currently comes in two parts: a set of patches
+ to the Mercurial source code, and a library of Python bindings
+ to the <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem.</p>
+<div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="figs/note.png"></td>
+<th align="left">Note</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p id="x_512"></a> There are <span class="emphasis"><em>two</em></span> Python
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code> binding libraries. One of them is
+ called <code class="literal">pyinotify</code>, and is packaged by some
+ Linux distributions as <code class="literal">python-inotify</code>.
+ This is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the one you'll need, as it is
+ too buggy and inefficient to be practical.</p></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p id="x_513"></a>To get going, it's best to already have a functioning copy
+ of Mercurial installed.</p>
+<div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
+<tr>
+<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="figs/note.png"></td>
+<th align="left">Note</th>
+</tr>
+<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p id="x_514"></a> If you follow the instructions below, you'll be
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>replacing</em></span> and overwriting any existing
+ installation of Mercurial that you might already have, using
+ the latest <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">bleeding edge</span>”</span> Mercurial code. Don't
+ say you weren't warned!</p></td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem">
+<p id="x_515"></a>Clone the Python <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ binding repository. Build and install it.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/python/inotify
+cd inotify
+python setup.py build --force
+sudo python setup.py install --skip-build</pre>
+</li>
+<li class="listitem">
+<p id="x_516"></a>Clone the <code class="filename">crew</code> Mercurial repository.
+ Clone the <code class="literal">inotify</code> patch
+ repository so that Mercurial Queues will be able to apply
+ patches to your cope of the <code class="filename">crew</code> repository.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg clone http://hg.intevation.org/mercurial/crew
+hg clone crew inotify
+hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/mercurial/patches/inotify inotify/.hg/patches</pre>
+</li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_517"></a>Make sure that you have the Mercurial Queues
+ extension, <code class="literal">mq</code>, enabled. If
+ you've never used MQ, read <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html#sec:mq:start" title="12.5. Getting started with Mercurial Queues">Section 12.5, “Getting started with Mercurial Queues”</a> to get started
+ quickly.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem">
+<p id="x_518"></a>Go into the <code class="filename">inotify</code> repo, and apply all
+ of the <code class="literal">inotify</code> patches
+ using the <code class="option">hg
+ -a</code> option to the <span class="command"><strong>qpush</strong></span> command.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">cd inotify
+hg qpush -a</pre>
+</li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_519"></a> If you get an error message from <span class="command"><strong>qpush</strong></span>, you should not continue.
+ Instead, ask for help.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem">
+<p id="x_51a"></a>Build and install the patched version of
+ Mercurial.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">python setup.py build --force
+sudo python setup.py install --skip-build</pre>
+</li>
+</ol></div>
+<p id="x_51b"></a>Once you've build a suitably patched version of Mercurial,
+ all you need to do to enable the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is add an entry to
+ your <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extensions] inotify =</pre>
+<p id="x_51c"></a>When the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension
+ is enabled, Mercurial will automatically and transparently start
+ the status daemon the first time you run a command that needs
+ status in a repository. It runs one status daemon per
+ repository.</p>
+<p id="x_51d"></a>The status daemon is started silently, and runs in the
+ background. If you look at a list of running processes after
+ you've enabled the <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension and run a few commands in different repositories,
+ you'll thus see a few <code class="literal">hg</code> processes sitting
+ around, waiting for updates from the kernel and queries from
+ Mercurial.</p>
+<p id="x_51e"></a>The first time you run a Mercurial command in a repository
+ when you have the <code class="literal">inotify</code>
+ extension enabled, it will run with about the same performance
+ as a normal Mercurial command. This is because the status
+ daemon needs to perform a normal status scan so that it has a
+ baseline against which to apply later updates from the kernel.
+ However, <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> subsequent command that does
+ any kind of status check should be noticeably faster on
+ repositories of even fairly modest size. Better yet, the bigger
+ your repository is, the greater a performance advantage you'll
+ see. The <code class="literal">inotify</code> daemon makes
+ status operations almost instantaneous on repositories of all
+ sizes!</p>
+<p id="x_51f"></a>If you like, you can manually start a status daemon using
+ the <span class="command"><strong>inserve</strong></span> command.
+ This gives you slightly finer control over how the daemon ought
+ to run. This command will of course only be available when the
+ <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is
+ enabled.</p>
+<p id="x_520"></a>When you're using the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension, you should notice
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>no difference at all</em></span> in Mercurial's
+ behavior, with the sole exception of status-related commands
+ running a whole lot faster than they used to. You should
+ specifically expect that commands will not print different
+ output; neither should they give different results. If either of
+ these situations occurs, please report a bug.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.2. Flexible diff support with the extdiff extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:extdiff"></a>14.2. Flexible diff support with the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_521"></a>Mercurial's built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ diff</strong></span> command outputs plaintext unified diffs.</p>
+<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg diff</code></strong>
+diff -r 80997726a0ea myfile
+--- a/myfile Wed Jan 06 06:50:18 2010 +0000
++++ b/myfile Wed Jan 06 06:50:18 2010 +0000
+@@ -1,1 +1,2 @@
+ The first line.
++The second line.
+</pre>
+<p id="x_522"></a>If you would like to use an external tool to display
+ modifications, you'll want to use the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension. This will let you
+ use, for example, a graphical diff tool.</p>
+<p id="x_523"></a>The <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension is
+ bundled with Mercurial, so it's easy to set up. In the <code class="literal">extensions</code> section of your
+ <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>, simply add a
+ one-line entry to enable the extension.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extensions]
+extdiff =</pre>
+<p id="x_524"></a>This introduces a command named <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span>, which by default uses
+ your system's <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> command to generate a
+ unified diff in the same form as the built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> command.</p>
+<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg extdiff</code></strong>
+--- a.80997726a0ea/myfile 2010-01-06 06:50:18.613674526 +0000
++++ /tmp/extdiffNErQlu/a/myfile 2010-01-06 06:50:18.437687076 +0000
+@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+ The first line.
++The second line.
+</pre>
+<p id="x_525"></a>The result won't be exactly the same as with the built-in
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> variations, because the
+ output of <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> varies from one system to
+ another, even when passed the same options.</p>
+<p id="x_526"></a>As the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">making snapshot</code></span>”</span>
+ lines of output above imply, the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command works by
+ creating two snapshots of your source tree. The first snapshot
+ is of the source revision; the second, of the target revision or
+ working directory. The <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command generates
+ these snapshots in a temporary directory, passes the name of
+ each directory to an external diff viewer, then deletes the
+ temporary directory. For efficiency, it only snapshots the
+ directories and files that have changed between the two
+ revisions.</p>
+<p id="x_527"></a>Snapshot directory names have the same base name as your
+ repository. If your repository path is <code class="filename">/quux/bar/foo</code>, then <code class="filename">foo</code> will be the name of each
+ snapshot directory. Each snapshot directory name has its
+ changeset ID appended, if appropriate. If a snapshot is of
+ revision <code class="literal">a631aca1083f</code>, the directory will be
+ named <code class="filename">foo.a631aca1083f</code>.
+ A snapshot of the working directory won't have a changeset ID
+ appended, so it would just be <code class="filename">foo</code> in this example. To see what
+ this looks like in practice, look again at the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> example above. Notice
+ that the diff has the snapshot directory names embedded in its
+ header.</p>
+<p id="x_528"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command
+ accepts two important options. The <code class="option">hg -p</code> option
+ lets you choose a program to view differences with, instead of
+ <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span>. With the <code class="option">hg -o</code> option,
+ you can change the options that <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> passes to the program
+ (by default, these options are
+ <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">-Npru</code></span>”</span>, which only make sense
+ if you're running <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span>). In other respects,
+ the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command
+ acts similarly to the built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ diff</strong></span> command: you use the same option names, syntax,
+ and arguments to specify the revisions you want, the files you
+ want, and so on.</p>
+<p id="x_529"></a>As an example, here's how to run the normal system
+ <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> command, getting it to generate context
+ diffs (using the <code class="option">-c</code> option)
+ instead of unified diffs, and five lines of context instead of
+ the default three (passing <code class="literal">5</code> as the argument
+ to the <code class="option">-C</code> option).</p>
+<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg extdiff -o -NprcC5</code></strong>
+*** a.80997726a0ea/myfile Wed Jan 6 06:50:18 2010
+--- /tmp/extdiffNErQlu/a/myfile Wed Jan 6 06:50:18 2010
+***************
+*** 1 ****
+--- 1,2 ----
+ The first line.
++ The second line.
+</pre>
+<p id="x_52a"></a>Launching a visual diff tool is just as easy. Here's how to
+ launch the <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span> viewer.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg extdiff -p kdiff3 -o</pre>
+<p id="x_52b"></a>If your diff viewing command can't deal with directories,
+ you can easily work around this with a little scripting. For an
+ example of such scripting in action with the <code class="literal">mq</code> extension and the
+ <span class="command"><strong>interdiff</strong></span> command, see <a class="xref" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html#mq-collab:tips:interdiff" title="13.9.2. Viewing the history of a patch">Section 13.9.2, “Viewing the history of a patch”</a>.</p>
+<div class="sect2" title="14.2.1. Defining command aliases">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3071699"></a>14.2.1. Defining command aliases</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_52c"></a>It can be cumbersome to remember the options to both the
+ <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command and
+ the diff viewer you want to use, so the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension lets you define
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>new</em></span> commands that will invoke your diff
+ viewer with exactly the right options.</p>
+<p id="x_52d"></a>All you need to do is edit your <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>, and add a section named
+ <code class="literal">extdiff</code>. Inside this
+ section, you can define multiple commands. Here's how to add
+ a <code class="literal">kdiff3</code> command. Once you've defined
+ this, you can type <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg kdiff3</code></span>”</span>
+ and the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension
+ will run <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span> for you.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
+cmd.kdiff3 =</pre>
+<p id="x_52e"></a>If you leave the right hand side of the definition empty,
+ as above, the <code class="literal">extdiff</code>
+ extension uses the name of the command you defined as the name
+ of the external program to run. But these names don't have to
+ be the same. Here, we define a command named
+ <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg wibble</code></span>”</span>, which runs
+ <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
+ cmd.wibble = kdiff3</pre>
+<p id="x_52f"></a>You can also specify the default options that you want to
+ invoke your diff viewing program with. The prefix to use is
+ <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">opts.</code></span>”</span>, followed by the name
+ of the command to which the options apply. This example
+ defines a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg vimdiff</code></span>”</span> command
+ that runs the <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> editor's
+ <code class="literal">DirDiff</code> extension.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
+ cmd.vimdiff = vim
+opts.vimdiff = -f '+next' '+execute "DirDiff" argv(0) argv(1)'</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the transplant extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:transplant"></a>14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the <code class="literal">transplant</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_530"></a>Need to have a long chat with Brendan about this.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="sect1" title="14.4. Send changes via email with the patchbomb extension">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="sec:hgext:patchbomb"></a>14.4. Send changes via email with the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_531"></a>Many projects have a culture of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">change
+ review</span>”</span>, in which people send their modifications to a
+ mailing list for others to read and comment on before they
+ commit the final version to a shared repository. Some projects
+ have people who act as gatekeepers; they apply changes from
+ other people to a repository to which those others don't have
+ access.</p>
+<p id="x_532"></a>Mercurial makes it easy to send changes over email for
+ review or application, via its <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension. The extension is
+ so named because changes are formatted as patches, and it's usual
+ to send one changeset per email message. Sending a long series
+ of changes by email is thus much like <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">bombing</span>”</span> the
+ recipient's inbox, hence <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">patchbomb</span>”</span>.</p>
+<p id="x_533"></a>As usual, the basic configuration of the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension takes just one or
+ two lines in your <code class="filename">
+ /.hgrc</code>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">[extensions]
+patchbomb =</pre>
+<p id="x_534"></a>Once you've enabled the extension, you will have a new
+ command available, named <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span>.</p>
+<p id="x_535"></a>The safest and best way to invoke the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command is to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> run it first with the <code class="option">hg -n</code> option.
+ This will show you what the command <span class="emphasis"><em>would</em></span>
+ send, without actually sending anything. Once you've had a
+ quick glance over the changes and verified that you are sending
+ the right ones, you can rerun the same command, with the <code class="option">hg -n</code> option
+ removed.</p>
+<p id="x_536"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command
+ accepts the same kind of revision syntax as every other
+ Mercurial command. For example, this command will send every
+ revision between 7 and <code class="literal">tip</code>, inclusive.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">hg email -n 7:tip</pre>
+<p id="x_537"></a>You can also specify a <span class="emphasis"><em>repository</em></span> to
+ compare with. If you provide a repository but no revisions, the
+ <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will
+ send all revisions in the local repository that are not present
+ in the remote repository. If you additionally specify revisions
+ or a branch name (the latter using the <code class="option">hg -b</code> option),
+ this will constrain the revisions sent.</p>
+<p id="x_538"></a>It's perfectly safe to run the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command without the
+ names of the people you want to send to: if you do this, it will
+ just prompt you for those values interactively. (If you're
+ using a Linux or Unix-like system, you should have enhanced
+ <code class="literal">readline</code>-style editing capabilities when
+ entering those headers, too, which is useful.)</p>
+<p id="x_539"></a>When you are sending just one revision, the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will by
+ default use the first line of the changeset description as the
+ subject of the single email message it sends.</p>
+<p id="x_53a"></a>If you send multiple revisions, the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will usually
+ send one message per changeset. It will preface the series with
+ an introductory message, in which you should describe the
+ purpose of the series of changes you're sending.</p>
+<div class="sect2" title="14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3072184"></a>14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_53b"></a>Not every project has exactly the same conventions for
+ sending changes in email; the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension tries to
+ accommodate a number of variations through command line
+ options.</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_53c"></a>You can write a subject for the introductory
+ message on the command line using the <code class="option">hg -s</code>
+ option. This takes one argument, the text of the subject
+ to use.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_53d"></a>To change the email address from which the
+ messages originate, use the <code class="option">hg -f</code>
+ option. This takes one argument, the email address to
+ use.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_53e"></a>The default behavior is to send unified diffs
+ (see <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html#sec:mq:patch" title="12.4. Understanding patches">Section 12.4, “Understanding patches”</a> for a
+ description of the
+ format), one per message. You can send a binary bundle
+ instead with the <code class="option">hg -b</code>
+ option.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_53f"></a>Unified diffs are normally prefaced with a
+ metadata header. You can omit this, and send unadorned
+ diffs, with the <code class="option">hg
+ --plain</code> option.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_540"></a>Diffs are normally sent <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">inline</span>”</span>,
+ in the same body part as the description of a patch. This
+ makes it easiest for the largest number of readers to
+ quote and respond to parts of a diff, as some mail clients
+ will only quote the first MIME body part in a message. If
+ you'd prefer to send the description and the diff in
+ separate body parts, use the <code class="option">hg -a</code>
+ option.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_541"></a>Instead of sending mail messages, you can
+ write them to an <code class="literal">mbox</code>-format mail
+ folder using the <code class="option">hg -m</code>
+ option. That option takes one argument, the name of the
+ file to write to.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_542"></a>If you would like to add a
+ <span class="command"><strong>diffstat</strong></span>-format summary to each patch,
+ and one to the introductory message, use the <code class="option">hg -d</code>
+ option. The <span class="command"><strong>diffstat</strong></span> command displays
+ a table containing the name of each file patched, the
+ number of lines affected, and a histogram showing how much
+ each file is modified. This gives readers a qualitative
+ glance at how complex a patch is.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="navfooter">
+<hr>
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left">
+<a accesskey="p" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
+<td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="migrating-to-mercurial.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 13. Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td>
+<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A. Migrating to Mercurial</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/backup/abc.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pid_list=['x_4fe', 'x_4ff', 'x_546', 'x_503', 'x_505', 'x_506', 'x_507', 'x_508', 'x_509', 'x_50a', 'x_50b', 'x_50c', 'x_510', 'x_511', 'x_513', 'x_515', 'x_516', 'x_518', 'x_51a', 'x_51b', 'x_51c', 'x_51d', 'x_51e', 'x_51f', 'x_520', 'x_521', 'x_522', 'x_523', 'x_524', 'x_525', 'x_526', 'x_527', 'x_528', 'x_529', 'x_52a', 'x_52b', 'x_52c', 'x_52d', 'x_52e', 'x_52f', 'x_530', 'x_531', 'x_532', 'x_533', 'x_534', 'x_535', 'x_536', 'x_537', 'x_538', 'x_539', 'x_53a', 'x_53b']
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/backup/abcd.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide"><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide"><link rel="prev" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html" title="Chapter 8. Managing releases and branchy development"><link rel="next" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks"><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Comments" href="/feeds/comments/"><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png"><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/form.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><h2 class="booktitle"><a href="/">Mercurial: The Definitive Guide</a><span class="authors">by Bryan O'Sullivan</span></h2></div><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap:undo"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390081">Erasing local history</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390087">The accidental commit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback">Rolling back a transaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id390858">The erroneous pull</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback-after-push">Rolling back is useless once you've pushed</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id391000">You can only roll back once</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id391367">Reverting the mistaken change</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:mgmt">File management errors</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392218">Dealing with committed changes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392287">Backing out a changeset</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392424">Backing out the tip changeset</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392766">Backing out a non-tip change</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect3"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id392990">Always use the --merge option</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id393181">Gaining more control of the backout process</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id393814">Why hg backout works as
+ it does</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:aaaiiieee">Changes that should never have been</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394303">Backing out a merge</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394612">Protect yourself from escaped
+ changes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394667">What to do about sensitive changes that escape</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:bisect">Finding the source of a bug</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id394992">Using the hg bisect
+ command</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396541">Cleaning up after your search</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396622">Tips for finding bugs effectively</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396628">Give consistent input</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396884">Automate as much as possible</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396713">Check your results</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396770">Beware interference between bugs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#id396856">Bracket your search lazily</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p id="x_d2"><a name="x_d2"></a>To err might be human, but to really handle the consequences
+ well takes a top-notch revision control system. In this chapter,
+ we'll discuss some of the techniques you can use when you find
+ that a problem has crept into your project. Mercurial has some
+ highly capable features that will help you to isolate the sources
+ of problems, and to handle them appropriately.</p><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="id390081">Erasing local history</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id390087">The accidental commit</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_d3"><a name="x_d3"></a>I have the occasional but persistent problem of typing
+ rather more quickly than I can think, which sometimes results
+ in me committing a changeset that is either incomplete or
+ plain wrong. In my case, the usual kind of incomplete
+ changeset is one in which I've created a new source file, but
+ forgotten to <span class="command"><strong>hg add</strong></span> it. A
+ “<span class="quote">plain wrong</span>” changeset is not as common, but no
+ less annoying.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sec:undo:rollback">Rolling back a transaction</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_d4"><a name="x_d4"></a>In <a class="xref" href="behind-the-scenes.html#sec:concepts:txn" title="Safe operation">the section called “Safe operation”</a>, I
+ mentioned that Mercurial treats each modification of a
+ repository as a <span class="emphasis"><em>transaction</em></span>. Every time
+ you commit a changeset or pull changes from another
+ repository, Mercurial remembers what you did. You can undo,
+ or <span class="emphasis"><em>roll back</em></span>, exactly one of these
+ actions using the <span class="command"><strong>hg rollback</strong></span>
+
+ command. (See <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback-after-push" title="Rolling back is useless once you've pushed">the section called “Rolling back is useless once you've pushed”</a>
+ for an important caveat about the use of this command.)</p><p id="x_d5"><a name="x_d5"></a>Here's a mistake that I often find myself making:
+ committing a change in which I've created a new file, but
+ forgotten to <span class="command"><strong>hg add</strong></span>
+ it.</p><pre id="id390839" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+M a
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo b > b</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg commit -m 'Add file b'</code></strong>
+</pre><p id="x_d6"><a name="x_d6"></a>Looking at the output of <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ status</strong></span> after the commit immediately confirms the
+ error.</p><pre id="id390541" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+? b
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg tip</code></strong>
+
+changeset: 1:f2db1de2ba4f
+tag: tip
+user: Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
+date: Tue May 05 06:55:44 2009 +0000
+summary: Add file b
+
+</pre><p id="x_d7"><a name="x_d7"></a>The commit captured the changes to the file
+ <code class="filename">a</code>, but not the new file
+ <code class="filename">b</code>. If I were to push this changeset to a
+ repository that I shared with a colleague, the chances are
+ high that something in <code class="filename">a</code> would refer to
+ <code class="filename">b</code>, which would not be present in their
+ repository when they pulled my changes. I would thus become
+ the object of some indignation.</p><p id="x_d8"><a name="x_d8"></a>However, luck is with me—I've caught my error
+ before I pushed the changeset. I use the <span class="command"><strong>hg rollback</strong></span> command, and Mercurial
+ makes that last changeset vanish.</p><pre id="id391066" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg rollback</code></strong>
+
+rolling back last transaction
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg tip</code></strong>
+changeset: 0:cde70bc943e1
+tag: tip
+user: Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
+date: Tue May 05 06:55:44 2009 +0000
+summary: First commit
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+M a
+? b
+</pre><p id="x_d9"><a name="x_d9"></a>Notice that the changeset is no longer present in the
+ repository's history, and the working directory once again
+ thinks that the file <code class="filename">a</code> is modified. The
+ commit and rollback have left the working directory exactly as
+ it was prior to the commit; the changeset has been completely
+ erased. I can now safely <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ add</strong></span> the file <code class="filename">b</code>, and rerun my
+ commit.</p><pre id="id391024" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg add b</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg commit -m 'Add file b, this time for real'</code></strong>
+</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id390858">The erroneous pull</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_da"><a name="x_da"></a>It's common practice with Mercurial to maintain separate
+ development branches of a project in different repositories.
+ Your development team might have one shared repository for
+ your project's “<span class="quote">0.9</span>” release, and another,
+ containing different changes, for the “<span class="quote">1.0</span>”
+ release.</p><p id="x_db"><a name="x_db"></a>Given this, you can imagine that the consequences could be
+ messy if you had a local “<span class="quote">0.9</span>” repository, and
+ accidentally pulled changes from the shared “<span class="quote">1.0</span>”
+ repository into it. At worst, you could be paying
+ insufficient attention, and push those changes into the shared
+ “<span class="quote">0.9</span>” tree, confusing your entire team (but don't
+ worry, we'll return to this horror scenario later). However,
+ it's more likely that you'll notice immediately, because
+ Mercurial will display the URL it's pulling from, or you will
+ see it pull a suspiciously large number of changes into the
+ repository.</p><p id="x_dc"><a name="x_dc"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg rollback</strong></span> command
+ will work nicely to expunge all of the changesets that you
+ just pulled. Mercurial groups all changes from one <span class="command"><strong>hg pull</strong></span> into a single transaction,
+ so one <span class="command"><strong>hg rollback</strong></span> is all you
+ need to undo this mistake.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sec:undo:rollback-after-push">Rolling back is useless once you've pushed</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_dd"><a name="x_dd"></a>The value of the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ rollback</strong></span> command drops to zero once you've pushed
+ your changes to another repository. Rolling back a change
+ makes it disappear entirely, but <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> in
+ the repository in which you perform the <span class="command"><strong>hg rollback</strong></span>. Because a rollback
+ eliminates history, there's no way for the disappearance of a
+ change to propagate between repositories.</p><p id="x_de"><a name="x_de"></a>If you've pushed a change to another
+ repository—particularly if it's a shared
+ repository—it has essentially “<span class="quote">escaped into the
+ wild,</span>” and you'll have to recover from your mistake
+ in a different way. If you push a changeset somewhere, then
+ roll it back, then pull from the repository you pushed to, the
+ changeset you thought you'd gotten rid of will simply reappear
+ in your repository.</p><p id="x_df"><a name="x_df"></a>(If you absolutely know for sure that the change
+ you want to roll back is the most recent change in the
+ repository that you pushed to, <span class="emphasis"><em>and</em></span> you
+ know that nobody else could have pulled it from that
+ repository, you can roll back the changeset there, too, but
+ you really should not expect this to work reliably. Sooner or
+ later a change really will make it into a repository that you
+ don't directly control (or have forgotten about), and come
+ back to bite you.)</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id391000">You can only roll back once</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_e0"><a name="x_e0"></a>Mercurial stores exactly one transaction in its
+ transaction log; that transaction is the most recent one that
+ occurred in the repository. This means that you can only roll
+ back one transaction. If you expect to be able to roll back
+ one transaction, then its predecessor, this is not the
+ behavior you will get.</p><pre id="id391424" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg rollback</code></strong>
+
+rolling back last transaction
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg rollback</code></strong>
+no rollback information available
+</pre><p id="x_e1"><a name="x_e1"></a>Once you've rolled back one transaction in a repository,
+ you can't roll back again in that repository until you perform
+ another commit or pull.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="id391367">Reverting the mistaken change</h2></div></div></div><p id="x_e2"><a name="x_e2"></a>If you make a modification to a file, and decide that you
+ really didn't want to change the file at all, and you haven't
+ yet committed your changes, the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ revert</strong></span> command is the one you'll need. It looks at
+ the changeset that's the parent of the working directory, and
+ restores the contents of the file to their state as of that
+ changeset. (That's a long-winded way of saying that, in the
+ normal case, it undoes your modifications.)</p><p id="x_e3"><a name="x_e3"></a>Let's illustrate how the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ revert</strong></span> command works with yet another small example.
+ We'll begin by modifying a file that Mercurial is already
+ tracking.</p><pre id="id391316" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cat file</code></strong>
+
+original content
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo unwanted change >> file</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg diff file</code></strong>
+diff -r b52afd4afc59 file
+--- a/file Tue May 05 06:55:32 2009 +0000
++++ b/file Tue May 05 06:55:32 2009 +0000
+@@ -1,1 +1,2 @@
+ original content
++unwanted change
+</pre><p id="x_e4"><a name="x_e4"></a>If we don't
+ want that change, we can simply <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ revert</strong></span> the file.</p><pre id="id391251" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+
+M file
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg revert file</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cat file</code></strong>
+original content
+</pre><p id="x_e5"><a name="x_e5"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg revert</strong></span> command
+ provides us with an extra degree of safety by saving our
+ modified file with a <code class="filename">.orig</code>
+ extension.</p><pre id="id391767" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+
+? file.orig
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cat file.orig</code></strong>
+original content
+unwanted change
+</pre><div class="tip"><table border="0" summary="Tip: Be careful with .orig files"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Tip]" src="/support/figs/tip.png"></td><th align="left">Be careful with .orig files</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p id="x_6b8"><a name="x_6b8"></a>It's extremely unlikely that you are either using
+ Mercurial to manage files with <code class="filename">.orig</code>
+ extensions or that you even care about the contents of such
+ files. Just in case, though, it's useful to remember that
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg revert</strong></span> will
+ unconditionally overwrite an existing file with a
+ <code class="filename">.orig</code> extension. For instance, if you
+ already have a file named <code class="filename">foo.orig</code> when
+ you revert <code class="filename">foo</code>, the contents of
+ <code class="filename">foo.orig</code> will be clobbered.</p></td></tr></table></div><p id="x_e6"><a name="x_e6"></a>Here is a summary of the cases that the <span class="command"><strong>hg revert</strong></span> command can deal with. We
+ will describe each of these in more detail in the section that
+ follows.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p id="x_e7"><a name="x_e7"></a>If you modify a file, it will restore the file
+ to its unmodified state.</p></li><li><p id="x_e8"><a name="x_e8"></a>If you <span class="command"><strong>hg add</strong></span> a
+ file, it will undo the “<span class="quote">added</span>” state of the
+ file, but leave the file itself untouched.</p></li><li><p id="x_e9"><a name="x_e9"></a>If you delete a file without telling Mercurial,
+ it will restore the file to its unmodified contents.</p></li><li><p id="x_ea"><a name="x_ea"></a>If you use the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ remove</strong></span> command to remove a file, it will undo
+ the “<span class="quote">removed</span>” state of the file, and restore
+ the file to its unmodified contents.</p></li></ul></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sec:undo:mgmt">File management errors</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_eb"><a name="x_eb"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg revert</strong></span> command is
+ useful for more than just modified files. It lets you reverse
+ the results of all of Mercurial's file management
+ commands—<span class="command"><strong>hg add</strong></span>,
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg remove</strong></span>, and so on.</p><p id="x_ec"><a name="x_ec"></a>If you <span class="command"><strong>hg add</strong></span> a file,
+ then decide that in fact you don't want Mercurial to track it,
+ use <span class="command"><strong>hg revert</strong></span> to undo the
+ add. Don't worry; Mercurial will not modify the file in any
+ way. It will just “<span class="quote">unmark</span>” the file.</p><pre id="id391756" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo oops > oops</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg add oops</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status oops</code></strong>
+A oops
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg revert oops</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+
+? oops
+</pre><p id="x_ed"><a name="x_ed"></a>Similarly, if you ask Mercurial to <span class="command"><strong>hg remove</strong></span> a file, you can use
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg revert</strong></span> to restore it to
+ the contents it had as of the parent of the working directory.
+
+</p><pre id="id392036" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg remove file</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+R file
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg revert file</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>ls file</code></strong>
+file
+</pre><p>
+
+ This works just as
+ well for a file that you deleted by hand, without telling
+ Mercurial (recall that in Mercurial terminology, this kind of
+ file is called “<span class="quote">missing</span>”).</p><pre id="id391954" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>rm file</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+! file
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg revert file</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>ls file</code></strong>
+file
+</pre><p id="x_ee"><a name="x_ee"></a>If you revert a <span class="command"><strong>hg copy</strong></span>,
+ the copied-to file remains in your working directory
+ afterwards, untracked. Since a copy doesn't affect the
+ copied-from file in any way, Mercurial doesn't do anything
+ with the copied-from file.</p><pre id="id392181" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg copy file new-file</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg revert new-file</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg status</code></strong>
+? new-file
+</pre></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="id392218">Dealing with committed changes</h2></div></div></div><p id="x_f5"><a name="x_f5"></a>Consider a case where you have committed a change
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span>, and another change
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>b</em></span> on top of it; you then realise that
+ change <span class="emphasis"><em>a</em></span> was incorrect. Mercurial lets you
+ “<span class="quote">back out</span>” an entire changeset automatically, and
+ building blocks that let you reverse part of a changeset by
+ hand.</p><p id="x_f6"><a name="x_f6"></a>Before you read this section, here's something to
+ keep in mind: the <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span>
+
+ command undoes the effect of a change by
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>adding</em></span> to your repository's history, not by
+ modifying or erasing it. It's the right tool to use if you're
+ fixing bugs, but not if you're trying to undo some change that
+ has catastrophic consequences. To deal with those, see
+ <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:aaaiiieee" title="Changes that should never have been">the section called “Changes that should never have been”</a>.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id392287">Backing out a changeset</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_f7"><a name="x_f7"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command
+ lets you “<span class="quote">undo</span>” the effects of an entire
+ changeset in an automated fashion. Because Mercurial's
+ history is immutable, this command <span class="emphasis"><em>does
+ not</em></span> get rid of the changeset you want to undo.
+ Instead, it creates a new changeset that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>reverses</em></span> the effect of the to-be-undone
+ changeset.</p><p id="x_f8"><a name="x_f8"></a>The operation of the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ backout</strong></span> command is a little intricate, so let's
+ illustrate it with some examples. First, we'll create a
+ repository with some simple changes.</p><pre id="id392685" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg init myrepo</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd myrepo</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo first change >> myfile</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg add myfile</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg commit -m 'first change'</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo second change >> myfile</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg commit -m 'second change'</code></strong>
+</pre><p id="x_f9"><a name="x_f9"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command
+ takes a single changeset ID as its argument; this is the
+ changeset to back out. Normally, <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ backout</strong></span> will drop you into a text editor to write
+ a commit message, so you can record why you're backing the
+ change out. In this example, we provide a commit message on
+ the command line using the <code class="option">-m</code> option.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id392424">Backing out the tip changeset</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_fa"><a name="x_fa"></a>We're going to start by backing out the last changeset we
+ committed.</p><pre id="id392577" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg backout -m 'back out second change' tip</code></strong>
+
+reverting myfile
+changeset 2:01adc4672142 backs out changeset 1:7e341ee3be7a
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cat myfile</code></strong>
+first change
+</pre><p id="x_fb"><a name="x_fb"></a>You can see that the second line from
+ <code class="filename">myfile</code> is no longer present. Taking a
+ look at the output of <span class="command"><strong>hg log</strong></span>
+ gives us an idea of what the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ backout</strong></span> command has done.
+
+
+</p><pre id="id392554" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg log --style compact</code></strong>
+2[tip] 01adc4672142 2009-05-05 06:55 +0000 bos
+ back out second change
+
+1 7e341ee3be7a 2009-05-05 06:55 +0000 bos
+ second change
+
+0 56b97fc928f2 2009-05-05 06:55 +0000 bos
+ first change
+
+</pre><p>
+
+ Notice that the new changeset
+ that <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> has created
+ is a child of the changeset we backed out. It's easier to see
+ this in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:backout" title="Figure 9.1. Backing out a change using the hg backout command">Figure 9.1, “Backing out a change using the hg backout command”</a>, which presents a
+ graphical view of the change history. As you can see, the
+ history is nice and linear.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:backout"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.1. Backing out a change using the <span class="command">hg backout</span> command</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/undo-simple.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id392766">Backing out a non-tip change</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_fd"><a name="x_fd"></a>If you want to back out a change other than the last one
+ you committed, pass the <code class="option">--merge</code> option to the
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command.</p><pre id="id393141" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd ..</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg clone -r1 myrepo non-tip-repo</code></strong>
+requesting all changes
+adding changesets
+adding manifests
+adding file changes
+added 2 changesets with 2 changes to 1 files
+updating working directory
+1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd non-tip-repo</code></strong>
+</pre><p id="x_fe"><a name="x_fe"></a>This makes backing out any changeset a
+ “<span class="quote">one-shot</span>” operation that's usually simple and
+ fast.</p><pre id="id392845" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo third change >> myfile</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg commit -m 'third change'</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg backout --merge -m 'back out second change' 1</code></strong>
+reverting myfile
+created new head
+changeset 3:abc7fd860049 backs out changeset 1:7e341ee3be7a
+merging with changeset 3:abc7fd860049
+merging myfile
+0 files updated, 1 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+(branch merge, don't forget to commit)
+</pre><p id="x_ff"><a name="x_ff"></a>If you take a look at the contents of
+ <code class="filename">myfile</code> after the backout finishes, you'll
+ see that the first and third changes are present, but not the
+ second.</p><pre id="id392886" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cat myfile</code></strong>
+
+first change
+third change
+</pre><p id="x_100"><a name="x_100"></a>As the graphical history in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:backout-non-tip" title="Figure 9.2. Automated backout of a non-tip change using the hg backout command">Figure 9.2, “Automated backout of a non-tip change using the
+ hg backout command”</a> illustrates, Mercurial
+ still commits one change in this kind of situation (the
+ box-shaped node is the ones that Mercurial commits
+ automatically), but the revision graph now looks different.
+ Before Mercurial begins the backout process, it first
+ remembers what the current parent of the working directory is.
+ It then backs out the target changeset, and commits that as a
+ changeset. Finally, it merges back to the previous parent of
+ the working directory, but notice that it <span class="emphasis"><em>does not
+ commit</em></span> the result of the merge. The repository
+ now contains two heads, and the working directory is in a
+ merge state.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:backout-non-tip"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.2. Automated backout of a non-tip change using the
+ <span class="command">hg backout</span> command</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/undo-non-tip.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"><p id="x_103"><a name="x_103"></a>The result is that you end up “<span class="quote">back where you
+ were</span>”, only with some extra history that undoes the
+ effect of the changeset you wanted to back out.</p><p id="x_6b9"><a name="x_6b9"></a>You might wonder why Mercurial does not commit the result
+ of the merge that it performed. The reason lies in Mercurial
+ behaving conservatively: a merge naturally has more scope for
+ error than simply undoing the effect of the tip changeset,
+ so your work will be safest if you first inspect (and test!)
+ the result of the merge, <span class="emphasis"><em>then</em></span> commit
+ it.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="id392990">Always use the <code class="option">--merge</code> option</h4></div></div></div><p id="x_104"><a name="x_104"></a>In fact, since the <code class="option">--merge</code> option will do the
+ “<span class="quote">right thing</span>” whether or not the changeset
+ you're backing out is the tip (i.e. it won't try to merge if
+ it's backing out the tip, since there's no need), you should
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> use this option when you run the
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command.</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id393181">Gaining more control of the backout process</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_105"><a name="x_105"></a>While I've recommended that you always use the <code class="option">--merge</code> option when backing
+ out a change, the <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span>
+
+ command lets you decide how to merge a backout changeset.
+ Taking control of the backout process by hand is something you
+ will rarely need to do, but it can be useful to understand
+ what the <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command
+ is doing for you automatically. To illustrate this, let's
+ clone our first repository, but omit the backout change that
+ it contains.</p><pre id="id393568" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd ..</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg clone -r1 myrepo newrepo</code></strong>
+requesting all changes
+adding changesets
+adding manifests
+adding file changes
+added 2 changesets with 2 changes to 1 files
+updating working directory
+1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd newrepo</code></strong>
+
+</pre><p id="x_106"><a name="x_106"></a>As with our
+ earlier example, We'll commit a third changeset, then back out
+ its parent, and see what happens.</p><pre id="id393553" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo third change >> myfile</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg commit -m 'third change'</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg backout -m 'back out second change' 1</code></strong>
+reverting myfile
+created new head
+changeset 3:abc7fd860049 backs out changeset 1:7e341ee3be7a
+the backout changeset is a new head - do not forget to merge
+(use "backout --merge" if you want to auto-merge)
+</pre><p id="x_107"><a name="x_107"></a>Our new changeset is again a descendant of the changeset
+ we backout out; it's thus a new head, <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>
+
+ a descendant of the changeset that was the tip. The <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command was quite
+ explicit in telling us this.</p><pre id="id393314" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg log --style compact</code></strong>
+3[tip]:1 abc7fd860049 2009-05-05 06:55 +0000 bos
+ back out second change
+
+2 bae4005ddac4 2009-05-05 06:55 +0000 bos
+ third change
+
+1 7e341ee3be7a 2009-05-05 06:55 +0000 bos
+ second change
+
+0 56b97fc928f2 2009-05-05 06:55 +0000 bos
+ first change
+
+</pre><p id="x_108"><a name="x_108"></a>Again, it's easier to see what has happened by looking at
+ a graph of the revision history, in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:backout-manual" title="Figure 9.3. Backing out a change using the hg backout command">Figure 9.3, “Backing out a change using the hg backout command”</a>. This makes it clear
+ that when we use <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span>
+ to back out a change other than the tip, Mercurial adds a new
+ head to the repository (the change it committed is
+ box-shaped).</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:backout-manual"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.3. Backing out a change using the <span class="command">hg backout</span> command</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/undo-manual.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"><p id="x_10a"><a name="x_10a"></a>After the <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span>
+
+ command has completed, it leaves the new
+ “<span class="quote">backout</span>” changeset as the parent of the working
+ directory.</p><pre id="id393912" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg parents</code></strong>
+changeset: 2:bae4005ddac4
+user: Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
+date: Tue May 05 06:55:12 2009 +0000
+summary: third change
+
+</pre><p id="x_10b"><a name="x_10b"></a>Now we have two isolated sets of changes.</p><pre id="id393905" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg heads</code></strong>
+
+changeset: 3:abc7fd860049
+tag: tip
+parent: 1:7e341ee3be7a
+user: Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
+date: Tue May 05 06:55:12 2009 +0000
+summary: back out second change
+
+changeset: 2:bae4005ddac4
+user: Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
+date: Tue May 05 06:55:12 2009 +0000
+summary: third change
+
+</pre><p id="x_10c"><a name="x_10c"></a>Let's think about what we expect to see as the contents of
+ <code class="filename">myfile</code> now. The first change should be
+ present, because we've never backed it out. The second change
+ should be missing, as that's the change we backed out. Since
+ the history graph shows the third change as a separate head,
+ we <span class="emphasis"><em>don't</em></span> expect to see the third change
+ present in <code class="filename">myfile</code>.</p><pre id="id393884" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cat myfile</code></strong>
+
+first change
+</pre><p id="x_10d"><a name="x_10d"></a>To get the third change back into the file, we just do a
+ normal merge of our two heads.</p><pre id="id393845" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg merge</code></strong>
+abort: outstanding uncommitted changes
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg commit -m 'merged backout with previous tip'</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cat myfile</code></strong>
+first change
+</pre><p id="x_10e"><a name="x_10e"></a>Afterwards, the graphical history of our
+ repository looks like
+ <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:backout-manual-merge" title="Figure 9.4. Manually merging a backout change">Figure 9.4, “Manually merging a backout change”</a>.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:backout-manual-merge"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.4. Manually merging a backout change</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/undo-manual-merge.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id393814">Why <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> works as
+ it does</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_110"><a name="x_110"></a>Here's a brief description of how the <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command works.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p id="x_111"><a name="x_111"></a>It ensures that the working directory is
+ “<span class="quote">clean</span>”, i.e. that the output of <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span> would be empty.</p></li><li><p id="x_112"><a name="x_112"></a>It remembers the current parent of the working
+ directory. Let's call this changeset
+ <code class="literal">orig</code>.</p></li><li><p id="x_113"><a name="x_113"></a>It does the equivalent of a <span class="command"><strong>hg update</strong></span> to sync the working
+ directory to the changeset you want to back out. Let's
+ call this changeset <code class="literal">backout</code>.</p></li><li><p id="x_114"><a name="x_114"></a>It finds the parent of that changeset. Let's
+ call that changeset <code class="literal">parent</code>.</p></li><li><p id="x_115"><a name="x_115"></a>For each file that the
+ <code class="literal">backout</code> changeset affected, it does the
+ equivalent of a <span class="command"><strong>hg revert -r
+ parent</strong></span> on that file, to restore it to the
+ contents it had before that changeset was
+ committed.</p></li><li><p id="x_116"><a name="x_116"></a>It commits the result as a new changeset.
+ This changeset has <code class="literal">backout</code> as its
+ parent.</p></li><li><p id="x_117"><a name="x_117"></a>If you specify <code class="option">--merge</code> on the command
+ line, it merges with <code class="literal">orig</code>, and commits
+ the result of the merge.</p></li></ol></div><p id="x_118"><a name="x_118"></a>An alternative way to implement the <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command would be to
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg export</strong></span> the
+ to-be-backed-out changeset as a diff, then use the <code class="option">--reverse</code> option to the
+ <span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span> command to reverse the effect of the
+ change without fiddling with the working directory. This
+ sounds much simpler, but it would not work nearly as
+ well.</p><p id="x_119"><a name="x_119"></a>The reason that <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ backout</strong></span> does an update, a commit, a merge, and
+ another commit is to give the merge machinery the best chance
+ to do a good job when dealing with all the changes
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>between</em></span> the change you're backing out and
+ the current tip.</p><p id="x_11a"><a name="x_11a"></a>If you're backing out a changeset that's 100 revisions
+ back in your project's history, the chances that the
+ <span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span> command will be able to apply a
+ reverse diff cleanly are not good, because intervening changes
+ are likely to have “<span class="quote">broken the context</span>” that
+ <span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span> uses to determine whether it can
+ apply a patch (if this sounds like gibberish, see <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html#sec:mq:patch" title="Understanding patches">the section called “Understanding patches”</a> for a
+ discussion of the <span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span> command). Also,
+ Mercurial's merge machinery will handle files and directories
+ being renamed, permission changes, and modifications to binary
+ files, none of which <span class="command"><strong>patch</strong></span> can deal
+ with.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="sec:undo:aaaiiieee">Changes that should never have been</h2></div></div></div><p id="x_11b"><a name="x_11b"></a>Most of the time, the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ backout</strong></span> command is exactly what you need if you want
+ to undo the effects of a change. It leaves a permanent record
+ of exactly what you did, both when committing the original
+ changeset and when you cleaned up after it.</p><p id="x_11c"><a name="x_11c"></a>On rare occasions, though, you may find that you've
+ committed a change that really should not be present in the
+ repository at all. For example, it would be very unusual, and
+ usually considered a mistake, to commit a software project's
+ object files as well as its source files. Object files have
+ almost no intrinsic value, and they're <span class="emphasis"><em>big</em></span>,
+ so they increase the size of the repository and the amount of
+ time it takes to clone or pull changes.</p><p id="x_11d"><a name="x_11d"></a>Before I discuss the options that you have if you commit a
+ “<span class="quote">brown paper bag</span>” change (the kind that's so bad
+ that you want to pull a brown paper bag over your head), let me
+ first discuss some approaches that probably won't work.</p><p id="x_11e"><a name="x_11e"></a>Since Mercurial treats history as
+ accumulative—every change builds on top of all changes
+ that preceded it—you generally can't just make disastrous
+ changes disappear. The one exception is when you've just
+ committed a change, and it hasn't been pushed or pulled into
+ another repository. That's when you can safely use the <span class="command"><strong>hg rollback</strong></span> command, as I detailed in
+ <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#sec:undo:rollback" title="Rolling back a transaction">the section called “Rolling back a transaction”</a>.</p><p id="x_11f"><a name="x_11f"></a>After you've pushed a bad change to another repository, you
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>could</em></span> still use <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ rollback</strong></span> to make your local copy of the change
+ disappear, but it won't have the consequences you want. The
+ change will still be present in the remote repository, so it
+ will reappear in your local repository the next time you
+ pull.</p><p id="x_120"><a name="x_120"></a>If a situation like this arises, and you know which
+ repositories your bad change has propagated into, you can
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>try</em></span> to get rid of the change from
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> one of those repositories. This is,
+ of course, not a satisfactory solution: if you miss even a
+ single repository while you're expunging, the change is still
+ “<span class="quote">in the wild</span>”, and could propagate further.</p><p id="x_121"><a name="x_121"></a>If you've committed one or more changes
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>after</em></span> the change that you'd like to see
+ disappear, your options are further reduced. Mercurial doesn't
+ provide a way to “<span class="quote">punch a hole</span>” in history, leaving
+ changesets intact.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id394303">Backing out a merge</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_6ba"><a name="x_6ba"></a>Since merges are often complicated, it is not unheard of
+ for a merge to be mangled badly, but committed erroneously.
+ Mercurial provides an important safeguard against bad merges
+ by refusing to commit unresolved files, but human ingenuity
+ guarantees that it is still possible to mess a merge up and
+ commit it.</p><p id="x_6bb"><a name="x_6bb"></a>Given a bad merge that has been committed, usually the
+ best way to approach it is to simply try to repair the damage
+ by hand. A complete disaster that cannot be easily fixed up
+ by hand ought to be very rare, but the <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> command may help in
+ making the cleanup easier. It offers a <code class="option">--parent</code> option, which lets
+ you specify which parent to revert to when backing out a
+ merge.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:bad-merge-1"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.5. A bad merge</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/bad-merge-1.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"><p id="x_6bc"><a name="x_6bc"></a>Suppose we have a revision graph like that in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:bad-merge-1" title="Figure 9.5. A bad merge">Figure 9.5, “A bad merge”</a>. What we'd like is to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>redo</em></span> the merge of revisions 2 and
+ 3.</p><p id="x_6bd"><a name="x_6bd"></a>One way to do so would be as follows.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p id="x_6be"><a name="x_6be"></a>Call <span class="command"><strong>hg backout --rev=4
+ --parent=2</strong></span>. This tells <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> to back out revision
+ 4, which is the bad merge, and to when deciding which
+ revision to prefer, to choose parent 2, one of the parents
+ of the merge. The effect can be seen in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:bad-merge-2" title="Figure 9.6. Backing out the merge, favoring one parent">Figure 9.6, “Backing out the merge, favoring one parent”</a>.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:bad-merge-2"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.6. Backing out the merge, favoring one parent</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/bad-merge-2.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"></li><li><p id="x_6bf"><a name="x_6bf"></a>Call <span class="command"><strong>hg backout --rev=4
+ --parent=3</strong></span>. This tells <span class="command"><strong>hg backout</strong></span> to back out revision
+ 4 again, but this time to choose parent 3, the other
+ parent of the merge. The result is visible in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:bad-merge-3" title="Figure 9.7. Backing out the merge, favoring the other parent">Figure 9.7, “Backing out the merge, favoring the other
+ parent”</a>, in which the repository
+ now contains three heads.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:bad-merge-3"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.7. Backing out the merge, favoring the other
+ parent</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/bad-merge-3.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"></li><li><p id="x_6c0"><a name="x_6c0"></a>Redo the bad merge by merging the two backout heads,
+ which reduces the number of heads in the repository to
+ two, as can be seen in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:bad-merge-4" title="Figure 9.8. Merging the backouts">Figure 9.8, “Merging the backouts”</a>.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:bad-merge-4"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.8. Merging the backouts</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/bad-merge-4.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"></li><li><p id="x_6c1"><a name="x_6c1"></a>Merge with the commit that was made after the bad
+ merge, as shown in <a class="xref" href="finding-and-fixing-mistakes.html#fig:undo:bad-merge-5" title="Figure 9.9. Merging the backouts">Figure 9.9, “Merging the backouts”</a>.</p><div class="figure"><a name="fig:undo:bad-merge-5"></a><p class="title"><b>Figure 9.9. Merging the backouts</b></p><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="figs/bad-merge-5.png" alt="XXX add text"></div></div></div><br class="figure-break"></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id394612">Protect yourself from “<span class="quote">escaped</span>”
+ changes</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_123"><a name="x_123"></a>If you've committed some changes to your local repository
+ and they've been pushed or pulled somewhere else, this isn't
+ necessarily a disaster. You can protect yourself ahead of
+ time against some classes of bad changeset. This is
+ particularly easy if your team usually pulls changes from a
+ central repository.</p><p id="x_124"><a name="x_124"></a>By configuring some hooks on that repository to validate
+ incoming changesets (see chapter <a class="xref" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks">Chapter 10, <i>Handling repository events with hooks</i></a>),
+ you can
+ automatically prevent some kinds of bad changeset from being
+ pushed to the central repository at all. With such a
+ configuration in place, some kinds of bad changeset will
+ naturally tend to “<span class="quote">die out</span>” because they can't
+ propagate into the central repository. Better yet, this
+ happens without any need for explicit intervention.</p><p id="x_125"><a name="x_125"></a>For instance, an incoming change hook that
+ verifies that a changeset will actually compile can prevent
+ people from inadvertently “<span class="quote">breaking the
+ build</span>”.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id394667">What to do about sensitive changes that escape</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_6c2"><a name="x_6c2"></a>Even a carefully run project can suffer an unfortunate
+ event such as the committing and uncontrolled propagation of a
+ file that contains important passwords.</p><p id="x_6c3"><a name="x_6c3"></a>If something like this happens to you, and the information
+ that gets accidentally propagated is truly sensitive, your
+ first step should be to mitigate the effect of the leak
+ without trying to control the leak itself. If you are not 100%
+ certain that you know exactly who could have seen the changes,
+ you should immediately change passwords, cancel credit cards,
+ or find some other way to make sure that the information that
+ has leaked is no longer useful. In other words, assume that
+ the change has propagated far and wide, and that there's
+ nothing more you can do.</p><p id="x_6c4"><a name="x_6c4"></a>You might hope that there would be mechanisms you could
+ use to either figure out who has seen a change or to erase the
+ change permanently everywhere, but there are good reasons why
+ these are not possible.</p><p id="x_6c5"><a name="x_6c5"></a>Mercurial does not provide an audit trail of who has
+ pulled changes from a repository, because it is usually either
+ impossible to record such information or trivial to spoof it.
+ In a multi-user or networked environment, you should thus be
+ extremely skeptical of yourself if you think that you have
+ identified every place that a sensitive changeset has
+ propagated to. Don't forget that people can and will send
+ bundles by email, have their backup software save data
+ offsite, carry repositories on USB sticks, and find other
+ completely innocent ways to confound your attempts to track
+ down every copy of a problematic change.</p><p id="x_6c6"><a name="x_6c6"></a>Mercurial also does not provide a way to make a file or
+ changeset completely disappear from history, because there is
+ no way to enforce its disappearance; someone could easily
+ modify their copy of Mercurial to ignore such directives. In
+ addition, even if Mercurial provided such a capability,
+ someone who simply hadn't pulled a “<span class="quote">make this file
+ disappear</span>” changeset wouldn't be affected by it, nor
+ would web crawlers visiting at the wrong time, disk backups,
+ or other mechanisms. Indeed, no distributed revision control
+ system can make data reliably vanish. Providing the illusion
+ of such control could easily give a false sense of security,
+ and be worse than not providing it at all.</p></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="sec:undo:bisect">Finding the source of a bug</h2></div></div></div><p id="x_126"><a name="x_126"></a>While it's all very well to be able to back out a changeset
+ that introduced a bug, this requires that you know which
+ changeset to back out. Mercurial provides an invaluable
+ command, called <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span>, that
+ helps you to automate this process and accomplish it very
+ efficiently.</p><p id="x_127"><a name="x_127"></a>The idea behind the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> command is that a changeset has introduced
+ some change of behavior that you can identify with a simple
+ pass/fail test. You don't know which piece of code introduced the
+ change, but you know how to test for the presence of the bug.
+ The <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command uses your
+ test to direct its search for the changeset that introduced the
+ code that caused the bug.</p><p id="x_128"><a name="x_128"></a>Here are a few scenarios to help you understand how you
+ might apply this command.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p id="x_129"><a name="x_129"></a>The most recent version of your software has a
+ bug that you remember wasn't present a few weeks ago, but
+ you don't know when it was introduced. Here, your binary
+ test checks for the presence of that bug.</p></li><li><p id="x_12a"><a name="x_12a"></a>You fixed a bug in a rush, and now it's time to
+ close the entry in your team's bug database. The bug
+ database requires a changeset ID when you close an entry,
+ but you don't remember which changeset you fixed the bug in.
+ Once again, your binary test checks for the presence of the
+ bug.</p></li><li><p id="x_12b"><a name="x_12b"></a>Your software works correctly, but runs 15%
+ slower than the last time you measured it. You want to know
+ which changeset introduced the performance regression. In
+ this case, your binary test measures the performance of your
+ software, to see whether it's “<span class="quote">fast</span>” or
+ “<span class="quote">slow</span>”.</p></li><li><p id="x_12c"><a name="x_12c"></a>The sizes of the components of your project that
+ you ship exploded recently, and you suspect that something
+ changed in the way you build your project.</p></li></ul></div><p id="x_12d"><a name="x_12d"></a>From these examples, it should be clear that the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command is not useful only
+ for finding the sources of bugs. You can use it to find any
+ “<span class="quote">emergent property</span>” of a repository (anything that
+ you can't find from a simple text search of the files in the
+ tree) for which you can write a binary test.</p><p id="x_12e"><a name="x_12e"></a>We'll introduce a little bit of terminology here, just to
+ make it clear which parts of the search process are your
+ responsibility, and which are Mercurial's. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>test</em></span> is something that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>you</em></span> run when <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> chooses a changeset. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>probe</em></span> is what <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> runs to tell whether a revision is good.
+ Finally, we'll use the word “<span class="quote">bisect</span>”, as both a
+ noun and a verb, to stand in for the phrase “<span class="quote">search using
+ the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span>
+
+ command</span>”.</p><p id="x_12f"><a name="x_12f"></a>One simple way to automate the searching process would be
+ simply to probe every changeset. However, this scales poorly.
+ If it took ten minutes to test a single changeset, and you had
+ 10,000 changesets in your repository, the exhaustive approach
+ would take on average 35 <span class="emphasis"><em>days</em></span> to find the
+ changeset that introduced a bug. Even if you knew that the bug
+ was introduced by one of the last 500 changesets, and limited
+ your search to those, you'd still be looking at over 40 hours to
+ find the changeset that introduced your bug.</p><p id="x_130"><a name="x_130"></a>What the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command
+ does is use its knowledge of the “<span class="quote">shape</span>” of your
+ project's revision history to perform a search in time
+ proportional to the <span class="emphasis"><em>logarithm</em></span> of the number
+ of changesets to check (the kind of search it performs is called
+ a dichotomic search). With this approach, searching through
+ 10,000 changesets will take less than three hours, even at ten
+ minutes per test (the search will require about 14 tests).
+ Limit your search to the last hundred changesets, and it will
+ take only about an hour (roughly seven tests).</p><p id="x_131"><a name="x_131"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command is
+ aware of the “<span class="quote">branchy</span>” nature of a Mercurial
+ project's revision history, so it has no problems dealing with
+ branches, merges, or multiple heads in a repository. It can
+ prune entire branches of history with a single probe, which is
+ how it operates so efficiently.</p><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id394992">Using the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span>
+
+ command</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_132"><a name="x_132"></a>Here's an example of <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> in action.</p><div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note"><tr><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="/support/figs/note.png"></td><th align="left">Note</th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p id="x_133"><a name="x_133"></a> In versions 0.9.5 and earlier of Mercurial, <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> was not a core command:
+ it was distributed with Mercurial as an extension. This
+ section describes the built-in command, not the old
+ extension.</p></td></tr></table></div><p id="x_134"><a name="x_134"></a>Now let's create a repository, so that we can try out the
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command in
+ isolation.</p><pre id="id395406" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg init mybug</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>cd mybug</code></strong>
+</pre><p id="x_135"><a name="x_135"></a>We'll simulate a project that has a bug in it in a
+ simple-minded way: create trivial changes in a loop, and
+ nominate one specific change that will have the
+ “<span class="quote">bug</span>”. This loop creates 35 changesets, each
+ adding a single file to the repository. We'll represent our
+ “<span class="quote">bug</span>” with a file that contains the text “<span class="quote">i
+ have a gub</span>”.</p><pre id="id395397" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>buggy_change=22</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>for (( i = 0; i < 35; i++ )); do</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> if [[ $i = $buggy_change ]]; then</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> echo 'i have a gub' > myfile$i</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> hg commit -q -A -m 'buggy changeset'</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> else</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> echo 'nothing to see here, move along' > myfile$i</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> hg commit -q -A -m 'normal changeset'</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> fi</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code>done</code></strong>
+
+</pre><p id="x_136"><a name="x_136"></a>The next thing that we'd like to do is figure out how to
+ use the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command.
+ We can use Mercurial's normal built-in help mechanism for
+ this.</p><pre id="id395535" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg help bisect</code></strong>
+hg bisect [-gbsr] [-c CMD] [REV]
+
+subdivision search of changesets
+
+ This command helps to find changesets which introduce problems.
+ To use, mark the earliest changeset you know exhibits the problem
+ as bad, then mark the latest changeset which is free from the
+ problem as good. Bisect will update your working directory to a
+ revision for testing (unless the --noupdate option is specified).
+ Once you have performed tests, mark the working directory as bad
+ or good and bisect will either update to another candidate changeset
+ or announce that it has found the bad revision.
+
+ As a shortcut, you can also use the revision argument to mark a
+ revision as good or bad without checking it out first.
+
+ If you supply a command it will be used for automatic bisection. Its exit
+ status will be used as flag to mark revision as bad or good. In case exit
+ status is 0 the revision is marked as good, 125 - skipped, 127 (command not
+ found) - bisection will be aborted; any other status bigger than 0 will
+ mark revision as bad.
+
+options:
+
+ -r --reset reset bisect state
+ -g --good mark changeset good
+ -b --bad mark changeset bad
+ -s --skip skip testing changeset
+ -c --command use command to check changeset state
+ -U --noupdate do not update to target
+
+use "hg -v help bisect" to show global options
+</pre><p id="x_137"><a name="x_137"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command
+ works in steps. Each step proceeds as follows.</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p id="x_138"><a name="x_138"></a>You run your binary test.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p id="x_139"><a name="x_139"></a>If the test succeeded, you tell <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> by running the
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect --good</strong></span>
+
+ command.</p></li><li><p id="x_13a"><a name="x_13a"></a>If it failed, run the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect --bad</strong></span>
+ command.</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p id="x_13b"><a name="x_13b"></a>The command uses your information to decide
+ which changeset to test next.</p></li><li><p id="x_13c"><a name="x_13c"></a>It updates the working directory to that
+ changeset, and the process begins again.</p></li></ol></div><p id="x_13d"><a name="x_13d"></a>The process ends when <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> identifies a unique changeset that marks
+ the point where your test transitioned from
+ “<span class="quote">succeeding</span>” to “<span class="quote">failing</span>”.</p><p id="x_13e"><a name="x_13e"></a>To start the search, we must run the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect --reset</strong></span> command.</p><pre id="id395968" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg bisect --reset</code></strong>
+
+</pre><p id="x_13f"><a name="x_13f"></a>In our case, the binary test we use is simple: we check to
+ see if any file in the repository contains the string “<span class="quote">i
+ have a gub</span>”. If it does, this changeset contains the
+ change that “<span class="quote">caused the bug</span>”. By convention, a
+ changeset that has the property we're searching for is
+ “<span class="quote">bad</span>”, while one that doesn't is
+ “<span class="quote">good</span>”.</p><p id="x_140"><a name="x_140"></a>Most of the time, the revision to which the working
+ directory is synced (usually the tip) already exhibits the
+ problem introduced by the buggy change, so we'll mark it as
+ “<span class="quote">bad</span>”.</p><pre id="id396047" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg bisect --bad</code></strong>
+</pre><p id="x_141"><a name="x_141"></a>Our next task is to nominate a changeset that we know
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>doesn't</em></span> have the bug; the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command will
+ “<span class="quote">bracket</span>” its search between the first pair of
+ good and bad changesets. In our case, we know that revision
+ 10 didn't have the bug. (I'll have more words about choosing
+ the first “<span class="quote">good</span>” changeset later.)</p><pre id="id396032" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg bisect --good 10</code></strong>
+
+Testing changeset 22:b8789808fc48 (24 changesets remaining, ~4 tests)
+0 files updated, 0 files merged, 12 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+</pre><p id="x_142"><a name="x_142"></a>Notice that this command printed some output.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p id="x_143"><a name="x_143"></a>It told us how many changesets it must
+ consider before it can identify the one that introduced
+ the bug, and how many tests that will require.</p></li><li><p id="x_144"><a name="x_144"></a>It updated the working directory to the next
+ changeset to test, and told us which changeset it's
+ testing.</p></li></ul></div><p id="x_145"><a name="x_145"></a>We now run our test in the working directory. We use the
+ <span class="command"><strong>grep</strong></span> command to see if our
+ “<span class="quote">bad</span>” file is present in the working directory.
+ If it is, this revision is bad; if not, this revision is good.
+
+</p><pre id="id395911" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>if grep -q 'i have a gub' *</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code>then</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> result=bad</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code>else</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> result=good</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code>fi</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>echo this revision is $result</code></strong>
+
+this revision is bad
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg bisect --$result</code></strong>
+Testing changeset 16:e61fdddff53e (12 changesets remaining, ~3 tests)
+0 files updated, 0 files merged, 6 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+</pre><p>
+
+</p><p id="x_146"><a name="x_146"></a>This test looks like a perfect candidate for automation,
+ so let's turn it into a shell function.</p><pre id="id396435" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mytest() {</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> if grep -q 'i have a gub' *</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> then</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> result=bad</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> else</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> result=good</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> fi</code></strong>
+
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> echo this revision is $result</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code> hg bisect --$result</code></strong>
+<code class="prompt">></code> <strong class="userinput"><code>}</code></strong>
+</pre><p id="x_147"><a name="x_147"></a>We can now run an entire test step with a single command,
+ <code class="literal">mytest</code>.</p><pre id="id396403" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mytest</code></strong>
+
+this revision is good
+Testing changeset 19:706df39b003b (6 changesets remaining, ~2 tests)
+3 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+</pre><p id="x_148"><a name="x_148"></a>A few more invocations of our canned test step command,
+ and we're done.</p><pre id="id396344" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mytest</code></strong>
+this revision is good
+Testing changeset 20:bf7ea9a054e6 (3 changesets remaining, ~1 tests)
+1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mytest</code></strong>
+this revision is good
+Testing changeset 21:921391dd45c1 (2 changesets remaining, ~1 tests)
+1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
+<code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>mytest</code></strong>
+this revision is good
+The first bad revision is:
+changeset: 22:b8789808fc48
+user: Bryan O'Sullivan <bos@serpentine.com>
+
+date: Tue May 05 06:55:14 2009 +0000
+summary: buggy changeset
+
+</pre><p id="x_149"><a name="x_149"></a>Even though we had 40 changesets to search through, the
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command let us find
+ the changeset that introduced our “<span class="quote">bug</span>” with only
+ five tests. Because the number of tests that the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command performs grows
+ logarithmically with the number of changesets to search, the
+ advantage that it has over the “<span class="quote">brute force</span>”
+ search approach increases with every changeset you add.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id396541">Cleaning up after your search</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_14a"><a name="x_14a"></a>When you're finished using the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> command in a repository, you can use the
+ <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect --reset</strong></span> command to
+ drop the information it was using to drive your search. The
+ command doesn't use much space, so it doesn't matter if you
+ forget to run this command. However, <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> won't let you start a new
+ search in that repository until you do a <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect --reset</strong></span>.</p><pre id="id396936" class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg bisect --reset</code></strong>
+
+</pre></div></div><div class="sect1" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both" id="id396622">Tips for finding bugs effectively</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id396628">Give consistent input</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_14b"><a name="x_14b"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command
+ requires that you correctly report the result of every test
+ you perform. If you tell it that a test failed when it really
+ succeeded, it <span class="emphasis"><em>might</em></span> be able to detect the
+ inconsistency. If it can identify an inconsistency in your
+ reports, it will tell you that a particular changeset is both
+ good and bad. However, it can't do this perfectly; it's about
+ as likely to report the wrong changeset as the source of the
+ bug.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id396884">Automate as much as possible</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_14c"><a name="x_14c"></a>When I started using the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> command, I tried a few times to run my
+ tests by hand, on the command line. This is an approach that
+ I, at least, am not suited to. After a few tries, I found
+ that I was making enough mistakes that I was having to restart
+ my searches several times before finally getting correct
+ results.</p><p id="x_14d"><a name="x_14d"></a>My initial problems with driving the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command by hand occurred
+ even with simple searches on small repositories; if the
+ problem you're looking for is more subtle, or the number of
+ tests that <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> must
+ perform increases, the likelihood of operator error ruining
+ the search is much higher. Once I started automating my
+ tests, I had much better results.</p><p id="x_14e"><a name="x_14e"></a>The key to automated testing is twofold:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p id="x_14f"><a name="x_14f"></a>always test for the same symptom, and</p></li><li><p id="x_150"><a name="x_150"></a>always feed consistent input to the <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span> command.</p></li></ul></div><p id="x_151"><a name="x_151"></a>In my tutorial example above, the <span class="command"><strong>grep</strong></span>
+
+ command tests for the symptom, and the <code class="literal">if</code>
+ statement takes the result of this check and ensures that we
+ always feed the same input to the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> command. The <code class="literal">mytest</code>
+ function marries these together in a reproducible way, so that
+ every test is uniform and consistent.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id396713">Check your results</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_152"><a name="x_152"></a>Because the output of a <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> search is only as good as the input you
+ give it, don't take the changeset it reports as the absolute
+ truth. A simple way to cross-check its report is to manually
+ run your test at each of the following changesets:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p id="x_153"><a name="x_153"></a>The changeset that it reports as the first bad
+ revision. Your test should still report this as
+ bad.</p></li><li><p id="x_154"><a name="x_154"></a>The parent of that changeset (either parent,
+ if it's a merge). Your test should report this changeset
+ as good.</p></li><li><p id="x_155"><a name="x_155"></a>A child of that changeset. Your test should
+ report this changeset as bad.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id396770">Beware interference between bugs</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_156"><a name="x_156"></a>It's possible that your search for one bug could be
+ disrupted by the presence of another. For example, let's say
+ your software crashes at revision 100, and worked correctly at
+ revision 50. Unknown to you, someone else introduced a
+ different crashing bug at revision 60, and fixed it at
+ revision 80. This could distort your results in one of
+ several ways.</p><p id="x_157"><a name="x_157"></a>It is possible that this other bug completely
+ “<span class="quote">masks</span>” yours, which is to say that it occurs
+ before your bug has a chance to manifest itself. If you can't
+ avoid that other bug (for example, it prevents your project
+ from building), and so can't tell whether your bug is present
+ in a particular changeset, the <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> command cannot help you directly. Instead,
+ you can mark a changeset as untested by running <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect --skip</strong></span>.</p><p id="x_158"><a name="x_158"></a>A different problem could arise if your test for a bug's
+ presence is not specific enough. If you check for “<span class="quote">my
+ program crashes</span>”, then both your crashing bug and an
+ unrelated crashing bug that masks it will look like the same
+ thing, and mislead <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span>.</p><p id="x_159"><a name="x_159"></a>Another useful situation in which to use <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect --skip</strong></span> is if you can't
+ test a revision because your project was in a broken and hence
+ untestable state at that revision, perhaps because someone
+ checked in a change that prevented the project from
+ building.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="id396856">Bracket your search lazily</h3></div></div></div><p id="x_15a"><a name="x_15a"></a>Choosing the first “<span class="quote">good</span>” and
+ “<span class="quote">bad</span>” changesets that will mark the end points of
+ your search is often easy, but it bears a little discussion
+ nevertheless. From the perspective of <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span>, the “<span class="quote">newest</span>”
+ changeset is conventionally “<span class="quote">bad</span>”, and the older
+ changeset is “<span class="quote">good</span>”.</p><p id="x_15b"><a name="x_15b"></a>If you're having trouble remembering when a suitable
+ “<span class="quote">good</span>” change was, so that you can tell <span class="command"><strong>hg bisect</strong></span>, you could do worse than
+ testing changesets at random. Just remember to eliminate
+ contenders that can't possibly exhibit the bug (perhaps
+ because the feature with the bug isn't present yet) and those
+ where another problem masks the bug (as I discussed
+ above).</p><p id="x_15c"><a name="x_15c"></a>Even if you end up “<span class="quote">early</span>” by thousands of
+ changesets or months of history, you will only add a handful
+ of tests to the total number that <span class="command"><strong>hg
+ bisect</strong></span> must perform, thanks to its logarithmic
+ behavior.</p></div></div></div><div class="hgfooter"><p><img src="/support/figs/rss.png"> Want to stay up to date? Subscribe to the comment feed for <a id="chapterfeed" class="feed" href="/feeds/comments/">this chapter</a>, or the <a class="feed" href="/feeds/comments/">entire book</a>.</p><p>Copyright 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Bryan O'Sullivan.
+ Icons by <a href="mailto:mattahan@gmail.com">Paul Davey</a> aka <a href="http://mattahan.deviantart.com/">Mattahan</a>.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="managing-releases-and-branchy-development.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 8. Managing releases and branchy development </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks</td></tr></table></div><script type="text/javascript">
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+<div class="article" title="Functional Approach">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2496165"></a>Functional Approach</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#default-arguments">1. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#keyword-arguments">2. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#parameter-packing-and-unpacking">3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#nested-functions-and-scopes">4. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#map-reduce-and-filter-functions">5. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#list-comprehensions">5.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="x_74b"><a name="x_74b"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the convenience of not polluting the global variables.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_74c"><a name="x_74c"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword
+ <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_74d"><a name="x_74d"></a>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and returns the value.</p>
+<p><a name="x_74e"></a>A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the arguments to the function.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_74f"></a>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fact5 = factorial(5)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_750"></a>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
+<p><a name="x_751"></a>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This string is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically from it.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_752"></a>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any Python value or a Python object, which also includes a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other valid Python datatypes, including
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any number of values through a tuple
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_753"></a>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_754"></a>Function scope --------------- The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if it is of basic Python data type:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_755"></a>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> the values are manipulated even outside the function:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_756"></a>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return None when the funnction is called.</p>
+<div class="section" title="1. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="default-arguments"></a>1. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_757"></a>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing a facility called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can define the function as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_758"></a>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="keyword-arguments"></a>2. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_759"></a>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in the function definition. This is known as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_75a"></a>In a function call,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the following fashion:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75b"></a>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be specified. Also note, that we have combined
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75c"></a>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified in the function definition is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always start with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75d"></a>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75e"></a>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="parameter-packing-and-unpacking"></a>3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_75f"></a>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a *****, for collecting positional parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_760"></a>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can be interchanged:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_761"></a>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in place of a list of *Positional arguments* or *Keyword arguments* respectively using ***** or ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="nested-functions-and-scopes"></a>4. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_762"></a>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Python decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this course. If you are interested in knowing more about
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in Python you are suggested to read:
+ </p>
+<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar" target="_top">http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar</a>/<br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://personalpages.tds.net" target="_top">http://personalpages.tds.net</a>/~kent37/kk/00001.html<br>
+ </p></div>
+<p><a name="x_763"></a>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="map-reduce-and-filter-functions"></a>5. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_764"></a>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_765"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> and a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned by each call to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than one sequence. In this case, the first argument,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or
+ <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the sequence is exhausted:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_766"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_767"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence, obtains the result, calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24
+
+</pre>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="list-comprehensions"></a>5.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_768"></a>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a syntatic sugar to create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself. The syntax of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate the result is a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one
+ <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and multiple
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_769"></a>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num, if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="navfooter">
+<hr>
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left">
+<a accesskey="p" href="index.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
+<td width="40%" align="right"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
+<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/backup/autoid.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Add unique ID attributes to para tags. This script should only be
+# run by one person, since otherwise it introduces the possibility of
+# chaotic conflicts among tags.
+
+import glob, os, re, sys
+
+tagged = re.compile('<para[^>]* id="x_([0-9a-f]+)"[^>]*>', re.M)
+untagged = re.compile('<para>')
+
+names = glob.glob('ch*.xml') + glob.glob('app*.xml')
+
+# First pass: find the highest-numbered paragraph ID.
+
+biggest_id = 0
+seen = set()
+errs = 0
+
+for name in names:
+ for m in tagged.finditer(open(name).read()):
+ i = int(m.group(1),16)
+ if i in seen:
+ print >> sys.stderr, '%s: duplication of ID %s' % (name, i)
+ errs += 1
+ seen.add(i)
+ if i > biggest_id:
+ biggest_id = i
+
+def retag(s):
+ global biggest_id
+ biggest_id += 1
+ return '<para id="x_%x">' % biggest_id
+
+# Second pass: add IDs to paragraphs that currently lack them.
+
+for name in names:
+ f = open(name).read()
+ f1 = untagged.sub(retag, f)
+ if f1 != f:
+ tmpname = name + '.tmp'
+ fp = open(tmpname, 'w')
+ fp.write(f1)
+ fp.close()
+ os.rename(tmpname, name)
+
+sys.exit(errs)
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/backup/ch01-intro.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,686 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Basic Python</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<!--<div class="navheader">
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Basic Python</th></tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="20%" align="left">
+
+<th width="60%" align="center"> </th>
+<td width="20%" align="right"> </td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+</div> -->
+
+<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap_intro">
+<div class="article" title="Basic Python">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2988867"></a>Basic Python</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-python-interpreter">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-interactive-interpreter">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter">2.2.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#editing-and-running-a-python-file">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#numbers">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#variables">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#strings">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#boolean">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-while-loop">5. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-if-conditional">6. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#raw_input">7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-method">8.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="x_38"></a>This document is intended to be handed out at the end of the workshop. It has been designed for Engineering students who are Python beginners and have basic programming skills. The focus is on basic numerics and plotting using Python.</p>
+<p id="x_39"></a>The system requirements:</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3a"></a>Python - version 2.5.x or newer.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3b"></a>IPython</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3c"></a>Text editor - scite, vim, emacs or whatever you are comfortable with.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<div class="section" title="1. Introduction">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="introduction"></a>1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_3d"></a>The Python programming language was created by a dutch named Guido van Rossum. The idea of Python was conceived in December 1989. The name Python has nothing to do with the reptilian, but its been named after the 70s comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus", since it happens to be Guido's favourite TV series.</p>
+<p id="x_3e"></a>Current stable version of Python is 2.6.x, although Python 3.0 is also the stable version, it is not backwards compatible with the previous versions and is hence not entirely popular at the moment. This material will focus on the 2.6.x series.</p>
+<p id="x_3f"></a>Python is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License (PSF License) which is GPL compatible Free Software license (excepting license version 1.6 and 2.0) It is a no strings attached license, which means the source code is free to modify and redistribute.</p>
+<p id="x_40"></a>The Python docs define Python as "Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics." A more detailed summary can be found at
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html</a>. Python is a language that has been designed to help the programmer concentrate on solving the problem at hand and not worry about the programming language idiosyncrasies.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_41"></a>Python is a highly cross platform compatible language on account of it being an interpreted language. It is highly scalable and hence has been adapted to run on the Nokia 60 series phones. Python has been designed to be readable and easy to use</p>
+<p id="x_42"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Resources available for reference</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_43"></a>Web:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org" target="_top">http://www.python.org</a>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_44"></a>Doc:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc</a>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_45"></a>Free Tutorials:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em> Official Python Tutorial:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html" target="_top">http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html</a>
+ </em></span> Byte of Python:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.byteofpython.info" target="_top">http://www.byteofpython.info</a>/ * Dive into Python:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://diveintopython.org" target="_top">http://diveintopython.org</a>/
+ </p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_46"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Advantages of Python - Why Python??</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_47"></a>Python has been designed for readability and ease of use. Its been designed in such a fashion that it imposes readability on the programmer. Python does away with the braces and the semicolons and instead implements code blocks based on indentation, thus enhancing readability.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_48"></a>Python is a high level, interpreted, modular and object oriented language. Python performs memory management on its own, thus the programmer need not bother about allocating and deallocating memory to variables. Python provides extensibility by providing modules which can be easily imported similar to headers in C and packages in Java. Python is object oriented and hence provides all the object oriented characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_49"></a>Python offers a highly powerful interactive programming interface in the form of the 'Interactive Interpreter' which will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_4a"></a>Python provides a rich standard library and an extensive set of modules. The power of Python modules can be seen in this slightly exaggerated cartoon
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://xkcd.com/353" target="_top">http://xkcd.com/353</a>/
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_4b"></a>Python interfaces well with most other programming languages such as C, C++ and FORTRAN.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_4c"></a>Although, Python has one setback. Python is not fast as some of the compiled languages like C or C++. Yet, the amount of flexibility and power more than make up for this setback.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. The Python Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-python-interpreter"></a>2. The Python Interpreter</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="2.1. The Interactive Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="the-interactive-interpreter"></a>2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_4d"></a>Typing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>python</em></span> at the shell prompt on any standard Unix/Gnu-Linux system and hitting the enter key fires up the Python 'Interactive Interpreter'. The Python interpreter is one of the most integral features of Python. The prompt obtained when the interactive interpreter is similar to what is shown below. The exact appearance might differ based on the version of Python being used. The
+ <code class="literal">>>></code> thing shown is the python prompt. When something is typed at the prompt and the enter key is hit, the python interpreter interprets the command entered and performs the appropriate action. All the examples presented in this document are to be tried hands on, on the interactive interpreter.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+[GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_4e"></a>Lets try with an example, type
+ <code class="literal">print 'Hello, World!'</code> at the prompt and hit the enter key.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 'Hello, World!'
+Hello, World!
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_4f"></a>This example was quite straight forward, and thus we have written our first line of Python code. Now let us try typing something arbitrary at the prompt. For example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> arbit word
+ File "<stdin>", line 1
+ arbit word
+ ^
+SyntaxError: invalid syntax
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_50"></a>The interpreter gave an error message saying that 'arbit word' was invalid syntax which is valid. The interpreter is an amazing tool when learning to program in Python. The interpreter provides a help function that provides the necessary documentation regarding all Python syntax, constructs, modules and objects. Typing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>help()</em></span> at the prompt gives the following output:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> help()
+
+Welcome to Python 2.5! This is the online help utility.
+
+If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
+the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
+
+Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
+Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
+return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
+
+To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
+"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
+of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
+such as "spam", type "modules spam".
+
+help>
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_51"></a>As mentioned in the output, entering the name of any module, keyword or topic will provide the documentation and help regarding the same through the online help utility. Pressing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Ctrl+d</em></span> exits the help prompt and returns to the python prompt.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_52"></a>Let us now try a few examples at the python interpreter.</p>
+<p id="x_53"></a>Eg 1:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 'Hello, python!'
+Hello, python!
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_54"></a>Eg 2:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 4321*567890
+2453852690
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_55"></a>Eg 3:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> 4321*567890
+2453852690L
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<pre class="programlisting">Note: Notice the 'L' at the end of the output. The 'L' signifies that the
+output of the operation is of type *long*. It was absent in the previous
+example because we used the print statement. This is because *print* formats
+the output before displaying.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_56"></a>Eg 4:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> big = 12345678901234567890 ** 3
+>>> print big
+1881676372353657772490265749424677022198701224860897069000
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<pre class="programlisting">This example is to show that unlike in C or C++ there is no limit on the
+value of an integer.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_57"></a>Try this on the interactive interpreter:
+ <code class="literal">import this</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_58"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Hint: The output gives an idea of Power of Python</em></span>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.2. ipython - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter"></a>2.2.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
+ </h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_59"></a>The power and the importance of the interactive interpreter was the highlight of the previous section. This section provides insight into the enhanced interpreter with more advanced set of features called
+ <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>. Entering
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> at the shell prompt fires up the interactive interpreter.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ ipython
+Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+IPython 0.8.4 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
+%quickref -> Quick reference.
+help -> Python's own help system.
+object? -> Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
+
+In [1]:
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_5a"></a>This is the output obtained upon firing ipython. The exact appearance may change based on the Python version installed. The following are some of the various features provided by
+ <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>:
+ </p>
+<div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term"></span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<p id="x_5b"></a>Suggestions - ipython provides suggestions of the possible methods and operations available for the given python object.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+<p id="x_5c"></a>Eg 5:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">In [4]: a = 6
+
+In [5]: a.
+a.__abs__ a.__divmod__ a.__index__ a.__neg__ a.__rand__ a.__rmod__ a.__rxor__
+a.__add__ a.__doc__ a.__init__ a.__new__ a.__rdiv__ a.__rmul__ a.__setattr__
+a.__and__ a.__float__ a.__int__ a.__nonzero__ a.__rdivmod__ a.__ror__ a.__str__
+a.__class__ a.__floordiv__ a.__invert__ a.__oct__ a.__reduce__ a.__rpow__ a.__sub__
+a.__cmp__ a.__getattribute__ a.__long__ a.__or__ a.__reduce_ex__ a.__rrshift__ a.__truediv__
+a.__coerce__ a.__getnewargs__ a.__lshift__ a.__pos__ a.__repr__ a.__rshift__ a.__xor__
+a.__delattr__ a.__hash__ a.__mod__ a.__pow__ a.__rfloordiv__ a.__rsub__
+a.__div__ a.__hex__ a.__mul__ a.__radd__ a.__rlshift__ a.__rtruediv__
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_5d"></a>In this example, we initialized 'a' (a variable - a concept that will be discussed in the subsequent sections.) to 6. In the next line when the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>tab</em></span> key is pressed after typing '
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>a.</em></span>' ipython displays the set of all possible methods that are applicable on the object 'a' (an integer in this context). Ipython provides many such datatype specific features which will be presented in the further sections as and when the datatypes are introduced.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Editing and running a python file">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="editing-and-running-a-python-file"></a>3. Editing and running a python file</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_5e"></a>The previous sections focused on the use of the interpreter to run python code. While the interpeter is an excellent tool to test simple solutions and experiment with small code snippets, its main disadvantage is that everything written in the interpreter is lost once its quit. Most of the times a program is used by people other than the author. So the programs have to be available in some form suitable for distribution, and hence they are written in files. This section will focus on editing and running python files. Start by opening a text editor ( it is recommended you choose one from the list at the top of this page ). In the editor type down python code and save the file with an extension
+ <span class="strong"><strong>.py</strong></span> (python files have an extension of .py). Once done with the editing, save the file and exit the editor.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_5f"></a>Let us look at a simple example of calculating the gcd of 2 numbers using Python:</p>
+<p id="x_60"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Creating the first python script(file)</strong></span> :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ emacs gcd.py
+ def gcd(x,y):
+ if x % y == 0:
+ return y
+ return gcd(y, x%y)
+
+ print gcd(72, 92)
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_61"></a>To run the script, open the shell prompt, navigate to the directory that contains the python file and run
+ <code class="literal">python <filename.py></code> at the prompt ( in this case filename is gcd.py )
+ </p>
+<p id="x_62"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Running the python script</strong></span> :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ python gcd.py
+4
+$
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_63"></a>Another method to run a python script would be to include the line</p>
+<p id="x_64"></a>
+ <code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/python</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_65"></a>at the beginning of the python file and then make the file executable by</p>
+<p id="x_66"></a>$ chmod a+x
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_67"></a>Once this is done, the script can be run as a standalone program as follows:</p>
+<p id="x_68"></a>$ ./
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python"></a>4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_69"></a>Python provides the following set of basic datatypes.</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6a"></a>Numbers: int, float, long, complex</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6b"></a>Strings</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6c"></a>Boolean</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1. Numbers">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="numbers"></a>4.1. Numbers</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_6d"></a>Numbers were introduced in the examples presented in the interactive interpreter section. Numbers include types as mentioned earlier viz., int (integers), float (floating point numbers), long (large integers), complex (complex numbers with real and imaginary parts). Python is not a strongly typed language, which means the type of a variable need not mentioned during its initialization. Let us look at a few examples.</p>
+<p id="x_6e"></a>Eg 6:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = 1 #here a is an integer variable
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_6f"></a>Eg 7:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> lng = 122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #here lng is a variable of type long
+>>> lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999L #notice the trailing 'L'
+>>> print lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #notice the absence of the trailing 'L'
+>>> lng+1
+122333444455555666666777777788888889000000000L
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_70"></a>Long numbers are the same as integers in almost all aspects. They can be used in operations just like integers and along with integers without any distinction. The only distinction comes during type checking (which is not a healthy practice). Long numbers are tucked with a trailing 'L' just to signify that they are long. Notice that in the example just lng at the prompt displays the value of the variable with the 'L' whereas
+ <code class="literal">print lng</code> displays without the 'L'. This is because print formats the output before printing. Also in the example, notice that adding an integer to a long does not give any errors and the result is as expected. So for all practical purposes longs can be treated as ints.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_71"></a>Eg 8:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> fl = 3.14159 #fl is a float variable
+>>> e = 1.234e-4 #e is also a float variable, specified in the exponential form
+>>> a = 1
+>>> b = 2
+>>> a/b #integer division
+0
+>>> a/fl #floating point division
+0.31831015504887655
+>>> e/fl
+3.9279473133031364e-05
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_72"></a>Floating point numbers, simply called floats are real numbers with a decimal point. The example above shows the initialization of a float variable. Shown also in this example is the difference between integer division and floating point division. 'a' and 'b' here are integer variables and hence the division gives 0 as the quotient. When either of the operands is a float, the operation is a floating point division, and the result is also a float as illustrated.</p>
+<p id="x_73"></a>Eg 9:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> cplx = 3 + 4j #cplx is a complex variable
+>>> cplx
+(3+4j)
+>>> print cplx.real #prints the real part of the complex number
+3.0
+>>> print cplx.imag #prints the imaginary part of the complex number
+4.0
+>>> print cplx*fl #multiplies the real and imag parts of the complex number with the multiplier
+(9.42477+12.56636j)
+>>> abs(cplx) #returns the absolute value of the complex number
+5.0
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_74"></a>Python provides a datatype for complex numbers. Complex numbers are initialized as shown in the example above. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>imag</em></span> operators return the real and imaginary parts of the complex number as shown. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>abs()</em></span> returns the absolute value of the complex number.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. Variables">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="variables"></a>4.2. Variables</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_75"></a>Variables are just names that represent a value. Variables have already been introduced in the various examples from the previous sections. Certain rules about using variables:</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_76"></a>Variables have to be initialized or assigned a value before being used.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_77"></a>Variable names can consist of letters, digits and
+ <a class="link" href="">underscores</a> .
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_78"></a>Variable names cannot begin with digits, but can contain digits in them.</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_79"></a>In reference to the previous section examples, 'a', 'b', 'lng', 'fl', 'e' and 'cplx' are all variables of various datatypes.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Note: Python is not a strongly typed language and hence an integer variable can at a
+later stage be used as a float variable as well.
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.3. Strings">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="strings"></a>4.3. Strings</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_7a"></a>Strings are one of the essential data structures of any programming language. The
+ <code class="literal">print "Hello, World!"</code> program was introduced in the earlier section, and the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>"Hello, World!"</em></span> in the print statement is a string. A string is basically a set of characters. Strings can be represented in various ways shown below:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">s = 'this is a string' # a string variable can be represented using single quotes
+s = 'This one has "quotes" inside!' # The string can have quotes inside it as shown
+s = "I have 'single-quotes' inside!"
+l = "A string spanning many lines\
+one more line\
+yet another" # a string can span more than a single line.
+t = """A triple quoted string does # another way of representing multiline strings.
+not need to be escaped at the end and
+"can have nested quotes" etc."""
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_7b"></a>Try the following on the interpreter:
+ <code class="literal">s = 'this is a string with 'quotes' of similar kind'</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_7c"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Exercise: How to use single quotes within single quotes in a string as shown in the above example without getting an error?</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="4.3.1. String operations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="string-operations"></a>4.3.1. String operations</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_7d"></a>A few basic string operations are presented here.</p>
+<p id="x_7e"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>String concatenation</strong></span> String concatenation is done by simple addition of two strings.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = 'Hello'
+>>> y = ' Python'
+>>> print x+y
+Hello Python
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_7f"></a> <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> somenum = 13
+>>> print x+somenum
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_80"></a>The problem with the above example is that here a string variable and an integer variable are trying to be concantenated. To obtain the desired result from the above example the str(), repr() and the `` can be used.</p>
+<p id="x_81"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>str()</strong></span> simply converts a value to a string in a reasonable form.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>repr()</strong></span> creates a string that is a representation of the value.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_82"></a>The difference can be seen in the example shown below:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> str(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+>>> repr(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_83"></a>It can be observed that the 'L' in the long value shown was omitted by str(), whereas repr() converted that into a string too. An alternative way of using repr(value) is `
+ <code class="literal">value</code>`.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_84"></a>A few more examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = "Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go
+to Pycon
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_85"></a>In the above example, notice that the '\n'(newline) character is formatted and the string is printed on two lines. The strings discussed until now were normal strings. Other than these there are two other types of strings namely, raw strings and unicode strings.</p>
+<p id="x_86"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Raw strings</strong></span> are strings which are unformatted, that is the backslashes(\) are not parsed and are left as it is in the string. Raw strings are represented with an 'r' at the start of a string. Let us look at an example
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = r"Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go \nto Pycon
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_87"></a>Note: The '\n' is not being parsed into a new line and is left as it is.</p>
+<p id="x_88"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = r"Let's go to Pycon\"
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_89"></a> <span class="strong"><strong>Unicode strings</strong></span> are strings where the characters are Unicode characters as opposed to ASCII characters. Unicode strings are represented with a 'u' at the start of the string. Let us look at an example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = u"Let's go to Pycon!"
+>>> print x
+Let's go to Pycon!
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.4. Boolean">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boolean"></a>4.4. Boolean</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_8a"></a>Python also provides special Boolean datatype. A boolean variable can assume a value of either
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> (Note the capitalizations).
+ </p>
+<p id="x_8b"></a>Let us look at examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> t = True
+>>> f = not t
+>>> print f
+False
+>>> f or t
+True
+>>> f and t
+False
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. The while loop">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-while-loop"></a>5. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_8c"></a>The Python
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop is similar to the C/C++ while loop. The syntax is as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">statement 0
+while condition:
+ statement 1 #while block
+ statement 2 #while block
+statement 3 #outside the while block.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_8d"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = 1
+>>> while x <= 5:
+... print x
+... x += 1
+...
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. The if conditional">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-if-conditional"></a>6. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_8e"></a>The Python
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> block provides the conditional execution of statements. If the condition evaluates as true the block of statements defined under the if block are executed.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_8f"></a>If the first block is not executed on account of the condition not being satisfied, the set of statements in the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>else</strong></span> block are executed.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_90"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>elif</strong></span> block provides the functionality of evaluation of multiple conditions as shown in the example.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_91"></a>The syntax is as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">if condition :
+ statement_1
+ statement_2
+
+elif condition:
+ statement_3
+ statement_4
+else:
+ statement_5
+ statement_6
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_92"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> n = raw_input("Input a number:")
+>>> if n < 0:
+ print n," is negative"
+ elif n > 0:
+ print n," is positive"
+ else:
+ print n, " is 0"
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7. raw_input()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="raw_input"></a>7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_93"></a>In the previous example we saw the call to the raw_input() subroutine. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> method is used to take user inputs through the console. Unlike
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> which assumes the data entered by the user as a standard python expression,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> treats all the input data as raw data and converts everything into a string. To illustrate this let us look at an example.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+121
+
+>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'PythonFreak' is not defined
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_94"></a>As shown above the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the data entered is a valid Python expression. In the first call it prompts for an integer input and when entered it accepts the integer as an integer, whereas in the second call, when the string is entered without the quotes,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the entered data is a valid Python expression and hence it raises and exception saying PythonFreak is not defined.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:'PythonFreak'
+'PythonFreak'
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_95"></a>Here the name is accepted because its entered as a string (within quotes). But its unreasonable to go on using quotes each time a string is entered. Hence the alternative is to use
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_96"></a>Let us now look at how
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> operates with an example.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> raw_input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+'PythonFreak'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_97"></a>Observe that the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting it into a string all by itself.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+'121'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_98"></a>Observe that
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting the integer 121 also to a string as '121'. Let us look at another example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+>>> pal + 2
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
+>>> pal
+'121'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_99"></a>Observe here that the variable
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> is a string and hence integer operations cannot be performed on it. Hence the exception is raised.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8. int() method">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="int-method"></a>8.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_9a"></a>Generally for computing purposes, the data used is not strings or raw data but on integers, floats and similar mathematical data structures. The data obtained from
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is raw data in the form of strings. In order to obtain integers from strings we use the method
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_9b"></a>Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> intpal = int(pal)
+>>> intpal
+121
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_9c"></a>In the previous example it was observed that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was a string variable. Here using the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method the string
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was converted to an integer variable.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_9d"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Try This Yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> stringvar = raw_input("Enter a name:")
+Enter a name:Guido Van Rossum
+>>> stringvar
+'Guido Van Rossum'
+>>> numvar = int(stringvar)
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="navfooter">
+<hr>
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left">
+<a accesskey="p" href="index.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
+<td width="40%" align="right"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. Introduction </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td>
+<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td>
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+<div class="article" title="Lists and Tuples">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2609714"></a>Lists and Tuples</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#common-list-operations">1. Common List Operations</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#indexing">1.1. Indexing</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#concatenating">1.2. Concatenating</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#slicing">1.3. Slicing</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#multiplication">1.4. Multiplication</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#membership">1.5. Membership</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#length-maximum-and-minimum">1.6. Length, Maximum and Minimum</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#changing-elements">1.7. Changing Elements</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#deleting-elements">1.8. Deleting Elements</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#assign-to-slices">1.9. Assign to Slices</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#none-empty-lists-and-initialization">2. None, Empty Lists, and Initialization</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#nested-lists">3. Nested Lists</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#list-methods">4. List Methods</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#append">4.1. append</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#count">4.2. count</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#extend">4.3. extend</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#index">4.4. index</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#insert">4.5. insert</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#pop">4.6. pop</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#remove">4.7. remove</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#reverse">4.8. reverse</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#sort">4.9. sort</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#tuples">5. Tuples</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#common-tuple-operations">5.1. Common Tuple Operations</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#additional-syntax">6. Additional Syntax</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#range">6.1. range()</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#for">6.2. for</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#conclusion">7. Conclusion</a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>Lists
+ <p><a name="x_1"></a>Python provides an intuitive way to represent a group items, called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. The items of a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> are called its elements. Unlike C/C++, elements can be of any type. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> is represented as a list of comma-sepated elements with square brackets around them:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [10, 'Python programming', 20.3523, 23, 3534534L]
+>>> a
+[10, 'Python programming', 20.3523, 23, 3534534L]
+
+
+</pre>
+<div class="section" title="1. Common List Operations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="common-list-operations"></a>1. Common List Operations</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_2"></a>The following are some of the most commonly used operations on
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="1.1. Indexing">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="indexing"></a>1.1. Indexing</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_3"></a>Individual elements of a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> can be accessed using an index to the element. The indices start at 0. One can also access the elements of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> in reverse using negative indices.:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a[1]
+'Python programming'
+>>> a[-1]
+3534534L
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_4"></a>It is important to note here that the last element of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> has an index of -1.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.2. Concatenating">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="concatenating"></a>1.2. Concatenating</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_5"></a>Two or more
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> can be concatenated using the + operator:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a + ['foo', 12, 23.3432, 54]
+[10, 'Python programming', 20.3523, 'foo', 12, 23.3432, 54]
+>>> [54, 75, 23] + ['write', 67, 'read']
+[54, 75, 23, 'write', 67, 'read']
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.3. Slicing">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="slicing"></a>1.3. Slicing</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_6"></a>A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> can be sliced off to contain a subset of elements of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>. Slicing can be done by using two indices separated by a colon, where the first index is inclusive and the second index is exclusive. The resulting slice is also a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>.:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> num[3:6]
+[4, 5, 6]
+>>> num[0:1]
+[1]
+>>> num[7:10]
+[7, 8, 9]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_7"></a>The last example showed how to access last 3 elements of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>. There is a small catch here. The second index 10 actually refers to the 11th element of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> which is still valid, even though it doesn't exist because the second index is exclusive and tells the Python interpreter to get the last element of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>. But this can also be done in a much easier way using negative indices:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num[-3:-1]
+[7, 8, 9]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_8"></a>Excluding the first index implies that the slice must start at the beginning of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>, while excluding the second index includes all the elements till the end of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>. A third parameter to a slice, which is implicitly taken as 1 is the step of the slice. It is specified as a value which follows a colon after the second index:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num[:4]
+[1, 2, 3, 4]
+>>> num[7:]
+[8, 9]
+>>> num[-3:]
+[7, 8, 9]
+>>> num[:]
+[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> num[4:9:3]
+[5, 8]
+>>> num[3::2]
+[4, 6, 8]
+>>> num[::4]
+[1, 5, 9]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.4. Multiplication">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="multiplication"></a>1.4. Multiplication</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_9"></a>A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> can be multiplied with an integer to repeat itself:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> [20] * 5
+[20, 20, 20, 20, 20]
+>>> [42, 'Python', 54] * 3
+[42, 'Python', 54, 42, 'Python', 54, 42, 'Python', 54]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.5. Membership">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="membership"></a>1.5. Membership</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_a"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>in</strong></span> operator is used to find whether an element is part of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>. It returns
+ <span class="strong"><strong>True</strong></span> if the element is present in the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> or
+ <span class="strong"><strong>False</strong></span> if it is not present. Since this operator returns a Boolean value it is called a Boolean operator:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> names = ['Guido', 'Alex', 'Tim']
+>>> 'Tim' in names
+True
+>>> 'Adam' in names
+False
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.6. Length, Maximum and Minimum">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="length-maximum-and-minimum"></a>1.6. Length, Maximum and Minimum</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_b"></a>Length of a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> can be found out using the len function. The max function returns the element with the largest value and the min function returns the element with the smallest value:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num = [4, 1, 32, 12, 67, 34, 65]
+>>> len(num)
+7
+>>> max(num)
+67
+>>> min(num)
+1
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.7. Changing Elements">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="changing-elements"></a>1.7. Changing Elements</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_c"></a>Unlike Strings
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> are mutable, i.e. elements of a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> can be manipulated:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [1, 3, 5, 7]
+>>> a[2] = 9
+>>> a
+[1, 3, 9, 7]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.8. Deleting Elements">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="deleting-elements"></a>1.8. Deleting Elements</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_d"></a>An element or a slice of a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> can be deleted by using the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>del</strong></span> statement:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
+>>> del a[-2:]
+>>> a
+[1, 3, 5, 7]
+>>> del a[1]
+>>> a
+[1, 5, 7]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.9. Assign to Slices">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="assign-to-slices"></a>1.9. Assign to Slices</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_e"></a>In the same way, values can be assigned to individual elements of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>, a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> of elements can be assigned to a slice:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [2, 3, 4, 5]
+>>> a[:2] = [0, 1]
+[0, 1, 4, 5]
+>>> a[2:2] = [2, 3]
+>>> a
+[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+>>> a[2:4] = []
+>>> a
+[0, 1, 4, 5]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_f"></a>The last two examples should be particularly noted carefully. The last but one example insert elements or a list of elements into a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> and the last example deletes a list of elements from the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. None, Empty Lists, and Initialization">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="none-empty-lists-and-initialization"></a>2. None, Empty Lists, and Initialization</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_10"></a>An
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Empty List</em></span> is a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> with no elements and is simply represented as []. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>None List</em></span> is one with all elements in it being
+ <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span>. It serves the purpose having a container list of some fixed number of elements with no value:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = []
+>>> a
+[]
+>>> n = [None] * 10
+>>> n
+[None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Nested Lists">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="nested-lists"></a>3. Nested Lists</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_11"></a>As mentioned earlier, a List can contain elements of any data type. This also implies a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> can have a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> themselves as its elements. These are called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Nested Lists</em></span>. There is no limit on the depth of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Nested Lists</em></span>:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [1, [1, 2, 3], 3, [1, [1, 2, 3]], 7]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. List Methods">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="list-methods"></a>4. List Methods</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_12"></a>A method is a function that is coupled to an object. More about objects and its methods are discussed in Advanced Python module. In general, a method is called like:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">object.method(arguments)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_13"></a>For now, it is enough to know that a list of elements is an object and so
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> methods can be called upon them. Also some of the methods change the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> in-place, meaning it modifies the existing list instead of creating a new one, while other methods don't. It must be noted as we run through the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> methods.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_14"></a>Some of the most commonly used
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> methods are as follows:
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="4.1. append">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="append"></a>4.1. append</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_15"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>append</em></span> method is used to append an object at the end of the list:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> prime = [2, 3, 5]
+>>> prime.append(7)
+>>> prime
+[2, 3, 5, 7]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_16"></a>It is important to note that append changes the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> in-place.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. count">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="count"></a>4.2. count</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_17"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>count</em></span> method returns the number of occurences of a particular element in a list:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> [1, 4, 4, 9, 9, 9].count(9)
+3
+>>> tlst = ['Python', 'is', 'a', 'beautiful', 'language']
+>>> tlst.count('Python')
+1
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.3. extend">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="extend"></a>4.3. extend</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_18"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>extend</em></span> method extends the list on which it is called by the list supplied as argument to it:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> b = [4, 5, 6]
+>>> a.extend(b)
+[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_19"></a>This is an in-place method. This method is equivalent to using the + operator, but using the + operator returns a new list.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.4. index">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="index"></a>4.4. index</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_1a"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>index</em></span> method returns the index position of the element in the list specified as argument:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [1, 2, 3, ,4, 5]
+>>> a.index(4)
+3
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.5. insert">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="insert"></a>4.5. insert</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_1b"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>insert</em></span> method is used to insert an element specified as the second argument to the list at the position specified by the first argument:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = ['Python', 'is', 'cool']
+>>> a.insert(2, 'so')
+>>> a
+['Python', 'is', 'so', 'cool']
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_1c"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>insert</em></span> method changes the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> in-place.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.6. pop">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="pop"></a>4.6. pop</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_1d"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pop</em></span> method removes an element from the list. The index position of the element to be removed can be specified as an argument to the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pop</em></span> method, if not it removes the last element by default:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+>>> a.pop()
+>>> a
+5
+>>> a.pop(2)
+>>> a
+3
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_1e"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pop</em></span> method changes the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> in-place.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.7. remove">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="remove"></a>4.7. remove</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_1f"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>remove</em></span> method removes the first occurence of an element supplied as a parameter:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2]
+>>> a.remove(2)
+>>> a
+[1, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.8. reverse">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="reverse"></a>4.8. reverse</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_20"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>reverse</em></span> method reverses elements in the list. It is important to note here that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>reverse</em></span> method changes the list in-place and doesn't return any thing:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = ['guido', 'alex', 'tim']
+>>> a.reverse()
+>>> a
+['tim', 'alex', 'guido']
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.9. sort">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="sort"></a>4.9. sort</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_21"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sort</em></span> method is used to sort the elements of the list. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sort</em></span> method also sorts in-place and does not return anything:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [5, 1, 3, 7, 4]
+>>> a.sort()
+>>> a
+[1, 3, 4, 5, 7]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_22"></a>In addition to the sort method on a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> object we can also use the built-in
+ <span class="strong"><strong>sorted</strong></span> function. This function takes the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> as a parameter and returns a sorted copy of the list. However the original list is left intact:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = [5, 1, 3, 7, 4]
+>>> b = sorted(a)
+>>> b
+[1, 3, 4, 5, 7]
+>>> a
+[5, 1, 3, 7, 4]
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Tuples">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="tuples"></a>5. Tuples</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_23"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> are sequences just like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>, but they are immutable. In other words
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> provides a way to represent a group of items, where the group of items cannot be changed in any way. The syntax of a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is also very similar to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span>. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is represented with the list of items, called elements of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> separated by comma, with the entire list being enclosed in parenthesis. It is not compulsory to use parenthesis around a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> but it may be necessary in some of the cases:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = 1, 2, 3
+>>> a
+(1, 2, 3)
+>>> b = 1,
+>>> b
+(1,)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_24"></a>It is interesting to note the second example. Just a value followed by a comma automatically makes that an element of a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> with only one element. It is also important to note that, irrespective of input having a parenthesis, the output always has a parenthesis.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_25"></a>The first example is also known as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple packing</em></span>, because values are being packed into a tuple. It is also possible to do
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple unpacking</em></span> which is more interesting. It is better to understand that by example. Say we have a co-ordinate pair from which we need to separate x and y co-ordinates:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = (1, 2)
+>>> x, y = a
+>>> x
+1
+>>> y
+2
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_26"></a> <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple unpacking</em></span> also has several other use-cases of which the most interesting one is to swap the values of two variables. Using programming languages like C would require anywhere around 10 lines of code and an extra temporary variable to do this (including all the #include stuff). Python does it in the most intuitive way in just one line. Say we want to swap the co-ordinates in the above example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x, y = y, x
+>>> x
+2
+>>> y
+1
+
+</pre>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. Common Tuple Operations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="common-tuple-operations"></a>5.1. Common Tuple Operations</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_27"></a>There is no need to introduce all the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> operations again, since
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> support the following operations that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> supports in exactly the same way:
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_28"></a>Indexing</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_29"></a>Concatenating</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_2a"></a>Slicing</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_2b"></a>Membership</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_2c"></a>Multiplication</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_2d"></a>Length, Maximum, Minimum</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<p><a name="x_2e"></a>The following examples illustrate the above operations:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
+>>> a[5]
+6
+>>> b = (7, 8, 9)
+>>> a + b
+(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
+>>> a[3:5]
+(4, 5)
+>>> 5 in a
+True
+>>> c = (1,)
+>>> c * 5
+(1, 1, 1, 1, 1)
+>>> len(a)
+6
+>>> max(a)
+6
+>>> min(a)
+1
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_2f"></a>However the following
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> operations are not supported by
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> because
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> cannot be changed once they are created:
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_30"></a>Changing elements</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_31"></a>Deleting elements</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p><a name="x_32"></a>Assigning to slices</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<p><a name="x_33"></a>Similarity to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> leads to the questions like, why not
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> only? Why do we even want
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>? Can we do the same with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>? And the answer is
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Yes</strong></span> we can do it, but
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> are helpful at times, like we can return Tuples from functions. They are also returned by some built-in functions and methods. And also there are some use cases like co-ordinate among other things. So
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> are helpful.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. Additional Syntax">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="additional-syntax"></a>6. Additional Syntax</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_34"></a>The following additional syntax are introduced to make it easier to operate on
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="6.1. range()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="range"></a>6.1. range()</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_35"></a>The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>range</em></span> function takes at least one argument and 2 additional optional arguments. If two or more arguments are specified, the range function returns a list of natural numbers starting from the first argument passed to it to the second argument. The third argument, if specified is used as a step. Suppose only one argument is specified, then
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>range</em></span> function returns a list of natural numbers starting from 0 upto the argument specified:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> range(5, 10, 2)
+[5, 7, 9]
+>>> range(2, 15)
+[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
+>>> range(12)
+[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6.2. for">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="for"></a>6.2. for</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_36"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> keyword is used as a part of the looping construct. Unlike for loops in other languages, Python's for is used to iterate through the elements of sequences like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span>, etc. The syntax of the for loop consists of
+ <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span>, followed by a variable to hold the individual or the current element of the list during iteration and
+ <span class="strong"><strong>in</strong></span>, followed by the sequence and a semicolon(':') The next line which is part of the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> loop, i.e the statements that are part of the loop should start with a new intend:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> names = ['Guido', 'Alex', 'Tim']
+>>> for name in names:
+... print "Name =", name
+...
+Name = Guido
+Name = Alex
+Name = Tim
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7. Conclusion">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="conclusion"></a>7. Conclusion</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_37"></a>This section on
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span> introduces almost all the necessary machinary required to work on
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. Topics like how to use these data structures in bigger more useful programs will be introduced in the subsequent chapters.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
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+<div class="article" title="Classes and Objects">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2898687"></a>Classes and Objects</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<p><a name="x_9e"></a>In the previous sections we learnt about functions which provide certain level of abstraction to our code by holding the code which performs one or more specific functionalities. We were able to use this function as many times as we wanted. In addition to functions, Python also higher level of abstractions through
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> can be loosely defined as a collection of a set of data items and a set of methods. The data items can be any valid Python variable or any Python object. Functions enclosed within a class are called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>methods</em></span>. If you are thinking if methods are functions why is there a distinction between the two? The answer to this will be given as we walk through the concepts of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> contain the definition for the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> are instances of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_9f"></a>A class is defined using the keyword
+ <span class="strong"><strong>class</strong></span> followed by the class name, in turn followed by a semicolon. The statements that a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Class</em></span> encloses are written in a new block, i.e on the next indentation level:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">class Employee:
+ def setName(self, name):
+ self.name = name
+
+ def getName(self):
+ return self.name
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_a0"></a>In the above example, we defined a class with the name Employee. We also defined two methods, setName and getName for this class. It is important to note the differences between the normal Python functions and class methods defined above. Each method of the class must take the same instance of the class(object) from which it was called as the first argument. It is conventionally given the name,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span>. Note that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> is only a convention. You can use any other name, but the first argument to the method will always be the same object of the class from which the method was called. The data memebers that belong to the class are called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>class attributes</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> are preceded by the object of the class and a dot. In the above example,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> is a class attribute since it is preceded by the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> can be accessed from anywhere within the class.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_a1"></a>We can create objects of a class outside the class definition by using the same syntax we use to call a function with no parameters. We can assign this object to a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">emp = Employee()
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_a2"></a>In the above example, we create an object named
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>emp</em></span> of the class
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Employee</em></span>. All the attributes and methods of the class can be accessed by the object of the class using the standard notation
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>object.attribute</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>object.method()</em></span>. Although the first parameter of a class method is the self object, it must not be passed as an argument when calling the method. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object is implicitly passed to the method by the Python interpreter. All other arguments passing rules like default arguments, keyword arguments, argument packing and unpacking follow the same rules as those for ordinary Python functions:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> emp.setName('John')
+>>> name = emp.getName()
+>>> print name
+John
+>>> print emp.name
+John
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_a3"></a>If we at all try to access a class attribute before assigning a value to it, i.e before creating it, Python raises the same error as it would raise for the accessing undefined variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> emp = Employee()
+>>> emp.name
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "class.py", line 10, in <module>
+ print e.name
+AttributeError: Employee instance has no attribute 'name'
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="navfooter">
+<hr>
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
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+<td width="40%" align="left">
+<a accesskey="p" href="index.html">Prev</a> </td>
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+<td width="40%" align="right"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. Classes and Object </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td>
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+p_list={'chap_intro':['x_38', 'x_39', 'x_3d', 'x_3e', 'x_3f', 'x_40', 'x_41', 'x_42', 'x_46', 'x_4c', 'x_4d', 'x_4e', 'x_4f', 'x_50', 'x_51', 'x_52', 'x_53', 'x_54', 'x_55', 'x_56', 'x_57', 'x_58', 'x_59', 'x_5a', 'x_5b', 'x_5c', 'x_5d', 'x_5e', 'x_5f', 'x_60', 'x_61', 'x_62', 'x_63', 'x_64', 'x_65', 'x_66', 'x_67', 'x_68', 'x_69', 'x_6d', 'x_6e', 'x_6f', 'x_70', 'x_71', 'x_72', 'x_73', 'x_74', 'x_75', 'x_79', 'x_7a', 'x_7b', 'x_7c', 'x_7d', 'x_7e', 'x_7f', 'x_80', 'x_81', 'x_82', 'x_83', 'x_84', 'x_85', 'x_86', 'x_87', 'x_88', 'x_89', 'x_8a', 'x_8b', 'x_8c', 'x_8d', 'x_8e', 'x_8f', 'x_90', 'x_91', 'x_92', 'x_93', 'x_94', 'x_95', 'x_96', 'x_97', 'x_98', 'x_99', 'x_9a', 'x_9b', 'x_9c', 'x_9d']}
+
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+<html>
+<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<title>Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Mercurial: The Definitive Guide">
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+<!--<div class="navheader">
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
+<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</th></tr>
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+<a accesskey="p" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<th width="60%" align="center"> </th>
+<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="migrating-to-mercurial.html">Next</a>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+</div> -->
+<div class="chapter" title="Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="chap:hgext"></a>Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:inotify">14.1. Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:extdiff">14.2. Flexible diff support with the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3071699">14.2.1. Defining command aliases</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:transplant">14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the <code class="literal">transplant</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:patchbomb">14.4. Send changes via email with the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3072184">14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#default-arguments">1. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#keyword-arguments">2. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parameter-packing-and-unpacking">3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#nested-functions-and-scopes">4. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#map-reduce-and-filter-functions">5. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#list-comprehensions">5.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+
+<p id="x_74b">
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the convenience of not polluting the global variables.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_74c"<a name="x_74c"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword
+ <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_74d"></a>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and returns the value.</p>
+<p><a name="x_74e"></a>A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the arguments to the function.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_74f"></a>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fact5 = factorial(5)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_750"></a>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
+<p><a name="x_751"></a>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This string is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically from it.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_752"></a>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any Python value or a Python object, which also includes a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other valid Python datatypes, including
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any number of values through a tuple
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_753"></a>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_754"></a>Function scope --------------- The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if it is of basic Python data type:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_755"></a>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> the values are manipulated even outside the function:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_756"></a>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return None when the funnction is called.</p>
+<div class="section" title="1. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="default-arguments"></a>1. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_757"></a>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing a facility called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can define the function as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_758"></a>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="keyword-arguments"></a>2. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_759"></a>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in the function definition. This is known as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_75a"></a>In a function call,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the following fashion:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75b"></a>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be specified. Also note, that we have combined
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75c"></a>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified in the function definition is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always start with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75d"></a>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75e"></a>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="parameter-packing-and-unpacking"></a>3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_75f"></a>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a *****, for collecting positional parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_760"></a>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can be interchanged:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_761"></a>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in place of a list of *Positional arguments* or *Keyword arguments* respectively using ***** or ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="nested-functions-and-scopes"></a>4. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_762"></a>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Python decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this course. If you are interested in knowing more about
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in Python you are suggested to read:
+ </p>
+<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar" target="_top">http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar</a>/<br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://personalpages.tds.net" target="_top">http://personalpages.tds.net</a>/~kent37/kk/00001.html<br>
+ </p></div>
+<p><a name="x_763"></a>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="map-reduce-and-filter-functions"></a>5. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_764"></a>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_765"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> and a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned by each call to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than one sequence. In this case, the first argument,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or
+ <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the sequence is exhausted:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_766"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_767"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence, obtains the result, calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24
+
+</pre>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="list-comprehensions"></a>5.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_768"></a>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a syntatic sugar to create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself. The syntax of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate the result is a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one
+ <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and multiple
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_769"></a>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num, if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Functional Approach</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="hgbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="article" title="Functional Approach">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2760558"></a>Functional Approach</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#default-arguments">1. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#keyword-arguments">2. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parameter-packing-and-unpacking">3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#nested-functions-and-scopes">4. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#map-reduce-and-filter-functions">5. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#list-comprehensions">5.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p><a name="x_74b"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the convenience of not polluting the global variables.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_74c"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword
+ <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_74d"></a>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and returns the value.</p>
+<p><a name="x_74e"></a>A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the arguments to the function.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_74f"></a>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fact5 = factorial(5)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_750"></a>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
+<p><a name="x_751"></a>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This string is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically from it.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_752"></a>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any Python value or a Python object, which also includes a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other valid Python datatypes, including
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any number of values through a tuple
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_753"></a>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_754"></a>Function scope --------------- The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if it is of basic Python data type:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_755"></a>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> the values are manipulated even outside the function:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_756"></a>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return None when the funnction is called.</p>
+<div class="section" title="1. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="default-arguments"></a>1. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_757"></a>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing a facility called
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can define the function as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_758"></a>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="keyword-arguments"></a>2. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_759"></a>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in the function definition. This is known as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_75a"></a>In a function call,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the following fashion:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75b"></a>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be specified. Also note, that we have combined
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75c"></a>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified in the function definition is called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always start with
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75d"></a>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_75e"></a>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="parameter-packing-and-unpacking"></a>3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_75f"></a>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a *****, for collecting positional parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_760"></a>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can be interchanged:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_761"></a>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in place of a list of *Positional arguments* or *Keyword arguments* respectively using ***** or ****** :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="nested-functions-and-scopes"></a>4. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_762"></a>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Python decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this course. If you are interested in knowing more about
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in Python you are suggested to read:
+ </p>
+<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar" target="_top">http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar</a>/<br>
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://personalpages.tds.net" target="_top">http://personalpages.tds.net</a>/~kent37/kk/00001.html<br>
+ </p></div>
+<p><a name="x_763"></a>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="map-reduce-and-filter-functions"></a>5. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_764"></a>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_765"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> and a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned by each call to
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than one sequence. In this case, the first argument,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or
+ <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the sequence is exhausted:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_766"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_767"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+ <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> function calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence, obtains the result, calls
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24
+
+</pre>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="list-comprehensions"></a>5.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_768"></a>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a syntatic sugar to create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself. The syntax of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate the result is a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one
+ <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and multiple
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_769"></a>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num, if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/backup/paragraphlist.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+import sys
+f=open(sys.argv[1],'r')
+pid_list=[]
+for i in f.readlines():
+ if i.startswith('<p id=') :
+ list_tmp=i.split('"')[1]
+ pid_list.append(list_tmp)
+print pid_list
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch01-intro.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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+<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap_intro">
+<div class="article" title="Basic Python">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2988867"></a>Basic Python</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-python-interpreter">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-interactive-interpreter">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter">2.2.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#editing-and-running-a-python-file">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#numbers">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#variables">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#strings">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#boolean">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-while-loop">5. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-if-conditional">6. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#raw_input">7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-method">8.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="x_38"></a>This document is intended to be handed out at the end of the workshop. It has been designed for Engineering students who are Python beginners and have basic programming skills. The focus is on basic numerics and plotting using Python.</p>
+<p id="x_39"></a>The system requirements:</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3a"></a>Python - version 2.5.x or newer.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3b"></a>IPython</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3c"></a>Text editor - scite, vim, emacs or whatever you are comfortable with.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<div class="section" title="1. Introduction">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="introduction"></a>1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_3d"></a>The Python programming language was created by a dutch named Guido van Rossum. The idea of Python was conceived in December 1989. The name Python has nothing to do with the reptilian, but its been named after the 70s comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus", since it happens to be Guido's favourite TV series.</p>
+<p id="x_3e"></a>Current stable version of Python is 2.6.x, although Python 3.0 is also the stable version, it is not backwards compatible with the previous versions and is hence not entirely popular at the moment. This material will focus on the 2.6.x series.</p>
+<p id="x_3f"></a>Python is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License (PSF License) which is GPL compatible Free Software license (excepting license version 1.6 and 2.0) It is a no strings attached license, which means the source code is free to modify and redistribute.</p>
+<p id="x_40"></a>The Python docs define Python as "Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics." A more detailed summary can be found at
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html</a>. Python is a language that has been designed to help the programmer concentrate on solving the problem at hand and not worry about the programming language idiosyncrasies.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_41"></a>Python is a highly cross platform compatible language on account of it being an interpreted language. It is highly scalable and hence has been adapted to run on the Nokia 60 series phones. Python has been designed to be readable and easy to use</p>
+<p id="x_42"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Resources available for reference</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_43"></a>Web:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org" target="_top">http://www.python.org</a>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_44"></a>Doc:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc</a>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_45"></a>Free Tutorials:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em> Official Python Tutorial:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html" target="_top">http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html</a>
+ </em></span> Byte of Python:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.byteofpython.info" target="_top">http://www.byteofpython.info</a>/ * Dive into Python:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://diveintopython.org" target="_top">http://diveintopython.org</a>/
+ </p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_46"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Advantages of Python - Why Python??</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_47"></a>Python has been designed for readability and ease of use. Its been designed in such a fashion that it imposes readability on the programmer. Python does away with the braces and the semicolons and instead implements code blocks based on indentation, thus enhancing readability.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_48"></a>Python is a high level, interpreted, modular and object oriented language. Python performs memory management on its own, thus the programmer need not bother about allocating and deallocating memory to variables. Python provides extensibility by providing modules which can be easily imported similar to headers in C and packages in Java. Python is object oriented and hence provides all the object oriented characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_49"></a>Python offers a highly powerful interactive programming interface in the form of the 'Interactive Interpreter' which will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_4a"></a>Python provides a rich standard library and an extensive set of modules. The power of Python modules can be seen in this slightly exaggerated cartoon
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://xkcd.com/353" target="_top">http://xkcd.com/353</a>/
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_4b"></a>Python interfaces well with most other programming languages such as C, C++ and FORTRAN.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_4c"></a>Although, Python has one setback. Python is not fast as some of the compiled languages like C or C++. Yet, the amount of flexibility and power more than make up for this setback.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. The Python Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-python-interpreter"></a>2. The Python Interpreter</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="2.1. The Interactive Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="the-interactive-interpreter"></a>2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_4d"></a>Typing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>python</em></span> at the shell prompt on any standard Unix/Gnu-Linux system and hitting the enter key fires up the Python 'Interactive Interpreter'. The Python interpreter is one of the most integral features of Python. The prompt obtained when the interactive interpreter is similar to what is shown below. The exact appearance might differ based on the version of Python being used. The
+ <code class="literal">>>></code> thing shown is the python prompt. When something is typed at the prompt and the enter key is hit, the python interpreter interprets the command entered and performs the appropriate action. All the examples presented in this document are to be tried hands on, on the interactive interpreter.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+[GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_4e"></a>Lets try with an example, type
+ <code class="literal">print 'Hello, World!'</code> at the prompt and hit the enter key.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 'Hello, World!'
+Hello, World!
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_4f"></a>This example was quite straight forward, and thus we have written our first line of Python code. Now let us try typing something arbitrary at the prompt. For example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> arbit word
+ File "<stdin>", line 1
+ arbit word
+ ^
+SyntaxError: invalid syntax
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_50"></a>The interpreter gave an error message saying that 'arbit word' was invalid syntax which is valid. The interpreter is an amazing tool when learning to program in Python. The interpreter provides a help function that provides the necessary documentation regarding all Python syntax, constructs, modules and objects. Typing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>help()</em></span> at the prompt gives the following output:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> help()
+
+Welcome to Python 2.5! This is the online help utility.
+
+If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
+the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
+
+Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
+Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
+return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
+
+To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
+"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
+of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
+such as "spam", type "modules spam".
+
+help>
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_51"></a>As mentioned in the output, entering the name of any module, keyword or topic will provide the documentation and help regarding the same through the online help utility. Pressing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Ctrl+d</em></span> exits the help prompt and returns to the python prompt.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_52"></a>Let us now try a few examples at the python interpreter.</p>
+<p id="x_53"></a>Eg 1:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 'Hello, python!'
+Hello, python!
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_54"></a>Eg 2:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 4321*567890
+2453852690
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_55"></a>Eg 3:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> 4321*567890
+2453852690L
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<pre class="programlisting">Note: Notice the 'L' at the end of the output. The 'L' signifies that the
+output of the operation is of type *long*. It was absent in the previous
+example because we used the print statement. This is because *print* formats
+the output before displaying.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_56"></a>Eg 4:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> big = 12345678901234567890 ** 3
+>>> print big
+1881676372353657772490265749424677022198701224860897069000
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<pre class="programlisting">This example is to show that unlike in C or C++ there is no limit on the
+value of an integer.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_57"></a>Try this on the interactive interpreter:
+ <code class="literal">import this</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_58"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Hint: The output gives an idea of Power of Python</em></span>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.2. ipython - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter"></a>2.2.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
+ </h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_59"></a>The power and the importance of the interactive interpreter was the highlight of the previous section. This section provides insight into the enhanced interpreter with more advanced set of features called
+ <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>. Entering
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> at the shell prompt fires up the interactive interpreter.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ ipython
+Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+IPython 0.8.4 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
+%quickref -> Quick reference.
+help -> Python's own help system.
+object? -> Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
+
+In [1]:
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_5a"></a>This is the output obtained upon firing ipython. The exact appearance may change based on the Python version installed. The following are some of the various features provided by
+ <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>:
+ </p>
+<div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term"></span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<p id="x_5b"></a>Suggestions - ipython provides suggestions of the possible methods and operations available for the given python object.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+<p id="x_5c"></a>Eg 5:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">In [4]: a = 6
+
+In [5]: a.
+a.__abs__ a.__divmod__ a.__index__ a.__neg__ a.__rand__ a.__rmod__ a.__rxor__
+a.__add__ a.__doc__ a.__init__ a.__new__ a.__rdiv__ a.__rmul__ a.__setattr__
+a.__and__ a.__float__ a.__int__ a.__nonzero__ a.__rdivmod__ a.__ror__ a.__str__
+a.__class__ a.__floordiv__ a.__invert__ a.__oct__ a.__reduce__ a.__rpow__ a.__sub__
+a.__cmp__ a.__getattribute__ a.__long__ a.__or__ a.__reduce_ex__ a.__rrshift__ a.__truediv__
+a.__coerce__ a.__getnewargs__ a.__lshift__ a.__pos__ a.__repr__ a.__rshift__ a.__xor__
+a.__delattr__ a.__hash__ a.__mod__ a.__pow__ a.__rfloordiv__ a.__rsub__
+a.__div__ a.__hex__ a.__mul__ a.__radd__ a.__rlshift__ a.__rtruediv__
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_5d"></a>In this example, we initialized 'a' (a variable - a concept that will be discussed in the subsequent sections.) to 6. In the next line when the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>tab</em></span> key is pressed after typing '
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>a.</em></span>' ipython displays the set of all possible methods that are applicable on the object 'a' (an integer in this context). Ipython provides many such datatype specific features which will be presented in the further sections as and when the datatypes are introduced.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Editing and running a python file">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="editing-and-running-a-python-file"></a>3. Editing and running a python file</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_5e"></a>The previous sections focused on the use of the interpreter to run python code. While the interpeter is an excellent tool to test simple solutions and experiment with small code snippets, its main disadvantage is that everything written in the interpreter is lost once its quit. Most of the times a program is used by people other than the author. So the programs have to be available in some form suitable for distribution, and hence they are written in files. This section will focus on editing and running python files. Start by opening a text editor ( it is recommended you choose one from the list at the top of this page ). In the editor type down python code and save the file with an extension
+ <span class="strong"><strong>.py</strong></span> (python files have an extension of .py). Once done with the editing, save the file and exit the editor.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_5f"></a>Let us look at a simple example of calculating the gcd of 2 numbers using Python:</p>
+<p id="x_60"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Creating the first python script(file)</strong></span> :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ emacs gcd.py
+ def gcd(x,y):
+ if x % y == 0:
+ return y
+ return gcd(y, x%y)
+
+ print gcd(72, 92)
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_61"></a>To run the script, open the shell prompt, navigate to the directory that contains the python file and run
+ <code class="literal">python <filename.py></code> at the prompt ( in this case filename is gcd.py )
+ </p>
+<p id="x_62"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Running the python script</strong></span> :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ python gcd.py
+4
+$
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_63"></a>Another method to run a python script would be to include the line</p>
+<p id="x_64"></a>
+ <code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/python</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_65"></a>at the beginning of the python file and then make the file executable by</p>
+<p id="x_66"></a>$ chmod a+x
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_67"></a>Once this is done, the script can be run as a standalone program as follows:</p>
+<p id="x_68"></a>$ ./
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python"></a>4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_69"></a>Python provides the following set of basic datatypes.</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6a"></a>Numbers: int, float, long, complex</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6b"></a>Strings</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6c"></a>Boolean</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1. Numbers">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="numbers"></a>4.1. Numbers</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_6d"></a>Numbers were introduced in the examples presented in the interactive interpreter section. Numbers include types as mentioned earlier viz., int (integers), float (floating point numbers), long (large integers), complex (complex numbers with real and imaginary parts). Python is not a strongly typed language, which means the type of a variable need not mentioned during its initialization. Let us look at a few examples.</p>
+<p id="x_6e"></a>Eg 6:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = 1 #here a is an integer variable
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_6f"></a>Eg 7:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> lng = 122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #here lng is a variable of type long
+>>> lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999L #notice the trailing 'L'
+>>> print lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #notice the absence of the trailing 'L'
+>>> lng+1
+122333444455555666666777777788888889000000000L
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_70"></a>Long numbers are the same as integers in almost all aspects. They can be used in operations just like integers and along with integers without any distinction. The only distinction comes during type checking (which is not a healthy practice). Long numbers are tucked with a trailing 'L' just to signify that they are long. Notice that in the example just lng at the prompt displays the value of the variable with the 'L' whereas
+ <code class="literal">print lng</code> displays without the 'L'. This is because print formats the output before printing. Also in the example, notice that adding an integer to a long does not give any errors and the result is as expected. So for all practical purposes longs can be treated as ints.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_71"></a>Eg 8:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> fl = 3.14159 #fl is a float variable
+>>> e = 1.234e-4 #e is also a float variable, specified in the exponential form
+>>> a = 1
+>>> b = 2
+>>> a/b #integer division
+0
+>>> a/fl #floating point division
+0.31831015504887655
+>>> e/fl
+3.9279473133031364e-05
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_72"></a>Floating point numbers, simply called floats are real numbers with a decimal point. The example above shows the initialization of a float variable. Shown also in this example is the difference between integer division and floating point division. 'a' and 'b' here are integer variables and hence the division gives 0 as the quotient. When either of the operands is a float, the operation is a floating point division, and the result is also a float as illustrated.</p>
+<p id="x_73"></a>Eg 9:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> cplx = 3 + 4j #cplx is a complex variable
+>>> cplx
+(3+4j)
+>>> print cplx.real #prints the real part of the complex number
+3.0
+>>> print cplx.imag #prints the imaginary part of the complex number
+4.0
+>>> print cplx*fl #multiplies the real and imag parts of the complex number with the multiplier
+(9.42477+12.56636j)
+>>> abs(cplx) #returns the absolute value of the complex number
+5.0
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_74"></a>Python provides a datatype for complex numbers. Complex numbers are initialized as shown in the example above. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>imag</em></span> operators return the real and imaginary parts of the complex number as shown. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>abs()</em></span> returns the absolute value of the complex number.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. Variables">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="variables"></a>4.2. Variables</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_75"></a>Variables are just names that represent a value. Variables have already been introduced in the various examples from the previous sections. Certain rules about using variables:</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_76"></a>Variables have to be initialized or assigned a value before being used.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_77"></a>Variable names can consist of letters, digits and
+ <a class="link" href="">underscores</a> .
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_78"></a>Variable names cannot begin with digits, but can contain digits in them.</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_79"></a>In reference to the previous section examples, 'a', 'b', 'lng', 'fl', 'e' and 'cplx' are all variables of various datatypes.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Note: Python is not a strongly typed language and hence an integer variable can at a
+later stage be used as a float variable as well.
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.3. Strings">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="strings"></a>4.3. Strings</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_7a"></a>Strings are one of the essential data structures of any programming language. The
+ <code class="literal">print "Hello, World!"</code> program was introduced in the earlier section, and the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>"Hello, World!"</em></span> in the print statement is a string. A string is basically a set of characters. Strings can be represented in various ways shown below:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">s = 'this is a string' # a string variable can be represented using single quotes
+s = 'This one has "quotes" inside!' # The string can have quotes inside it as shown
+s = "I have 'single-quotes' inside!"
+l = "A string spanning many lines\
+one more line\
+yet another" # a string can span more than a single line.
+t = """A triple quoted string does # another way of representing multiline strings.
+not need to be escaped at the end and
+"can have nested quotes" etc."""
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_7b"></a>Try the following on the interpreter:
+ <code class="literal">s = 'this is a string with 'quotes' of similar kind'</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_7c"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Exercise: How to use single quotes within single quotes in a string as shown in the above example without getting an error?</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="4.3.1. String operations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="string-operations"></a>4.3.1. String operations</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_7d"></a>A few basic string operations are presented here.</p>
+<p id="x_7e"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>String concatenation</strong></span> String concatenation is done by simple addition of two strings.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = 'Hello'
+>>> y = ' Python'
+>>> print x+y
+Hello Python
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_7f"></a> <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> somenum = 13
+>>> print x+somenum
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_80"></a>The problem with the above example is that here a string variable and an integer variable are trying to be concantenated. To obtain the desired result from the above example the str(), repr() and the `` can be used.</p>
+<p id="x_81"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>str()</strong></span> simply converts a value to a string in a reasonable form.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>repr()</strong></span> creates a string that is a representation of the value.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_82"></a>The difference can be seen in the example shown below:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> str(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+>>> repr(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_83"></a>It can be observed that the 'L' in the long value shown was omitted by str(), whereas repr() converted that into a string too. An alternative way of using repr(value) is `
+ <code class="literal">value</code>`.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_84"></a>A few more examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = "Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go
+to Pycon
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_85"></a>In the above example, notice that the '\n'(newline) character is formatted and the string is printed on two lines. The strings discussed until now were normal strings. Other than these there are two other types of strings namely, raw strings and unicode strings.</p>
+<p id="x_86"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Raw strings</strong></span> are strings which are unformatted, that is the backslashes(\) are not parsed and are left as it is in the string. Raw strings are represented with an 'r' at the start of a string. Let us look at an example
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = r"Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go \nto Pycon
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_87"></a>Note: The '\n' is not being parsed into a new line and is left as it is.</p>
+<p id="x_88"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = r"Let's go to Pycon\"
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_89"></a> <span class="strong"><strong>Unicode strings</strong></span> are strings where the characters are Unicode characters as opposed to ASCII characters. Unicode strings are represented with a 'u' at the start of the string. Let us look at an example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = u"Let's go to Pycon!"
+>>> print x
+Let's go to Pycon!
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.4. Boolean">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boolean"></a>4.4. Boolean</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_8a"></a>Python also provides special Boolean datatype. A boolean variable can assume a value of either
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> (Note the capitalizations).
+ </p>
+<p id="x_8b"></a>Let us look at examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> t = True
+>>> f = not t
+>>> print f
+False
+>>> f or t
+True
+>>> f and t
+False
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. The while loop">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-while-loop"></a>5. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_8c"></a>The Python
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop is similar to the C/C++ while loop. The syntax is as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">statement 0
+while condition:
+ statement 1 #while block
+ statement 2 #while block
+statement 3 #outside the while block.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_8d"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = 1
+>>> while x <= 5:
+... print x
+... x += 1
+...
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. The if conditional">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-if-conditional"></a>6. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_8e"></a>The Python
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> block provides the conditional execution of statements. If the condition evaluates as true the block of statements defined under the if block are executed.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_8f"></a>If the first block is not executed on account of the condition not being satisfied, the set of statements in the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>else</strong></span> block are executed.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_90"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>elif</strong></span> block provides the functionality of evaluation of multiple conditions as shown in the example.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_91"></a>The syntax is as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">if condition :
+ statement_1
+ statement_2
+
+elif condition:
+ statement_3
+ statement_4
+else:
+ statement_5
+ statement_6
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_92"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> n = raw_input("Input a number:")
+>>> if n < 0:
+ print n," is negative"
+ elif n > 0:
+ print n," is positive"
+ else:
+ print n, " is 0"
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7. raw_input()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="raw_input"></a>7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_93"></a>In the previous example we saw the call to the raw_input() subroutine. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> method is used to take user inputs through the console. Unlike
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> which assumes the data entered by the user as a standard python expression,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> treats all the input data as raw data and converts everything into a string. To illustrate this let us look at an example.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+121
+
+>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'PythonFreak' is not defined
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_94"></a>As shown above the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the data entered is a valid Python expression. In the first call it prompts for an integer input and when entered it accepts the integer as an integer, whereas in the second call, when the string is entered without the quotes,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the entered data is a valid Python expression and hence it raises and exception saying PythonFreak is not defined.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:'PythonFreak'
+'PythonFreak'
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_95"></a>Here the name is accepted because its entered as a string (within quotes). But its unreasonable to go on using quotes each time a string is entered. Hence the alternative is to use
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_96"></a>Let us now look at how
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> operates with an example.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> raw_input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+'PythonFreak'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_97"></a>Observe that the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting it into a string all by itself.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+'121'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_98"></a>Observe that
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting the integer 121 also to a string as '121'. Let us look at another example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+>>> pal + 2
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
+>>> pal
+'121'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_99"></a>Observe here that the variable
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> is a string and hence integer operations cannot be performed on it. Hence the exception is raised.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8. int() method">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="int-method"></a>8.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_9a"></a>Generally for computing purposes, the data used is not strings or raw data but on integers, floats and similar mathematical data structures. The data obtained from
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is raw data in the form of strings. In order to obtain integers from strings we use the method
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_9b"></a>Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> intpal = int(pal)
+>>> intpal
+121
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_9c"></a>In the previous example it was observed that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was a string variable. Here using the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method the string
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was converted to an integer variable.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_9d"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Try This Yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> stringvar = raw_input("Enter a name:")
+Enter a name:Guido Van Rossum
+>>> stringvar
+'Guido Van Rossum'
+>>> numvar = int(stringvar)
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="navfooter">
+<hr>
+<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left">
+<a accesskey="p" href="index.html">Prev</a> </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
+<td width="40%" align="right"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. Introduction </td>
+<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td>
+<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td>
+</tr>
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+</div>
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+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch01-introduction.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 1. </title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 1. ">
+<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap_intro">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2560661">Introduction to the Course</a></span></dt></dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Introduction to the Course">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2560661"></a>Introduction to the Course</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<p id="x_1"></a>Engineering students use computers for a large number of curricular tasks – mostly computation centred. However, they do not see this as coding or programming tasks and usually are not even aware of the tools and techniques that will help them to handle these tasks better. This results in less than optimal use of their time and resources. This also causes difficulties when it comes tocollaboration and building on other people’s work. This course is intended to train such students in good software practices and tools for producing code and documentation.</p>
+<p id="x_2"></a>After successfully completing the program, the participants will be able to:</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="-">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_3"></a>understand how software tools work together and how they can be used in tandem to carry out tasks,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_4"></a>use unix command line tools to carry out common (mostly text processing tasks,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_5"></a>to generate professional documents,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_6"></a>use version control effectively – for both code and documents,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_7"></a>automate tasks by writing shell scripts and python scripts,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_8"></a>realise the impact of coding style and readbility on quality,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_9"></a>write mid-sized programs that carry out typical engineering / numerical computations such as those that involve (basic) manipulation of large arrays in an efficient manner,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_a"></a>generate 2D and simple 3D plots,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_b"></a>debug programs using a standardised approach,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_c"></a>understand the importance of tests and the philosophy of Test Driven Development,</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_d"></a>write unit tests and improve the quality of code.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch02-basic_intro.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Basic Python</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
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+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap02_basic">
+<div class="article" title="Basic Python">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2957059"></a>Basic Python</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-python-interpreter">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-interactive-interpreter">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter">2.2.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#editing-and-running-a-python-file">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#numbers">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#variables">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#strings">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#boolean">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-while-loop">5. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-if-conditional">6. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#raw_input">7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-method">8.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="x_197"></a>This document is intended to be handed out at the end of the workshop. It has been designed for Engineering students who are Python beginners and have basic programming skills. The focus is on basic numerics and plotting using Python.</p>
+<p id="x_198"></a>The system requirements:</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_199"></a>Python - version 2.5.x or newer.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_19a"></a>IPython</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_19b"></a>Text editor - scite, vim, emacs or whatever you are comfortable with.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<div class="section" title="1. Introduction">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="introduction"></a>1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_19c"></a>The Python programming language was created by a dutch named Guido van Rossum. The idea of Python was conceived in December 1989. The name Python has nothing to do with the reptilian, but its been named after the 70s comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus", since it happens to be Guido's favourite TV series.</p>
+<p id="x_19d"></a>Current stable version of Python is 2.6.x, although Python 3.0 is also the stable version, it is not backwards compatible with the previous versions and is hence not entirely popular at the moment. This material will focus on the 2.6.x series.</p>
+<p id="x_19e"></a>Python is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License (PSF License) which is GPL compatible Free Software license (excepting license version 1.6 and 2.0) It is a no strings attached license, which means the source code is free to modify and redistribute.</p>
+<p id="x_19f"></a>The Python docs define Python as "Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics." A more detailed summary can be found at
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html</a>. Python is a language that has been designed to help the programmer concentrate on solving the problem at hand and not worry about the programming language idiosyncrasies.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1a0"></a>Python is a highly cross platform compatible language on account of it being an interpreted language. It is highly scalable and hence has been adapted to run on the Nokia 60 series phones. Python has been designed to be readable and easy to use</p>
+<p id="x_1a1"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Resources available for reference</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a2"></a>Web:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org" target="_top">http://www.python.org</a>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a3"></a>Doc:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc</a>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a4"></a>Free Tutorials:
+ <span class="emphasis"><em> Official Python Tutorial:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html" target="_top">http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html</a>
+ </em></span> Byte of Python:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://www.byteofpython.info" target="_top">http://www.byteofpython.info</a>/ * Dive into Python:
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://diveintopython.org" target="_top">http://diveintopython.org</a>/
+ </p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_1a5"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Advantages of Python - Why Python??</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a6"></a>Python has been designed for readability and ease of use. Its been designed in such a fashion that it imposes readability on the programmer. Python does away with the braces and the semicolons and instead implements code blocks based on indentation, thus enhancing readability.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a7"></a>Python is a high level, interpreted, modular and object oriented language. Python performs memory management on its own, thus the programmer need not bother about allocating and deallocating memory to variables. Python provides extensibility by providing modules which can be easily imported similar to headers in C and packages in Java. Python is object oriented and hence provides all the object oriented characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a8"></a>Python offers a highly powerful interactive programming interface in the form of the 'Interactive Interpreter' which will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a9"></a>Python provides a rich standard library and an extensive set of modules. The power of Python modules can be seen in this slightly exaggerated cartoon
+ <a class="ulink" href="http://xkcd.com/353" target="_top">http://xkcd.com/353</a>/
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1aa"></a>Python interfaces well with most other programming languages such as C, C++ and FORTRAN.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<p id="x_1ab"></a>Although, Python has one setback. Python is not fast as some of the compiled languages like C or C++. Yet, the amount of flexibility and power more than make up for this setback.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. The Python Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-python-interpreter"></a>2. The Python Interpreter</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="2.1. The Interactive Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="the-interactive-interpreter"></a>2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1ac"></a>Typing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>python</em></span> at the shell prompt on any standard Unix/Gnu-Linux system and hitting the enter key fires up the Python 'Interactive Interpreter'. The Python interpreter is one of the most integral features of Python. The prompt obtained when the interactive interpreter is similar to what is shown below. The exact appearance might differ based on the version of Python being used. The
+ <code class="literal">>>></code> thing shown is the python prompt. When something is typed at the prompt and the enter key is hit, the python interpreter interprets the command entered and performs the appropriate action. All the examples presented in this document are to be tried hands on, on the interactive interpreter.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+[GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1ad"></a>Lets try with an example, type
+ <code class="literal">print 'Hello, World!'</code> at the prompt and hit the enter key.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 'Hello, World!'
+Hello, World!
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1ae"></a>This example was quite straight forward, and thus we have written our first line of Python code. Now let us try typing something arbitrary at the prompt. For example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> arbit word
+ File "<stdin>", line 1
+ arbit word
+ ^
+SyntaxError: invalid syntax
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1af"></a>The interpreter gave an error message saying that 'arbit word' was invalid syntax which is valid. The interpreter is an amazing tool when learning to program in Python. The interpreter provides a help function that provides the necessary documentation regarding all Python syntax, constructs, modules and objects. Typing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>help()</em></span> at the prompt gives the following output:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> help()
+
+Welcome to Python 2.5! This is the online help utility.
+
+If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
+the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
+
+Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
+Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
+return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
+
+To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
+"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
+of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
+such as "spam", type "modules spam".
+
+help>
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1b0"></a>As mentioned in the output, entering the name of any module, keyword or topic will provide the documentation and help regarding the same through the online help utility. Pressing
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Ctrl+d</em></span> exits the help prompt and returns to the python prompt.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1b1"></a>Let us now try a few examples at the python interpreter.</p>
+<p id="x_1b2"></a>Eg 1:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 'Hello, python!'
+Hello, python!
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1b3"></a>Eg 2:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> print 4321*567890
+2453852690
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1b4"></a>Eg 3:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> 4321*567890
+2453852690L
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<pre class="programlisting">Note: Notice the 'L' at the end of the output. The 'L' signifies that the
+output of the operation is of type *long*. It was absent in the previous
+example because we used the print statement. This is because *print* formats
+the output before displaying.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1b5"></a>Eg 4:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> big = 12345678901234567890 ** 3
+>>> print big
+1881676372353657772490265749424677022198701224860897069000
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<pre class="programlisting">This example is to show that unlike in C or C++ there is no limit on the
+value of an integer.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1b6"></a>Try this on the interactive interpreter:
+ <code class="literal">import this</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1b7"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Hint: The output gives an idea of Power of Python</em></span>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.2. ipython - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter"></a>2.2.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
+ </h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1b8"></a>The power and the importance of the interactive interpreter was the highlight of the previous section. This section provides insight into the enhanced interpreter with more advanced set of features called
+ <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>. Entering
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> at the shell prompt fires up the interactive interpreter.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ ipython
+Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+IPython 0.8.4 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
+%quickref -> Quick reference.
+help -> Python's own help system.
+object? -> Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
+
+In [1]:
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1b9"></a>This is the output obtained upon firing ipython. The exact appearance may change based on the Python version installed. The following are some of the various features provided by
+ <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>:
+ </p>
+<div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term"></span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<p id="x_1ba"></a>Suggestions - ipython provides suggestions of the possible methods and operations available for the given python object.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+<p id="x_1bb"></a>Eg 5:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">In [4]: a = 6
+
+In [5]: a.
+a.__abs__ a.__divmod__ a.__index__ a.__neg__ a.__rand__ a.__rmod__ a.__rxor__
+a.__add__ a.__doc__ a.__init__ a.__new__ a.__rdiv__ a.__rmul__ a.__setattr__
+a.__and__ a.__float__ a.__int__ a.__nonzero__ a.__rdivmod__ a.__ror__ a.__str__
+a.__class__ a.__floordiv__ a.__invert__ a.__oct__ a.__reduce__ a.__rpow__ a.__sub__
+a.__cmp__ a.__getattribute__ a.__long__ a.__or__ a.__reduce_ex__ a.__rrshift__ a.__truediv__
+a.__coerce__ a.__getnewargs__ a.__lshift__ a.__pos__ a.__repr__ a.__rshift__ a.__xor__
+a.__delattr__ a.__hash__ a.__mod__ a.__pow__ a.__rfloordiv__ a.__rsub__
+a.__div__ a.__hex__ a.__mul__ a.__radd__ a.__rlshift__ a.__rtruediv__
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1bc"></a>In this example, we initialized 'a' (a variable - a concept that will be discussed in the subsequent sections.) to 6. In the next line when the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>tab</em></span> key is pressed after typing '
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>a.</em></span>' ipython displays the set of all possible methods that are applicable on the object 'a' (an integer in this context). Ipython provides many such datatype specific features which will be presented in the further sections as and when the datatypes are introduced.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Editing and running a python file">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="editing-and-running-a-python-file"></a>3. Editing and running a python file</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1bd"></a>The previous sections focused on the use of the interpreter to run python code. While the interpeter is an excellent tool to test simple solutions and experiment with small code snippets, its main disadvantage is that everything written in the interpreter is lost once its quit. Most of the times a program is used by people other than the author. So the programs have to be available in some form suitable for distribution, and hence they are written in files. This section will focus on editing and running python files. Start by opening a text editor ( it is recommended you choose one from the list at the top of this page ). In the editor type down python code and save the file with an extension
+ <span class="strong"><strong>.py</strong></span> (python files have an extension of .py). Once done with the editing, save the file and exit the editor.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1be"></a>Let us look at a simple example of calculating the gcd of 2 numbers using Python:</p>
+<p id="x_1bf"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Creating the first python script(file)</strong></span> :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ emacs gcd.py
+ def gcd(x,y):
+ if x % y == 0:
+ return y
+ return gcd(y, x%y)
+
+ print gcd(72, 92)
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1c0"></a>To run the script, open the shell prompt, navigate to the directory that contains the python file and run
+ <code class="literal">python <filename.py></code> at the prompt ( in this case filename is gcd.py )
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1c1"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Running the python script</strong></span> :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ python gcd.py
+4
+$
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1c2"></a>Another method to run a python script would be to include the line</p>
+<p id="x_1c3"></a>
+ <code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/python</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1c4"></a>at the beginning of the python file and then make the file executable by</p>
+<p id="x_1c5"></a>$ chmod a+x
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1c6"></a>Once this is done, the script can be run as a standalone program as follows:</p>
+<p id="x_1c7"></a>$ ./
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python"></a>4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1c8"></a>Python provides the following set of basic datatypes.</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1c9"></a>Numbers: int, float, long, complex</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1ca"></a>Strings</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1cb"></a>Boolean</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1. Numbers">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="numbers"></a>4.1. Numbers</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1cc"></a>Numbers were introduced in the examples presented in the interactive interpreter section. Numbers include types as mentioned earlier viz., int (integers), float (floating point numbers), long (large integers), complex (complex numbers with real and imaginary parts). Python is not a strongly typed language, which means the type of a variable need not mentioned during its initialization. Let us look at a few examples.</p>
+<p id="x_1cd"></a>Eg 6:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> a = 1 #here a is an integer variable
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1ce"></a>Eg 7:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> lng = 122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #here lng is a variable of type long
+>>> lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999L #notice the trailing 'L'
+>>> print lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #notice the absence of the trailing 'L'
+>>> lng+1
+122333444455555666666777777788888889000000000L
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1cf"></a>Long numbers are the same as integers in almost all aspects. They can be used in operations just like integers and along with integers without any distinction. The only distinction comes during type checking (which is not a healthy practice). Long numbers are tucked with a trailing 'L' just to signify that they are long. Notice that in the example just lng at the prompt displays the value of the variable with the 'L' whereas
+ <code class="literal">print lng</code> displays without the 'L'. This is because print formats the output before printing. Also in the example, notice that adding an integer to a long does not give any errors and the result is as expected. So for all practical purposes longs can be treated as ints.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1d0"></a>Eg 8:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> fl = 3.14159 #fl is a float variable
+>>> e = 1.234e-4 #e is also a float variable, specified in the exponential form
+>>> a = 1
+>>> b = 2
+>>> a/b #integer division
+0
+>>> a/fl #floating point division
+0.31831015504887655
+>>> e/fl
+3.9279473133031364e-05
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1d1"></a>Floating point numbers, simply called floats are real numbers with a decimal point. The example above shows the initialization of a float variable. Shown also in this example is the difference between integer division and floating point division. 'a' and 'b' here are integer variables and hence the division gives 0 as the quotient. When either of the operands is a float, the operation is a floating point division, and the result is also a float as illustrated.</p>
+<p id="x_1d2"></a>Eg 9:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> cplx = 3 + 4j #cplx is a complex variable
+>>> cplx
+(3+4j)
+>>> print cplx.real #prints the real part of the complex number
+3.0
+>>> print cplx.imag #prints the imaginary part of the complex number
+4.0
+>>> print cplx*fl #multiplies the real and imag parts of the complex number with the multiplier
+(9.42477+12.56636j)
+>>> abs(cplx) #returns the absolute value of the complex number
+5.0
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1d3"></a>Python provides a datatype for complex numbers. Complex numbers are initialized as shown in the example above. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>imag</em></span> operators return the real and imaginary parts of the complex number as shown. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>abs()</em></span> returns the absolute value of the complex number.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. Variables">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="variables"></a>4.2. Variables</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1d4"></a>Variables are just names that represent a value. Variables have already been introduced in the various examples from the previous sections. Certain rules about using variables:</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1d5"></a>Variables have to be initialized or assigned a value before being used.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1d6"></a>Variable names can consist of letters, digits and
+ <a class="link" href="#">underscores</a> .
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1d7"></a>Variable names cannot begin with digits, but can contain digits in them.</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_1d8"></a>In reference to the previous section examples, 'a', 'b', 'lng', 'fl', 'e' and 'cplx' are all variables of various datatypes.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Note: Python is not a strongly typed language and hence an integer variable can at a
+later stage be used as a float variable as well.
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.3. Strings">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="strings"></a>4.3. Strings</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1d9"></a>Strings are one of the essential data structures of any programming language. The
+ <code class="literal">print "Hello, World!"</code> program was introduced in the earlier section, and the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>"Hello, World!"</em></span> in the print statement is a string. A string is basically a set of characters. Strings can be represented in various ways shown below:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">s = 'this is a string' # a string variable can be represented using single quotes
+s = 'This one has "quotes" inside!' # The string can have quotes inside it as shown
+s = "I have 'single-quotes' inside!"
+l = "A string spanning many lines\
+one more line\
+yet another" # a string can span more than a single line.
+t = """A triple quoted string does # another way of representing multiline strings.
+not need to be escaped at the end and
+"can have nested quotes" etc."""
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1da"></a>Try the following on the interpreter:
+ <code class="literal">s = 'this is a string with 'quotes' of similar kind'</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1db"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Exercise: How to use single quotes within single quotes in a string as shown in the above example without getting an error?</strong></span>
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="4.3.1. String operations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="string-operations"></a>4.3.1. String operations</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1dc"></a>A few basic string operations are presented here.</p>
+<p id="x_1dd"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>String concatenation</strong></span> String concatenation is done by simple addition of two strings.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = 'Hello'
+>>> y = ' Python'
+>>> print x+y
+Hello Python
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1de"></a> <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> somenum = 13
+>>> print x+somenum
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1df"></a>The problem with the above example is that here a string variable and an integer variable are trying to be concantenated. To obtain the desired result from the above example the str(), repr() and the `` can be used.</p>
+<p id="x_1e0"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>str()</strong></span> simply converts a value to a string in a reasonable form.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>repr()</strong></span> creates a string that is a representation of the value.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1e1"></a>The difference can be seen in the example shown below:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> str(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+>>> repr(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1e2"></a>It can be observed that the 'L' in the long value shown was omitted by str(), whereas repr() converted that into a string too. An alternative way of using repr(value) is `
+ <code class="literal">value</code>`.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1e3"></a>A few more examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = "Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go
+to Pycon
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1e4"></a>In the above example, notice that the '\n'(newline) character is formatted and the string is printed on two lines. The strings discussed until now were normal strings. Other than these there are two other types of strings namely, raw strings and unicode strings.</p>
+<p id="x_1e5"></a>
+ <span class="strong"><strong>Raw strings</strong></span> are strings which are unformatted, that is the backslashes(\) are not parsed and are left as it is in the string. Raw strings are represented with an 'r' at the start of a string. Let us look at an example
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = r"Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go \nto Pycon
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1e6"></a>Note: The '\n' is not being parsed into a new line and is left as it is.</p>
+<p id="x_1e7"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = r"Let's go to Pycon\"
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1e8"></a> <span class="strong"><strong>Unicode strings</strong></span> are strings where the characters are Unicode characters as opposed to ASCII characters. Unicode strings are represented with a 'u' at the start of the string. Let us look at an example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = u"Let's go to Pycon!"
+>>> print x
+Let's go to Pycon!
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.4. Boolean">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="boolean"></a>4.4. Boolean</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1e9"></a>Python also provides special Boolean datatype. A boolean variable can assume a value of either
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> (Note the capitalizations).
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1ea"></a>Let us look at examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> t = True
+>>> f = not t
+>>> print f
+False
+>>> f or t
+True
+>>> f and t
+False
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. The while loop">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-while-loop"></a>5. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1eb"></a>The Python
+ <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop is similar to the C/C++ while loop. The syntax is as follows:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">statement 0
+while condition:
+ statement 1 #while block
+ statement 2 #while block
+statement 3 #outside the while block.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1ec"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> x = 1
+>>> while x <= 5:
+... print x
+... x += 1
+...
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. The if conditional">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="the-if-conditional"></a>6. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1ed"></a>The Python
+ <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> block provides the conditional execution of statements. If the condition evaluates as true the block of statements defined under the if block are executed.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1ee"></a>If the first block is not executed on account of the condition not being satisfied, the set of statements in the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>else</strong></span> block are executed.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1ef"></a>The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>elif</strong></span> block provides the functionality of evaluation of multiple conditions as shown in the example.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1f0"></a>The syntax is as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">if condition :
+ statement_1
+ statement_2
+
+elif condition:
+ statement_3
+ statement_4
+else:
+ statement_5
+ statement_6
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1f1"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> n = raw_input("Input a number:")
+>>> if n < 0:
+ print n," is negative"
+ elif n > 0:
+ print n," is positive"
+ else:
+ print n, " is 0"
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7. raw_input()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="raw_input"></a>7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1f2"></a>In the previous example we saw the call to the raw_input() subroutine. The
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> method is used to take user inputs through the console. Unlike
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> which assumes the data entered by the user as a standard python expression,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> treats all the input data as raw data and converts everything into a string. To illustrate this let us look at an example.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+121
+
+>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'PythonFreak' is not defined
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1f3"></a>As shown above the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the data entered is a valid Python expression. In the first call it prompts for an integer input and when entered it accepts the integer as an integer, whereas in the second call, when the string is entered without the quotes,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the entered data is a valid Python expression and hence it raises and exception saying PythonFreak is not defined.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:'PythonFreak'
+'PythonFreak'
+>>>
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1f4"></a>Here the name is accepted because its entered as a string (within quotes). But its unreasonable to go on using quotes each time a string is entered. Hence the alternative is to use
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1f5"></a>Let us now look at how
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> operates with an example.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> raw_input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+'PythonFreak'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1f6"></a>Observe that the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting it into a string all by itself.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+'121'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1f7"></a>Observe that
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting the integer 121 also to a string as '121'. Let us look at another example:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+>>> pal + 2
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
+>>> pal
+'121'
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1f8"></a>Observe here that the variable
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> is a string and hence integer operations cannot be performed on it. Hence the exception is raised.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8. int() method">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="int-method"></a>8.
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1f9"></a>Generally for computing purposes, the data used is not strings or raw data but on integers, floats and similar mathematical data structures. The data obtained from
+ <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is raw data in the form of strings. In order to obtain integers from strings we use the method
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1fa"></a>Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> intpal = int(pal)
+>>> intpal
+121
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1fb"></a>In the previous example it was observed that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was a string variable. Here using the
+ <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method the string
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was converted to an integer variable.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1fc"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Try This Yourself:</em></span>
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> stringvar = raw_input("Enter a name:")
+Enter a name:Guido Van Rossum
+>>> stringvar
+'Guido Van Rossum'
+>>> numvar = int(stringvar)
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch02-oop.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Classes and Objects</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap02_basicoop">
+<div class="article" title="Classes and Objects">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2580083"></a>Classes and Objects</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<p><a name="x_c2"></a>In the previous sections we learnt about functions which provide certain level of abstraction to our code by holding the code which performs one or more specific functionalities. We were able to use this function as many times as we wanted. In addition to functions, Python also higher level of abstractions through
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> can be loosely defined as a collection of a set of data items and a set of methods. The data items can be any valid Python variable or any Python object. Functions enclosed within a class are called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>methods</em></span>. If you are thinking if methods are functions why is there a distinction between the two? The answer to this will be given as we walk through the concepts of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> contain the definition for the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> are instances of
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span>.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_c3"></a>A class is defined using the keyword
+ <span class="strong"><strong>class</strong></span> followed by the class name, in turn followed by a semicolon. The statements that a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Class</em></span> encloses are written in a new block, i.e on the next indentation level:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">class Employee:
+ def setName(self, name):
+ self.name = name
+
+ def getName(self):
+ return self.name
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_c4"></a>In the above example, we defined a class with the name Employee. We also defined two methods, setName and getName for this class. It is important to note the differences between the normal Python functions and class methods defined above. Each method of the class must take the same instance of the class(object) from which it was called as the first argument. It is conventionally given the name,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span>. Note that
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> is only a convention. You can use any other name, but the first argument to the method will always be the same object of the class from which the method was called. The data memebers that belong to the class are called as
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>class attributes</em></span>.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> are preceded by the object of the class and a dot. In the above example,
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> is a class attribute since it is preceded by the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object.
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> can be accessed from anywhere within the class.
+ </p>
+<p><a name="x_c5"></a>We can create objects of a class outside the class definition by using the same syntax we use to call a function with no parameters. We can assign this object to a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">emp = Employee()
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_c6"></a>In the above example, we create an object named
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>emp</em></span> of the class
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Employee</em></span>. All the attributes and methods of the class can be accessed by the object of the class using the standard notation
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>object.attribute</em></span> or
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>object.method()</em></span>. Although the first parameter of a class method is the self object, it must not be passed as an argument when calling the method. The
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object is implicitly passed to the method by the Python interpreter. All other arguments passing rules like default arguments, keyword arguments, argument packing and unpacking follow the same rules as those for ordinary Python functions:
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> emp.setName('John')
+>>> name = emp.getName()
+>>> print name
+John
+>>> print emp.name
+John
+
+</pre>
+<p><a name="x_c7"></a>If we at all try to access a class attribute before assigning a value to it, i.e before creating it, Python raises the same error as it would raise for the accessing undefined variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">>>> emp = Employee()
+>>> emp.name
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "class.py", line 10, in <module>
+ print e.name
+AttributeError: Employee instance has no attribute 'name'
+
+</pre>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch03-session4.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1187 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 1. </title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="chapter" id="ch03-session4">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2404065">More text processing</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#uniq">1.
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#join">2. <code class="literal">join</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-a-word-frequency-list">3. Generating a word frequency list</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-editing-and-editors">4. Basic editing and editors</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vim">4.1. vim</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#scite">4.2. SciTE</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#personalizing-your-environment">5. Personalizing your Environment</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bashrc">5.1. .bashrc</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vimrc">5.2. .vimrc</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#subshells-and-source">6. Subshells and
+ <code class="literal">source</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="More text processing">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2404065"></a>More text processing</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#uniq">1.
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#join">2. <code class="literal">join</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-a-word-frequency-list">3. Generating a word frequency list</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-editing-and-editors">4. Basic editing and editors</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vim">4.1. vim</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#scite">4.2. SciTE</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#personalizing-your-environment">5. Personalizing your Environment</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bashrc">5.1. .bashrc</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vimrc">5.2. .vimrc</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#subshells-and-source">6. Subshells and
+ <code class="literal">source</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<code class="literal">sort</code><p id="x_e"></a>Let's say we have a file which lists a few of the stalwarts of the open source community and a few details about them, like their "other" name, their homepage address, and what they are well known for or their claim to fame.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
+Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
+Ian Murdock% %Debian
+Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
+Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
+Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
+Larry Wall% %Perl
+
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_f"></a>The sort command enables us to do this in a flash! Just running the sort command with the file name as a parameter sorts the lines of the file alphabetically and prints the output on the terminal. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ sort stalwarts.txt
+Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
+Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
+Ian Murdock% %Debian
+Larry Wall% %Perl
+Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
+Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
+Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_10"></a>If you wish to sort them reverse alphabetically, you just need to pass the
+ <code class="literal">-r</code> option. Now, you might want to sort the lines, based on each person's claim to fame or their "other" name. What do we do in that case?
+ </p>
+<p id="x_11"></a>Below is an example that sorts the file based on "other" names. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ sort -t % -k 2,2 stalwarts.txt
+
+Ian Murdock% %Debian
+Larry Wall% %Perl
+Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
+Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
+Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
+Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
+Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_12"></a>Sort command assumes white space to be the default delimiter for columns in each line. The
+ <code class="literal">-t</code> option specifies the delimiting character, which is
+ <code class="literal">%</code> in this case.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_13"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">-k</code> option starts a key at position 2 and ends it at 2, essentially telling the sort command that it should sort based on the 2nd column, which is the other name.
+ <code class="literal">sort</code> also supports conflict resolution using multiple columns for sorting. You can see that the first three lines have nothing in the "other" names column. We could resolve the conflict by sorting based on the project names (the 3rd column).
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ sort -t % -k 2,2 -k 3,3 stalwarts.txt
+
+Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
+Ian Murdock% %Debian
+Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
+Larry Wall% %Perl
+Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
+Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
+Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_14"></a> <code class="literal">sort</code> also has a lot of other options like ignoring case differences, month sort(JAN<FEB<...), merging already sorted files.
+ <code class="literal">man sort</code> would give you a lot of information.
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="1. uniq">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="uniq"></a>1.
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code>
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_15"></a>Suppose we have a list of items, say books, and we wish to obtain a list which names of all the books only once, without any duplicates. We use the
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code> command to achieve this.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Programming Pearls
+The C Programming Language
+The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering
+Programming Pearls
+The C Programming Language
+Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
+Programming Pearls
+Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
+The C Programming Language
+The Art of UNIX Programming
+Programming Pearls
+The Art of Computer Programming
+Introduction to Algorithms
+The Art of UNIX Programming
+The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
+Programming Pearls
+Unix Power Tools
+The Art of UNIX Programming
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_16"></a>Let us try and get rid of the duplicate lines from this file using the
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code> command.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ uniq items.txt
+Programming Pearls
+The C Programming Language
+The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering
+Programming Pearls
+The C Programming Language
+Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
+Programming Pearls
+Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
+The C Programming Language
+The Art of UNIX Programming
+Programming Pearls
+The Art of Computer Programming
+Introduction to Algorithms
+The Art of UNIX Programming
+The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
+Programming Pearls
+Unix Power Tools
+The Art of UNIX Programming
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_17"></a>Nothing happens! Why? The
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code> command removes duplicate lines only when they are next to each other. So, we get a sorted file from the original file and work with that file, henceforth.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ sort items.txt > items-sorted.txt
+$ uniq items-sorted.txt
+Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
+Introduction to Algorithms
+Programming Pearls
+Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
+The Art of Computer Programming
+The Art of UNIX Programming
+The C Programming Language
+The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering
+The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
+Unix Power Tools
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_18"></a> <code class="literal">uniq -u</code> command gives the lines which are unique and do not have any duplicates in the file.
+ <code class="literal">uniq -d</code> outputs only those lines which have duplicates. The
+ <code class="literal">-c</code> option displays the number of times each line occurs in the file. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ uniq -u items-sorted.txt
+Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
+Introduction to Algorithms
+Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
+The Art of Computer Programming
+The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering
+The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
+Unix Power Tools
+
+$ uniq -dc items-sorted.txt
+5 Programming Pearls
+3 The Art of UNIX Programming
+3 The C Programming Language
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. join">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="join"></a>2. <code class="literal">join</code>
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_19"></a>Now suppose we had the file
+ <code class="literal">stalwarts1.txt</code>, which lists the home pages of all the people listed in
+ <code class="literal">stalwarts.txt</code>. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">Richard Stallman%http://www.stallman.org
+Eric Raymond%http://www.catb.org/~esr/
+Ian Murdock%http://ianmurdock.com/
+Lawrence Lessig%http://lessig.org
+Linus Torvalds%http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/
+Guido van Rossum%http://www.python.org/~guido/
+Larry Wall%http://www.wall.org/~larry/
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1a"></a>It would be nice to have a single file with the information in both the files. To achieve this we use the
+ <code class="literal">join</code> command. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ join stalwarts.txt stalwarts1.txt -t %
+Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project%http://www.stallman.org
+Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File%http://www.catb.org/~esr/
+Ian Murdock% %Debian%http://ianmurdock.com/
+Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons%http://lessig.org
+Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel%http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/
+Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python%http://www.python.org/~guido/
+Larry Wall% %Perl%http://www.wall.org/~larry/
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_1b"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">join</code> command joins the two files, based on the common field present in both the files, which is the name, in this case.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1c"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">-t</code> option again specifies the delimiting character. Unless that is specified, join assumes that the fields are separated by spaces.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_1d"></a>Note that, for
+ <code class="literal">join</code> to work, the common field should be in the same order in both the files. If this is not so, you could use
+ <code class="literal">sort</code>, to sort the files on the common field and then join the files. In the above example, we have the common field to be the first column in both the files. If this is not the case we could use the
+ <code class="literal">-1</code> and
+ <code class="literal">-2</code> options to specify the field to be used for joining the files. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ join -2 2 stalwarts.txt stalwarts2.txt -t %
+Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project%http://www.stallman.org
+Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File%http://www.catb.org/~esr/
+Ian Murdock% %Debian%http://ianmurdock.com/
+Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons%http://lessig.org
+Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel%http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/
+Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python%http://www.python.org/~guido/
+Larry Wall% %Perl%http://www.wall.org/~larry/
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Generating a word frequency list">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="generating-a-word-frequency-list"></a>3. Generating a word frequency list</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_1e"></a>Now, let us use the tools we have learnt to use, to generate a word frequency list of a text file. We shall use the free text of Alice in Wonderland.</p>
+<p id="x_1f"></a>The basic steps to achieve this task would be -</p>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_20"></a>Eliminate the punctuation and spaces from the document.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_21"></a>Generate a list of words.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_22"></a>Count the words.</p></li>
+</ol></div>
+<p id="x_23"></a>We first use
+ <code class="literal">grep</code> and some elementary
+ <code class="literal">regex</code> to eliminate the non-alpha-characters. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" alice-in-wonderland.txt
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_24"></a>This outputs all the lines which has any alphabetic characters on it. This isn't of much use, since we haven't done anything with the code. We only require the alphabetic characters, without any of the other junk.
+ <code class="literal">man grep</code> shows us the
+ <code class="literal">-o</code> option for outputting only the text which matches the regular expression. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_25"></a>Not very surprisingly, we have all the words, spit out in the form of a list! Now that we have a list of words, it is quite simple to count the occurrences of the words. You would've realized that we can make use of
+ <code class="literal">sort</code> and
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code> commands. We pipe the output from the
+ <code class="literal">grep</code> to the
+ <code class="literal">sort</code> and then pipe it's output to
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code>. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt | sort | uniq -c
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_26"></a>Notice that you get the list of all words in the document in the alphabetical order, with it's frequency written next to it. But, you might have observed that Capitalized words and lower case words are being counted as different words. We therefore, replace all the Upper case characters with lower case ones, using the
+ <code class="literal">tr</code> command. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort | uniq -c
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_27"></a>Now, it would also be nice to have the list ordered in the decreasing order of the frequency of the appearance of the words. We sort the output of the
+ <code class="literal">uniq</code> command with
+ <code class="literal">-n</code> and
+ <code class="literal">-r</code> options, to get the desired output. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Basic editing and editors">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="basic-editing-and-editors"></a>4. Basic editing and editors</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1. vim">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="vim"></a>4.1. vim</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_28"></a>Vim is a very powerful editor. It has a lot of commands, and all of them cannot be explained here. We shall try and look at a few, so that you can find your way around in vim.</p>
+<p id="x_29"></a>To open a file in vim, we pass the filename as a parameter to the
+ <code class="literal">vim</code> command. If a file with that filename does not exist, a new file is created. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ vim first.txt
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_2a"></a>To start inserting text into the new file that we have opened, we need to press the
+ <code class="literal">i</code> key. This will take us into the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>insert</em></span> mode from the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> mode. Hitting the
+ <code class="literal">esc</code> key, will bring us back to the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> mode. There is also another mode of vim, called the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>visual</em></span> mode which will be discussed later in the course.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_2b"></a>In general, it is good to spend as little time as possible in the insert mode and extensively use the command mode to achieve various tasks.</p>
+<p id="x_2c"></a>To save the file, use
+ <code class="literal">:w</code> in the command mode. From here on, it is understood that we are in the command mode, whenever we are issuing any command to vim.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_2d"></a>To save a file and continue editing, use
+ <code class="literal">:w FILENAME</code> The file name is optional. If you do not specify a filename, it is saved in the same file that you opened. If a file name different from the one you opened is specified, the text is saved with the new name, but you continue editing the file that you opened. The next time you save it without specifying a name, it gets saved with the name of the file that you initially opened.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_2e"></a>To save file with a new name and continue editing the new file, use
+ <code class="literal">:saveas FILENAME</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_2f"></a>To save and quit, use
+ <code class="literal">:wq</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_30"></a>To quit, use
+ <code class="literal">:q</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_31"></a>To quit without saving, use
+ <code class="literal">:q!</code>
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.1. Moving around">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="moving-around"></a>4.1.1. Moving around</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_32"></a>While you are typing in a file, it is in-convenient to keep moving your fingers from the standard position for typing to the arrow keys. Vim, therefore, provides alternate keys for moving in the document. Note again that, you should be in the command mode, when issuing any commands to vim.</p>
+<p id="x_33"></a>The basic cursor movement can be achieved using the keys,
+ <code class="literal">h</code> (left),
+ <code class="literal">l</code> (right),
+ <code class="literal">k</code> (up) and
+ <code class="literal">j</code> (down). :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">^
+k
+</pre>
+<div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">< h l ></span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<p id="x_34"></a>j v</p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+<p id="x_35"></a>Note: Most commands can be prefixed with a number, to repeat the command. For instance,
+ <code class="literal">10j</code> will move the cursor down 10 lines.
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.1.1. Moving within a line">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
+<a name="moving-within-a-line"></a>4.1.1.1. Moving within a line</h5></div></div></div>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="41">
+<col width="10">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_36"></a>Cursor Movement</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_37"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_38"></a>Beginning of line</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_39"></a>
+ <code class="literal">0</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_3a"></a>First non-space character of line</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_3b"></a>
+ <code class="literal">^</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_3c"></a>End of line</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_3d"></a>
+ <code class="literal">$</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_3e"></a>Last non-space character of line</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_3f"></a>
+ <code class="literal">g_</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.1.2. Moving by words and sentences">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
+<a name="moving-by-words-and-sentences"></a>4.1.1.2. Moving by words and sentences</h5></div></div></div>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="31">
+<col width="10">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_40"></a>Cursor Movement</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_41"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_42"></a>Forward, word beginning</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_43"></a>
+ <code class="literal">w</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_44"></a>Backward, word beginning</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_45"></a>
+ <code class="literal">b</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_46"></a>Forward, word end</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_47"></a>
+ <code class="literal">e</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_48"></a>Backward, word end</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_49"></a>
+ <code class="literal">ge</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_4a"></a>Forward, sentence beginning</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_4b"></a>
+ <code class="literal">)</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_4c"></a>Backward, sentence beginning</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_4d"></a>
+ <code class="literal">(</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_4e"></a>Forward, paragraph beginning</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_4f"></a>
+ <code class="literal">}</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_50"></a>Backward, paragraph beginning</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_51"></a>
+ <code class="literal">{</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.1.3. More movement commands">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
+<a name="more-movement-commands"></a>4.1.1.3. More movement commands</h5></div></div></div>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="34">
+<col width="13">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_52"></a>Cursor Movement</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_53"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_54"></a>Forward by a screenful of text</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_55"></a>
+ <code class="literal">C-f</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_56"></a>Backward by a screenful of text</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_57"></a>
+ <code class="literal">C-b</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_58"></a>Beginning of the screen</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_59"></a>
+ <code class="literal">H</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_5a"></a>Middle of the screen</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_5b"></a>
+ <code class="literal">M</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_5c"></a>End of the screen</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_5d"></a>
+ <code class="literal">L</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_5e"></a>End of file</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_5f"></a>
+ <code class="literal">G</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_60"></a>Line number
+ <code class="literal">num</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_61"></a>
+ <code class="literal">[num]G</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_62"></a>Beginning of file</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_63"></a>
+ <code class="literal">gg</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_64"></a>Next occurrence of the text under the cursor</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">*</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd><p></p></dd>
+</dl></div>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_65"></a>Previous occurrence of the text under the cursor</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">#</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd><p></p></dd>
+</dl></div>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p id="x_66"></a>Note:
+ <code class="literal">C-x</code> is
+ <code class="literal">Ctrl</code> +
+ <code class="literal">x</code>
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.2. The visual mode">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="the-visual-mode"></a>4.1.2. The visual mode</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_67"></a>The visual mode is a special mode that is not present in the original vi editor. It allows us to highlight text and perform actions on it. All the movement commands that have been discussed till now work in the visual mode also. The editing commands that will be discussed in the future work on the visual blocks selected, too.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.3. Editing commands">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="editing-commands"></a>4.1.3. Editing commands</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_68"></a>The editing commands usually take the movements as arguments. A movement is equivalent to a selection in the visual mode. The cursor is assumed to have moved over the text in between the initial and the final points of the movement. The motion or the visual block that's been highlighted can be passed as arguments to the editing commands.</p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="26">
+<col width="10">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_69"></a>Editing effect</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_6a"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_6b"></a>Cutting text</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_6c"></a>
+ <code class="literal">d</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_6d"></a>Copying/Yanking text</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_6e"></a>
+ <code class="literal">y</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_6f"></a>Pasting copied/cut text</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_70"></a>
+ <code class="literal">p</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p id="x_71"></a>The cut and copy commands take the motions or visual blocks as arguments and act on them. For instance, if you wish to delete the text from the current text position to the beginning of the next word, type
+ <code class="literal">dw</code>. If you wish to copy the text from the current position to the end of this sentence, type
+ <code class="literal">y)</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_72"></a>Apart from the above commands, that take any motion or visual block as an argument, there are additional special commands.</p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="41">
+<col width="10">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_73"></a>Editing effect</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_74"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_75"></a>Cut the character under the cursor</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_76"></a>
+ <code class="literal">x</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_77"></a>Replace the character under the cursor with
+ <code class="literal">a</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">ra</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd><p></p></dd>
+</dl></div>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_78"></a>Cut an entire line</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_79"></a>
+ <code class="literal">dd</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_7a"></a>Copy/yank an entire line</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_7b"></a>
+ <code class="literal">yy</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p id="x_7c"></a>Note: You can prefix numbers to any of the commands, to repeat them.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.4. Undo and Redo">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="undo-and-redo"></a>4.1.4. Undo and Redo</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_7d"></a>You can undo almost anything using
+ <code class="literal">u</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_7e"></a>To undo the undo command type
+ <code class="literal">C-r</code>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.1.5. Searching and Replacing">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="searching-and-replacing"></a>4.1.5. Searching and Replacing</h4></div></div></div>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="42">
+<col width="10">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_7f"></a>Finding</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_80"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_81"></a>Next occurrence of
+ <code class="literal">text</code>, forward
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_82"></a>
+ <code class="literal">\text</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_83"></a>Next occurrence of
+ <code class="literal">text</code>, backward
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_84"></a>
+ <code class="literal">?text</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_85"></a>Search again in the same direction</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_86"></a>
+ <code class="literal">n</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_87"></a>Search again in the opposite direction</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_88"></a>
+ <code class="literal">N</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_89"></a>Next occurrence of
+ <code class="literal">x</code> in the line
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_8a"></a>
+ <code class="literal">fx</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_8b"></a>Previous occurrence of
+ <code class="literal">x</code> in the line
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_8c"></a>
+ <code class="literal">Fx</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="40">
+<col width="19">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_8d"></a>Finding and Replacing</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_8e"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_8f"></a>Replace the first instance of
+ <code class="literal">old</code> with
+ <code class="literal">new</code> in the current line.
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_90"></a>
+ <code class="literal">:s/old/new</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_91"></a>Replace all instances of
+ <code class="literal">old</code> with
+ <code class="literal">new</code> in the current line.
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_92"></a>
+ <code class="literal">:s/old/new/g</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_93"></a>Replace all instances of
+ <code class="literal">old</code> with
+ <code class="literal">new</code> in the current line, but ask for confirmation each time.
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_94"></a>
+ <code class="literal">:s/old/new/gc</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_95"></a>Replace the first instance of
+ <code class="literal">old</code> with
+ <code class="literal">new</code> in the entire file.
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_96"></a>
+ <code class="literal">:%s/old/new</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_97"></a>Replace all instances of
+ <code class="literal">old</code> with
+ <code class="literal">new</code> in the entire file.
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_98"></a>
+ <code class="literal">:%s/old/new/g</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_99"></a>Replace all instances of
+ <code class="literal">old</code> with
+ <code class="literal">new</code> in the entire file but ask for confirmation each time.
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_9a"></a>
+ <code class="literal">:%s/old/new/gc</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. SciTE">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="scite"></a>4.2. SciTE</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_9b"></a>SciTE is a
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>source code</em></span> editor, that has a feel similar to the commonly used GUI text editors. It has a wide range of features that are extremely useful for a programmer, editing code. Also it aims to keep configuration simple, and the user needs to edit a text file to configure SciTE to his/her liking.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_9c"></a>Opening, Saving, Editing files with SciTE is extremely simple and trivial. Knowledge of using a text editor will suffice.</p>
+<p id="x_9d"></a>SciTE can syntax highlight code in various languages. It also has auto-indentation, code-folding and other such features which are useful when editing code.</p>
+<p id="x_9e"></a>SciTE also gives you the option to (compile and) run your code, from within the editor.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Personalizing your Environment">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="personalizing-your-environment"></a>5. Personalizing your Environment</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. .bashrc">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="bashrc"></a>5.1. .bashrc</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_9f"></a>What would you do, if you want bash to execute a particular command each time you start it up? For instance, say you want the current directory to be your Desktop instead of your home folder, each time bash starts up. How would you achieve this? Bash reads and executes commands in a whole bunch of files called start-up files, when it starts up.</p>
+<p id="x_a0"></a>When bash starts up as an interactive login shell, it reads the files
+ <code class="literal">/etc/profile</code>,
+ <code class="literal">~/.bash_profile</code>,
+ <code class="literal">~/.bash_login</code>, and
+ <code class="literal">~/.profile</code> in that order.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_a1"></a>When it is a shell that is not a login shell,
+ <code class="literal">~/.bashrc</code> is read and the commands in it are executed. This can be prevented using the
+ <code class="literal">--norc</code> option. To force bash to use another file, instead of the
+ <code class="literal">~/.bashrc</code> file on start-up, the
+ <code class="literal">--rcfile</code> option may be used.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_a2"></a>Now, you know what you should do, to change the current directory to you Desktop. Just put a
+ <code class="literal">cd ~/Desktop</code> into your
+ <code class="literal">~/.bashrc</code> and you are set!
+ </p>
+<p id="x_a3"></a>This example is quite a simple and lame one. The start-up files are used for a lot more complex things than this. You could set (or unset) aliases and a whole bunch of environment variables in the
+ <code class="literal">.bashrc</code>. We shall look at them, in the next section where we look at environment variables and
+ <code class="literal">set</code> command.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2. .vimrc">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="vimrc"></a>5.2. .vimrc</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_a4"></a>
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> is a file similar to
+ <code class="literal">.bashrc</code> for vim. It is a start-up file that vim reads and executes, each time it starts up. The options that you would like to be set every time you use vim, are placed in the
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file, so that they are automatically set each time vim starts. The recommended place for having your
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> is also your home directory.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_a5"></a>The file
+ <code class="literal">/etc/vimrc</code> is the global config file and shouldn't usually be edited. You can instead edit the
+ <code class="literal">~/.vimrc</code> file that is present in your home folder.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_a6"></a>There are a whole bunch of variables that you could set in the
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file. You can look at all the options available, using the
+ <code class="literal">:set all</code> command in vim. You could use the
+ <code class="literal">:help option_name</code> to get more information about the option that you want to set. Once you are comfortable with what you want to set a particular variable to, you could add it to
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code>. You should also look at
+ <code class="literal">:help vimrc</code> for more info on the
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file. If you already have a
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file, you can edit it from within vim, using
+ <code class="literal">:e $MYVIMRC</code> command. We shall look at some of the most commonly used options.
+ </p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="35">
+<col width="84">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_a7"></a>Command</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_a8"></a>Vim action</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_a9"></a>
+ <code class="literal">set nocompatible</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_aa"></a>Explicitly disable compatibility with vi</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">set backspace=indent,eol,start</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd><p></p></dd>
+</dl></div>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_ab"></a>In the insert mode, vim allows the backspace key to delete white spaces at the start of line, line breaks and the character before which insert mode started.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_ac"></a>set autoindent</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_ad"></a>Vim indents a new line with the same indentation of the previous line.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_ae"></a>set backup</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_af"></a>Vim keeps a backup copy of a file when overwriting it.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b0"></a>set history=50</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b1"></a>Vim keeps 50 commands and 50 search patterns in the history.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b2"></a>set ruler</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b3"></a>Displays the current cursor position in the lower right corner of the vim window.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b4"></a>set showcmd</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b5"></a>Displays the incomplete command in the lower right corner.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b6"></a>set incsearch</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_b7"></a>Turns on incremental searching. Displays search results while you type.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p id="x_b8"></a>You can see the effect of the changes made to your
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file by restarting vim. If you want to see the changes that you made to your
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file immediately, you could source the file from within vim.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_b9"></a>If the
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file has been sourced when this instance of vim was started, you could just resource the file again:
+ </p>
+<p id="x_ba"></a>:so $MYVIMRC</p>
+<p id="x_bb"></a>If you just created the
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file or it was not sourced when you stared this instance of vim, just replace the
+ <code class="literal">$MYVIMRC</code> variable above, with the location of the
+ <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file that you created/edited.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. Subshells and source">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="subshells-and-source"></a>6. Subshells and
+ <code class="literal">source</code>
+ </h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_bc"></a>A subshell is just a separate instance of the shell which is a child process of the shell that launches it. Bash creates a subshell in various circumstances. Creation of subshells allows the execution of various processes simultaneously.</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_bd"></a>When an external command is executed, a new subshell is created. Any built-in commands of bash are executed with int the same shell, and no new subshell is started. When an external command is run, the bash shell copies itself (along with it's environment) creating a subshell and the process is changed to the external command executed. The subshell is a child process of this shell.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_be"></a>Any pipes being used, create a subshell. The commands on the input and output ends of the pipe are run in different subshells.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_bf"></a>You could also, explicitly tell bash to start a subshell by enclosing a list of commands between parentheses. Each of the commands in the list is executed within a single new subshell.</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_c0"></a>To avoid creating a subshell, when running a shell script, you could use the
+ <code class="literal">source</code> command. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">$ source script.sh
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_c1"></a>This will run the
+ <code class="literal">script.sh</code> within the present shell without creating a subshell. The
+ <code class="literal">.</code> command is an alias for the source command.
+ <code class="literal">. script.sh</code> is therefore equivalent to
+ <code class="literal">source script.sh</code>.
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch04-handout.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 1. </title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="chap04_handout">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2325149">LaTeX</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex-latex">1. TeX & LaTeX</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex">1.1. TeX</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">1.2. LaTeX</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#wysiwg-vs-wysiwm">2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hello-world">3. Hello World</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiling-output">3.1. Compiling & Output</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#a-peek-at-the-source">3.2. A peek at the source</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#where-do-we-want-to-go">4. Where do we want to go</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-basics">5. Some Basics</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#spaces">5.1. Spaces</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#line-page-breaks">5.2. Line & Page Breaks</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#paragraphs">5.3. Paragraphs</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#special-characters">5.4. Special Characters</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">5.5. Commands</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#environments">5.6. Environments</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-structural-elements">6. Some Structural Elements</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#documentclass">6.1.
+ <code class="literal">\documentclass</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parts-chapters-and-sections">6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#top-matter">6.3. Top Matter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#abstract">6.4. Abstract</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#appendices">6.5. Appendices</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#table-of-contents">6.6. Table of Contents</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#elementary-text-typesetting">7. Elementary Text Typesetting</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#emphasizing">7.1. Emphasizing</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quotation-marks">7.2. Quotation Marks</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dashes-and-hyphens">7.3. Dashes and Hyphens</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#footnotes">7.4. Footnotes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#flushleft-flushright-and-center">7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#itemize-enumerate-and-description">7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quote-quotation-and-verse">7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#verbatim">7.8. Verbatim</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tables-figures-and-captions">8. Tables, Figures and Captions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-tabular-environment">8.1. The
+ <code class="literal">\tabular</code> environment
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-graphics">8.2. Importing Graphics</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#floats">8.3. Floats</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#captions">8.4. Captions</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#list-of-figures-tables">8.5. List of Figures, Tables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#cross-references">8.6. Cross References</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibliography">9. Bibliography</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#thebibliography-environment">9.1.
+ <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex">9.2. BibTeX</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#typesetting-math">10. Typesetting Math</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#math-mode">10.1. Math Mode</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#single-equations">10.2. Single Equations</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-elements">10.3. Basic Elements</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#multiple-equations">10.4. Multiple Equations</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#arrays-and-matrices">10.5. Arrays and Matrices</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#miscellaneous-stuff">11. Miscellaneous Stuff</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#presentations">11.1. Presentations</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-code">11.2. Including Code</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-files">11.3. Including files</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#recommended-reading">12. Recommended Reading</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="LaTeX">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2325149"></a>LaTeX</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex-latex">1. TeX & LaTeX</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex">1.1. TeX</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">1.2. LaTeX</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#wysiwg-vs-wysiwm">2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hello-world">3. Hello World</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiling-output">3.1. Compiling & Output</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#a-peek-at-the-source">3.2. A peek at the source</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#where-do-we-want-to-go">4. Where do we want to go</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-basics">5. Some Basics</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#spaces">5.1. Spaces</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#line-page-breaks">5.2. Line & Page Breaks</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#paragraphs">5.3. Paragraphs</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#special-characters">5.4. Special Characters</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">5.5. Commands</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#environments">5.6. Environments</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-structural-elements">6. Some Structural Elements</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#documentclass">6.1.
+ <code class="literal">\documentclass</code>
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parts-chapters-and-sections">6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#top-matter">6.3. Top Matter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#abstract">6.4. Abstract</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#appendices">6.5. Appendices</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#table-of-contents">6.6. Table of Contents</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#elementary-text-typesetting">7. Elementary Text Typesetting</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#emphasizing">7.1. Emphasizing</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quotation-marks">7.2. Quotation Marks</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dashes-and-hyphens">7.3. Dashes and Hyphens</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#footnotes">7.4. Footnotes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#flushleft-flushright-and-center">7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#itemize-enumerate-and-description">7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quote-quotation-and-verse">7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#verbatim">7.8. Verbatim</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tables-figures-and-captions">8. Tables, Figures and Captions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-tabular-environment">8.1. The
+ <code class="literal">\tabular</code> environment
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-graphics">8.2. Importing Graphics</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#floats">8.3. Floats</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#captions">8.4. Captions</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#list-of-figures-tables">8.5. List of Figures, Tables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#cross-references">8.6. Cross References</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibliography">9. Bibliography</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#thebibliography-environment">9.1.
+ <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment
+ </a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex">9.2. BibTeX</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#typesetting-math">10. Typesetting Math</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#math-mode">10.1. Math Mode</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#single-equations">10.2. Single Equations</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-elements">10.3. Basic Elements</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#multiple-equations">10.4. Multiple Equations</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#arrays-and-matrices">10.5. Arrays and Matrices</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#miscellaneous-stuff">11. Miscellaneous Stuff</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#presentations">11.1. Presentations</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-code">11.2. Including Code</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-files">11.3. Including files</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#recommended-reading">12. Recommended Reading</a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>Introduction
+ <p id="x_c8"></a>LaTeX is a typesetting program used to produce excellently typeset documents. It is extensively used for producing high quality scientific and mathematical documents. It may also be used for producing other kinds of documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters</p>
+<div class="section" title="1. TeX & LaTeX">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="tex-latex"></a>1. TeX & LaTeX</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="1.1. TeX">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="tex"></a>1.1. TeX</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_c9"></a>TeX is a typesetting system designed by Donald Knuth, the renowned Computer Scientist and Emeritus professor at Stanford University. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style formatting defined, so that content looks as intended.</p>
+<p id="x_ca"></a>It was designed with two goals in mind-</p>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_cb"></a>To allow anybody to produce high-quality books using a reasonable amount of effort.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_cc"></a>To provide a system that would give the exact same results on all computers, now and in the future</p></li>
+</ol></div>
+<p id="x_cd"></a>TeX is well known for it's stability and portability.</p>
+<p id="x_ce"></a>TeX is pronounced as "tech".</p>
+<p id="x_cf"></a>The current version of TeX is 3.1415926 and is converging to π.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="1.2. LaTeX">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="latex"></a>1.2. LaTeX</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_d0"></a>LaTeX was originally written by Leslie Lamport in the early 1980s. It is an extension of TeX, consisting of TeX macros and a program to parse the LaTeX files. It is easier to use than TeX itself, at the same time producing the same quality of output.</p>
+<p id="x_d1"></a>LaTeX is pronounced either as "Lah-tech" or "Lay-tech"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="wysiwg-vs-wysiwm"></a>2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_d2"></a>WYSIWG is an acronym for "What You See Is What You Get". Word processors, are typically WYSIWG tools. LaTeX, TeX or other TeX based tools are not. They are typesetting or text formatting or document description programs. They can be called WYSIWM or "What You See Is What you Mean" systems, since you give a description of how things look, and LaTeX typesets the document for you.</p>
+<p id="x_d3"></a>Here are a few reasons, why you should use LaTeX -</p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d4"></a>LaTeX produces documents with excellent visual quality, especially mathematical and scientific documents.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d5"></a>It does the typesetting to you. Typically, when one works with a word-processor, the user is doing the text formatting or typesetting along with typing out the content. LaTeX allows the user to concentrate on the content leaving aside the typesetting to LaTeX.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d6"></a>It is light on your resources as compared to most of the word processors available today.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d7"></a>It is well known for it's stability and for it's virtually bug free code base.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d8"></a>It encourages users to structure documents by meaning rather than appearance, thereby helping produce well structured documents.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d9"></a>It uses plain text files as input, which have a lot of well known advantages over binary files. To state a few, they can be opened with any editor on any operating system, they are smaller in size compared to the binaries, can be version controlled and can be processed using widely used text processing utilities.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_da"></a>The output can be generated in more than one formats.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_db"></a>It is free software (free as in freedom) and gratis too.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_dc"></a>It is widely used.</p></li>
+</ul></div></blockquote></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Hello World">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="hello-world"></a>3. Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_dd"></a>OK, let's get started with our first LaTeX document. Open up your favorite editor and type in the following code.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">%hello.tex - First LaTeX document
+\documentclass{article}
+
+\begin{document}
+ Hello, World!
+\end{document}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_de"></a>Save the file as
+ <code class="literal">hello.tex</code> and open up a terminal to compile your
+ <code class="literal">tex</code> file to get the output in a
+ <code class="literal">pdf</code> format.
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="3.1. Compiling & Output">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="compiling-output"></a>3.1. Compiling & Output</h3></div></div></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">$pdflatex hello.tex
+
+Output written on hello.pdf (1 page, 5733 bytes).
+Transcript written on hello.log.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_df"></a>Open the
+ <code class="literal">hello.pdf</code> to see the output as shown.
+ </p>
+<div class="mediaobject"><img src="examples/hello.jpg"></div>
+<p id="x_e0"></a>Note: The command
+ <code class="literal">latex</code> is often used to get the
+ <code class="literal">dvi</code> output. But, throughout this course, we shall use pdflatex to compile our documents.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3.2. A peek at the source">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="a-peek-at-the-source"></a>3.2. A peek at the source</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_e1"></a>
+ <code class="literal">%hello.tex - First LaTeX document</code>
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e2"></a>This line is a comment. LaTeX ignores this line and it is meant only for the human readers. LaTeX ignores anything after a
+ <code class="literal">%</code> symbol to the end of the line.
+ </p></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_e3"></a>
+ <code class="literal">\documentclass{article}</code>
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e4"></a>This line is a command and sets the
+ <code class="literal">documentclass</code> of the document to
+ <code class="literal">article</code>. LaTeX has other classes like
+ <code class="literal">report</code>,
+ <code class="literal">book</code>,
+ <code class="literal">letter</code>, etc. The typesetting of the document varies depending on the
+ <code class="literal">documentclass</code> of the document.
+ </p></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_e5"></a>
+ <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code>
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e6"></a>This line informs LaTeX that this is the beginning of the content of the document.</p></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_e7"></a>
+ <code class="literal">Hello, World!</code>
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e8"></a>This is the actual text displayed in the document.</p></blockquote></div>
+<p id="x_e9"></a>
+ <code class="literal">\end{document}</code>
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_ea"></a>This line tells LaTeX that the document is complete and LaTeX will simply ignore anything written after this line.</p></blockquote></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Where do we want to go">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="where-do-we-want-to-go"></a>4. Where do we want to go</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_eb"></a>During the course of this session we will learn how to do various things in LaTeX and try to produce the sample document provided.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Some Basics">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="some-basics"></a>5. Some Basics</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_ec"></a>Before we get started with creating the document, let's try to understand a few things that would be useful during the course of this session.</p>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. Spaces">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="spaces"></a>5.1. Spaces</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_ed"></a>LaTeX treats multiple empty spaces (or lines) as a single space (or line). An empty line between two lines of text is considered as a change of paragraphs.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2. Line & Page Breaks">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="line-page-breaks"></a>5.2. Line & Page Breaks</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_ee"></a>LaTeX usually does the job of breaking up your content into lines and pages, and does it well. But under some circumstances, you might want to instruct LaTeX to break line or start a new page at a particular point.</p>
+<p id="x_ef"></a>
+ <code class="literal">\\</code> or
+ <code class="literal">\newline</code> command is used to create a new line at the point where the command is issued. Appending
+ <code class="literal">*</code> to
+ <code class="literal">\\</code>, instructs LaTeX to create a new line, without creating a new page at that point.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.3. Paragraphs">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="paragraphs"></a>5.3. Paragraphs</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_f0"></a>As already mentioned, LaTeX considers an empty line between two lines of text as a new paragraph.
+ <code class="literal">\par</code> command may also be used to start a newline. It is equivalent to the blank line.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_f1"></a>By default LaTeX indents new paragraphs. If you do not wish to have the paragraph indented, you can use the
+ <code class="literal">\nointend</code> command at the beginning of the paragraph.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.4. Special Characters">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="special-characters"></a>5.4. Special Characters</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_f2"></a>LaTeX associates special meaning to the characters
+ <code class="literal">~ # $ % ^ & _ { } \</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_f3"></a>To have these characters in the text of your document, you need to prefix a backslash to them.
+ <code class="literal">\~ \# \% \$ \^ \& \_ \{ \} \textbackslash</code>
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.5. Commands">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="commands"></a>5.5. Commands</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f4"></a>All LaTeX commands start with a backslash
+ <code class="literal">\</code>.
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f5"></a>Like the commands in Linux, they are case sensitive.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f6"></a>They usually have a backslash followed by a consisting of letters only. Any character other than letters, like space, numbers or special characters terminate the command.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f7"></a>The commands for producing special characters in the text, is an exception. They contain a backslash followed by a single special character.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f8"></a>Commands may have parameters, which are supplied to them by enclosing them in curly braces
+ <code class="literal">{ }</code>.
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f9"></a>They may also have a few optional parameters which are added after the name in square brackets
+ <code class="literal">[ ]</code>.
+ </p></li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.6. Environments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="environments"></a>5.6. Environments</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_fa"></a>Environments are very similar to the commands, except that they effect larger parts of the document. For example, we used the
+ <code class="literal">document</code> environment in our first LaTeX document.
+ </p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_fb"></a>They begin with a
+ <code class="literal">\begin</code> and end with a
+ <code class="literal">\end</code>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_fc"></a>In general environments can be nested within each other.</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. Some Structural Elements">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="some-structural-elements"></a>6. Some Structural Elements</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="6.1. \documentclass">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="documentclass"></a>6.1.
+ <code class="literal">\documentclass</code>
+ </h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_fd"></a>As already stated, the
+ <code class="literal">documentclass</code> command tells LaTeX, the type of the document that you intend to create. Each class has a few differences in how the content of the document is typeset. We presently have it set to the article class. Let us try changing it to the report class.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_fe"></a>Note that the top matter of the document appears in a different page for the report class.</p>
+<p id="x_ff"></a>Some of the LaTeX classes that you may want to use are, article, proc, report, book, slides, letter.</p>
+<p id="x_100"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">documentclass</code> command also accepts a few optional parameters. For example:
+ </p>
+<p id="x_101"></a>\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside,draft]{report}</p>
+<p id="x_102"></a>
+ <code class="literal">12pt</code> specifies the size of the main font in the document. The relative sizes of the various fonts is maintained, when the font size is changed. If no size is specified,
+ <code class="literal">10pt</code> is assumed by default.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_103"></a>
+ <code class="literal">a4paper</code> specifies the size of the paper to be used for the document.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_104"></a>
+ <code class="literal">oneside</code> specifies that the document will be printed only on one side of the paper. The
+ <code class="literal">article</code> and
+ <code class="literal">report</code> classes are
+ <code class="literal">oneside</code> by default and the
+ <code class="literal">book</code> class is
+ <code class="literal">twoside</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_105"></a>
+ <code class="literal">draft</code> marks the hyphenation and justification problems in the document with a small square in the right hand margin of the document, so that they can be easily spotted.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_106"></a>Note: Everything written in between the
+ <code class="literal">\documentclass</code> command and the
+ <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> command is called the Preamble.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="parts-chapters-and-sections"></a>6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_107"></a>Often documents are divided into various parts, chapters, sections and subsections. LaTeX provides an intuitive mechanism to include this in your documents. It has various commands like
+ <code class="literal">part</code>,
+ <code class="literal">chapter</code>,
+ <code class="literal">section</code>,
+ <code class="literal">subsection</code>,
+ <code class="literal">subsubsection</code>,
+ <code class="literal">paragraph</code> and
+ <code class="literal">subparagraph</code>. Note that all these commands are not available in all the document classes. The
+ <code class="literal">chapter</code> command is available only in books and reports. Also, the
+ <code class="literal">letter</code> document class does not have any of these commands.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_108"></a>Let us now give our document some structure, using these commands.</p>
+<p id="x_109"></a>Note that you do not need to provide any numbers to the commands. LaTeX automatically takes care of the numbering. Also, you do not need to enclose the text of a block within
+ <code class="literal">\begin</code> and
+ <code class="literal">\end</code> commands. LaTeX starts a new block each time it finds a sectioning command. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\section[Short Title]{This is a very long title and the Short Title will appear in the Table of Contents.}
+
+
+</pre>
+<div class="section" title="6.2.1. Section Numbering">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="section-numbering"></a>6.2.1. Section Numbering</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_10a"></a>As already, you don't need to explicitly do any numbering in LaTeX. Parts are numbered using roman numerals; Chapters and sections are numbered using decimal numbers. When the table of contents is inserted into a document, all the numbered headings automatically appear in it.</p>
+<p id="x_10b"></a>By default LaTeX has numbering up 2 levels, i.e, the parts, chapters, sections and subsections are numbered. You can change this by setting the
+ <code class="literal">secnumdepth</code> counter using the
+ <code class="literal">\setcounter</code> command. The following command removes numbering of the subsections. Only parts, chapters and sections are numbered. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{1}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_10c"></a>A sectioning command appended with an asterisk gives an unnumbered heading that is not included in the table of contents. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\section*{Introduction}
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6.3. Top Matter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="top-matter"></a>6.3. Top Matter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_10d"></a>The information about the document such as it's title, the date, the author(s) information etc, is collectively known as the topmatter. Though there is no command called
+ <code class="literal">topmatter</code>, the term topmatter is frequently used in LaTeX documentation.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_10e"></a>Let us input the top matter for our document now. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\title{LaTeX - A How-to}
+\author{The FOSSEE Team}
+\date
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_10f"></a>The commands
+ <code class="literal">\title</code> and
+ <code class="literal">\author</code> are self explanatory. The
+ <code class="literal">\date</code> command automatically puts in today's date into the document. Now let us compile and look at the result.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_110"></a>You would observe that the details do not appear in the document after recompilation. This is because, LaTeX has not been instructed what to do with the top matter information that you have given it. Use the
+ <code class="literal">\maketitle</code> command within the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter information into the document.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6.4. Abstract">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="abstract"></a>6.4. Abstract</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_111"></a>Lets now place and abstract in the document using the
+ <code class="literal">abstract</code> environment of LaTeX. The abstract appears in the document after the topmatter but before the main body of the document. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{abstract}
+The abstract abstract.
+\end{abstract}
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6.5. Appendices">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="appendices"></a>6.5. Appendices</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_112"></a>LaTeX allows for separate numbering for appendices.
+ <code class="literal">\appendix</code> command indicates that the sections following are to be included in the appendix. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\appendix
+\chapter{First Appendix}
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6.6. Table of Contents">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="table-of-contents"></a>6.6. Table of Contents</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_113"></a>Parts, chapters or sections that have been auto numbered by LaTeX automatically appear in the Table of Contents (ToC).
+ <code class="literal">\tableofcontents</code> command places a the ToC, where the command has been issued.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_114"></a>The counter
+ <code class="literal">tocdepth</code> specifies the depth up to which headings appear in the ToC. It can be set using the
+ <code class="literal">\setcounter</code> command as shown below. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_115"></a>Unnumbered sections can be placed in the table of contents using the
+ <code class="literal">\addcontentsline</code> command as shown below. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\section*{Introduction}
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Introduction}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_116"></a>Note: To get the correct entries in your table of contents, you will need to run one extra compilation, each time. This is because, the entries of the table of contents are collected during each compilation of the document and utilized during the next compilation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7. Elementary Text Typesetting">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="elementary-text-typesetting"></a>7. Elementary Text Typesetting</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="7.1. Emphasizing">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="emphasizing"></a>7.1. Emphasizing</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_117"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>Italic</em></span> font is generally used to emphasize text. The
+ <code class="literal">\emph</code> command may be used to achieve this effect in LaTeX. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">This is the \emph{emphasized text}.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_118"></a>If the
+ <code class="literal">\emph</code> command is nested within another emphasize command, LaTeX emphasized that text using normal fonts. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_119"></a> <span class="emphasis"><em>This is emphasized text, and</em></span> this is emphasized text with normal font
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>, within</em></span> emphasized text.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7.2. Quotation Marks">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="quotation-marks"></a>7.2. Quotation Marks</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_11a"></a>When typing in LaTeX, the double quotation mark
+ <code class="literal">"</code> character shouldn't be used. The grave accent `
+ <code class="literal">
+ <code class="literal"> character produces the left quote and the apostrophe </code>'
+ </code> character produces the right quote. To obtain double quotes they are, each, used twice. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">`` Here is an example of putting `text' in quotes ''
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7.3. Dashes and Hyphens">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="dashes-and-hyphens"></a>7.3. Dashes and Hyphens</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_11b"></a>LaTeX has four dashes of different lengths. Three of them can be produces with different number of consecutive dashes. The short dashes are used for hyphens, slightly longer ones for number ranges and the longest ones for comments. The fourth one is a mathematical symbol, the minus sign. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">The names of these dashes are: `-' hyphen, `--' en-dash, `---' em-dash and `$-$' minus sign.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_11c"></a>The names for these dashes are: ‘‐’ hyphen, ‘–’ en-dash, ‘—’ em-dash and ‘−’ minus sign.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7.4. Footnotes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="footnotes"></a>7.4. Footnotes</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_11d"></a>With the command:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\footnote{footnote text}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_11e"></a>a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page. Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to. Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period.</p>
+<p id="x_11f"></a>Note: Look at the
+ <code class="literal">\marginpar</code> command to insert margin notes
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="flushleft-flushright-and-center"></a>7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_120"></a>The environments
+ <code class="literal">flushleft</code> and
+ <code class="literal">flushright</code> generate paragraphs that are either left- or right-aligned.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_121"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">center</code> environment generates centered text.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="itemize-enumerate-and-description"></a>7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_122"></a>LaTeX has three different environments for producing lists. Itemize, Enumerate and Description allow you to produce lists of various types in LaTeX.</p>
+<p id="x_123"></a>Itemize is used to produce unnumbered lists. The bullets of the list can be easily changed to use any character. Enumerate environment allows you to produce auto-numbered lists. The description environment, allows you to produce a list of definitions. These environments can be nested within each other, easily.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{itemize}
+ \item Now we move onto some elementary \emph{Text Typesetting}.
+ \item How do we get \emph{emphasized or italic text}?
+ \item \emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?
+ \item ``Beautiful is better than ugly.''
+\end{itemize}
+
+\begin{description}
+ \item[Description] This list is a description list.
+ \item[Enumerate] Numbered lists are often useful.
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item First
+ \item Second
+ \item Third
+ \item \ldots
+ \end{enumerate}
+ \item[Itemize] The list above this description list is an itemize list.
+\end{description}
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="quote-quotation-and-verse"></a>7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_124"></a>LaTeX provides a
+ <code class="literal">quote</code> environment that can be used for quoting, highlighting important material, etc. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">The Zen of Python
+\begin{quote}
+ The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
+
+ Beautiful is better than ugly.
+ Explicit is better than implicit.
+ Simple is better than complex.
+ Complex is better than complicated.
+ Flat is better than nested.
+ Sparse is better than dense.
+ Readability counts.
+ Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
+ Although practicality beats purity.
+ Errors should never pass silently.
+ Unless explicitly silenced.
+ In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
+ There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
+ Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
+ Now is better than never.
+ Although never is often better than *right* now.
+ If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
+ If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
+ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
+\end{quote}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_125"></a>LaTeX provides two other similar environments, the quotation and the verse environments.</p>
+<p id="x_126"></a>The quotation environment can be used for longer quotes which have several paragraphs, since it indents the first line of each paragraph.</p>
+<p id="x_127"></a>The verse environment may be used to quote verses or poems, since the line breaks are important in quoting them. The lines are separated using
+ <code class="literal">\\\\</code> at the end of a line and an empty line after each verse.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7.8. Verbatim">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="verbatim"></a>7.8. Verbatim</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_128"></a>The verbatim environment allows us to insert pre-formatted text in a LaTeX document. It is useful for inserting code samples within the document. The verbatim text needs to be enclosed between
+ <code class="literal">\begin{verbatim}</code> and
+ <code class="literal">\end{verbatim}</code>. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{verbatim}
+from numpy import *
+a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)
+\end{verbatim}
+
+from numpy import *
+a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_129"></a>To insert verbatim text in-line, the
+ <code class="literal">\verb</code> command can be used. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">The verb command allows placing \verb|verbatim text| in-line.
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_12a"></a>The | is just an example of a delimiter character. You can use any character except letters, * or space.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8. Tables, Figures and Captions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="tables-figures-and-captions"></a>8. Tables, Figures and Captions</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="8.1. The \tabular environment">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="the-tabular-environment"></a>8.1. The
+ <code class="literal">\tabular</code> environment
+ </h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_12b"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">tabular</code> environment allows you to typeset tables in LaTeX.
+ <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}[pos]{col fmt}</code> command can be used to specify the parameters of the table and start creating the table.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_12c"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">pos</code> argument specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text. It can take on the values
+ <code class="literal">t</code> for top,
+ <code class="literal">b</code> for bottom, or
+ <code class="literal">c</code> for center.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_12d"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">col fmt</code> argument specifies the formatting of the columns of the table. You need to explicitly specify the formatting for each of the columns in the table. The
+ <code class="literal">col fmt</code> argument can take on the following values.
+ </p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="4">
+<col width="12">
+<col width="37">
+</colgroup>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_12e"></a>
+ <code class="literal">l</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_12f"></a>left justified column content</p>
+ </td>
+<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_130"></a>
+ <code class="literal">r</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_131"></a>right justified column content</p>
+ </td>
+<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_132"></a>
+ <code class="literal">c</code>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_133"></a>centered column content</p>
+ </td>
+<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">*{n}{col}</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd><p></p></dd>
+</dl></div>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_134"></a>produces
+ <code class="literal">n</code> columns with the
+ <code class="literal">col</code> type of formatting
+ <code class="literal">*{3}{c}</code> is the same as {c c c}
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_135"></a>``|</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_136"></a>produces a vertical line.</p>
+ </td>
+<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p id="x_137"></a>Now we look at how to input the actual entries of the tables. Each horizontal row in a table is separated by
+ <code class="literal">\\</code>. Each column entry of a row is separated by
+ <code class="literal">&</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_138"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">\hline</code> command allows you to draw horizontal lines between two rows of the table. But it does not allow you do draw partial lines.
+ <code class="literal">\cline{a-b}</code> draws a horizontal line from column
+ <code class="literal">a</code> to column
+ <code class="literal">b</code>. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
+ \hline
+ \verb+l+ & left justified column content\\
+ \hline
+ \verb+r+ & right justified column content\\
+ \hline
+ \verb+c+ & centered column content\\
+ \hline
+ \verb+*{n}{col}+ & produces \verb+n+ columns with the\\
+ & \verb+col+ type of formatting\\
+ \cline{2-2}
+ &\verb+*{3}{c}+ is the same as \verb+{c c c}+ \\
+ \hline
+ \verb+|+ & produces a vertical line\\
+ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8.2. Importing Graphics">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="importing-graphics"></a>8.2. Importing Graphics</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_139"></a>To include images in LaTeX, we require to use an additional package known as
+ <code class="literal">graphicx</code>. To load a package, we use the
+ <code class="literal">\usepackage</code> directive in the preamble of the document. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_13a"></a>When compiling with
+ <code class="literal">pdflatex</code> command,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>jpg</strong></span>,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>png</strong></span>,
+ <span class="strong"><strong>gif</strong></span> and
+ <span class="strong"><strong>pdf</strong></span> images can be inserted.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\includegraphics[optional arguments]{imagename}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_13b"></a>A few
+ <code class="literal">optional arguments</code>:
+ </p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">width=x</code>,
+ <code class="literal">height=x</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<p id="x_13c"></a>If only the height or width is specified, the image is scaled, maintaining the aspect ratio.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">keepaspectratio</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<p id="x_13d"></a>This parameter can either be set to true or false. When set to true, the image is scaled according to both width and height, without changing the aspect ratio, so that it does not exceed both the width and the height dimensions.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
+<div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">scale=x</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<p id="x_13e"></a>Scale the image by a factor of
+ <code class="literal">x</code>. For example,
+ <code class="literal">scale=2</code>, will double the image size.
+ </p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="variablelist"><dl>
+<dt><span class="term">
+ <code class="literal">angle=x</code>
+ </span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p></p>
+<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_13f"></a>This option can be used to rotate the image by
+ <code class="literal">x</code> degrees, counter-clockwise.
+ </p></blockquote></div>
+</dd>
+</dl></div></blockquote></div>
+</blockquote></div>
+</blockquote></div>
+</blockquote></div>
+<pre class="programlisting">\includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8.3. Floats">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="floats"></a>8.3. Floats</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_140"></a>Tables and Figures need to be treated in a special manner, since they cannot be split over pages, and they are referred to as floats in LaTeX.</p>
+<p id="x_141"></a>When there is not enough space on a page, to fit in a table or figure, it is floated over to the next page filling up the current page with text. LaTeX has float environments called table and figure for tables and images, respectively.</p>
+<p id="x_142"></a>Anything enclosed within the table or figure environments will be treated as floats. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{figure}[pos] or
+\begin{table}[pos]
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_143"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">pos</code> parameter specifies the placement of the float. The possible values it can take are as follows.
+ </p>
+<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
+<colgroup>
+<col width="12">
+<col width="68">
+</colgroup>
+<thead><tr>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_144"></a>Specifier</p>
+ </th>
+<th>
+ <p id="x_145"></a>Permission</p>
+ </th>
+</tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_146"></a>h</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_147"></a>at approximately the same place where it occurs in the source</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_148"></a>t</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_149"></a>at the top of the page.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_14a"></a>b</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_14b"></a>at the bottom of the page.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_14c"></a>p</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_14d"></a>on a special page for floats only.</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_14e"></a>!</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_14f"></a>Override LaTeX's internal parameters for good positions</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_150"></a>H</p>
+ </td>
+<td>
+ <p id="x_151"></a>nearly equivalent to h!</p>
+ </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table></div>
+<p id="x_152"></a>Examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{figure}[h]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}
+\end{figure}
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8.4. Captions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="captions"></a>8.4. Captions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_153"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">\caption{text}</code> command allows you to add captions to images or tables. LaTeX automatically numbers your tables and figures and you need not include numbers in the captions that you write. The caption appears below or on top of the image (or table), depending on whether you place it after or before the
+ <code class="literal">importgraphics</code> (or
+ <code class="literal">tabular</code>) command.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_154"></a>\begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{lion_orig.png} \caption{CTAN lion drawing by Duane Bibby; thanks to www.ctan.org} \end{figure}</p>
+<p id="x_155"></a>The caption command also, like the section command, has the short caption optional parameter. The short caption will appear in the list of tables or figures.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8.5. List of Figures, Tables">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="list-of-figures-tables"></a>8.5. List of Figures, Tables</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_156"></a>LaTeX can automatically generate a List of Tables or Figures, with the table or figure numbers, the captions and page numbers on which they appear. This can be done using the
+ <code class="literal">\listoftables</code> or
+ <code class="literal">listoffigures</code> commands.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_157"></a>Note: Just like table of contents, these lists also require an extra compilation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8.6. Cross References">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="cross-references"></a>8.6. Cross References</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_158"></a>LaTeX has a very efficient mechanism of inserting cross-references in documents.</p>
+<p id="x_159"></a>The command
+ <code class="literal">\label{name}</code> is used to label figures, tables or segments of text.
+ <code class="literal">\ref{name}</code> refers to the object marked by the
+ <code class="literal">name</code> by it's numbering (figure, table, section etc.)
+ <code class="literal">\pageref{name}</code> gives the page number of the object which has been labeled with
+ <code class="literal">name</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_15a"></a>Note: Cross referencing also requires an extra compilation, like table of contents.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="9. Bibliography">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="bibliography"></a>9. Bibliography</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_15b"></a>Bibliography or references can be added to LaTeX documents in two ways - using the
+ <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment, or using BibTeX. Let's first look at using the
+ <code class="literal">\thebibliography</code> environment and then move on to BibTeX.
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="9.1. thebibliography environment">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="thebibliography-environment"></a>9.1.
+ <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment
+ </h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_15c"></a>Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the
+ <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the bibliography items within the bibliography environment.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_15d"></a>Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command
+ <code class="literal">\bibitem[label]{name}</code>. The name is used to cite the bibliography item within the document using
+ <code class="literal">\cite{name}</code>. The label option replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">He used this lion in the illustrations for D Knuth's original TeXbook\cite{DKnuth}, for L Lamport's LaTeX book\cite{LLamport}
+
+\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+ \bibitem{DKnuth} Donald E. Knuth (1984). \emph{The TeXbook} (Computers and Typesetting, Volume A). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
+
+ \bibitem{LLamport} Lamport, Leslie (1994). \emph{LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference}.
+ illustrations by Duane Bibby (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Professional.
+\end{thebibliography}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_15e"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">99</code> in the example above indicates the maximum width of the label that the references may get. We here assume that the number of Bibliography items will be less than 100. If your document has less than 10 references, you may want to replace
+ <code class="literal">99</code> with
+ <code class="literal">9</code>.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="9.2. BibTeX">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="bibtex"></a>9.2. BibTeX</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_15f"></a>The previous section explained the process of listing references at the end of a document and embedding cross references. In this section let us explore the BibTeX environment for keeping track of references.</p>
+<p id="x_160"></a>Using BibTeX is a very convenient method to use, when writing multiple documents in a single area or field. BibTeX allows you to create a database of all your references and use them as and when required.</p>
+<p id="x_161"></a>The BibTeX database is stored in a
+ <code class="literal">.bib</code> file. The structure of the file is quite simple and an example is shown below. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">@book{Lamport94,
+author = "Leslie Lamport",
+title = "A Document Preparation System: User's Guide and Reference",
+publisher = "Addison-Wesley Professional",
+year = "1994",
+edition = "second",
+note = "illustrations by Duane Bibby"
+}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_162"></a>Each bibliography entry starts with a declaration of the type of the reference being mentioned. The reference is in the above example is of the book type. BibTeX has a wide range of reference types, for example,
+ <code class="literal">article, book, conference, manual, proceedings, unpublished</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_163"></a>The type of reference is followed by a left curly brace, and immediately followed by the citation key. The citation key,
+ <code class="literal">Lamport94</code> in the example above is used to cite this reference using the command
+ <code class="literal">\cite{Lamport94}</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_164"></a>This is followed by the relevant fields and their values, listed one by one. Each entry must be followed by a comma to delimit one field from the other.</p>
+<p id="x_165"></a>To get your LaTeX document to use the bibliography database, you just add the following lines to your LaTeX document. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\bibliographystyle{plain}
+\bibliography{LaTeX}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_166"></a>Bibliography styles are files that tell BibTeX how to format the information stored in the
+ <code class="literal">.bib</code> database file. The style file for this example is
+ <code class="literal">plain.bst</code>. Note that you do not need to add the
+ <code class="literal">.bst</code> extension to the filename. If you wish to achieve a particular style of listing the bibliography items and citing them, you should use an appropriate style file.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_167"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">bibliography</code> command specifies the file that should be used as the database for references. The file used in this example is
+ <code class="literal">LaTeX.bib</code>
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="9.2.1. Compiling">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="compiling"></a>9.2.1. Compiling</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_168"></a>Adding BibTeX based references, slightly complicates the process of compiling the document to obtain the desired output. The exact workings of LaTeX and BibTeX will not be explained here. The procedure for obtaining the output (without any explanations) is as follows:</p>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_169"></a>Compile the
+ <code class="literal">.tex</code> file using
+ <code class="literal">pdflatex</code> -
+ <code class="literal">$pdflatex LaTeX(.tex)</code>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_16a"></a>Compile the
+ <code class="literal">.bib</code> file using
+ <code class="literal">bibtex</code> -
+ <code class="literal">$bibtex LaTeX(.bib)</code>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_16b"></a>Compile the
+ <code class="literal">.tex</code> file again.
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_16c"></a>Compile the
+ <code class="literal">.tex</code> file for one last time!
+ </p></li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="10. Typesetting Math">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="typesetting-math"></a>10. Typesetting Math</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_16d"></a>It is advisable to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset mathematics in LaTeX. It is a collection of packages and classes for mathematical typesetting.</p>
+<p id="x_16e"></a>We load
+ <code class="literal">amsmath</code> by issuing the
+ <code class="literal">\usepackage{amsmath}</code> in the preamble. Through out this section, it is assumed that the
+ <code class="literal">amsmath</code> package has been loaded.
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="10.1. Math Mode">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="math-mode"></a>10.1. Math Mode</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_16f"></a>There are a few differences between the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>math mode</em></span> and the
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>text mode</em></span>:
+ </p>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_170"></a>Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions, or have to be specified with special commands such as
+ <code class="literal">\</code>,
+ <code class="literal">\quad</code> or
+ <code class="literal">\qquad</code>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_171"></a>Empty lines are not allowed.</p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_172"></a>Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula, then you have to enter the text using the \text{...} command</p></li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="10.2. Single Equations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="single-equations"></a>10.2. Single Equations</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_173"></a>Mathematical equations can be inserted in-line within a paragraph (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>text style</em></span>), or the paragraph can be broken to typeset it separately (
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>display style</em></span>).
+ </p>
+<p id="x_174"></a>A mathematical equation within a paragraph is entered between
+ <code class="literal">$</code> and
+ <code class="literal">$</code>. Larger equations are set apart from the paragraph, by enclosing them within
+ <code class="literal">\begin{equation}</code> and
+ <code class="literal">\end{equation}</code>. If you don't wish to number a particular equation, the starred version of equation can be used.
+ <code class="literal">\begin{equation*}</code> and
+ <code class="literal">\end{equation*}</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_175"></a>The equation can also be cross referenced using the
+ <code class="literal">\label</code> and
+ <code class="literal">\eqref</code> commands.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="10.3. Basic Elements">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="basic-elements"></a>10.3. Basic Elements</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_176"></a>Greek Letters can are entered as
+ <code class="literal">\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, ...</code> for lowercase letters and
+ <code class="literal">\Alpha, \Beta, \Gamma, ...</code> for uppercase ones.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_177"></a>Exponents and subscripts can be typeset using the carat
+ <code class="literal">^</code> and the underscore
+ <code class="literal">_</code> respectively. Most of the math mode commands act only on the next character. If you want a command to affect several characters, they need to be enclosed in curly braces.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_178"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">\sqrt</code> command is used to typeset the square root symbol. LaTeX of the root sign is determined automatically. The nth root is generated with
+ <code class="literal">\sqrt[n]</code>.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_179"></a>To explicitly show a multiplication a dot may be shown.
+ <code class="literal">\cdot</code> could be used, which typesets the dot to the center.
+ <code class="literal">\cdots</code> is three centered dots while
+ <code class="literal">\ldots</code> sets the dots on the baseline. Besides that
+ <code class="literal">\vdots</code> for vertical and
+ <code class="literal">\ddots</code> can be used for diagonal dots.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_17a"></a>A fraction can be typeset with the command
+ <code class="literal">\frac{..}{..}</code>
+ </p>
+<p id="x_17b"></a>The integral operator is generated with
+ <code class="literal">\int</code>, the sum operator with
+ <code class="literal">\sum</code>, and the product operator with
+ <code class="literal">\prod</code>. The upper and lower limits are specified with
+ <code class="literal">^</code> and
+ <code class="literal">_</code> like subscripts and superscripts.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_17c"></a>LaTeX provides all kinds of braces as delimiters. The round and square brackets can be produces using the keys on the keyboard and appending a backslash. Other delimiters can be produced using special commands of LaTeX. Placing
+ <code class="literal">\left</code> in front of an opening delimiter and
+ <code class="literal">\right</code> in front of a closing delimiter, instructs LaTeX to automatically take care of the sizes of the delimiters.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="10.4. Multiple Equations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="multiple-equations"></a>10.4. Multiple Equations</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_17d"></a>Long formulae that run over several lines or equation systems, can be typeset using the
+ <code class="literal">align</code> or
+ <code class="literal">align*</code> environments.
+ <code class="literal">align</code> numbers each of the lines in the environment, and
+ <code class="literal">align*</code> as expected, does not number any of them.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_17e"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">&</code> is used to align the equations vertically and the
+ <code class="literal">\\</code> command is used to break the lines. Line numbering can be skipped for a particular line in the
+ <code class="literal">align</code> environment by placing a
+ <code class="literal">\nonumber</code> before the line break.
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{align}
+\alpha^2 + \beta^2 &= \gamma^2 \\
+\sum_{i=1}^ni &= \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\\
+\sqrt{-1} &= \pm1 \nonumber
+\end{align}
+
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="10.5. Arrays and Matrices">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="arrays-and-matrices"></a>10.5. Arrays and Matrices</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_17f"></a>To typeset arrays, use the
+ <code class="literal">array</code> environment. It works similar to the
+ <code class="literal">tabular</code> environment. The
+ <code class="literal">\\</code> command is used to break the lines. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{equation*}
+\mathbf{X} = \left(
+ \begin{array}{ccc}
+ a_1 & a_2 & \ldots \\
+ b_1 & b_2 & \ldots \\
+ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots
+ \end{array} \right)
+\end{equation*}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_180"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">array</code> environment can also be used to typeset piecewise functions by using a “.” as an invisible
+ <code class="literal">\right</code> delimiter :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{equation*}
+f(x) = \left\{
+ \begin{array}{rl}
+ 0 & \text{if } x \le 0\\
+ 1 & \text{if } x > 0
+ \end{array} \right.
+ \end{equation*}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_181"></a>Six different types of matrix environments are available in the
+ <code class="literal">amsmath</code> package for typesetting matrices. They essentially have different delimiters:
+ <code class="literal">matrix</code> (none),
+ <code class="literal">pmatrix</code> (,
+ <code class="literal">bmatrix</code> [,
+ <code class="literal">Bmatrix</code> {,
+ <code class="literal">vmatrix</code> | and
+ <code class="literal">Vmatrix</code> ‖. In these matrix environments, the number of columns need not be specified, unlike the
+ <code class="literal">array</code> environment. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{equation*}
+ \begin{matrix}
+ 1 & 2 \\
+ 3 & 4
+ \end{matrix} \qquad
+
+ \begin{bmatrix}
+ 1 & 2 & 3 \\
+ 4 & 5 & 6 \\
+ 7 & 8 & 9
+ \end{bmatrix}
+\end{equation*}
+
+</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="11. Miscellaneous Stuff">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="miscellaneous-stuff"></a>11. Miscellaneous Stuff</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="11.1. Presentations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="presentations"></a>11.1. Presentations</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_182"></a>LaTeX has quite a few options to produce presentation slides. We shall look at the
+ <code class="literal">beamer</code> class, which is well developed and easy to use. We shall only briefly look at some of the features of beamer. For the best documentation, look at the beamer user guide.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_183"></a>To write a
+ <code class="literal">beamer</code> presentation, it is recommended that you use one of the templates that beamer provides. We shall use the
+ <code class="literal">speaker_introduction</code> template to get started with beamer.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_184"></a>As you can see, the document begins with the
+ <code class="literal">documentclass</code> being set to beamer.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_185"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">\setbeamertemplate</code> command sets the template for various parameters. The
+ <code class="literal">background canvas</code>,
+ <code class="literal">headline</code> and
+ <code class="literal">footline</code> are being set using the command.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_186"></a>
+ <code class="literal">\usetheme</code> command sets the theme to be used in the presentation.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_187"></a>Notice that each slide is enclosed within
+ <code class="literal">\begin{frame}</code> and
+ <code class="literal">\end{frame}</code> commands. The
+ <code class="literal">\begin{frame}</code> command can be passed the Title and Subtitle of the slide as parameters.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_188"></a>To achieve more with beamer, it is highly recommended that you look at the
+ <code class="literal">beameruserguide</code>.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="11.2. Including Code">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="including-code"></a>11.2. Including Code</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_189"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">listings</code> package can be used to embed source code into your LaTeX document. We shall briefly explore inserting python code into our document.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_18a"></a>Obviously, you first need to tell LaTeX that you want it to use the
+ <code class="literal">listings</code> package, using the
+ <code class="literal">\usepackage</code> command. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\usepackage{listings}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_18b"></a>Then, we tell LaTeX that we are going to embed Python code into this document. A simple code highlighting for Python code can be achieved using this. :</p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\lstset{language=Python,
+ showstringspaces=false,
+ }
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_18c"></a>You might want to customize the code highlighting further using other variables like
+ <code class="literal">basicstyle</code>,
+ <code class="literal">commentstyle</code>,
+ <code class="literal">stringstyle</code>,
+ <code class="literal">keywordstyle</code> etc. For detailed information on all this, you should look at the
+ <code class="literal">listings</code> package documentation.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_18d"></a>You include a block of code into your document by enclosing it within the
+ <code class="literal">lstlisting</code> environment. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\begin{lstlisting}
+string="Hello, World! "
+for i in range(10):
+ print string*i
+\end{lstlisting}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_18e"></a>You can also include source code files directly into your latex document, using the
+ <code class="literal">lstinputlisting</code> command. :
+ </p>
+<pre class="programlisting">\lstinputlisting[lastline=20]{lstexample.py}
+
+</pre>
+<p id="x_18f"></a>This command includes the first 20 lines of the file
+ <code class="literal">lstexample.py</code> into out LaTeX document.
+ </p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="11.3. Including files">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="including-files"></a>11.3. Including files</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_190"></a>When working on a large document, it is convenient sometimes, to split the large file into smaller input files and club them together at the time of compiling.</p>
+<p id="x_191"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">\input</code> or
+ <code class="literal">\include</code> commands may be used to embed one LaTeX file into another. The
+ <code class="literal">\input</code> command is equivalent to a copy and paste of the document, just before the compilation. The
+ <code class="literal">\include</code> command is exactly similar, except for the fact that it creates a new page every time it is issued.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_192"></a>
+ <code class="literal">\input{file}</code> or
+ <code class="literal">\include{file}</code> commands will include the file
+ <code class="literal">file1.tex</code> with in the file where the command has been issued. Note that you do not need to specify the
+ <code class="literal">.tex</code> extension of the file.
+ </p>
+<p id="x_193"></a>The
+ <code class="literal">\includeonly</code> is useful for debugging or testing the LaTeX document that you are creating, since it restricts the
+ <code class="literal">\include</code> command. Only the files which are given as arguments to the
+ <code class="literal">\includeonly</code> command will be included in the document (wherever a
+ <code class="literal">\include</code> command for those files, has been issued).
+ </p>
+<div class="section" title="11.3.1. A note on filenames">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="a-note-on-filenames"></a>11.3.1. A note on filenames</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="x_194"></a>Never use filenames or directories that contain spaces. Make filenames as long or short as you would like, but strictly avoid spaces. Stick to upper or lower case letters (without accents), the digits, the hyphen and the full stop or period.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="12. Recommended Reading">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="recommended-reading"></a>12. Recommended Reading</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_195"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX Wikibook</em></span>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p id="x_196"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e</em></span> by Tobias Oetikar et al..
+ </p></li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch04-latex.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 1. </title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="hgbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 1. ">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2439024">Module 3: LaTeX</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#suggested-reading">1. Suggested Reading</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#session-level-split-up">2. Session Level Split-up</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Module 3: LaTeX">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2439024"></a>Module 3: LaTeX</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#suggested-reading">1. Suggested Reading</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#session-level-split-up">2. Session Level Split-up</a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>Module Objectives
+ <p><a name="x_1fd"></a>After completing this module, a participant will be successfully able to:</p>
+<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="-">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p><a name="x_1fe"></a>Produce professional documents in LaTeX. RBT Ap</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p><a name="x_1ff"></a>Typeset Mathematical equations. RBT Ap</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p><a name="x_200"></a>Include figures, tables and code samples. RBT Ap</p></li>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p><a name="x_201"></a>Add References and write BibTeX files. RBT Ap</p></li>
+</ul></div>
+<div class="section" title="1. Suggested Reading">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="suggested-reading"></a>1. Suggested Reading</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_202"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX Wikibook</em></span>
+ </p></li>
+<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_203"></a>
+ <span class="emphasis"><em>The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e</em></span> by Tobias Oetikar et. al.
+ </p></li>
+</ol></div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Session Level Split-up">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="session-level-split-up"></a>2. Session Level Split-up</h2></div></div></div>
+<p><a name="x_204"></a>+---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | Session | Topic | Duration| +=========+=================================+=========+ | 1 | Introduction, TeX & LaTeX | 5 min | | | WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM | | | | | | | | Hello World, Compiling, | 10 min | | | Where we want to go, Some Basics| | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | 2 | Some Structural Elements | 15 min | | | | | | | Top Matter,
+ <code class="literal">\documentclass</code>, | | | | Abstract, | | | | Sections, Chapters & Parts, | | | | Appendices, Table of Contents | | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | 3 | Emphasizing, Quotation marks, | 5 min | | | Dashes & Hyphens, Footnotes, | | | | Flushleft, Flushright & Center | | | | | | | | Enumerate, Itemize, Description,| 10 min | | | Quote, Quotation and Verse, | | | | Verbatim | | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | 4 |
+ <code class="literal">\tabular</code> environment, | 20 min | | | Importing Graphics, Floats, | | | | Captions, List of Figures, | | | | List of Tables, Cross References| | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | 5 |
+ <code class="literal">\thebibliography</code> | 10 min | | | environment, BibTeX | | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | 6 |
+ <code class="literal">\usepackage{amsmath}</code>, | 5 min | | | Single Equations | | | | | | | | Building blocks of an equation, | 15 min | | | Multiple Equations, Arrays and | | | | Matrices | | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | 7 |
+ <code class="literal">beamer</code>,
+ <code class="literal">listing</code>, | 10 min | | | Including files | | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+ | 8 | Exercises | 15 min | +---------+---------------------------------+---------+
+ </p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch1Introduction.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 1. Introduction</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="chapter" id="ch1Introduction">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2693294">Introduction to the Course</a></span></dt></dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Introduction to the Course">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2693294"></a>Introduction to the Course</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<p id="ch1Introduction_1">Engineering students use computers for a large number of curricular
+tasks – mostly computation centred. However, they do not see this as coding or programming tasks and usually are not even aware of the tools and
+techniques that will help them to handle these tasks better. This results
+in less than optimal use of their time and resources. This also causes
+difficulties when it comes tocollaboration and building on other people’s
+work. This course is intended to train such students in good software
+practices and tools for producing code and documentation.</p>
+<p id="ch1Introduction_2">fter successfully completing the program, the participants will be able to:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_3"></a>understand how software tools work together and how they can be used in tandem to carry out tasks,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_4"></a>use unix command line tools to carry out common (mostly text processing tasks,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_5"></a>to generate professional documents,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_6"></a>use version control effectively – for both code and documents,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_7"></a>automate tasks by writing shell scripts and python scripts,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_8"></a>realise the impact of coding style and readbility on quality,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_9"></a>write mid-sized programs that carry out typical engineering / numerical computations such as those that involve (basic) manipulation of large arrays in an efficient manner,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_a"></a>generate 2D and simple 3D plots,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_b"></a>debug programs using a standardised approach,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_c"></a>understand the importance of tests and the philosophy of Test Driven Development,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_d"></a>write unit tests and improve the quality of code.</p></span></span>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch1Introduction.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 1. Introduction</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="chapter" id="ch1Introduction">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2693294">Introduction to the Course</a></span></dt></dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Introduction to the Course">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2693294"></a>Introduction to the Course</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<p id="ch1Introduction_1">Engineering students use computers for a large number of curricular
+tasks – mostly computation centred. However, they do not see this as coding or programming tasks and usually are not even aware of the tools and
+techniques that will help them to handle these tasks better. This results
+in less than optimal use of their time and resources. This also causes
+difficulties when it comes tocollaboration and building on other people’s
+work. This course is intended to train such students in good software
+practices and tools for producing code and documentation.</p>
+<p id="ch1Introduction_2">fter successfully completing the program, the participants will be able to:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_3"></a>understand how software tools work together and how they can be used in tandem to carry out tasks,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_4"></a>use unix command line tools to carry out common (mostly text processing tasks,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_5"></a>to generate professional documents,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_6"></a>use version control effectively – for both code and documents,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_7"></a>automate tasks by writing shell scripts and python scripts,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_8"></a>realise the impact of coding style and readbility on quality,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_9"></a>write mid-sized programs that carry out typical engineering / numerical computations such as those that involve (basic) manipulation of large arrays in an efficient manner,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_a"></a>generate 2D and simple 3D plots,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_b"></a>debug programs using a standardised approach,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_c"></a>understand the importance of tests and the philosophy of Test Driven Development,</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch1Introduction_d"></a>write unit tests and improve the quality of code.</p></span></span>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch2intro.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 2. Basic Python</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="chapter" id="ch2intro">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2706129">Basic Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2705187">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757271">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757279">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757464">2.2. <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757589">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757696">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757731">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757854">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757903">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758097">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758126">5. The <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758163">6. The <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758232">7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758387">8. <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Basic Python">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2706129"></a>Basic Python</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2705187">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757271">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757279">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757464">2.2. <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757589">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757696">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757731">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757854">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757903">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758097">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758126">5. The <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758163">6. The <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758232">7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758387">8. <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method</a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="ch2intro_1"></a>This document is intended to be handed out at the end of the workshop. It has
+been designed for Engineering students who are Python beginners and have basic
+programming skills. The focus is on basic numerics and plotting using Python.</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black">The system requirements:</span><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_2"></a>Python - version 2.5.x or newer.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_3"></a>IPython</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_4"></a>Text editor - scite, vim, emacs or whatever you are comfortable with.</p></span></span></span></span></span><div class="section" title="1. Introduction">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2705187"></a>1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_5"></a>The Python programming language was created by a dutch named Guido van Rossum.
+The idea of Python was conceived in December 1989. The name Python has nothing
+to do with the reptilian, but its been named after the 70s comedy series
+"Monty Python's Flying Circus", since it happens to be Guido's favourite
+TV series.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_6"></a>Current stable version of Python is 2.6.x, although Python 3.0 is also the stable
+version, it is not backwards compatible with the previous versions and is hence
+not entirely popular at the moment. This material will focus on the 2.6.x series.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_7"></a>Python is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License (PSF License)
+which is GPL compatible Free Software license (excepting license version 1.6 and 2.0)
+It is a no strings attached license, which means the source code is free to modify
+and redistribute.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_8"></a>The Python docs define Python as "Python is an interpreted, object-oriented,
+high-level programming language with dynamic semantics." A more detailed summary
+can be found at </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html</div>
+<p>. Python is a language that
+has been designed to help the programmer concentrate on solving the problem at hand
+and not worry about the programming language idiosyncrasies.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_9"></a>Python is a highly cross platform compatible language on account of it being an
+interpreted language. It is highly scalable and hence has been adapted to run on
+the Nokia 60 series phones. Python has been designed to be readable and easy to use</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_a"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Resources available for reference</strong></span></p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_b"></a>Web: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.python.org</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_c"></a>Doc: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.python.org/doc</div></span><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black">Free Tutorials:</span><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_d"></a>Official Python Tutorial: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_e"></a>Byte of Python: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.byteofpython.info/</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_f"></a>Dive into Python: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://diveintopython.org/</div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p id="ch2intro_10"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Advantages of Python - Why Python??</strong></span></p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_11"></a>Python has been designed for readability and ease of use. Its been designed in
+such a fashion that it imposes readability on the programmer. Python does away
+with the braces and the semicolons and instead implements code blocks based on
+indentation, thus enhancing readability.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_12"></a>Python is a high level, interpreted, modular and object oriented language.
+Python performs memory management on its own, thus the programmer need not bother
+about allocating and deallocating memory to variables. Python provides extensibility
+by providing modules which can be easily imported similar to headers in C and
+packages in Java. Python is object oriented and hence provides all the object oriented
+characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_13"></a>Python offers a highly powerful interactive programming interface in the form
+of the 'Interactive Interpreter' which will be discussed in more detail in the
+following sections.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_14"></a>Python provides a rich standard library and an extensive set of modules. The
+power of Python modules can be seen in this slightly exaggerated cartoon
+</p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://xkcd.com/353/</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_15"></a>Python interfaces well with most other programming languages such as C, C++
+and FORTRAN.</p></span></span><p id="ch2intro_16"></a>Although, Python has one setback. Python is not fast as some of the compiled
+languages like C or C++. Yet, the amount of flexibility and power more than make
+up for this setback.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. The Python Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2757271"></a>2. The Python Interpreter</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="2.1. The Interactive Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757279"></a>2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_17"></a>Typing <span class="emphasis"><em>python</em></span> at the shell prompt on any standard Unix/Gnu-Linux system and
+hitting the enter key fires up the Python 'Interactive Interpreter'. The Python
+interpreter is one of the most integral features of Python. The prompt obtained
+when the interactive interpreter is similar to what is shown below. The exact
+appearance might differ based on the version of Python being used. The <code class="literal">>>></code>
+thing shown is the python prompt. When something is typed at the prompt and the
+enter key is hit, the python interpreter interprets the command entered and
+performs the appropriate action. All the examples presented in this document are
+to be tried hands on, on the interactive interpreter.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+[GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_18"></a>Lets try with an example, type <code class="literal">print 'Hello, World!'</code> at the prompt and hit
+the enter key.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print 'Hello, World!'
+Hello, World!</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_19"></a>This example was quite straight forward, and thus we have written our first
+line of Python code. Now let us try typing something arbitrary at the prompt.
+For example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> arbit word
+ File "<stdin>", line 1
+ arbit word
+ ^
+SyntaxError: invalid syntax
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1a"></a>The interpreter gave an error message saying that 'arbit word' was invalid
+syntax which is valid. The interpreter is an amazing tool when learning to
+program in Python. The interpreter provides a help function that provides the
+necessary documentation regarding all Python syntax, constructs, modules and
+objects. Typing <span class="emphasis"><em>help()</em></span> at the prompt gives the following output:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> help()
+
+Welcome to Python 2.5! This is the online help utility.
+
+If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
+the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
+
+Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
+Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
+return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
+
+To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
+"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
+of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
+such as "spam", type "modules spam".
+
+help></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1b"></a>As mentioned in the output, entering the name of any module, keyword or topic
+will provide the documentation and help regarding the same through the online
+help utility. Pressing <span class="emphasis"><em>Ctrl+d</em></span> exits the help prompt and returns to the
+python prompt.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_1c"></a>Let us now try a few examples at the python interpreter.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_1d"></a>Eg 1:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print 'Hello, python!'
+Hello, python!
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1e"></a>Eg 2:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print 4321*567890
+2453852690
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1f"></a>Eg 3:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> 4321*567890
+2453852690L
+>>></pre>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: Notice the 'L' at the end of the output. The 'L' signifies that the
+output of the operation is of type *long*. It was absent in the previous
+example because we used the print statement. This is because *print* formats
+the output before displaying.</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_20"></a>Eg 4:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> big = 12345678901234567890 ** 3
+>>> print big
+1881676372353657772490265749424677022198701224860897069000
+>>></pre>
+<pre class="programlisting"> This example is to show that unlike in C or C++ there is no limit on the
+value of an integer.</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_21"></a>Try this on the interactive interpreter:
+<code class="literal">import this</code></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_22"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Hint: The output gives an idea of Power of Python</em></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.2. ipython - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757464"></a>2.2. <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_23"></a>The power and the importance of the interactive interpreter was the highlight
+of the previous section. This section provides insight into the enhanced
+interpreter with more advanced set of features called <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>. Entering
+<span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> at the shell prompt fires up the interactive interpreter.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> $ ipython
+Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+IPython 0.8.4 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
+%quickref -> Quick reference.
+help -> Python's own help system.
+object? -> Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
+
+In [1]:</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_24"></a>This is the output obtained upon firing ipython. The exact appearance may
+change based on the Python version installed. The following are some of the
+various features provided by <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_25"></a>Suggestions - ipython provides suggestions of the possible methods and
+operations available for the given python object.</p></span><p id="ch2intro_26"></a>Eg 5:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> In [4]: a = 6
+
+In [5]: a.
+a.__abs__ a.__divmod__ a.__index__ a.__neg__ a.__rand__ a.__rmod__ a.__rxor__
+a.__add__ a.__doc__ a.__init__ a.__new__ a.__rdiv__ a.__rmul__ a.__setattr__
+a.__and__ a.__float__ a.__int__ a.__nonzero__ a.__rdivmod__ a.__ror__ a.__str__
+a.__class__ a.__floordiv__ a.__invert__ a.__oct__ a.__reduce__ a.__rpow__ a.__sub__
+a.__cmp__ a.__getattribute__ a.__long__ a.__or__ a.__reduce_ex__ a.__rrshift__ a.__truediv__
+a.__coerce__ a.__getnewargs__ a.__lshift__ a.__pos__ a.__repr__ a.__rshift__ a.__xor__
+a.__delattr__ a.__hash__ a.__mod__ a.__pow__ a.__rfloordiv__ a.__rsub__
+a.__div__ a.__hex__ a.__mul__ a.__radd__ a.__rlshift__ a.__rtruediv__</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_27"></a>In this example, we initialized 'a' (a variable - a concept that will be
+discussed in the subsequent sections.) to 6. In the next line when the <span class="emphasis"><em>tab</em></span> key
+is pressed after typing '<span class="emphasis"><em>a.</em></span>' ipython displays the set of all possible methods
+that are applicable on the object 'a' (an integer in this context). Ipython
+provides many such datatype specific features which will be presented in the
+further sections as and when the datatypes are introduced.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Editing and running a python file">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2757589"></a>3. Editing and running a python file</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_28"></a>The previous sections focused on the use of the interpreter to run python code.
+While the interpeter is an excellent tool to test simple solutions and
+experiment with small code snippets, its main disadvantage is that everything
+written in the interpreter is lost once its quit. Most of the times a program is
+used by people other than the author. So the programs have to be available in
+some form suitable for distribution, and hence they are written in files. This
+section will focus on editing and running python files. Start by opening a text
+editor ( it is recommended you choose one from the list at the top of this page ).
+In the editor type down python code and save the file with an extension <span class="strong"><strong>.py</strong></span>
+(python files have an extension of .py). Once done with the editing, save the
+file and exit the editor.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_29"></a>Let us look at a simple example of calculating the gcd of 2 numbers using Python:</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2a"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Creating the first python script(file)</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> $ emacs gcd.py
+ def gcd(x,y):
+ if x % y == 0:
+ return y
+ return gcd(y, x%y)
+
+ print gcd(72, 92)</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_2b"></a>To run the script, open the shell prompt, navigate to the directory that
+contains the python file and run <code class="literal">python <filename.py></code> at the prompt ( in this
+case filename is gcd.py )</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2c"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Running the python script</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> $ python gcd.py
+4
+$</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_2d"></a>Another method to run a python script would be to include the line</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2e"></a><code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/python</code></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2f"></a>at the beginning of the python file and then make the file executable by</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_30"></a>$ chmod a+x <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_31"></a>Once this is done, the script can be run as a standalone program as follows:</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_32"></a>$ ./<span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2757696"></a>4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_33"></a>Python provides the following set of basic datatypes.</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_34"></a>Numbers: int, float, long, complex</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_35"></a>Strings</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_36"></a>Boolean</p></span></span></span><div class="section" title="4.1. Numbers">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757731"></a>4.1. Numbers</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_37"></a>Numbers were introduced in the examples presented in the interactive interpreter
+section. Numbers include types as mentioned earlier viz., int (integers), float
+(floating point numbers), long (large integers), complex (complex numbers with
+real and imaginary parts). Python is not a strongly typed language, which means
+the type of a variable need not mentioned during its initialization. Let us look
+at a few examples.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_38"></a>Eg 6:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> a = 1 #here a is an integer variable</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_39"></a>Eg 7:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> lng = 122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #here lng is a variable of type long
+>>> lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999L #notice the trailing 'L'
+>>> print lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #notice the absence of the trailing 'L'
+>>> lng+1
+122333444455555666666777777788888889000000000L</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_3a"></a>Long numbers are the same as integers in almost all aspects. They can be used in
+operations just like integers and along with integers without any distinction.
+The only distinction comes during type checking (which is not a healthy practice).
+Long numbers are tucked with a trailing 'L' just to signify that they are long.
+Notice that in the example just lng at the prompt displays the value of the variable
+with the 'L' whereas <code class="literal">print lng</code> displays without the 'L'. This is because print
+formats the output before printing. Also in the example, notice that adding an
+integer to a long does not give any errors and the result is as expected. So for
+all practical purposes longs can be treated as ints.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_3b"></a>Eg 8:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> fl = 3.14159 #fl is a float variable
+>>> e = 1.234e-4 #e is also a float variable, specified in the exponential form
+>>> a = 1
+>>> b = 2
+>>> a/b #integer division
+0
+>>> a/fl #floating point division
+0.31831015504887655
+>>> e/fl
+3.9279473133031364e-05</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_3c"></a>Floating point numbers, simply called floats are real numbers with a decimal point.
+The example above shows the initialization of a float variable. Shown also in this
+example is the difference between integer division and floating point division.
+'a' and 'b' here are integer variables and hence the division gives 0 as the quotient.
+When either of the operands is a float, the operation is a floating point division,
+and the result is also a float as illustrated.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_3d"></a>Eg 9:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> cplx = 3 + 4j #cplx is a complex variable
+>>> cplx
+(3+4j)
+>>> print cplx.real #prints the real part of the complex number
+3.0
+>>> print cplx.imag #prints the imaginary part of the complex number
+4.0
+>>> print cplx*fl #multiplies the real and imag parts of the complex number with the multiplier
+(9.42477+12.56636j)
+>>> abs(cplx) #returns the absolute value of the complex number
+5.0</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_3e"></a>Python provides a datatype for complex numbers. Complex numbers are initialized
+as shown in the example above. The <span class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>imag</em></span> operators return the real and
+imaginary parts of the complex number as shown. The <span class="emphasis"><em>abs()</em></span> returns the absolute
+value of the complex number.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. Variables">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757854"></a>4.2. Variables</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_3f"></a>Variables are just names that represent a value. Variables have already been
+introduced in the various examples from the previous sections. Certain rules about
+using variables:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_40"></a>Variables have to be initialized or assigned a value before being used.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_41"></a>Variable names can consist of letters, digits and underscores(_).</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_42"></a>Variable names cannot begin with digits, but can contain digits in them.</p></span></span></span><p id="ch2intro_43"></a>In reference to the previous section examples, 'a', 'b', 'lng', 'fl', 'e' and 'cplx'
+are all variables of various datatypes.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: Python is not a strongly typed language and hence an integer variable can at a
+later stage be used as a float variable as well.</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.3. Strings">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757903"></a>4.3. Strings</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_44"></a>Strings are one of the essential data structures of any programming language.
+The <code class="literal">print "Hello, World!"</code> program was introduced in the earlier section, and
+the <span class="emphasis"><em>"Hello, World!"</em></span> in the print statement is a string. A string is basically
+a set of characters. Strings can be represented in various ways shown below:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> s = 'this is a string' # a string variable can be represented using single quotes
+s = 'This one has "quotes" inside!' # The string can have quotes inside it as shown
+s = "I have 'single-quotes' inside!"
+l = "A string spanning many lines\
+one more line\
+yet another" # a string can span more than a single line.
+t = """A triple quoted string does # another way of representing multiline strings.
+not need to be escaped at the end and
+"can have nested quotes" etc."""</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_45"></a>Try the following on the interpreter:
+<code class="literal">s = 'this is a string with 'quotes' of similar kind'</code></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_46"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Exercise: How to use single quotes within single quotes in a string as shown
+in the above example without getting an error?</strong></span></p>
+<div class="section" title="4.3.1. String operations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id2757955"></a>4.3.1. String operations</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_47"></a>A few basic string operations are presented here.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_48"></a><span class="strong"><strong>String concatenation</strong></span>
+String concatenation is done by simple addition of two strings.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = 'Hello'
+>>> y = ' Python'
+>>> print x+y
+Hello Python</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_49"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> somenum = 13
+>>> print x+somenum</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_4a"></a>The problem with the above example is that here a string variable and an integer
+variable are trying to be concantenated. To obtain the desired result from the
+above example the str(), repr() and the `` can be used.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_4b"></a><span class="strong"><strong>str()</strong></span> simply converts a value to a string in a reasonable form.
+<span class="strong"><strong>repr()</strong></span> creates a string that is a representation of the value.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_4c"></a>The difference can be seen in the example shown below:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> str(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+>>> repr(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_4d"></a>It can be observed that the 'L' in the long value shown was omitted by str(),
+whereas repr() converted that into a string too. An alternative way of using
+repr(value) is <code class="literal">`value`</code>.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_4e"></a>A few more examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = "Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go
+to Pycon</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_4f"></a>In the above example, notice that the 'n'(newline) character is formatted and
+the string is printed on two lines. The strings discussed until now were normal
+strings. Other than these there are two other types of strings namely, raw strings
+and unicode strings.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_50"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Raw strings</strong></span> are strings which are unformatted, that is the backslashes() are
+not parsed and are left as it is in the string. Raw strings are represented with
+an 'r' at the start of a string.
+Let us look at an example</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = r"Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go \nto Pycon</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_51"></a>Note: The 'n' is not being parsed into a new line and is left as it is.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_52"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = r"Let's go to Pycon\"</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_53"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Unicode strings</strong></span> are strings where the characters are Unicode characters as
+opposed to ASCII characters. Unicode strings are represented with a 'u' at the
+start of the string.
+Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = u"Let's go to Pycon!"
+>>> print x
+Let's go to Pycon!</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.4. Boolean">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2758097"></a>4.4. Boolean</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_54"></a>Python also provides special Boolean datatype. A boolean variable can assume a
+value of either <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> (Note the capitalizations).</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_55"></a>Let us look at examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> t = True
+>>> f = not t
+>>> print f
+False
+>>> f or t
+True
+>>> f and t
+False</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. The while loop">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758126"></a>5. The <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_56"></a>The Python <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop is similar to the C/C++ while loop. The syntax is as
+follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> statement 0
+while condition:
+ statement 1 #while block
+ statement 2 #while block
+statement 3 #outside the while block.</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_57"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = 1
+>>> while x <= 5:
+... print x
+... x += 1
+...
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. The if conditional">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758163"></a>6. The <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_58"></a>The Python <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> block provides the conditional execution of statements.
+If the condition evaluates as true the block of statements defined under the if
+block are executed.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_59"></a>If the first block is not executed on account of the condition not being satisfied,
+the set of statements in the <span class="strong"><strong>else</strong></span> block are executed.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_5a"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>elif</strong></span> block provides the functionality of evaluation of multiple conditions
+as shown in the example.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_5b"></a>The syntax is as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> if condition :
+ statement_1
+ statement_2
+
+elif condition:
+ statement_3
+ statement_4
+else:
+ statement_5
+ statement_6</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_5c"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> n = raw_input("Input a number:")
+>>> if n < 0:
+ print n," is negative"
+ elif n > 0:
+ print n," is positive"
+ else:
+ print n, " is 0"</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7. raw_input()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758232"></a>7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_5d"></a>In the previous example we saw the call to the raw_input() subroutine.
+The <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> method is used to take user inputs through the console.
+Unlike <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> which assumes the data entered by the user as a standard python
+expression, <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> treats all the input data as raw data and converts
+everything into a string. To illustrate this let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+121
+
+>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'PythonFreak' is not defined</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_5e"></a>As shown above the <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the data entered is a valid Python
+expression. In the first call it prompts for an integer input and when entered
+it accepts the integer as an integer, whereas in the second call, when the string
+is entered without the quotes, <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the entered data is a valid
+Python expression and hence it raises and exception saying PythonFreak is not
+defined.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:'PythonFreak'
+'PythonFreak'
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_5f"></a>Here the name is accepted because its entered as a string (within quotes). But
+its unreasonable to go on using quotes each time a string is entered. Hence the
+alternative is to use <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_60"></a>Let us now look at how <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> operates with an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> raw_input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+'PythonFreak'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_61"></a>Observe that the <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting it into a string all by itself.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+'121'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_62"></a>Observe that <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting the integer 121 also to a string as
+'121'. Let us look at another example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+>>> pal + 2
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
+>>> pal
+'121'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_63"></a>Observe here that the variable <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> is a string and hence integer operations
+cannot be performed on it. Hence the exception is raised.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8. int() method">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758387"></a>8. <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_64"></a>Generally for computing purposes, the data used is not strings or raw data but
+on integers, floats and similar mathematical data structures. The data obtained
+from <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is raw data in the form of strings. In order to obtain integers
+from strings we use the method <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_65"></a>Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> intpal = int(pal)
+>>> intpal
+121</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_66"></a>In the previous example it was observed that <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was a string variable. Here
+using the <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method the string <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was converted to an integer variable.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_67"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try This Yourself:</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> stringvar = raw_input("Enter a name:")
+Enter a name:Guido Van Rossum
+>>> stringvar
+'Guido Van Rossum'
+>>> numvar = int(stringvar)</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch2intro.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 2. Basic Python</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
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+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="chapter" id="ch2intro">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2706129">Basic Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2705187">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757271">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757279">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757464">2.2. <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757589">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757696">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757731">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757854">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757903">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758097">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758126">5. The <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758163">6. The <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758232">7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758387">8. <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Basic Python">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2706129"></a>Basic Python</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2705187">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757271">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757279">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757464">2.2. <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757589">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757696">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757731">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757854">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2757903">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758097">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758126">5. The <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758163">6. The <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758232">7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2758387">8. <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method</a></span></dt>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="ch2intro_1"></a>This document is intended to be handed out at the end of the workshop. It has
+been designed for Engineering students who are Python beginners and have basic
+programming skills. The focus is on basic numerics and plotting using Python.</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black">The system requirements:</span><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_2"></a>Python - version 2.5.x or newer.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_3"></a>IPython</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_4"></a>Text editor - scite, vim, emacs or whatever you are comfortable with.</p></span></span></span></span></span><div class="section" title="1. Introduction">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2705187"></a>1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_5"></a>The Python programming language was created by a dutch named Guido van Rossum.
+The idea of Python was conceived in December 1989. The name Python has nothing
+to do with the reptilian, but its been named after the 70s comedy series
+"Monty Python's Flying Circus", since it happens to be Guido's favourite
+TV series.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_6"></a>Current stable version of Python is 2.6.x, although Python 3.0 is also the stable
+version, it is not backwards compatible with the previous versions and is hence
+not entirely popular at the moment. This material will focus on the 2.6.x series.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_7"></a>Python is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License (PSF License)
+which is GPL compatible Free Software license (excepting license version 1.6 and 2.0)
+It is a no strings attached license, which means the source code is free to modify
+and redistribute.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_8"></a>The Python docs define Python as "Python is an interpreted, object-oriented,
+high-level programming language with dynamic semantics." A more detailed summary
+can be found at </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html</div>
+<p>. Python is a language that
+has been designed to help the programmer concentrate on solving the problem at hand
+and not worry about the programming language idiosyncrasies.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_9"></a>Python is a highly cross platform compatible language on account of it being an
+interpreted language. It is highly scalable and hence has been adapted to run on
+the Nokia 60 series phones. Python has been designed to be readable and easy to use</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_a"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Resources available for reference</strong></span></p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_b"></a>Web: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.python.org</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_c"></a>Doc: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.python.org/doc</div></span><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black">Free Tutorials:</span><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_d"></a>Official Python Tutorial: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_e"></a>Byte of Python: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://www.byteofpython.info/</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_f"></a>Dive into Python: </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://diveintopython.org/</div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><p id="ch2intro_10"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Advantages of Python - Why Python??</strong></span></p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_11"></a>Python has been designed for readability and ease of use. Its been designed in
+such a fashion that it imposes readability on the programmer. Python does away
+with the braces and the semicolons and instead implements code blocks based on
+indentation, thus enhancing readability.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_12"></a>Python is a high level, interpreted, modular and object oriented language.
+Python performs memory management on its own, thus the programmer need not bother
+about allocating and deallocating memory to variables. Python provides extensibility
+by providing modules which can be easily imported similar to headers in C and
+packages in Java. Python is object oriented and hence provides all the object oriented
+characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_13"></a>Python offers a highly powerful interactive programming interface in the form
+of the 'Interactive Interpreter' which will be discussed in more detail in the
+following sections.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_14"></a>Python provides a rich standard library and an extensive set of modules. The
+power of Python modules can be seen in this slightly exaggerated cartoon
+</p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://xkcd.com/353/</div></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_15"></a>Python interfaces well with most other programming languages such as C, C++
+and FORTRAN.</p></span></span><p id="ch2intro_16"></a>Although, Python has one setback. Python is not fast as some of the compiled
+languages like C or C++. Yet, the amount of flexibility and power more than make
+up for this setback.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. The Python Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2757271"></a>2. The Python Interpreter</h2></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="2.1. The Interactive Interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757279"></a>2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_17"></a>Typing <span class="emphasis"><em>python</em></span> at the shell prompt on any standard Unix/Gnu-Linux system and
+hitting the enter key fires up the Python 'Interactive Interpreter'. The Python
+interpreter is one of the most integral features of Python. The prompt obtained
+when the interactive interpreter is similar to what is shown below. The exact
+appearance might differ based on the version of Python being used. The <code class="literal">>>></code>
+thing shown is the python prompt. When something is typed at the prompt and the
+enter key is hit, the python interpreter interprets the command entered and
+performs the appropriate action. All the examples presented in this document are
+to be tried hands on, on the interactive interpreter.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+[GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
+Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_18"></a>Lets try with an example, type <code class="literal">print 'Hello, World!'</code> at the prompt and hit
+the enter key.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print 'Hello, World!'
+Hello, World!</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_19"></a>This example was quite straight forward, and thus we have written our first
+line of Python code. Now let us try typing something arbitrary at the prompt.
+For example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> arbit word
+ File "<stdin>", line 1
+ arbit word
+ ^
+SyntaxError: invalid syntax
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1a"></a>The interpreter gave an error message saying that 'arbit word' was invalid
+syntax which is valid. The interpreter is an amazing tool when learning to
+program in Python. The interpreter provides a help function that provides the
+necessary documentation regarding all Python syntax, constructs, modules and
+objects. Typing <span class="emphasis"><em>help()</em></span> at the prompt gives the following output:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> help()
+
+Welcome to Python 2.5! This is the online help utility.
+
+If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
+the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
+
+Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
+Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
+return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
+
+To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
+"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
+of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
+such as "spam", type "modules spam".
+
+help></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1b"></a>As mentioned in the output, entering the name of any module, keyword or topic
+will provide the documentation and help regarding the same through the online
+help utility. Pressing <span class="emphasis"><em>Ctrl+d</em></span> exits the help prompt and returns to the
+python prompt.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_1c"></a>Let us now try a few examples at the python interpreter.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_1d"></a>Eg 1:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print 'Hello, python!'
+Hello, python!
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1e"></a>Eg 2:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print 4321*567890
+2453852690
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_1f"></a>Eg 3:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> 4321*567890
+2453852690L
+>>></pre>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: Notice the 'L' at the end of the output. The 'L' signifies that the
+output of the operation is of type *long*. It was absent in the previous
+example because we used the print statement. This is because *print* formats
+the output before displaying.</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_20"></a>Eg 4:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> big = 12345678901234567890 ** 3
+>>> print big
+1881676372353657772490265749424677022198701224860897069000
+>>></pre>
+<pre class="programlisting"> This example is to show that unlike in C or C++ there is no limit on the
+value of an integer.</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_21"></a>Try this on the interactive interpreter:
+<code class="literal">import this</code></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_22"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Hint: The output gives an idea of Power of Python</em></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.2. ipython - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757464"></a>2.2. <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_23"></a>The power and the importance of the interactive interpreter was the highlight
+of the previous section. This section provides insight into the enhanced
+interpreter with more advanced set of features called <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>. Entering
+<span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> at the shell prompt fires up the interactive interpreter.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> $ ipython
+Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct 5 2008, 19:24:49)
+Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+IPython 0.8.4 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
+? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
+%quickref -> Quick reference.
+help -> Python's own help system.
+object? -> Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
+
+In [1]:</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_24"></a>This is the output obtained upon firing ipython. The exact appearance may
+change based on the Python version installed. The following are some of the
+various features provided by <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_25"></a>Suggestions - ipython provides suggestions of the possible methods and
+operations available for the given python object.</p></span><p id="ch2intro_26"></a>Eg 5:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> In [4]: a = 6
+
+In [5]: a.
+a.__abs__ a.__divmod__ a.__index__ a.__neg__ a.__rand__ a.__rmod__ a.__rxor__
+a.__add__ a.__doc__ a.__init__ a.__new__ a.__rdiv__ a.__rmul__ a.__setattr__
+a.__and__ a.__float__ a.__int__ a.__nonzero__ a.__rdivmod__ a.__ror__ a.__str__
+a.__class__ a.__floordiv__ a.__invert__ a.__oct__ a.__reduce__ a.__rpow__ a.__sub__
+a.__cmp__ a.__getattribute__ a.__long__ a.__or__ a.__reduce_ex__ a.__rrshift__ a.__truediv__
+a.__coerce__ a.__getnewargs__ a.__lshift__ a.__pos__ a.__repr__ a.__rshift__ a.__xor__
+a.__delattr__ a.__hash__ a.__mod__ a.__pow__ a.__rfloordiv__ a.__rsub__
+a.__div__ a.__hex__ a.__mul__ a.__radd__ a.__rlshift__ a.__rtruediv__</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_27"></a>In this example, we initialized 'a' (a variable - a concept that will be
+discussed in the subsequent sections.) to 6. In the next line when the <span class="emphasis"><em>tab</em></span> key
+is pressed after typing '<span class="emphasis"><em>a.</em></span>' ipython displays the set of all possible methods
+that are applicable on the object 'a' (an integer in this context). Ipython
+provides many such datatype specific features which will be presented in the
+further sections as and when the datatypes are introduced.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Editing and running a python file">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2757589"></a>3. Editing and running a python file</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_28"></a>The previous sections focused on the use of the interpreter to run python code.
+While the interpeter is an excellent tool to test simple solutions and
+experiment with small code snippets, its main disadvantage is that everything
+written in the interpreter is lost once its quit. Most of the times a program is
+used by people other than the author. So the programs have to be available in
+some form suitable for distribution, and hence they are written in files. This
+section will focus on editing and running python files. Start by opening a text
+editor ( it is recommended you choose one from the list at the top of this page ).
+In the editor type down python code and save the file with an extension <span class="strong"><strong>.py</strong></span>
+(python files have an extension of .py). Once done with the editing, save the
+file and exit the editor.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_29"></a>Let us look at a simple example of calculating the gcd of 2 numbers using Python:</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2a"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Creating the first python script(file)</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> $ emacs gcd.py
+ def gcd(x,y):
+ if x % y == 0:
+ return y
+ return gcd(y, x%y)
+
+ print gcd(72, 92)</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_2b"></a>To run the script, open the shell prompt, navigate to the directory that
+contains the python file and run <code class="literal">python <filename.py></code> at the prompt ( in this
+case filename is gcd.py )</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2c"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Running the python script</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> $ python gcd.py
+4
+$</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_2d"></a>Another method to run a python script would be to include the line</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2e"></a><code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/python</code></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_2f"></a>at the beginning of the python file and then make the file executable by</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_30"></a>$ chmod a+x <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_31"></a>Once this is done, the script can be run as a standalone program as follows:</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_32"></a>$ ./<span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span></p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2757696"></a>4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_33"></a>Python provides the following set of basic datatypes.</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_34"></a>Numbers: int, float, long, complex</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_35"></a>Strings</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_36"></a>Boolean</p></span></span></span><div class="section" title="4.1. Numbers">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757731"></a>4.1. Numbers</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_37"></a>Numbers were introduced in the examples presented in the interactive interpreter
+section. Numbers include types as mentioned earlier viz., int (integers), float
+(floating point numbers), long (large integers), complex (complex numbers with
+real and imaginary parts). Python is not a strongly typed language, which means
+the type of a variable need not mentioned during its initialization. Let us look
+at a few examples.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_38"></a>Eg 6:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> a = 1 #here a is an integer variable</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_39"></a>Eg 7:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> lng = 122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #here lng is a variable of type long
+>>> lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999L #notice the trailing 'L'
+>>> print lng
+122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #notice the absence of the trailing 'L'
+>>> lng+1
+122333444455555666666777777788888889000000000L</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_3a"></a>Long numbers are the same as integers in almost all aspects. They can be used in
+operations just like integers and along with integers without any distinction.
+The only distinction comes during type checking (which is not a healthy practice).
+Long numbers are tucked with a trailing 'L' just to signify that they are long.
+Notice that in the example just lng at the prompt displays the value of the variable
+with the 'L' whereas <code class="literal">print lng</code> displays without the 'L'. This is because print
+formats the output before printing. Also in the example, notice that adding an
+integer to a long does not give any errors and the result is as expected. So for
+all practical purposes longs can be treated as ints.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_3b"></a>Eg 8:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> fl = 3.14159 #fl is a float variable
+>>> e = 1.234e-4 #e is also a float variable, specified in the exponential form
+>>> a = 1
+>>> b = 2
+>>> a/b #integer division
+0
+>>> a/fl #floating point division
+0.31831015504887655
+>>> e/fl
+3.9279473133031364e-05</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_3c"></a>Floating point numbers, simply called floats are real numbers with a decimal point.
+The example above shows the initialization of a float variable. Shown also in this
+example is the difference between integer division and floating point division.
+'a' and 'b' here are integer variables and hence the division gives 0 as the quotient.
+When either of the operands is a float, the operation is a floating point division,
+and the result is also a float as illustrated.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_3d"></a>Eg 9:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> cplx = 3 + 4j #cplx is a complex variable
+>>> cplx
+(3+4j)
+>>> print cplx.real #prints the real part of the complex number
+3.0
+>>> print cplx.imag #prints the imaginary part of the complex number
+4.0
+>>> print cplx*fl #multiplies the real and imag parts of the complex number with the multiplier
+(9.42477+12.56636j)
+>>> abs(cplx) #returns the absolute value of the complex number
+5.0</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_3e"></a>Python provides a datatype for complex numbers. Complex numbers are initialized
+as shown in the example above. The <span class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>imag</em></span> operators return the real and
+imaginary parts of the complex number as shown. The <span class="emphasis"><em>abs()</em></span> returns the absolute
+value of the complex number.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. Variables">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757854"></a>4.2. Variables</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_3f"></a>Variables are just names that represent a value. Variables have already been
+introduced in the various examples from the previous sections. Certain rules about
+using variables:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_40"></a>Variables have to be initialized or assigned a value before being used.</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_41"></a>Variable names can consist of letters, digits and underscores(_).</p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch2intro_42"></a>Variable names cannot begin with digits, but can contain digits in them.</p></span></span></span><p id="ch2intro_43"></a>In reference to the previous section examples, 'a', 'b', 'lng', 'fl', 'e' and 'cplx'
+are all variables of various datatypes.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: Python is not a strongly typed language and hence an integer variable can at a
+later stage be used as a float variable as well.</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.3. Strings">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2757903"></a>4.3. Strings</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_44"></a>Strings are one of the essential data structures of any programming language.
+The <code class="literal">print "Hello, World!"</code> program was introduced in the earlier section, and
+the <span class="emphasis"><em>"Hello, World!"</em></span> in the print statement is a string. A string is basically
+a set of characters. Strings can be represented in various ways shown below:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> s = 'this is a string' # a string variable can be represented using single quotes
+s = 'This one has "quotes" inside!' # The string can have quotes inside it as shown
+s = "I have 'single-quotes' inside!"
+l = "A string spanning many lines\
+one more line\
+yet another" # a string can span more than a single line.
+t = """A triple quoted string does # another way of representing multiline strings.
+not need to be escaped at the end and
+"can have nested quotes" etc."""</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_45"></a>Try the following on the interpreter:
+<code class="literal">s = 'this is a string with 'quotes' of similar kind'</code></p>
+<p id="ch2intro_46"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Exercise: How to use single quotes within single quotes in a string as shown
+in the above example without getting an error?</strong></span></p>
+<div class="section" title="4.3.1. String operations">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id2757955"></a>4.3.1. String operations</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_47"></a>A few basic string operations are presented here.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_48"></a><span class="strong"><strong>String concatenation</strong></span>
+String concatenation is done by simple addition of two strings.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = 'Hello'
+>>> y = ' Python'
+>>> print x+y
+Hello Python</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_49"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> somenum = 13
+>>> print x+somenum</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_4a"></a>The problem with the above example is that here a string variable and an integer
+variable are trying to be concantenated. To obtain the desired result from the
+above example the str(), repr() and the `` can be used.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_4b"></a><span class="strong"><strong>str()</strong></span> simply converts a value to a string in a reasonable form.
+<span class="strong"><strong>repr()</strong></span> creates a string that is a representation of the value.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_4c"></a>The difference can be seen in the example shown below:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> str(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
+>>> repr(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
+'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_4d"></a>It can be observed that the 'L' in the long value shown was omitted by str(),
+whereas repr() converted that into a string too. An alternative way of using
+repr(value) is <code class="literal">`value`</code>.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_4e"></a>A few more examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = "Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go
+to Pycon</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_4f"></a>In the above example, notice that the 'n'(newline) character is formatted and
+the string is printed on two lines. The strings discussed until now were normal
+strings. Other than these there are two other types of strings namely, raw strings
+and unicode strings.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_50"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Raw strings</strong></span> are strings which are unformatted, that is the backslashes() are
+not parsed and are left as it is in the string. Raw strings are represented with
+an 'r' at the start of a string.
+Let us look at an example</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = r"Let's go \nto Pycon"
+>>> print x
+Let's go \nto Pycon</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_51"></a>Note: The 'n' is not being parsed into a new line and is left as it is.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_52"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = r"Let's go to Pycon\"</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_53"></a><span class="strong"><strong>Unicode strings</strong></span> are strings where the characters are Unicode characters as
+opposed to ASCII characters. Unicode strings are represented with a 'u' at the
+start of the string.
+Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = u"Let's go to Pycon!"
+>>> print x
+Let's go to Pycon!</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.4. Boolean">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2758097"></a>4.4. Boolean</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_54"></a>Python also provides special Boolean datatype. A boolean variable can assume a
+value of either <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> (Note the capitalizations).</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_55"></a>Let us look at examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> t = True
+>>> f = not t
+>>> print f
+False
+>>> f or t
+True
+>>> f and t
+False</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. The while loop">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758126"></a>5. The <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_56"></a>The Python <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop is similar to the C/C++ while loop. The syntax is as
+follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> statement 0
+while condition:
+ statement 1 #while block
+ statement 2 #while block
+statement 3 #outside the while block.</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_57"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> x = 1
+>>> while x <= 5:
+... print x
+... x += 1
+...
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. The if conditional">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758163"></a>6. The <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_58"></a>The Python <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> block provides the conditional execution of statements.
+If the condition evaluates as true the block of statements defined under the if
+block are executed.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_59"></a>If the first block is not executed on account of the condition not being satisfied,
+the set of statements in the <span class="strong"><strong>else</strong></span> block are executed.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_5a"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>elif</strong></span> block provides the functionality of evaluation of multiple conditions
+as shown in the example.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_5b"></a>The syntax is as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> if condition :
+ statement_1
+ statement_2
+
+elif condition:
+ statement_3
+ statement_4
+else:
+ statement_5
+ statement_6</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_5c"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> n = raw_input("Input a number:")
+>>> if n < 0:
+ print n," is negative"
+ elif n > 0:
+ print n," is positive"
+ else:
+ print n, " is 0"</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="7. raw_input()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758232"></a>7. <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
+</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_5d"></a>In the previous example we saw the call to the raw_input() subroutine.
+The <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> method is used to take user inputs through the console.
+Unlike <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> which assumes the data entered by the user as a standard python
+expression, <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> treats all the input data as raw data and converts
+everything into a string. To illustrate this let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+121
+
+>>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+ File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'PythonFreak' is not defined</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_5e"></a>As shown above the <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the data entered is a valid Python
+expression. In the first call it prompts for an integer input and when entered
+it accepts the integer as an integer, whereas in the second call, when the string
+is entered without the quotes, <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the entered data is a valid
+Python expression and hence it raises and exception saying PythonFreak is not
+defined.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:'PythonFreak'
+'PythonFreak'
+>>></pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_5f"></a>Here the name is accepted because its entered as a string (within quotes). But
+its unreasonable to go on using quotes each time a string is entered. Hence the
+alternative is to use <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_60"></a>Let us now look at how <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> operates with an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> raw_input("Enter your name:")
+Enter your name:PythonFreak
+'PythonFreak'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_61"></a>Observe that the <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting it into a string all by itself.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+'121'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_62"></a>Observe that <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting the integer 121 also to a string as
+'121'. Let us look at another example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
+Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
+>>> pal + 2
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
+>>> pal
+'121'</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_63"></a>Observe here that the variable <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> is a string and hence integer operations
+cannot be performed on it. Hence the exception is raised.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="8. int() method">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2758387"></a>8. <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch2intro_64"></a>Generally for computing purposes, the data used is not strings or raw data but
+on integers, floats and similar mathematical data structures. The data obtained
+from <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is raw data in the form of strings. In order to obtain integers
+from strings we use the method <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_65"></a>Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> intpal = int(pal)
+>>> intpal
+121</pre>
+<p id="ch2intro_66"></a>In the previous example it was observed that <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was a string variable. Here
+using the <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method the string <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was converted to an integer variable.</p>
+<p id="ch2intro_67"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try This Yourself:</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> stringvar = raw_input("Enter a name:")
+Enter a name:Guido Van Rossum
+>>> stringvar
+'Guido Van Rossum'
+>>> numvar = int(stringvar)</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch4strings_dicts.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 4. strings_dicts</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
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+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch4strings_dicts">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2983496">Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2982083">1. String Formatting</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034500">2. String Methods</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034515">2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034545">2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034585">2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034615">2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034672">2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034731">2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034775">3. Introduction to the standard library</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034853">4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034883">4.1. Opening Files</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035057">4.2. Reading and Writing files</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035222">5. Dictionaries</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035278">5.1. <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035342">5.2. Dictionary Methods</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Strings">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2983496"></a>Strings</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2982083">1. String Formatting</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034500">2. String Methods</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034515">2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034545">2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034585">2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034615">2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034672">2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034731">2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034775">3. Introduction to the standard library</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034853">4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034883">4.1. Opening Files</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035057">4.2. Reading and Writing files</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035222">5. Dictionaries</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035278">5.1. <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035342">5.2. Dictionary Methods</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1"></a>Strings were briefly introduced previously in the introduction document. In this
+section strings will be presented in greater detail. All the standard operations
+that can be performed on sequences such as indexing, slicing, multiplication, length
+minimum and maximum can be performed on string variables as well. One thing to
+be noted is that strings are immutable, which means that string variables are
+unchangeable. Hence, all item and slice assignments on strings are illegal.
+Let us look at a few example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> name = 'PythonFreak'
+>>> print name[3]
+h
+>>> print name[-1]
+k
+>>> print name[6:]
+Freak
+>>> name[6:0] = 'Maniac'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2"></a>This is quite expected, since string objects are immutable as already mentioned.
+The error message is clear in mentioning that 'str' object does not support item
+assignment.</p>
+<div class="section" title="1. String Formatting">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2982083"></a>1. String Formatting</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_3"></a>String formatting can be performed using the string formatting operator represented
+as the percent (%) sign. The string placed before the % sign is formatted with
+the value placed to the right of it. Let us look at a simple example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> format = 'Hello %s, from PythonFreak'
+>>> str1 = 'world!'
+>>> print format % str1
+Hello world!, from PythonFreak</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_4"></a>The %s parts of the format string are called the coversion specifiers. The coversion
+specifiers mark the places where the formatting has to be performed in a string.
+In the example the %s is replaced by the value of str1. More than one value can
+also be formatted at a time by specifying the values to be formatted using tuples
+and dictionaries (explained in later sections). Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> format = 'Hello %s, from %s'
+>>> values = ('world!', 'PythonFreak')
+>>> print format % values
+Hello world!, from PythonFreak</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_5"></a>In this example it can be observed that the format string contains two conversion
+specifiers and they are formatted using the tuple of values as shown.</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_6"></a>The s in %s specifies that the value to be replaced is of type string. Values of
+other types can be specified as well such as integers and floats. Integers are
+specified as %d and floats as %f. The precision with which the integer or the
+float values are to be represented can also be specified using a <span class="strong"><strong>.</strong></span> (<span class="strong"><strong>dot</strong></span>)
+followed by the precision value.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. String Methods">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3034500"></a>2. String Methods</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_7"></a>Similar to list methods, strings also have a rich set of methods to perform various
+operations on strings. Some of the most important and popular ones are presented
+in this section.</p>
+<div class="section" title="2.1. find">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034515"></a>2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_8"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span> method is used to search for a substring within a given string. It
+returns the left most index of the first occurence of the substring. If the
+substring is not found in the string then it returns -1. Let us look at a few
+examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> longstring = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak'
+>>> longstring.find('Python')
+19
+>>> longstring.find('Perl')
+-1</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.2. join">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034545"></a>2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_9"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span> method is used to join the elements of a sequence. The sequence
+elements that are to be join ed should all be strings. Let us look at a few
+examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> seq = ['With', 'great', 'power', 'comes', 'great', 'responsibility']
+>>> sep = ' '
+>>> sep.join(seq)
+'With great power comes great responsibility'
+>>> sep = ',!'
+>>> sep.join(seq)
+'With,!great,!power,!comes,!great,!responsibility'</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_a"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> seq = [12,34,56,78]
+>>> sep.join(seq)</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.3. lower">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034585"></a>2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_b"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span> method, as the name indicates, converts the entire text of a string
+to lower case. It is specially useful in cases where the programmers deal with case
+insensitive data. Let us look at a few examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> sometext = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak'
+>>> sometext.lower()
+'hello world!, from pythonfreak'</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.4. replace">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034615"></a>2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_c"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span> method replaces a substring with another substring within
+a given string and returns the new string. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> sometext = 'Concise, precise and criticise is some of the words that end with ise'
+>>> sometext.replace('is', 'are')
+'Concaree, precaree and criticaree are some of the words that end with aree'</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_d"></a>Observe here that all the occurences of the substring <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> have been replaced,
+even the <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> in <span class="emphasis"><em>concise</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>precise</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>criticise</em></span> have been replaced.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.5. split">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034672"></a>2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_e"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span> is one of the very important string methods. split is the opposite of the
+<span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span> method. It is used to split a string based on the argument passed as the
+delimiter. It returns a list of strings. By default when no argument is passed it
+splits with <span class="emphasis"><em>space</em></span> (' ') as the delimiter. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> grocerylist = 'butter, cucumber, beer(a grocery item??), wheatbread'
+>>> grocerylist.split(',')
+['butter', ' cucumber', ' beer(a grocery item??)', ' wheatbread']
+>>> grocerylist.split()
+['butter,', 'cucumber,', 'beer(a', 'grocery', 'item??),', 'wheatbread']</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_f"></a>Observe here that in the second case when the delimiter argument was not set
+<span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span> was done with <span class="emphasis"><em>space</em></span> as the delimiter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.6. strip">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034731"></a>2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_10"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span> method is used to remove or <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span> off any whitespaces that exist
+to the left and right of a string, but not the whitespaces within a string. Let
+us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> spacedtext = " Where's the text?? "
+>>> spacedtext.strip()
+"Where's the text??"</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_11"></a>Observe that the whitespaces between the words have not been removed.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: Very important thing to note is that all the methods shown above do not
+ transform the source string. The source string still remains the same.
+ Remember that **strings are immutable**.</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Introduction to the standard library">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3034775"></a>3. Introduction to the standard library</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_12"></a>Python is often referred to as a "Batteries included!" language, mainly because
+of the Python Standard Library. The Python Standard Library provides an extensive
+set of features some of which are available directly for use while some require to
+import a few <span class="strong"><strong>modules</strong></span>. The Standard Library provides various built-in functions
+like:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch4strings_dicts_13"></a><span class="strong"><strong>abs()</strong></span></p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch4strings_dicts_14"></a><span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span></p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch4strings_dicts_15"></a><span class="strong"><strong>enumerate()</strong></span></p></span></span></span><p id="ch4strings_dicts_16"></a>The built-in constants like <span class="strong"><strong>True</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>False</strong></span> are provided by the Standard Library.
+More information about the Python Standard Library is available </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://docs.python.org/library/</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3034853"></a>4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_17"></a>Files are very important aspects when it comes to computing and programming.
+Up until now the focus has been on small programs that interacted with users
+through <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>. Generally, for computational purposes
+it becomes necessary to handle files, which are usually large in size as well.
+This section focuses on basics of file handling.</p>
+<div class="section" title="4.1. Opening Files">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034883"></a>4.1. Opening Files</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_18"></a>Files can be opened using the <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span> method. <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span> accepts 3 arguments
+out of which 2 are optional. Let us look at the syntax of <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span>:</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_19"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>f = open( filename, mode, buffering)</em></span></p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1a"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span> is a compulsory argument while the <span class="emphasis"><em>mode</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>buffering</em></span> are
+optional. The <span class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span> should be a string and it should be the complete path
+to the file to be opened (The path can be absolute or relative). Let us look at
+an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst')</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1b"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>mode</em></span> argument specifies the mode in which the file has to be opened.
+The following are the valid mode arguments:</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1c"></a><span class="strong"><strong>r</strong></span> - Read mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>w</strong></span> - Write mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>a</strong></span> - Append mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>b</strong></span> - Binary mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>+</strong></span> - Read/Write mode</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1d"></a>The read mode opens the file as a read-only document. The write mode opens the
+file in the Write only mode. In the write mode, if the file existed prior to the
+opening, the previous contents of the file are erased. The append mode opens the
+file in the write mode but the previous contents of the file are not erased and
+the current data is appended onto the file.
+The binary and the read/write modes are special in the sense that they are added
+onto other modes. The read/write mode opens the file in the reading and writing
+mode combined. The binary mode can be used to open a files that do not contain
+text. Binary files such as images should be opened in the binary mode. Let us look
+at a few examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst', 'r')
+>>> f = open ('armstrong.py', 'r+')</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1e"></a>The third argument to the <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span> method is the <span class="emphasis"><em>buffering</em></span> argument. This takes
+a boolean value, <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>1</em></span> indicates that buffering has to be enabled on the file,
+that is the file is loaded on to the main memory and the changes made to the file are
+not immediately written to the disk. If the <span class="emphasis"><em>buffering</em></span> argument is <span class="emphasis"><em>0</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> the
+changes are directly written on to the disk immediately.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. Reading and Writing files">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3035057"></a>4.2. Reading and Writing files</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.1. write()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035066"></a>4.2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>write()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1f"></a><span class="strong"><strong>write()</strong></span>, evidently, is used to write data onto a file. It takes the data to
+be written as the argument. The data can be a string, an integer, a float or any
+other datatype. In order to be able to write data onto a file, the file has to
+be opened in one of <span class="strong"><strong>w</strong></span>, <span class="strong"><strong>a</strong></span> or <span class="strong"><strong>+</strong></span> modes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.2. read()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035105"></a>4.2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>read()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_20"></a><span class="strong"><strong>read()</strong></span> is used to read data from a file. It takes the number of bytes of data
+to be read as the argument. If nothing is specified by default it reads the entire
+contents from the current position to the end of file.</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_21"></a>Let us look at a few examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open ('randomtextfile', 'w')
+>>> f.write('Hello all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.')
+>>> f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r')
+>>> f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r')
+>>> f.read(5)
+'Hello'
+>>> f.read()
+' all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.'
+>>> f.close()</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.3. readline()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035140"></a>4.2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_22"></a><span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span> is used to read a file line by line. <span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span> reads a line
+of a file at a time. When an argument is passed to <span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span> it reads that
+many bytes from the current line.</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_23"></a>One other method to read a file line by line is using the <span class="strong"><strong>read()</strong></span> and the
+<span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> construct. Let us look at this block of code as an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open('../randomtextfile', 'r')
+>>> for line in f:
+... print line
+...
+Hello all!
+
+This is PythonFreak on the second line.
+
+This is a random text file on line 3</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.4. close()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035199"></a>4.2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>close()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_24"></a>One must always close all the files that have been opened. Although, files opened
+will be closed automatically when the program ends. When files opened in read mode
+are not closed it might lead to uselessly locked sometimes. In case of files
+opened in the write mode it is more important to close the files. This is because,
+Python maybe using the file in the buffering mode and when the file is not closed
+the buffer maybe lost completely and the changes made to the file are lost forever.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Dictionaries">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3035222"></a>5. Dictionaries</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_25"></a>A dictionary in general, are designed to be able to look up meanings of words.
+Similarly, the Python dictionaries are also designed to look up for a specific
+key and retrieve the corresponding value. Dictionaries are data structures that
+provide key-value mappings. Dictionaries are similar to lists except that instead
+of the values having integer indexes, dictionaries have keys or strings as indexes.
+Let us look at an example of how to define dictionaries.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dct = { 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid', 'Anil': 'Kumble'}</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_26"></a>The dictionary consists of pairs of strings, which are called <span class="emphasis"><em>keys</em></span> and their
+corresponding <span class="emphasis"><em>values</em></span> separated by <span class="emphasis"><em>:</em></span> and each of these <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pairs are
+comma(',') separated and the entire structure wrapped in a pair curly braces <span class="emphasis"><em>{}</em></span>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: The data inside a dictionary is not ordered. The order in which you enter
+the key-value pairs is not the order in which they are stored in the dictionary.
+Python has an internal storage mechanism for that which is out of the purview
+of this document.</pre>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. dict()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3035278"></a>5.1. <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_27"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span> function is used to create dictionaries from other mappings or other
+dictionaries. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> diction = dict(mat = 133, avg = 52.53)</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_28"></a><span class="strong"><strong>String Formatting with Dictionaries:</strong></span></p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_29"></a>String formatting was discussed in the previous section and it was mentioned that
+dictionaries can also be used for formatting more than one value. This section
+focuses on the formatting of strings using dictionaries. String formatting using
+dictionaries is more appealing than doing the same with tuples. Here the <span class="emphasis"><em>keyword</em></span>
+can be used as a place holder and the <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> corresponding to it is replaced in
+the formatted string. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> player = { 'Name':'Rahul Dravid', 'Matches':133, 'Avg':52.53, '100s':26 }
+>>> strng = '%(Name)s has played %(Matches)d with an average of %(Avg).2f and has %(100s)d hundreds to his name.'
+>>> print strng % player
+Rahul Dravid has played 133 with an average of 52.53 and has 26 hundreds to his name.</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2. Dictionary Methods">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3035342"></a>5.2. Dictionary Methods</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.1. clear()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035351"></a>5.2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>clear()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2a"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>clear()</strong></span> method removes all the existing <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pairs from a dictionary.
+It returns <span class="emphasis"><em>None</em></span> or rather does not return anything. It is a method that changes
+the object. It has to be noted here that dictionaries are not immutable. Let us
+look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dct
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+>>> dct.clear()
+>>> dct
+{}</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.2. copy()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035386"></a>5.2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>copy()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2b"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>copy()</strong></span> returns a copy of a given dictionary. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dct = {'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+>>> dctcopy = dct.copy()
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.3. get()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035417"></a>5.2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>get()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2c"></a><span class="strong"><strong>get()</strong></span> returns the <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> for the <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> passed as the argument and if the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> does not exist in the dictionary, it returns <span class="emphasis"><em>None</em></span>. Let us look at an
+example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print dctcopy.get('Saurav')
+None
+>>> print dctcopy.get('Anil')
+Kumble</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.4. has_key()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035455"></a>5.2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>has_key()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2d"></a>This method returns <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> if the given <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> is in the dictionary, else it returns
+<span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dctcopy.has_key('Saurav')
+False
+>>> dctcopy.has_key('Sachin')
+True</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.5. pop()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035485"></a>5.2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>pop()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2e"></a>This method is used to retrieve the <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> of a given <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> and subsequently
+remove the <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pair from the dictionary. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print dctcopy.pop('Sachin')
+Tendulkar
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.6. popitem()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035519"></a>5.2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>popitem()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2f"></a>This method randomly pops a <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pair from a dictionary and returns it.
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pair returned is removed from the dictionary. Let us look at an
+example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print dctcopy.popitem()
+('Anil', 'Kumble')
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+
+Note that the item chosen is completely random since dictionaries are unordered
+as mentioned earlier.</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.7. update()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035555"></a>5.2.7. <span class="strong"><strong>update()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_30"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>update()</strong></span> method updates the contents of one dictionary with the contents
+of another dictionary. For items with existing <span class="emphasis"><em>keys</em></span> their <span class="emphasis"><em>values</em></span> are updated,
+and the rest of the items are added. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dctcopy.update(dct)
+>>> dct
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch4strings_dicts.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 4. strings_dicts</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
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+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch4strings_dicts">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2983496">Strings</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2982083">1. String Formatting</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034500">2. String Methods</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034515">2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034545">2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034585">2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034615">2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034672">2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034731">2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034775">3. Introduction to the standard library</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034853">4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034883">4.1. Opening Files</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035057">4.2. Reading and Writing files</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035222">5. Dictionaries</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035278">5.1. <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035342">5.2. Dictionary Methods</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Strings">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2983496"></a>Strings</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2982083">1. String Formatting</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034500">2. String Methods</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034515">2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034545">2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034585">2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034615">2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034672">2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034731">2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034775">3. Introduction to the standard library</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034853">4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3034883">4.1. Opening Files</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035057">4.2. Reading and Writing files</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035222">5. Dictionaries</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035278">5.1. <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span></a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id3035342">5.2. Dictionary Methods</a></span></dt>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1"></a>Strings were briefly introduced previously in the introduction document. In this
+section strings will be presented in greater detail. All the standard operations
+that can be performed on sequences such as indexing, slicing, multiplication, length
+minimum and maximum can be performed on string variables as well. One thing to
+be noted is that strings are immutable, which means that string variables are
+unchangeable. Hence, all item and slice assignments on strings are illegal.
+Let us look at a few example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> name = 'PythonFreak'
+>>> print name[3]
+h
+>>> print name[-1]
+k
+>>> print name[6:]
+Freak
+>>> name[6:0] = 'Maniac'
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2"></a>This is quite expected, since string objects are immutable as already mentioned.
+The error message is clear in mentioning that 'str' object does not support item
+assignment.</p>
+<div class="section" title="1. String Formatting">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2982083"></a>1. String Formatting</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_3"></a>String formatting can be performed using the string formatting operator represented
+as the percent (%) sign. The string placed before the % sign is formatted with
+the value placed to the right of it. Let us look at a simple example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> format = 'Hello %s, from PythonFreak'
+>>> str1 = 'world!'
+>>> print format % str1
+Hello world!, from PythonFreak</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_4"></a>The %s parts of the format string are called the coversion specifiers. The coversion
+specifiers mark the places where the formatting has to be performed in a string.
+In the example the %s is replaced by the value of str1. More than one value can
+also be formatted at a time by specifying the values to be formatted using tuples
+and dictionaries (explained in later sections). Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> format = 'Hello %s, from %s'
+>>> values = ('world!', 'PythonFreak')
+>>> print format % values
+Hello world!, from PythonFreak</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_5"></a>In this example it can be observed that the format string contains two conversion
+specifiers and they are formatted using the tuple of values as shown.</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_6"></a>The s in %s specifies that the value to be replaced is of type string. Values of
+other types can be specified as well such as integers and floats. Integers are
+specified as %d and floats as %f. The precision with which the integer or the
+float values are to be represented can also be specified using a <span class="strong"><strong>.</strong></span> (<span class="strong"><strong>dot</strong></span>)
+followed by the precision value.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. String Methods">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3034500"></a>2. String Methods</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_7"></a>Similar to list methods, strings also have a rich set of methods to perform various
+operations on strings. Some of the most important and popular ones are presented
+in this section.</p>
+<div class="section" title="2.1. find">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034515"></a>2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_8"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>find</strong></span> method is used to search for a substring within a given string. It
+returns the left most index of the first occurence of the substring. If the
+substring is not found in the string then it returns -1. Let us look at a few
+examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> longstring = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak'
+>>> longstring.find('Python')
+19
+>>> longstring.find('Perl')
+-1</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.2. join">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034545"></a>2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_9"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span> method is used to join the elements of a sequence. The sequence
+elements that are to be join ed should all be strings. Let us look at a few
+examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> seq = ['With', 'great', 'power', 'comes', 'great', 'responsibility']
+>>> sep = ' '
+>>> sep.join(seq)
+'With great power comes great responsibility'
+>>> sep = ',!'
+>>> sep.join(seq)
+'With,!great,!power,!comes,!great,!responsibility'</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_a"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself</em></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> seq = [12,34,56,78]
+>>> sep.join(seq)</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.3. lower">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034585"></a>2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_b"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>lower</strong></span> method, as the name indicates, converts the entire text of a string
+to lower case. It is specially useful in cases where the programmers deal with case
+insensitive data. Let us look at a few examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> sometext = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak'
+>>> sometext.lower()
+'hello world!, from pythonfreak'</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.4. replace">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034615"></a>2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_c"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>replace</strong></span> method replaces a substring with another substring within
+a given string and returns the new string. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> sometext = 'Concise, precise and criticise is some of the words that end with ise'
+>>> sometext.replace('is', 'are')
+'Concaree, precaree and criticaree are some of the words that end with aree'</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_d"></a>Observe here that all the occurences of the substring <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> have been replaced,
+even the <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> in <span class="emphasis"><em>concise</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>precise</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>criticise</em></span> have been replaced.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.5. split">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034672"></a>2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_e"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span> is one of the very important string methods. split is the opposite of the
+<span class="strong"><strong>join</strong></span> method. It is used to split a string based on the argument passed as the
+delimiter. It returns a list of strings. By default when no argument is passed it
+splits with <span class="emphasis"><em>space</em></span> (' ') as the delimiter. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> grocerylist = 'butter, cucumber, beer(a grocery item??), wheatbread'
+>>> grocerylist.split(',')
+['butter', ' cucumber', ' beer(a grocery item??)', ' wheatbread']
+>>> grocerylist.split()
+['butter,', 'cucumber,', 'beer(a', 'grocery', 'item??),', 'wheatbread']</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_f"></a>Observe here that in the second case when the delimiter argument was not set
+<span class="strong"><strong>split</strong></span> was done with <span class="emphasis"><em>space</em></span> as the delimiter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2.6. strip">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034731"></a>2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_10"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span> method is used to remove or <span class="strong"><strong>strip</strong></span> off any whitespaces that exist
+to the left and right of a string, but not the whitespaces within a string. Let
+us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> spacedtext = " Where's the text?? "
+>>> spacedtext.strip()
+"Where's the text??"</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_11"></a>Observe that the whitespaces between the words have not been removed.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: Very important thing to note is that all the methods shown above do not
+ transform the source string. The source string still remains the same.
+ Remember that **strings are immutable**.</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Introduction to the standard library">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3034775"></a>3. Introduction to the standard library</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_12"></a>Python is often referred to as a "Batteries included!" language, mainly because
+of the Python Standard Library. The Python Standard Library provides an extensive
+set of features some of which are available directly for use while some require to
+import a few <span class="strong"><strong>modules</strong></span>. The Standard Library provides various built-in functions
+like:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><span style="color: black"><p id="ch4strings_dicts_13"></a><span class="strong"><strong>abs()</strong></span></p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch4strings_dicts_14"></a><span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span></p></span><span style="color: black"><p id="ch4strings_dicts_15"></a><span class="strong"><strong>enumerate()</strong></span></p></span></span></span><p id="ch4strings_dicts_16"></a>The built-in constants like <span class="strong"><strong>True</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>False</strong></span> are provided by the Standard Library.
+More information about the Python Standard Library is available </p>
+<div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://docs.python.org/library/</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3034853"></a>4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_17"></a>Files are very important aspects when it comes to computing and programming.
+Up until now the focus has been on small programs that interacted with users
+through <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>. Generally, for computational purposes
+it becomes necessary to handle files, which are usually large in size as well.
+This section focuses on basics of file handling.</p>
+<div class="section" title="4.1. Opening Files">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3034883"></a>4.1. Opening Files</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_18"></a>Files can be opened using the <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span> method. <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span> accepts 3 arguments
+out of which 2 are optional. Let us look at the syntax of <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span>:</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_19"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>f = open( filename, mode, buffering)</em></span></p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1a"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span> is a compulsory argument while the <span class="emphasis"><em>mode</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>buffering</em></span> are
+optional. The <span class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span> should be a string and it should be the complete path
+to the file to be opened (The path can be absolute or relative). Let us look at
+an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst')</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1b"></a>The <span class="emphasis"><em>mode</em></span> argument specifies the mode in which the file has to be opened.
+The following are the valid mode arguments:</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1c"></a><span class="strong"><strong>r</strong></span> - Read mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>w</strong></span> - Write mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>a</strong></span> - Append mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>b</strong></span> - Binary mode
+<span class="strong"><strong>+</strong></span> - Read/Write mode</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1d"></a>The read mode opens the file as a read-only document. The write mode opens the
+file in the Write only mode. In the write mode, if the file existed prior to the
+opening, the previous contents of the file are erased. The append mode opens the
+file in the write mode but the previous contents of the file are not erased and
+the current data is appended onto the file.
+The binary and the read/write modes are special in the sense that they are added
+onto other modes. The read/write mode opens the file in the reading and writing
+mode combined. The binary mode can be used to open a files that do not contain
+text. Binary files such as images should be opened in the binary mode. Let us look
+at a few examples.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst', 'r')
+>>> f = open ('armstrong.py', 'r+')</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1e"></a>The third argument to the <span class="strong"><strong>open()</strong></span> method is the <span class="emphasis"><em>buffering</em></span> argument. This takes
+a boolean value, <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>1</em></span> indicates that buffering has to be enabled on the file,
+that is the file is loaded on to the main memory and the changes made to the file are
+not immediately written to the disk. If the <span class="emphasis"><em>buffering</em></span> argument is <span class="emphasis"><em>0</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> the
+changes are directly written on to the disk immediately.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2. Reading and Writing files">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3035057"></a>4.2. Reading and Writing files</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.1. write()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035066"></a>4.2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>write()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1f"></a><span class="strong"><strong>write()</strong></span>, evidently, is used to write data onto a file. It takes the data to
+be written as the argument. The data can be a string, an integer, a float or any
+other datatype. In order to be able to write data onto a file, the file has to
+be opened in one of <span class="strong"><strong>w</strong></span>, <span class="strong"><strong>a</strong></span> or <span class="strong"><strong>+</strong></span> modes.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.2. read()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035105"></a>4.2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>read()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_20"></a><span class="strong"><strong>read()</strong></span> is used to read data from a file. It takes the number of bytes of data
+to be read as the argument. If nothing is specified by default it reads the entire
+contents from the current position to the end of file.</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_21"></a>Let us look at a few examples:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open ('randomtextfile', 'w')
+>>> f.write('Hello all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.')
+>>> f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r')
+>>> f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r')
+>>> f.read(5)
+'Hello'
+>>> f.read()
+' all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.'
+>>> f.close()</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.3. readline()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035140"></a>4.2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_22"></a><span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span> is used to read a file line by line. <span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span> reads a line
+of a file at a time. When an argument is passed to <span class="strong"><strong>readline()</strong></span> it reads that
+many bytes from the current line.</p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_23"></a>One other method to read a file line by line is using the <span class="strong"><strong>read()</strong></span> and the
+<span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> construct. Let us look at this block of code as an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> f = open('../randomtextfile', 'r')
+>>> for line in f:
+... print line
+...
+Hello all!
+
+This is PythonFreak on the second line.
+
+This is a random text file on line 3</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4.2.4. close()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035199"></a>4.2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>close()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_24"></a>One must always close all the files that have been opened. Although, files opened
+will be closed automatically when the program ends. When files opened in read mode
+are not closed it might lead to uselessly locked sometimes. In case of files
+opened in the write mode it is more important to close the files. This is because,
+Python maybe using the file in the buffering mode and when the file is not closed
+the buffer maybe lost completely and the changes made to the file are lost forever.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Dictionaries">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id3035222"></a>5. Dictionaries</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_25"></a>A dictionary in general, are designed to be able to look up meanings of words.
+Similarly, the Python dictionaries are also designed to look up for a specific
+key and retrieve the corresponding value. Dictionaries are data structures that
+provide key-value mappings. Dictionaries are similar to lists except that instead
+of the values having integer indexes, dictionaries have keys or strings as indexes.
+Let us look at an example of how to define dictionaries.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dct = { 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid', 'Anil': 'Kumble'}</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_26"></a>The dictionary consists of pairs of strings, which are called <span class="emphasis"><em>keys</em></span> and their
+corresponding <span class="emphasis"><em>values</em></span> separated by <span class="emphasis"><em>:</em></span> and each of these <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pairs are
+comma(',') separated and the entire structure wrapped in a pair curly braces <span class="emphasis"><em>{}</em></span>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> Note: The data inside a dictionary is not ordered. The order in which you enter
+the key-value pairs is not the order in which they are stored in the dictionary.
+Python has an internal storage mechanism for that which is out of the purview
+of this document.</pre>
+<div class="section" title="5.1. dict()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3035278"></a>5.1. <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span>
+</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_27"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>dict()</strong></span> function is used to create dictionaries from other mappings or other
+dictionaries. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> diction = dict(mat = 133, avg = 52.53)</pre>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_28"></a><span class="strong"><strong>String Formatting with Dictionaries:</strong></span></p>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_29"></a>String formatting was discussed in the previous section and it was mentioned that
+dictionaries can also be used for formatting more than one value. This section
+focuses on the formatting of strings using dictionaries. String formatting using
+dictionaries is more appealing than doing the same with tuples. Here the <span class="emphasis"><em>keyword</em></span>
+can be used as a place holder and the <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> corresponding to it is replaced in
+the formatted string. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> player = { 'Name':'Rahul Dravid', 'Matches':133, 'Avg':52.53, '100s':26 }
+>>> strng = '%(Name)s has played %(Matches)d with an average of %(Avg).2f and has %(100s)d hundreds to his name.'
+>>> print strng % player
+Rahul Dravid has played 133 with an average of 52.53 and has 26 hundreds to his name.</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2. Dictionary Methods">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id3035342"></a>5.2. Dictionary Methods</h3></div></div></div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.1. clear()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035351"></a>5.2.1. <span class="strong"><strong>clear()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2a"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>clear()</strong></span> method removes all the existing <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pairs from a dictionary.
+It returns <span class="emphasis"><em>None</em></span> or rather does not return anything. It is a method that changes
+the object. It has to be noted here that dictionaries are not immutable. Let us
+look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dct
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+>>> dct.clear()
+>>> dct
+{}</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.2. copy()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035386"></a>5.2.2. <span class="strong"><strong>copy()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2b"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>copy()</strong></span> returns a copy of a given dictionary. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dct = {'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+>>> dctcopy = dct.copy()
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.3. get()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035417"></a>5.2.3. <span class="strong"><strong>get()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2c"></a><span class="strong"><strong>get()</strong></span> returns the <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> for the <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> passed as the argument and if the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> does not exist in the dictionary, it returns <span class="emphasis"><em>None</em></span>. Let us look at an
+example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print dctcopy.get('Saurav')
+None
+>>> print dctcopy.get('Anil')
+Kumble</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.4. has_key()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035455"></a>5.2.4. <span class="strong"><strong>has_key()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2d"></a>This method returns <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> if the given <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> is in the dictionary, else it returns
+<span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span>.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dctcopy.has_key('Saurav')
+False
+>>> dctcopy.has_key('Sachin')
+True</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.5. pop()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035485"></a>5.2.5. <span class="strong"><strong>pop()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2e"></a>This method is used to retrieve the <span class="emphasis"><em>value</em></span> of a given <span class="emphasis"><em>key</em></span> and subsequently
+remove the <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pair from the dictionary. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print dctcopy.pop('Sachin')
+Tendulkar
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.6. popitem()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035519"></a>5.2.6. <span class="strong"><strong>popitem()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2f"></a>This method randomly pops a <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pair from a dictionary and returns it.
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>key-value</em></span> pair returned is removed from the dictionary. Let us look at an
+example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print dctcopy.popitem()
+('Anil', 'Kumble')
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+
+Note that the item chosen is completely random since dictionaries are unordered
+as mentioned earlier.</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5.2.7. update()">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
+<a name="id3035555"></a>5.2.7. <span class="strong"><strong>update()</strong></span>
+</h4></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch4strings_dicts_30"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>update()</strong></span> method updates the contents of one dictionary with the contents
+of another dictionary. For items with existing <span class="emphasis"><em>keys</em></span> their <span class="emphasis"><em>values</em></span> are updated,
+and the rest of the items are added. Let us look at an example.</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> dctcopy.update(dct)
+>>> dct
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}
+>>> dctcopy
+{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}</pre>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch5func.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 5. Functions </title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
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+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch5func">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2436407">Functional Approach</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487445">1. Function scope</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487503">2. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487542">3. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487658">4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487758">5. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487811">6. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2488001">6.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Functional Approach">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2436407"></a>Functional Approach</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487445">1. Function scope</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487503">2. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487542">3. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487658">4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487758">5. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487811">6. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2488001">6.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="ch5func_1"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again
+and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also
+allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the
+convenience of not polluting the global variables.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_2"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name
+of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the
+list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The
+definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block.
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_3"></a>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the
+number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and
+returns the value.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_4"></a>A <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We
+call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses
+the arguments to the function.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_5"></a>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the
+above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> fact5 = factorial(5)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_6"></a>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we
+passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_7"></a>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function
+to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do
+this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This
+string is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove
+to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the
+docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically
+from it. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_8"></a>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any
+Python value or a Python object, which also includes a <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is
+just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other
+valid Python datatypes, including <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other
+things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any
+number of values through a tuple</p>
+<p id="ch5func_9"></a>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)</pre>
+<div class="section" title="1. Function scope">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487445"></a>1. Function scope</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_a"></a>The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope
+and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the
+function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if
+it is of basic Python data type:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_b"></a>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n
+which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out
+that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not
+changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span>
+and <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span>
+the values are manipulated even outside the function:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_c"></a>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return
+None when the funnction is called.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487503"></a>2. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_d"></a>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the
+arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing
+a facility called <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function
+that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an
+infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements
+that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the
+function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can
+define the function as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_e"></a>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the
+parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and
+argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487542"></a>3. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_f"></a>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to
+remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may
+be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take
+the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility
+of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in
+the function definition. This is known as <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_10"></a>In a function call, <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the
+following fashion:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_11"></a>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to
+note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>
+can be specified. Also note, that we have combined <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_12"></a>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified
+in the function definition is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to
+bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always
+start with <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword
+arguments</em></span>:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_13"></a>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_14"></a>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487658"></a>4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_15"></a>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple
+parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword
+arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the
+keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition
+must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting
+parameter, whose name is preceded by a <span class="strong"><strong>*</strong></span>, for collecting positional
+parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name
+is preceded by a <span class="strong"><strong>**</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_16"></a>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can
+be interchanged:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_17"></a>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while
+calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in
+place of a list of <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> respectively
+using <span class="strong"><strong>*</strong></span> or <span class="strong"><strong>**</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487758"></a>5. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_18"></a>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming
+turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use <span class="emphasis"><em>Python
+decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this
+course. If you are interested in knowing more about <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in
+Python you are suggested to read:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><line_block><span style="color: black"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar/</div></line></span><span style="color: black"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://personalpages.tds.net/~kent37/kk/00001.html</div></line></span></line_block></span><p id="ch5func_19"></a>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487811"></a>6. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_1a"></a>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+<span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_1b"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments: <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>
+and a <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the
+function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the
+sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned
+by each call to <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>. <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than
+one sequence. In this case, the first argument, <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many
+arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each
+corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the
+sequence is exhausted:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_1c"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+the <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each
+item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+<span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_1d"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+<span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span>
+function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence,
+obtains the result, calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element
+in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24</pre>
+<div class="section" title="6.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2488001"></a>6.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_1e"></a>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a
+syntatic sugar to create <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself.
+The syntax of <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate
+the result is a <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and
+multiple <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_1f"></a>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be
+translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num,
+if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch5func.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 5. Functions </title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png">
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+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch5func">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2436407">Functional Approach</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487445">1. Function scope</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487503">2. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487542">3. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487658">4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487758">5. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487811">6. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2488001">6.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Functional Approach">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2436407"></a>Functional Approach</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487445">1. Function scope</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487503">2. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487542">3. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487658">4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487758">5. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2487811">6. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2488001">6.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p id="ch5func_1"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again
+and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also
+allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the
+convenience of not polluting the global variables.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_2"></a><span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name
+of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the
+list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The
+definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block.
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_3"></a>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the
+number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and
+returns the value.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_4"></a>A <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We
+call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses
+the arguments to the function.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_5"></a>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the
+above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> fact5 = factorial(5)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_6"></a>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we
+passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_7"></a>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function
+to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do
+this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This
+string is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove
+to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the
+docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically
+from it. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_8"></a>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any
+Python value or a Python object, which also includes a <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is
+just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other
+valid Python datatypes, including <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other
+things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any
+number of values through a tuple</p>
+<p id="ch5func_9"></a>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)</pre>
+<div class="section" title="1. Function scope">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487445"></a>1. Function scope</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_a"></a>The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope
+and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the
+function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if
+it is of basic Python data type:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_b"></a>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n
+which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out
+that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not
+changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span>
+and <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span>
+the values are manipulated even outside the function:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_c"></a>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return
+None when the funnction is called.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487503"></a>2. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_d"></a>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the
+arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing
+a facility called <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function
+that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an
+infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements
+that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the
+function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can
+define the function as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_e"></a>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the
+parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and
+argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487542"></a>3. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_f"></a>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to
+remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may
+be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take
+the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility
+of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in
+the function definition. This is known as <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_10"></a>In a function call, <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the
+following fashion:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_11"></a>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to
+note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>
+can be specified. Also note, that we have combined <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_12"></a>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified
+in the function definition is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to
+bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always
+start with <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword
+arguments</em></span>:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_13"></a>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_14"></a>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487658"></a>4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_15"></a>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple
+parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword
+arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the
+keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition
+must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting
+parameter, whose name is preceded by a <span class="strong"><strong>*</strong></span>, for collecting positional
+parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name
+is preceded by a <span class="strong"><strong>**</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_16"></a>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can
+be interchanged:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_17"></a>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while
+calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in
+place of a list of <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> respectively
+using <span class="strong"><strong>*</strong></span> or <span class="strong"><strong>**</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487758"></a>5. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_18"></a>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming
+turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use <span class="emphasis"><em>Python
+decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this
+course. If you are interested in knowing more about <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in
+Python you are suggested to read:</p>
+<span style="color: black"><line_block><span style="color: black"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar/</div></line></span><span style="color: black"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://personalpages.tds.net/~kent37/kk/00001.html</div></line></span></line_block></span><p id="ch5func_19"></a>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2487811"></a>6. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_1a"></a>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+<span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch5func_1b"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments: <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>
+and a <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the
+function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the
+sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned
+by each call to <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>. <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than
+one sequence. In this case, the first argument, <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many
+arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each
+corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the
+sequence is exhausted:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_1c"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+the <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each
+item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+<span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_1d"></a>The <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+<span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span>
+function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence,
+obtains the result, calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element
+in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24</pre>
+<div class="section" title="6.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2488001"></a>6.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p id="ch5func_1e"></a>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a
+syntatic sugar to create <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself.
+The syntax of <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate
+the result is a <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and
+multiple <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]</pre>
+<p id="ch5func_1f"></a>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be
+translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num,
+if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch6oop.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 6. OOP</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch6oop">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2582702">Classes and Objects</a></span></dt></dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Classes and Objects">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2582702"></a>Classes and Objects</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<p id="ch6oop_1"></a>In the previous sections we learnt about functions which provide certain level
+of abstraction to our code by holding the code which performs one or more
+specific functionalities. We were able to use this function as many times as we
+wanted. In addition to functions, Python also higher level of abstractions
+through <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> can be loosely defined as a
+collection of a set of data items and a set of methods. The data items can be
+any valid Python variable or any Python object. Functions enclosed within a class
+are called as <span class="emphasis"><em>methods</em></span>. If you are thinking if methods are functions why is there
+a distinction between the two? The answer to this will be given as we walk through
+the concepts of <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> contain the definition for the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> are instances of <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch6oop_2"></a>A class is defined using the keyword <span class="strong"><strong>class</strong></span> followed by the class name, in
+turn followed by a semicolon. The statements that a <span class="emphasis"><em>Class</em></span> encloses are written
+in a new block, i.e on the next indentation level:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> class Employee:
+ def setName(self, name):
+ self.name = name
+
+ def getName(self):
+ return self.name</pre>
+<p id="ch6oop_3"></a>In the above example, we defined a class with the name Employee. We also defined
+two methods, setName and getName for this class. It is important to note the
+differences between the normal Python functions and class methods defined above.
+Each method of the class must take the same instance of the class(object) from
+which it was called as the first argument. It is conventionally given the name,
+<span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span>. Note that <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> is only a convention. You can use any other name, but
+the first argument to the method will always be the same object of the class
+from which the method was called. The data memebers that belong to the class are
+called as <span class="emphasis"><em>class attributes</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> are preceded by the object of
+the class and a dot. In the above example, <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> is a class attribute since it
+is preceded by the <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object. <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> can be accessed from
+anywhere within the class.</p>
+<p id="ch6oop_4"></a>We can create objects of a class outside the class definition by using the same
+syntax we use to call a function with no parameters. We can assign this object
+to a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> emp = Employee()</pre>
+<p id="ch6oop_5"></a>In the above example, we create an object named <span class="emphasis"><em>emp</em></span> of the class <span class="emphasis"><em>Employee</em></span>.
+All the attributes and methods of the class can be accessed by the object of the
+class using the standard notation <span class="emphasis"><em>object.attribute</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>object.method()</em></span>.
+Although the first parameter of a class method is the self object, it must not
+be passed as an argument when calling the method. The <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object is implicitly
+passed to the method by the Python interpreter. All other arguments passing rules
+like default arguments, keyword arguments, argument packing and unpacking follow
+the same rules as those for ordinary Python functions:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> emp.setName('John')
+>>> name = emp.getName()
+>>> print name
+John
+>>> print emp.name
+John</pre>
+<p id="ch6oop_6"></a>If we at all try to access a class attribute before assigning a value to it, i.e
+before creating it, Python raises the same error as it would raise for the
+accessing undefined variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> emp = Employee()
+>>> emp.name
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "class.py", line 10, in <module>
+ print e.name
+AttributeError: Employee instance has no attribute 'name'</pre>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch6oop.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 6. OOP</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch6oop">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2582702">Classes and Objects</a></span></dt></dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Classes and Objects">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2582702"></a>Classes and Objects</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<p id="ch6oop_1"></a>In the previous sections we learnt about functions which provide certain level
+of abstraction to our code by holding the code which performs one or more
+specific functionalities. We were able to use this function as many times as we
+wanted. In addition to functions, Python also higher level of abstractions
+through <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> can be loosely defined as a
+collection of a set of data items and a set of methods. The data items can be
+any valid Python variable or any Python object. Functions enclosed within a class
+are called as <span class="emphasis"><em>methods</em></span>. If you are thinking if methods are functions why is there
+a distinction between the two? The answer to this will be given as we walk through
+the concepts of <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> contain the definition for the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> are instances of <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span>.</p>
+<p id="ch6oop_2"></a>A class is defined using the keyword <span class="strong"><strong>class</strong></span> followed by the class name, in
+turn followed by a semicolon. The statements that a <span class="emphasis"><em>Class</em></span> encloses are written
+in a new block, i.e on the next indentation level:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> class Employee:
+ def setName(self, name):
+ self.name = name
+
+ def getName(self):
+ return self.name</pre>
+<p id="ch6oop_3"></a>In the above example, we defined a class with the name Employee. We also defined
+two methods, setName and getName for this class. It is important to note the
+differences between the normal Python functions and class methods defined above.
+Each method of the class must take the same instance of the class(object) from
+which it was called as the first argument. It is conventionally given the name,
+<span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span>. Note that <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> is only a convention. You can use any other name, but
+the first argument to the method will always be the same object of the class
+from which the method was called. The data memebers that belong to the class are
+called as <span class="emphasis"><em>class attributes</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> are preceded by the object of
+the class and a dot. In the above example, <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> is a class attribute since it
+is preceded by the <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object. <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> can be accessed from
+anywhere within the class.</p>
+<p id="ch6oop_4"></a>We can create objects of a class outside the class definition by using the same
+syntax we use to call a function with no parameters. We can assign this object
+to a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> emp = Employee()</pre>
+<p id="ch6oop_5"></a>In the above example, we create an object named <span class="emphasis"><em>emp</em></span> of the class <span class="emphasis"><em>Employee</em></span>.
+All the attributes and methods of the class can be accessed by the object of the
+class using the standard notation <span class="emphasis"><em>object.attribute</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>object.method()</em></span>.
+Although the first parameter of a class method is the self object, it must not
+be passed as an argument when calling the method. The <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object is implicitly
+passed to the method by the Python interpreter. All other arguments passing rules
+like default arguments, keyword arguments, argument packing and unpacking follow
+the same rules as those for ordinary Python functions:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> emp.setName('John')
+>>> name = emp.getName()
+>>> print name
+John
+>>> print emp.name
+John</pre>
+<p id="ch6oop_6"></a>If we at all try to access a class attribute before assigning a value to it, i.e
+before creating it, Python raises the same error as it would raise for the
+accessing undefined variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> emp = Employee()
+>>> emp.name
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "class.py", line 10, in <module>
+ print e.name
+AttributeError: Employee instance has no attribute 'name'</pre>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/ch7interim_assessment.html Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 7. Interim Assessment</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch7interim_assessment">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2744085">Interim Assessment</a></span></dt></dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Interim Assessment"><div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2744085"></a>Interim Assessment</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div></div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
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+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 7. Interim Assessment</title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/support/figs/favicon.png">
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/form.js"></script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/support/hsbook.js"></script>
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="ch7interim_assessment">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2744085">Interim Assessment</a></span></dt></dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Interim Assessment"><div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2744085"></a>Interim Assessment</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div></div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/chap_intro.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+p_list={'chap_intro':['x_38', 'x_39', 'x_3d', 'x_3e', 'x_3f', 'x_40', 'x_41', 'x_42', 'x_46', 'x_4c', 'x_4d', 'x_4e', 'x_4f', 'x_50', 'x_51', 'x_52', 'x_53', 'x_54', 'x_55', 'x_56', 'x_57', 'x_58', 'x_59', 'x_5a', 'x_5b', 'x_5c', 'x_5d', 'x_5e', 'x_5f', 'x_60', 'x_61', 'x_62', 'x_63', 'x_64', 'x_65', 'x_66', 'x_67', 'x_68', 'x_69', 'x_6d', 'x_6e', 'x_6f', 'x_70', 'x_71', 'x_72', 'x_73', 'x_74', 'x_75', 'x_79', 'x_7a', 'x_7b', 'x_7c', 'x_7d', 'x_7e', 'x_7f', 'x_80', 'x_81', 'x_82', 'x_83', 'x_84', 'x_85', 'x_86', 'x_87', 'x_88', 'x_89', 'x_8a', 'x_8b', 'x_8c', 'x_8d', 'x_8e', 'x_8f', 'x_90', 'x_91', 'x_92', 'x_93', 'x_94', 'x_95', 'x_96', 'x_97', 'x_98', 'x_99', 'x_9a', 'x_9b', 'x_9c', 'x_9d']}
+
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/func.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title></title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="hgbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><span style="color: red"><html><span style="color: red"><body><span style="color: red"><document><span style="color: red"><title>Functional Approach</title></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph><span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again
+and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also
+allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the
+convenience of not polluting the global variables.</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph><span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword <span style="color: red"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name
+of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the
+list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The
+definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block.
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the
+number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and
+returns the value.</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>A <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We
+call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses
+the arguments to the function.</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the
+above function and store the factorial in a variable:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>fact5 = factorial(5)</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we
+passed 5 as the argument to the function.</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function
+to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do
+this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This
+string is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove
+to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the
+docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically
+from it. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any
+Python value or a Python object, which also includes a <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is
+just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other
+valid Python datatypes, including <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other
+things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any
+number of values through a tuple</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)</literal_block></span><div class="section" title="1. Function scope">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2981898"></a>1. Function scope</h2></div></div></div>
+<span style="color: red"><paragraph>The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope
+and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the
+function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if
+it is of basic Python data type:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n
+which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out
+that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not
+changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span>
+and <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span>
+the values are manipulated even outside the function:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>>>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return
+None when the funnction is called.</paragraph></span>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2981970"></a>2. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<span style="color: red"><paragraph>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the
+arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing
+a facility called <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function
+that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an
+infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements
+that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the
+function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can
+define the function as follows:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the
+parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and
+argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]</literal_block></span>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2981995"></a>3. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<span style="color: red"><paragraph>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to
+remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may
+be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take
+the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility
+of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in
+the function definition. This is known as <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>In a function call, <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the
+following fashion:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to
+note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>
+can be specified. Also note, that we have combined <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified
+in the function definition is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to
+bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always
+start with <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword
+arguments</em></span>:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)</literal_block></span>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2982116"></a>4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<span style="color: red"><paragraph>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple
+parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword
+arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the
+keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition
+must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting
+parameter, whose name is preceded by a <span style="color: red"><strong>*</strong></span>, for collecting positional
+parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name
+is preceded by a <span style="color: red"><strong>**</strong></span></paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can
+be interchanged:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>>>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while
+calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in
+place of a list of <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> respectively
+using <span style="color: red"><strong>*</strong></span> or <span style="color: red"><strong>**</strong></span></paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</literal_block></span>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2982188"></a>5. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<span style="color: red"><paragraph>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming
+turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use <span class="emphasis"><em>Python
+decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this
+course. If you are interested in knowing more about <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in
+Python you are suggested to read:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><line_block><span style="color: red"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar/</div></line></span><span style="color: red"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://personalpages.tds.net/~kent37/kk/00001.html</div></line></span></line_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()</literal_block></span>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2982258"></a>6. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<span style="color: red"><paragraph>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The <span style="color: red"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+<span style="color: red"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and <span style="color: red"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The <span style="color: red"><strong>map</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments: <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>
+and a <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the
+function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The <span style="color: red"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the
+sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned
+by each call to <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>. <span style="color: red"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than
+one sequence. In this case, the first argument, <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many
+arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each
+corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or <span style="color: red"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the
+sequence is exhausted:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The <span style="color: red"><strong>filter</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+the <span style="color: red"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The <span style="color: red"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each
+item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+<span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The <span style="color: red"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+<span style="color: red"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The <span style="color: red"><strong>reduce</strong></span>
+function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence,
+obtains the result, calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element
+in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24</literal_block></span><div class="section" title="6.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2982429"></a>6.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<span style="color: red"><paragraph>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a
+syntatic sugar to create <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself.
+The syntax of <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate
+the result is a <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one <span style="color: red"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and
+multiple <span style="color: red"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:</paragraph></span><span style="color: red"><literal_block>>>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]</literal_block></span><span style="color: red"><paragraph>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be
+translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num,
+if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</paragraph></span>
+</div>
+</div></document></span></body></span></html></span></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/paragraphlist.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+f=open('abc.html','r')
+pid_list=[]
+for i in f.readlines():
+ if i.startswith('<p id=') :
+ list_tmp=i.split('"')[1]
+ pid_list.append(list_tmp)
+print pid_list
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+++ b/web/html/support/form-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+(function($){$.fn.ajaxSubmit=function(_2){if(typeof _2=="function"){_2={success:_2};}_2=$.extend({url:this.attr("action")||window.location,type:this.attr("method")||"GET"},_2||{});var _3={};$.event.trigger("form.pre.serialize",[this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var a=this.formToArray(_2.semantic);if(_2.data){for(var n in _2.data){a.push({name:n,value:_2.data[n]});}}if(_2.beforeSubmit&&_2.beforeSubmit(a,this,_2)===false){return this;}$.event.trigger("form.submit.validate",[a,this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var q=$.param(a);if(_2.type.toUpperCase()=="GET"){_2.url+=(_2.url.indexOf("?")>=0?"&":"?")+q;_2.data=null;}else{_2.data=q;}var _7=this,callbacks=[];if(_2.resetForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.resetForm();});}if(_2.clearForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.clearForm();});}if(!_2.dataType&&_2.target){var _8=_2.success||function(){};callbacks.push(function(_9){if(this.evalScripts){$(_2.target).attr("innerHTML",_9).evalScripts().each(_8,arguments);}else{$(_2.target).html(_9).each(_8,arguments);}});}else{if(_2.success){callbacks.push(_2.success);}}_2.success=function(_a,_b){for(var i=0,max=callbacks.length;i<max;i++){callbacks[i](_a,_b,_7);}};var _d=$("input:file",this).fieldValue();var _e=false;for(var j=0;j<_d.length;j++){if(_d[j]){_e=true;}}if(_2.iframe||_e){fileUpload();}else{$.ajax(_2);}$.event.trigger("form.submit.notify",[this,_2]);return this;function fileUpload(){var _10=_7[0];var _11=$.extend({},$.ajaxSettings,_2);var id="jqFormIO"+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;var $io=$("<iframe id=\""+id+"\" name=\""+id+"\" />");var io=$io[0];var op8=$.browser.opera&&window.opera.version()<9;if($.browser.msie||op8){io.src="javascript:false;document.write(\"\");";}$io.css({position:"absolute",top:"-1000px",left:"-1000px"});var xhr={responseText:null,responseXML:null,status:0,statusText:"n/a",getAllResponseHeaders:function(){},getResponseHeader:function(){},setRequestHeader:function(){}};var g=_11.global;if(g&&!$.active++){$.event.trigger("ajaxStart");}if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxSend",[xhr,_11]);}var _18=0;var _19=0;setTimeout(function(){$io.appendTo("body");io.attachEvent?io.attachEvent("onload",cb):io.addEventListener("load",cb,false);var _1a=_10.encoding?"encoding":"enctype";var t=_7.attr("target");_7.attr({target:id,method:"POST",action:_11.url});_10[_1a]="multipart/form-data";if(_11.timeout){setTimeout(function(){_19=true;cb();},_11.timeout);}_10.submit();_7.attr("target",t);},10);function cb(){if(_18++){return;}io.detachEvent?io.detachEvent("onload",cb):io.removeEventListener("load",cb,false);var ok=true;try{if(_19){throw "timeout";}var _1d,doc;doc=io.contentWindow?io.contentWindow.document:io.contentDocument?io.contentDocument:io.document;xhr.responseText=doc.body?doc.body.innerHTML:null;xhr.responseXML=doc.XMLDocument?doc.XMLDocument:doc;if(_11.dataType=="json"||_11.dataType=="script"){var ta=doc.getElementsByTagName("textarea")[0];_1d=ta?ta.value:xhr.responseText;if(_11.dataType=="json"){eval("data = "+_1d);}else{$.globalEval(_1d);}}else{if(_11.dataType=="xml"){_1d=xhr.responseXML;if(!_1d&&xhr.responseText!=null){_1d=toXml(xhr.responseText);}}else{_1d=xhr.responseText;}}}catch(e){ok=false;$.handleError(_11,xhr,"error",e);}if(ok){_11.success(_1d,"success");if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess",[xhr,_11]);}}if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxComplete",[xhr,_11]);}if(g&&!--$.active){$.event.trigger("ajaxStop");}if(_11.complete){_11.complete(xhr,ok?"success":"error");}setTimeout(function(){$io.remove();xhr.responseXML=null;},100);}function toXml(s,doc){if(window.ActiveXObject){doc=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM");doc.async="false";doc.loadXML(s);}else{doc=(new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s,"text/xml");}return (doc&&doc.documentElement&&doc.documentElement.tagName!="parsererror")?doc:null;}}};$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter=0;$.fn.ajaxForm=function(_21){return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function(){this.formPluginId=$.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId]=_21;$(":submit,input:image",this).click(clickHandler);});};$.fn.ajaxForm.counter=1;$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash={};function clickHandler(e){var _23=this.form;_23.clk=this;if(this.type=="image"){if(e.offsetX!=undefined){_23.clk_x=e.offsetX;_23.clk_y=e.offsetY;}else{if(typeof $.fn.offset=="function"){var _24=$(this).offset();_23.clk_x=e.pageX-_24.left;_23.clk_y=e.pageY-_24.top;}else{_23.clk_x=e.pageX-this.offsetLeft;_23.clk_y=e.pageY-this.offsetTop;}}}setTimeout(function(){_23.clk=_23.clk_x=_23.clk_y=null;},10);}function submitHandler(){var id=this.formPluginId;var _26=$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];$(this).ajaxSubmit(_26);return false;}$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind=function(){this.unbind("submit",submitHandler);return this.each(function(){$(":submit,input:image",this).unbind("click",clickHandler);});};$.fn.formToArray=function(_27){var a=[];if(this.length==0){return a;}var _29=this[0];var els=_27?_29.getElementsByTagName("*"):_29.elements;if(!els){return a;}for(var i=0,max=els.length;i<max;i++){var el=els[i];var n=el.name;if(!n){continue;}if(_27&&_29.clk&&el.type=="image"){if(!el.disabled&&_29.clk==el){a.push({name:n+".x",value:_29.clk_x},{name:n+".y",value:_29.clk_y});}continue;}var v=$.fieldValue(el,true);if(v&&v.constructor==Array){for(var j=0,jmax=v.length;j<jmax;j++){a.push({name:n,value:v[j]});}}else{if(v!==null&&typeof v!="undefined"){a.push({name:n,value:v});}}}if(!_27&&_29.clk){var _30=_29.getElementsByTagName("input");for(var i=0,max=_30.length;i<max;i++){var _32=_30[i];var n=_32.name;if(n&&!_32.disabled&&_32.type=="image"&&_29.clk==_32){a.push({name:n+".x",value:_29.clk_x},{name:n+".y",value:_29.clk_y});}}}return a;};$.fn.formSerialize=function(_34){return $.param(this.formToArray(_34));};$.fn.fieldSerialize=function(_35){var a=[];this.each(function(){var n=this.name;if(!n){return;}var v=$.fieldValue(this,_35);if(v&&v.constructor==Array){for(var i=0,max=v.length;i<max;i++){a.push({name:n,value:v[i]});}}else{if(v!==null&&typeof v!="undefined"){a.push({name:this.name,value:v});}}});return $.param(a);};$.fn.fieldValue=function(_3a){for(var val=[],i=0,max=this.length;i<max;i++){var el=this[i];var v=$.fieldValue(el,_3a);if(v===null||typeof v=="undefined"||(v.constructor==Array&&!v.length)){continue;}v.constructor==Array?$.merge(val,v):val.push(v);}return val;};$.fieldValue=function(el,_3f){var n=el.name,t=el.type,tag=el.tagName.toLowerCase();if(typeof _3f=="undefined"){_3f=true;}if(_3f&&(!n||el.disabled||t=="reset"||t=="button"||(t=="checkbox"||t=="radio")&&!el.checked||(t=="submit"||t=="image")&&el.form&&el.form.clk!=el||tag=="select"&&el.selectedIndex==-1)){return null;}if(tag=="select"){var _41=el.selectedIndex;if(_41<0){return null;}var a=[],ops=el.options;var one=(t=="select-one");var max=(one?_41+1:ops.length);for(var i=(one?_41:0);i<max;i++){var op=ops[i];if(op.selected){var v=$.browser.msie&&!(op.attributes["value"].specified)?op.text:op.value;if(one){return v;}a.push(v);}}return a;}return el.value;};$.fn.clearForm=function(){return this.each(function(){$("input,select,textarea",this).clearFields();});};$.fn.clearFields=$.fn.clearInputs=function(){return this.each(function(){var t=this.type,tag=this.tagName.toLowerCase();if(t=="text"||t=="password"||tag=="textarea"){this.value="";}else{if(t=="checkbox"||t=="radio"){this.checked=false;}else{if(tag=="select"){this.selectedIndex=-1;}}}});};$.fn.resetForm=function(){return this.each(function(){if(typeof this.reset=="function"||(typeof this.reset=="object"&&!this.reset.nodeType)){this.reset();}});};})(jQuery);
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/form.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery Form Plugin
+ * @requires jQuery v1.1 or later
+ *
+ * Examples at: http://malsup.com/jquery/form/
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses:
+ * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *
+ * Revision: $Id$
+ */
+ (function($) {
+/**
+ * ajaxSubmit() provides a mechanism for submitting an HTML form using AJAX.
+ *
+ * ajaxSubmit accepts a single argument which can be either a success callback function
+ * or an options Object. If a function is provided it will be invoked upon successful
+ * completion of the submit and will be passed the response from the server.
+ * If an options Object is provided, the following attributes are supported:
+ *
+ * target: Identifies the element(s) in the page to be updated with the server response.
+ * This value may be specified as a jQuery selection string, a jQuery object,
+ * or a DOM element.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * url: URL to which the form data will be submitted.
+ * default value: value of form's 'action' attribute
+ *
+ * type: The method in which the form data should be submitted, 'GET' or 'POST'.
+ * default value: value of form's 'method' attribute (or 'GET' if none found)
+ *
+ * data: Additional data to add to the request, specified as key/value pairs (see $.ajax).
+ *
+ * beforeSubmit: Callback method to be invoked before the form is submitted.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * success: Callback method to be invoked after the form has been successfully submitted
+ * and the response has been returned from the server
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * dataType: Expected dataType of the response. One of: null, 'xml', 'script', or 'json'
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * semantic: Boolean flag indicating whether data must be submitted in semantic order (slower).
+ * default value: false
+ *
+ * resetForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be reset if the submit is successful
+ *
+ * clearForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be cleared if the submit is successful
+ *
+ *
+ * The 'beforeSubmit' callback can be provided as a hook for running pre-submit logic or for
+ * validating the form data. If the 'beforeSubmit' callback returns false then the form will
+ * not be submitted. The 'beforeSubmit' callback is invoked with three arguments: the form data
+ * in array format, the jQuery object, and the options object passed into ajaxSubmit.
+ * The form data array takes the following form:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * If a 'success' callback method is provided it is invoked after the response has been returned
+ * from the server. It is passed the responseText or responseXML value (depending on dataType).
+ * See jQuery.ajax for further details.
+ *
+ *
+ * The dataType option provides a means for specifying how the server response should be handled.
+ * This maps directly to the jQuery.httpData method. The following values are supported:
+ *
+ * 'xml': if dataType == 'xml' the server response is treated as XML and the 'success'
+ * callback method, if specified, will be passed the responseXML value
+ * 'json': if dataType == 'json' the server response will be evaluted and passed to
+ * the 'success' callback, if specified
+ * 'script': if dataType == 'script' the server response is evaluated in the global context
+ *
+ *
+ * Note that it does not make sense to use both the 'target' and 'dataType' options. If both
+ * are provided the target will be ignored.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ *
+ * When used on its own, ajaxSubmit() is typically bound to a form's submit event like this:
+ *
+ * $("#form-id").submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * return false; // cancel conventional submit
+ * });
+ *
+ * When using ajaxForm(), however, this is done for you.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(function(data) {
+ * alert('Form submit succeeded! Server returned: ' + data);
+ * });
+ * @desc Submit form and alert server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and update page element with server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and alert the server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Pre-submit validation which aborts the submit operation if form data is empty
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myJsonUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'json',
+ * success: function(data) {
+ * // 'data' is an object representing the the evaluated json data
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc json data returned and evaluated
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myXmlUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'xml',
+ * success: function(responseXML) {
+ * // responseXML is XML document object
+ * var data = $('myElement', responseXML).text();
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc XML data returned from server
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * resetForm: true
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc submit form and reset it if successful
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm).submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit();
+ * return false;
+ * });
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event to use ajaxSubmit
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxSubmit
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @return jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit = function(options) {
+ if (typeof options == 'function')
+ options = { success: options };
+
+ options = $.extend({
+ url: this.attr('action') || window.location,
+ type: this.attr('method') || 'GET'
+ }, options || {});
+
+ // hook for manipulating the form data before it is extracted;
+ // convenient for use with rich editors like tinyMCE or FCKEditor
+ var veto = {};
+ $.event.trigger('form.pre.serialize', [this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var a = this.formToArray(options.semantic);
+ if (options.data) {
+ for (var n in options.data)
+ a.push( { name: n, value: options.data[n] } );
+ }
+
+ // give pre-submit callback an opportunity to abort the submit
+ if (options.beforeSubmit && options.beforeSubmit(a, this, options) === false) return this;
+
+ // fire vetoable 'validate' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.validate', [a, this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var q = $.param(a);//.replace(/%20/g,'+');
+
+ if (options.type.toUpperCase() == 'GET') {
+ options.url += (options.url.indexOf('?') >= 0 ? '&' : '?') + q;
+ options.data = null; // data is null for 'get'
+ }
+ else
+ options.data = q; // data is the query string for 'post'
+
+ var $form = this, callbacks = [];
+ if (options.resetForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.resetForm(); });
+ if (options.clearForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.clearForm(); });
+
+ // perform a load on the target only if dataType is not provided
+ if (!options.dataType && options.target) {
+ var oldSuccess = options.success || function(){};
+ callbacks.push(function(data) {
+ if (this.evalScripts)
+ $(options.target).attr("innerHTML", data).evalScripts().each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ else // jQuery v1.1.4
+ $(options.target).html(data).each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ });
+ }
+ else if (options.success)
+ callbacks.push(options.success);
+
+ options.success = function(data, status) {
+ for (var i=0, max=callbacks.length; i < max; i++)
+ callbacks[i](data, status, $form);
+ };
+
+ // are there files to upload?
+ var files = $('input:file', this).fieldValue();
+ var found = false;
+ for (var j=0; j < files.length; j++)
+ if (files[j])
+ found = true;
+
+ if (options.iframe || found) // options.iframe allows user to force iframe mode
+ fileUpload();
+ else
+ $.ajax(options);
+
+ // fire 'notify' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.notify', [this, options]);
+ return this;
+
+
+ // private function for handling file uploads (hat tip to YAHOO!)
+ function fileUpload() {
+ var form = $form[0];
+ var opts = $.extend({}, $.ajaxSettings, options);
+
+ var id = 'jqFormIO' + $.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;
+ var $io = $('<iframe id="' + id + '" name="' + id + '" />');
+ var io = $io[0];
+ var op8 = $.browser.opera && window.opera.version() < 9;
+ if ($.browser.msie || op8) io.src = 'javascript:false;document.write("");';
+ $io.css({ position: 'absolute', top: '-1000px', left: '-1000px' });
+
+ var xhr = { // mock object
+ responseText: null,
+ responseXML: null,
+ status: 0,
+ statusText: 'n/a',
+ getAllResponseHeaders: function() {},
+ getResponseHeader: function() {},
+ setRequestHeader: function() {}
+ };
+
+ var g = opts.global;
+ // trigger ajax global events so that activity/block indicators work like normal
+ if (g && ! $.active++) $.event.trigger("ajaxStart");
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xhr, opts]);
+
+ var cbInvoked = 0;
+ var timedOut = 0;
+
+ // take a breath so that pending repaints get some cpu time before the upload starts
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.appendTo('body');
+ // jQuery's event binding doesn't work for iframe events in IE
+ io.attachEvent ? io.attachEvent('onload', cb) : io.addEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ // make sure form attrs are set
+ var encAttr = form.encoding ? 'encoding' : 'enctype';
+ var t = $form.attr('target');
+ $form.attr({
+ target: id,
+ method: 'POST',
+ action: opts.url
+ });
+ form[encAttr] = 'multipart/form-data';
+
+ // support timout
+ if (opts.timeout)
+ setTimeout(function() { timedOut = true; cb(); }, opts.timeout);
+
+ form.submit();
+ $form.attr('target', t); // reset target
+ }, 10);
+
+ function cb() {
+ if (cbInvoked++) return;
+
+ io.detachEvent ? io.detachEvent('onload', cb) : io.removeEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ var ok = true;
+ try {
+ if (timedOut) throw 'timeout';
+ // extract the server response from the iframe
+ var data, doc;
+ doc = io.contentWindow ? io.contentWindow.document : io.contentDocument ? io.contentDocument : io.document;
+ xhr.responseText = doc.body ? doc.body.innerHTML : null;
+ xhr.responseXML = doc.XMLDocument ? doc.XMLDocument : doc;
+
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json' || opts.dataType == 'script') {
+ var ta = doc.getElementsByTagName('textarea')[0];
+ data = ta ? ta.value : xhr.responseText;
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json')
+ eval("data = " + data);
+ else
+ $.globalEval(data);
+ }
+ else if (opts.dataType == 'xml') {
+ data = xhr.responseXML;
+ if (!data && xhr.responseText != null)
+ data = toXml(xhr.responseText);
+ }
+ else {
+ data = xhr.responseText;
+ }
+ }
+ catch(e){
+ ok = false;
+ $.handleError(opts, xhr, 'error', e);
+ }
+
+ // ordering of these callbacks/triggers is odd, but that's how $.ajax does it
+ if (ok) {
+ opts.success(data, 'success');
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess", [xhr, opts]);
+ }
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxComplete", [xhr, opts]);
+ if (g && ! --$.active) $.event.trigger("ajaxStop");
+ if (opts.complete) opts.complete(xhr, ok ? 'success' : 'error');
+
+ // clean up
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.remove();
+ xhr.responseXML = null;
+ }, 100);
+ };
+
+ function toXml(s, doc) {
+ if (window.ActiveXObject) {
+ doc = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLDOM');
+ doc.async = 'false';
+ doc.loadXML(s);
+ }
+ else
+ doc = (new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s, 'text/xml');
+ return (doc && doc.documentElement && doc.documentElement.tagName != 'parsererror') ? doc : null;
+ };
+ };
+};
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter = 0; // used to create unique iframe ids
+
+/**
+ * ajaxForm() provides a mechanism for fully automating form submission.
+ *
+ * The advantages of using this method instead of ajaxSubmit() are:
+ *
+ * 1: This method will include coordinates for <input type="image" /> elements (if the element
+ * is used to submit the form).
+ * 2. This method will include the submit element's name/value data (for the element that was
+ * used to submit the form).
+ * 3. This method binds the submit() method to the form for you.
+ *
+ * Note that for accurate x/y coordinates of image submit elements in all browsers
+ * you need to also use the "dimensions" plugin (this method will auto-detect its presence).
+ *
+ * The options argument for ajaxForm works exactly as it does for ajaxSubmit. ajaxForm merely
+ * passes the options argument along after properly binding events for submit elements and
+ * the form itself. See ajaxSubmit for a full description of the options argument.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSForm(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that 'myTargetDiv' is updated with the server response
+ * when the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that server response is alerted after the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that pre-submit callback is invoked before the form
+ * is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxForm
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxForm = function(options) {
+ return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function() {
+ // store options in hash
+ this.formPluginId = $.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;
+ $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId] = options;
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).click(clickHandler);
+ });
+};
+
+$.fn.ajaxForm.counter = 1;
+$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash = {};
+
+function clickHandler(e) {
+ var $form = this.form;
+ $form.clk = this;
+ if (this.type == 'image') {
+ if (e.offsetX != undefined) {
+ $form.clk_x = e.offsetX;
+ $form.clk_y = e.offsetY;
+ } else if (typeof $.fn.offset == 'function') { // try to use dimensions plugin
+ var offset = $(this).offset();
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - offset.left;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - offset.top;
+ } else {
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - this.offsetLeft;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - this.offsetTop;
+ }
+ }
+ // clear form vars
+ setTimeout(function() { $form.clk = $form.clk_x = $form.clk_y = null; }, 10);
+};
+
+function submitHandler() {
+ // retrieve options from hash
+ var id = this.formPluginId;
+ var options = $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];
+ $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ return false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * ajaxFormUnbind unbinds the event handlers that were bound by ajaxForm
+ *
+ * @name ajaxFormUnbind
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind = function() {
+ this.unbind('submit', submitHandler);
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).unbind('click', clickHandler);
+ });
+
+};
+
+/**
+ * formToArray() gathers form element data into an array of objects that can
+ * be passed to any of the following ajax functions: $.get, $.post, or load.
+ * Each object in the array has both a 'name' and 'value' property. An example of
+ * an array for a simple login form might be:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * It is this array that is passed to pre-submit callback functions provided to the
+ * ajaxSubmit() and ajaxForm() methods.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formToArray();
+ * $.post( "myscript.cgi", data );
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form and submit it to the server.
+ *
+ * @name formToArray
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type Array<Object>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formToArray = function(semantic) {
+ var a = [];
+ if (this.length == 0) return a;
+
+ var form = this[0];
+ var els = semantic ? form.getElementsByTagName('*') : form.elements;
+ if (!els) return a;
+ for(var i=0, max=els.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = els[i];
+ var n = el.name;
+ if (!n) continue;
+
+ if (semantic && form.clk && el.type == "image") {
+ // handle image inputs on the fly when semantic == true
+ if(!el.disabled && form.clk == el)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, true);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for(var j=0, jmax=v.length; j < jmax; j++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[j]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: n, value: v});
+ }
+
+ if (!semantic && form.clk) {
+ // input type=='image' are not found in elements array! handle them here
+ var inputs = form.getElementsByTagName("input");
+ for(var i=0, max=inputs.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var input = inputs[i];
+ var n = input.name;
+ if(n && !input.disabled && input.type == "image" && form.clk == input)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes form data into a 'submittable' string. This method will return a string
+ * in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order then pass
+ * true for this arg, otherwise pass false (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for
+ * this logic (which can be significant for very large forms).
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formSerialize();
+ * $.ajax('POST', "myscript.cgi", data);
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form into a single string
+ *
+ * @name formSerialize
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formSerialize = function(semantic) {
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(this.formToArray(semantic));
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes all field elements in the jQuery object into a query string.
+ * This method will return a string in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not serialization is limited to
+ * 'successful' controls (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":radio").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful radio input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful checkbox input elements in myForm into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize(false);
+ * @desc Collect the data from all checkbox elements in myForm (even the unchecked ones) into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input, select, textarea and button elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @name fieldSerialize
+ * @param successful true if only successful controls should be serialized (default is true)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldSerialize = function(successful) {
+ var a = [];
+ this.each(function() {
+ var n = this.name;
+ if (!n) return;
+ var v = $.fieldValue(this, successful);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for (var i=0,max=v.length; i < max; i++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[i]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: this.name, value: v});
+ });
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(a);
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value(s) of the element in the matched set. For example, consider the following form:
+ *
+ * <form><fieldset>
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B1" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B2"/>
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C1" />
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C2" />
+ * </fieldset></form>
+ *
+ * var v = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * // if no values are entered into the text inputs
+ * v == ['','']
+ * // if values entered into the text inputs are 'foo' and 'bar'
+ * v == ['foo','bar']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':checkbox').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither checkbox is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if both checkboxes are checked
+ * v == ['B1', 'B2']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':radio').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither radio is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if first radio is checked
+ * v == ['C1']
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If this value is false the value(s)
+ * for each element is returned.
+ *
+ * Note: This method *always* returns an array. If no valid value can be determined the
+ * array will be empty, otherwise it will contain one or more values.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myPasswordElement").fieldValue();
+ * alert(data[0]);
+ * @desc Alerts the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :input").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the form elements in myForm
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) for the successful checkbox element(s) in the jQuery object.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#mySingleSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the select control
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the text input or textarea elements
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myMultiSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the values for the select-multiple control
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Boolean successful true if only the values for successful controls should be returned (default is true)
+ * @type Array<String>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldValue = function(successful) {
+ for (var val=[], i=0, max=this.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = this[i];
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, successful);
+ if (v === null || typeof v == 'undefined' || (v.constructor == Array && !v.length))
+ continue;
+ v.constructor == Array ? $.merge(val, v) : val.push(v);
+ }
+ return val;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value of the field element.
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If the given element is not
+ * successful and the successful arg is not false then the returned value will be null.
+ *
+ * Note: If the successful flag is true (default) but the element is not successful, the return will be null
+ * Note: The value returned for a successful select-multiple element will always be an array.
+ * Note: If the element has no value the return value will be undefined.
+ *
+ * @example var data = jQuery.fieldValue($("#myPasswordElement")[0]);
+ * @desc Gets the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Element el The DOM element for which the value will be returned
+ * @param Boolean successful true if value returned must be for a successful controls (default is true)
+ * @type String or Array<String> or null or undefined
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fieldValue = function(el, successful) {
+ var n = el.name, t = el.type, tag = el.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (typeof successful == 'undefined') successful = true;
+
+ if (successful && (!n || el.disabled || t == 'reset' || t == 'button' ||
+ (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio') && !el.checked ||
+ (t == 'submit' || t == 'image') && el.form && el.form.clk != el ||
+ tag == 'select' && el.selectedIndex == -1))
+ return null;
+
+ if (tag == 'select') {
+ var index = el.selectedIndex;
+ if (index < 0) return null;
+ var a = [], ops = el.options;
+ var one = (t == 'select-one');
+ var max = (one ? index+1 : ops.length);
+ for(var i=(one ? index : 0); i < max; i++) {
+ var op = ops[i];
+ if (op.selected) {
+ // extra pain for IE...
+ var v = $.browser.msie && !(op.attributes['value'].specified) ? op.text : op.value;
+ if (one) return v;
+ a.push(v);
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+ }
+ return el.value;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Clears the form data. Takes the following actions on the form's input fields:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('form').clearForm();
+ * @desc Clears all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name clearForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $('input,select,textarea', this).clearFields();
+ });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears the selected form elements. Takes the following actions on the matched elements:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('.myInputs').clearFields();
+ * @desc Clears all inputs with class myInputs
+ *
+ * @name clearFields
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearFields = $.fn.clearInputs = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ var t = this.type, tag = this.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (t == 'text' || t == 'password' || tag == 'textarea')
+ this.value = '';
+ else if (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio')
+ this.checked = false;
+ else if (tag == 'select')
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ });
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Resets the form data. Causes all form elements to be reset to their original value.
+ *
+ * @example $('form').resetForm();
+ * @desc Resets all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name resetForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.resetForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ // guard against an input with the name of 'reset'
+ // note that IE reports the reset function as an 'object'
+ if (typeof this.reset == 'function' || (typeof this.reset == 'object' && !this.reset.nodeType))
+ this.reset();
+ });
+};
+
+})(jQuery);
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/hsbook.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+function qid(id) {
+ return id.replace(/([.:])/g, "\\$1");
+}
+
+function beforeComment(formData, jqForm, options) {
+ var form = jqForm[0];
+ if (!form.comment.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Your comment is empty</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (!form.name.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Please provide a name</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().after(
+ "<img src=\"/support/icons/throbber.gif\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\"/>");
+ $(options.target + " input[@name=submit]").attr("disabled", true);
+}
+
+function ajaxifyForm(id) {
+ var q = qid(id);
+
+ $("#form_" + q).ajaxForm({ beforeSubmit: beforeComment,
+ success: function() { ajaxifyForm(id); },
+ target: "#comments_" + q });
+}
+
+function toggleComment(id) {
+ $("#toggle_" + qid(id)).nextAll().toggle();
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadComments(id) {
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id)).load(location.protocol + "//" + location.host +
+ "/comments/single/" + id + "/", function() {
+ ajaxifyForm(id);
+ });
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadAllComments() {
+ $("a.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ if (id) {
+ loadComments(id);
+ }
+ });
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ function loading(id) {
+ return " <span id=\"comments_" + id + "\" class=\"comment\">" +
+ "<span pid=\"" + id + "\" class=\"commenttoggle\">Loading..." +
+ "</span></span>";
+ }
+ $("div.toc>p")
+ .after("<p style='display: none;'><a onclick='return loadAllComments()'>" +
+ "Load all comments (<b>slow</b>)</a></p>")
+ .toggle(function() { $(this).nextAll().show("normal"); },
+ function() { $(this).nextAll().hide("normal"); })
+ .hover(function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.8); },
+ function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.35); });
+ $(".chapter p[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).append(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ $(".chapter table[@id].equation").each(function() {
+ id = $(this).attr("id");
+ $("#" + id + " tr").after('<tr><td colspan="4">' + loading($(this).attr("id")) + '</td></tr>');
+ });
+ $(".chapter pre[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).after(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ var chapid = $("div.preface, div.chapter, div.appendix, div.bibliography").attr("id");
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href",
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href") + chapid + "/");
+ $.getJSON(location.protocol + "//" + location.host + "/comments/chapter/" +
+ chapid + "/count/", function(data) {
+ $.each(data, function(id, item) {
+ var s = item == 1 ? "" : "s";
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id) + " span.commenttoggle").replaceWith(
+ "<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "pid='" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comments: show / hide'>" + item + " comment" + s + "</a>");
+ });
+ $("span.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ $(this).replaceWith("<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comment: add'>No comments</a>");
+ });
+ });
+});
Binary file web/html/support/icons/caution.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/favicon.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/important.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/note.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/remark.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/rss.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/shell.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/source.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/throbber.gif has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/tip.png has changed
Binary file web/html/support/icons/warning.png has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/javascript/form-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+(function($){$.fn.ajaxSubmit=function(_2){if(typeof _2=="function"){_2={success:_2};}_2=$.extend({url:this.attr("action")||window.location,type:this.attr("method")||"GET"},_2||{});var _3={};$.event.trigger("form.pre.serialize",[this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var a=this.formToArray(_2.semantic);if(_2.data){for(var n in _2.data){a.push({name:n,value:_2.data[n]});}}if(_2.beforeSubmit&&_2.beforeSubmit(a,this,_2)===false){return this;}$.event.trigger("form.submit.validate",[a,this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var q=$.param(a);if(_2.type.toUpperCase()=="GET"){_2.url+=(_2.url.indexOf("?")>=0?"&":"?")+q;_2.data=null;}else{_2.data=q;}var _7=this,callbacks=[];if(_2.resetForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.resetForm();});}if(_2.clearForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.clearForm();});}if(!_2.dataType&&_2.target){var _8=_2.success||function(){};callbacks.push(function(_9){if(this.evalScripts){$(_2.target).attr("innerHTML",_9).evalScripts().each(_8,arguments);}else{$(_2.target).html(_9).each(_8,arguments);}});}else{if(_2.success){callbacks.push(_2.success);}}_2.success=function(_a,_b){for(var i=0,max=callbacks.length;i<max;i++){callbacks[i](_a,_b,_7);}};var _d=$("input:file",this).fieldValue();var _e=false;for(var j=0;j<_d.length;j++){if(_d[j]){_e=true;}}if(_2.iframe||_e){fileUpload();}else{$.ajax(_2);}$.event.trigger("form.submit.notify",[this,_2]);return this;function fileUpload(){var _10=_7[0];var _11=$.extend({},$.ajaxSettings,_2);var id="jqFormIO"+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;var $io=$("<iframe id=\""+id+"\" name=\""+id+"\" />");var io=$io[0];var op8=$.browser.opera&&window.opera.version()<9;if($.browser.msie||op8){io.src="javascript:false;document.write(\"\");";}$io.css({position:"absolute",top:"-1000px",left:"-1000px"});var xhr={responseText:null,responseXML:null,status:0,statusText:"n/a",getAllResponseHeaders:function(){},getResponseHeader:function(){},setRequestHeader:function(){}};var g=_11.global;if(g&&!$.active++){$.event.trigger("ajaxStart");}if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxSend",[xhr,_11]);}var _18=0;var _19=0;setTimeout(function(){$io.appendTo("body");io.attachEvent?io.attachEvent("onload",cb):io.addEventListener("load",cb,false);var _1a=_10.encoding?"encoding":"enctype";var t=_7.attr("target");_7.attr({target:id,method:"POST",action:_11.url});_10[_1a]="multipart/form-data";if(_11.timeout){setTimeout(function(){_19=true;cb();},_11.timeout);}_10.submit();_7.attr("target",t);},10);function cb(){if(_18++){return;}io.detachEvent?io.detachEvent("onload",cb):io.removeEventListener("load",cb,false);var ok=true;try{if(_19){throw "timeout";}var _1d,doc;doc=io.contentWindow?io.contentWindow.document:io.contentDocument?io.contentDocument:io.document;xhr.responseText=doc.body?doc.body.innerHTML:null;xhr.responseXML=doc.XMLDocument?doc.XMLDocument:doc;if(_11.dataType=="json"||_11.dataType=="script"){var ta=doc.getElementsByTagName("textarea")[0];_1d=ta?ta.value:xhr.responseText;if(_11.dataType=="json"){eval("data = "+_1d);}else{$.globalEval(_1d);}}else{if(_11.dataType=="xml"){_1d=xhr.responseXML;if(!_1d&&xhr.responseText!=null){_1d=toXml(xhr.responseText);}}else{_1d=xhr.responseText;}}}catch(e){ok=false;$.handleError(_11,xhr,"error",e);}if(ok){_11.success(_1d,"success");if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess",[xhr,_11]);}}if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxComplete",[xhr,_11]);}if(g&&!--$.active){$.event.trigger("ajaxStop");}if(_11.complete){_11.complete(xhr,ok?"success":"error");}setTimeout(function(){$io.remove();xhr.responseXML=null;},100);}function toXml(s,doc){if(window.ActiveXObject){doc=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM");doc.async="false";doc.loadXML(s);}else{doc=(new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s,"text/xml");}return (doc&&doc.documentElement&&doc.documentElement.tagName!="parsererror")?doc:null;}}};$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter=0;$.fn.ajaxForm=function(_21){return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function(){this.formPluginId=$.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId]=_21;$(":submit,input:image",this).click(clickHandler);});};$.fn.ajaxForm.counter=1;$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash={};function clickHandler(e){var _23=this.form;_23.clk=this;if(this.type=="image"){if(e.offsetX!=undefined){_23.clk_x=e.offsetX;_23.clk_y=e.offsetY;}else{if(typeof $.fn.offset=="function"){var _24=$(this).offset();_23.clk_x=e.pageX-_24.left;_23.clk_y=e.pageY-_24.top;}else{_23.clk_x=e.pageX-this.offsetLeft;_23.clk_y=e.pageY-this.offsetTop;}}}setTimeout(function(){_23.clk=_23.clk_x=_23.clk_y=null;},10);}function submitHandler(){var id=this.formPluginId;var _26=$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];$(this).ajaxSubmit(_26);return false;}$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind=function(){this.unbind("submit",submitHandler);return this.each(function(){$(":submit,input:image",this).unbind("click",clickHandler);});};$.fn.formToArray=function(_27){var a=[];if(this.length==0){return a;}var _29=this[0];var els=_27?_29.getElementsByTagName("*"):_29.elements;if(!els){return a;}for(var i=0,max=els.length;i<max;i++){var el=els[i];var n=el.name;if(!n){continue;}if(_27&&_29.clk&&el.type=="image"){if(!el.disabled&&_29.clk==el){a.push({name:n+".x",value:_29.clk_x},{name:n+".y",value:_29.clk_y});}continue;}var v=$.fieldValue(el,true);if(v&&v.constructor==Array){for(var j=0,jmax=v.length;j<jmax;j++){a.push({name:n,value:v[j]});}}else{if(v!==null&&typeof v!="undefined"){a.push({name:n,value:v});}}}if(!_27&&_29.clk){var _30=_29.getElementsByTagName("input");for(var i=0,max=_30.length;i<max;i++){var _32=_30[i];var n=_32.name;if(n&&!_32.disabled&&_32.type=="image"&&_29.clk==_32){a.push({name:n+".x",value:_29.clk_x},{name:n+".y",value:_29.clk_y});}}}return a;};$.fn.formSerialize=function(_34){return $.param(this.formToArray(_34));};$.fn.fieldSerialize=function(_35){var a=[];this.each(function(){var n=this.name;if(!n){return;}var v=$.fieldValue(this,_35);if(v&&v.constructor==Array){for(var i=0,max=v.length;i<max;i++){a.push({name:n,value:v[i]});}}else{if(v!==null&&typeof v!="undefined"){a.push({name:this.name,value:v});}}});return $.param(a);};$.fn.fieldValue=function(_3a){for(var val=[],i=0,max=this.length;i<max;i++){var el=this[i];var v=$.fieldValue(el,_3a);if(v===null||typeof v=="undefined"||(v.constructor==Array&&!v.length)){continue;}v.constructor==Array?$.merge(val,v):val.push(v);}return val;};$.fieldValue=function(el,_3f){var n=el.name,t=el.type,tag=el.tagName.toLowerCase();if(typeof _3f=="undefined"){_3f=true;}if(_3f&&(!n||el.disabled||t=="reset"||t=="button"||(t=="checkbox"||t=="radio")&&!el.checked||(t=="submit"||t=="image")&&el.form&&el.form.clk!=el||tag=="select"&&el.selectedIndex==-1)){return null;}if(tag=="select"){var _41=el.selectedIndex;if(_41<0){return null;}var a=[],ops=el.options;var one=(t=="select-one");var max=(one?_41+1:ops.length);for(var i=(one?_41:0);i<max;i++){var op=ops[i];if(op.selected){var v=$.browser.msie&&!(op.attributes["value"].specified)?op.text:op.value;if(one){return v;}a.push(v);}}return a;}return el.value;};$.fn.clearForm=function(){return this.each(function(){$("input,select,textarea",this).clearFields();});};$.fn.clearFields=$.fn.clearInputs=function(){return this.each(function(){var t=this.type,tag=this.tagName.toLowerCase();if(t=="text"||t=="password"||tag=="textarea"){this.value="";}else{if(t=="checkbox"||t=="radio"){this.checked=false;}else{if(tag=="select"){this.selectedIndex=-1;}}}});};$.fn.resetForm=function(){return this.each(function(){if(typeof this.reset=="function"||(typeof this.reset=="object"&&!this.reset.nodeType)){this.reset();}});};})(jQuery);
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/javascript/form.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery Form Plugin
+ * @requires jQuery v1.1 or later
+ *
+ * Examples at: http://malsup.com/jquery/form/
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses:
+ * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *
+ * Revision: $Id$
+ */
+ (function($) {
+/**
+ * ajaxSubmit() provides a mechanism for submitting an HTML form using AJAX.
+ *
+ * ajaxSubmit accepts a single argument which can be either a success callback function
+ * or an options Object. If a function is provided it will be invoked upon successful
+ * completion of the submit and will be passed the response from the server.
+ * If an options Object is provided, the following attributes are supported:
+ *
+ * target: Identifies the element(s) in the page to be updated with the server response.
+ * This value may be specified as a jQuery selection string, a jQuery object,
+ * or a DOM element.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * url: URL to which the form data will be submitted.
+ * default value: value of form's 'action' attribute
+ *
+ * type: The method in which the form data should be submitted, 'GET' or 'POST'.
+ * default value: value of form's 'method' attribute (or 'GET' if none found)
+ *
+ * data: Additional data to add to the request, specified as key/value pairs (see $.ajax).
+ *
+ * beforeSubmit: Callback method to be invoked before the form is submitted.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * success: Callback method to be invoked after the form has been successfully submitted
+ * and the response has been returned from the server
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * dataType: Expected dataType of the response. One of: null, 'xml', 'script', or 'json'
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * semantic: Boolean flag indicating whether data must be submitted in semantic order (slower).
+ * default value: false
+ *
+ * resetForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be reset if the submit is successful
+ *
+ * clearForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be cleared if the submit is successful
+ *
+ *
+ * The 'beforeSubmit' callback can be provided as a hook for running pre-submit logic or for
+ * validating the form data. If the 'beforeSubmit' callback returns false then the form will
+ * not be submitted. The 'beforeSubmit' callback is invoked with three arguments: the form data
+ * in array format, the jQuery object, and the options object passed into ajaxSubmit.
+ * The form data array takes the following form:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * If a 'success' callback method is provided it is invoked after the response has been returned
+ * from the server. It is passed the responseText or responseXML value (depending on dataType).
+ * See jQuery.ajax for further details.
+ *
+ *
+ * The dataType option provides a means for specifying how the server response should be handled.
+ * This maps directly to the jQuery.httpData method. The following values are supported:
+ *
+ * 'xml': if dataType == 'xml' the server response is treated as XML and the 'success'
+ * callback method, if specified, will be passed the responseXML value
+ * 'json': if dataType == 'json' the server response will be evaluted and passed to
+ * the 'success' callback, if specified
+ * 'script': if dataType == 'script' the server response is evaluated in the global context
+ *
+ *
+ * Note that it does not make sense to use both the 'target' and 'dataType' options. If both
+ * are provided the target will be ignored.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ *
+ * When used on its own, ajaxSubmit() is typically bound to a form's submit event like this:
+ *
+ * $("#form-id").submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * return false; // cancel conventional submit
+ * });
+ *
+ * When using ajaxForm(), however, this is done for you.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(function(data) {
+ * alert('Form submit succeeded! Server returned: ' + data);
+ * });
+ * @desc Submit form and alert server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and update page element with server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and alert the server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Pre-submit validation which aborts the submit operation if form data is empty
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myJsonUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'json',
+ * success: function(data) {
+ * // 'data' is an object representing the the evaluated json data
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc json data returned and evaluated
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myXmlUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'xml',
+ * success: function(responseXML) {
+ * // responseXML is XML document object
+ * var data = $('myElement', responseXML).text();
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc XML data returned from server
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * resetForm: true
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc submit form and reset it if successful
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm).submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit();
+ * return false;
+ * });
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event to use ajaxSubmit
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxSubmit
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @return jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit = function(options) {
+ if (typeof options == 'function')
+ options = { success: options };
+
+ options = $.extend({
+ url: this.attr('action') || window.location,
+ type: this.attr('method') || 'GET'
+ }, options || {});
+
+ // hook for manipulating the form data before it is extracted;
+ // convenient for use with rich editors like tinyMCE or FCKEditor
+ var veto = {};
+ $.event.trigger('form.pre.serialize', [this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var a = this.formToArray(options.semantic);
+ if (options.data) {
+ for (var n in options.data)
+ a.push( { name: n, value: options.data[n] } );
+ }
+
+ // give pre-submit callback an opportunity to abort the submit
+ if (options.beforeSubmit && options.beforeSubmit(a, this, options) === false) return this;
+
+ // fire vetoable 'validate' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.validate', [a, this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var q = $.param(a);//.replace(/%20/g,'+');
+
+ if (options.type.toUpperCase() == 'GET') {
+ options.url += (options.url.indexOf('?') >= 0 ? '&' : '?') + q;
+ options.data = null; // data is null for 'get'
+ }
+ else
+ options.data = q; // data is the query string for 'post'
+
+ var $form = this, callbacks = [];
+ if (options.resetForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.resetForm(); });
+ if (options.clearForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.clearForm(); });
+
+ // perform a load on the target only if dataType is not provided
+ if (!options.dataType && options.target) {
+ var oldSuccess = options.success || function(){};
+ callbacks.push(function(data) {
+ if (this.evalScripts)
+ $(options.target).attr("innerHTML", data).evalScripts().each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ else // jQuery v1.1.4
+ $(options.target).html(data).each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ });
+ }
+ else if (options.success)
+ callbacks.push(options.success);
+
+ options.success = function(data, status) {
+ for (var i=0, max=callbacks.length; i < max; i++)
+ callbacks[i](data, status, $form);
+ };
+
+ // are there files to upload?
+ var files = $('input:file', this).fieldValue();
+ var found = false;
+ for (var j=0; j < files.length; j++)
+ if (files[j])
+ found = true;
+
+ if (options.iframe || found) // options.iframe allows user to force iframe mode
+ fileUpload();
+ else
+ $.ajax(options);
+
+ // fire 'notify' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.notify', [this, options]);
+ return this;
+
+
+ // private function for handling file uploads (hat tip to YAHOO!)
+ function fileUpload() {
+ var form = $form[0];
+ var opts = $.extend({}, $.ajaxSettings, options);
+
+ var id = 'jqFormIO' + $.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;
+ var $io = $('<iframe id="' + id + '" name="' + id + '" />');
+ var io = $io[0];
+ var op8 = $.browser.opera && window.opera.version() < 9;
+ if ($.browser.msie || op8) io.src = 'javascript:false;document.write("");';
+ $io.css({ position: 'absolute', top: '-1000px', left: '-1000px' });
+
+ var xhr = { // mock object
+ responseText: null,
+ responseXML: null,
+ status: 0,
+ statusText: 'n/a',
+ getAllResponseHeaders: function() {},
+ getResponseHeader: function() {},
+ setRequestHeader: function() {}
+ };
+
+ var g = opts.global;
+ // trigger ajax global events so that activity/block indicators work like normal
+ if (g && ! $.active++) $.event.trigger("ajaxStart");
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xhr, opts]);
+
+ var cbInvoked = 0;
+ var timedOut = 0;
+
+ // take a breath so that pending repaints get some cpu time before the upload starts
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.appendTo('body');
+ // jQuery's event binding doesn't work for iframe events in IE
+ io.attachEvent ? io.attachEvent('onload', cb) : io.addEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ // make sure form attrs are set
+ var encAttr = form.encoding ? 'encoding' : 'enctype';
+ var t = $form.attr('target');
+ $form.attr({
+ target: id,
+ method: 'POST',
+ action: opts.url
+ });
+ form[encAttr] = 'multipart/form-data';
+
+ // support timout
+ if (opts.timeout)
+ setTimeout(function() { timedOut = true; cb(); }, opts.timeout);
+
+ form.submit();
+ $form.attr('target', t); // reset target
+ }, 10);
+
+ function cb() {
+ if (cbInvoked++) return;
+
+ io.detachEvent ? io.detachEvent('onload', cb) : io.removeEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ var ok = true;
+ try {
+ if (timedOut) throw 'timeout';
+ // extract the server response from the iframe
+ var data, doc;
+ doc = io.contentWindow ? io.contentWindow.document : io.contentDocument ? io.contentDocument : io.document;
+ xhr.responseText = doc.body ? doc.body.innerHTML : null;
+ xhr.responseXML = doc.XMLDocument ? doc.XMLDocument : doc;
+
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json' || opts.dataType == 'script') {
+ var ta = doc.getElementsByTagName('textarea')[0];
+ data = ta ? ta.value : xhr.responseText;
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json')
+ eval("data = " + data);
+ else
+ $.globalEval(data);
+ }
+ else if (opts.dataType == 'xml') {
+ data = xhr.responseXML;
+ if (!data && xhr.responseText != null)
+ data = toXml(xhr.responseText);
+ }
+ else {
+ data = xhr.responseText;
+ }
+ }
+ catch(e){
+ ok = false;
+ $.handleError(opts, xhr, 'error', e);
+ }
+
+ // ordering of these callbacks/triggers is odd, but that's how $.ajax does it
+ if (ok) {
+ opts.success(data, 'success');
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess", [xhr, opts]);
+ }
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxComplete", [xhr, opts]);
+ if (g && ! --$.active) $.event.trigger("ajaxStop");
+ if (opts.complete) opts.complete(xhr, ok ? 'success' : 'error');
+
+ // clean up
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.remove();
+ xhr.responseXML = null;
+ }, 100);
+ };
+
+ function toXml(s, doc) {
+ if (window.ActiveXObject) {
+ doc = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLDOM');
+ doc.async = 'false';
+ doc.loadXML(s);
+ }
+ else
+ doc = (new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s, 'text/xml');
+ return (doc && doc.documentElement && doc.documentElement.tagName != 'parsererror') ? doc : null;
+ };
+ };
+};
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter = 0; // used to create unique iframe ids
+
+/**
+ * ajaxForm() provides a mechanism for fully automating form submission.
+ *
+ * The advantages of using this method instead of ajaxSubmit() are:
+ *
+ * 1: This method will include coordinates for <input type="image" /> elements (if the element
+ * is used to submit the form).
+ * 2. This method will include the submit element's name/value data (for the element that was
+ * used to submit the form).
+ * 3. This method binds the submit() method to the form for you.
+ *
+ * Note that for accurate x/y coordinates of image submit elements in all browsers
+ * you need to also use the "dimensions" plugin (this method will auto-detect its presence).
+ *
+ * The options argument for ajaxForm works exactly as it does for ajaxSubmit. ajaxForm merely
+ * passes the options argument along after properly binding events for submit elements and
+ * the form itself. See ajaxSubmit for a full description of the options argument.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSForm(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that 'myTargetDiv' is updated with the server response
+ * when the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that server response is alerted after the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that pre-submit callback is invoked before the form
+ * is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxForm
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxForm = function(options) {
+ return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function() {
+ // store options in hash
+ this.formPluginId = $.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;
+ $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId] = options;
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).click(clickHandler);
+ });
+};
+
+$.fn.ajaxForm.counter = 1;
+$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash = {};
+
+function clickHandler(e) {
+ var $form = this.form;
+ $form.clk = this;
+ if (this.type == 'image') {
+ if (e.offsetX != undefined) {
+ $form.clk_x = e.offsetX;
+ $form.clk_y = e.offsetY;
+ } else if (typeof $.fn.offset == 'function') { // try to use dimensions plugin
+ var offset = $(this).offset();
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - offset.left;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - offset.top;
+ } else {
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - this.offsetLeft;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - this.offsetTop;
+ }
+ }
+ // clear form vars
+ setTimeout(function() { $form.clk = $form.clk_x = $form.clk_y = null; }, 10);
+};
+
+function submitHandler() {
+ // retrieve options from hash
+ var id = this.formPluginId;
+ var options = $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];
+ $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ return false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * ajaxFormUnbind unbinds the event handlers that were bound by ajaxForm
+ *
+ * @name ajaxFormUnbind
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind = function() {
+ this.unbind('submit', submitHandler);
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).unbind('click', clickHandler);
+ });
+
+};
+
+/**
+ * formToArray() gathers form element data into an array of objects that can
+ * be passed to any of the following ajax functions: $.get, $.post, or load.
+ * Each object in the array has both a 'name' and 'value' property. An example of
+ * an array for a simple login form might be:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * It is this array that is passed to pre-submit callback functions provided to the
+ * ajaxSubmit() and ajaxForm() methods.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formToArray();
+ * $.post( "myscript.cgi", data );
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form and submit it to the server.
+ *
+ * @name formToArray
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type Array<Object>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formToArray = function(semantic) {
+ var a = [];
+ if (this.length == 0) return a;
+
+ var form = this[0];
+ var els = semantic ? form.getElementsByTagName('*') : form.elements;
+ if (!els) return a;
+ for(var i=0, max=els.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = els[i];
+ var n = el.name;
+ if (!n) continue;
+
+ if (semantic && form.clk && el.type == "image") {
+ // handle image inputs on the fly when semantic == true
+ if(!el.disabled && form.clk == el)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, true);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for(var j=0, jmax=v.length; j < jmax; j++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[j]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: n, value: v});
+ }
+
+ if (!semantic && form.clk) {
+ // input type=='image' are not found in elements array! handle them here
+ var inputs = form.getElementsByTagName("input");
+ for(var i=0, max=inputs.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var input = inputs[i];
+ var n = input.name;
+ if(n && !input.disabled && input.type == "image" && form.clk == input)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes form data into a 'submittable' string. This method will return a string
+ * in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order then pass
+ * true for this arg, otherwise pass false (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for
+ * this logic (which can be significant for very large forms).
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formSerialize();
+ * $.ajax('POST', "myscript.cgi", data);
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form into a single string
+ *
+ * @name formSerialize
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formSerialize = function(semantic) {
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(this.formToArray(semantic));
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes all field elements in the jQuery object into a query string.
+ * This method will return a string in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not serialization is limited to
+ * 'successful' controls (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":radio").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful radio input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful checkbox input elements in myForm into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize(false);
+ * @desc Collect the data from all checkbox elements in myForm (even the unchecked ones) into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input, select, textarea and button elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @name fieldSerialize
+ * @param successful true if only successful controls should be serialized (default is true)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldSerialize = function(successful) {
+ var a = [];
+ this.each(function() {
+ var n = this.name;
+ if (!n) return;
+ var v = $.fieldValue(this, successful);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for (var i=0,max=v.length; i < max; i++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[i]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: this.name, value: v});
+ });
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(a);
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value(s) of the element in the matched set. For example, consider the following form:
+ *
+ * <form><fieldset>
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B1" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B2"/>
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C1" />
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C2" />
+ * </fieldset></form>
+ *
+ * var v = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * // if no values are entered into the text inputs
+ * v == ['','']
+ * // if values entered into the text inputs are 'foo' and 'bar'
+ * v == ['foo','bar']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':checkbox').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither checkbox is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if both checkboxes are checked
+ * v == ['B1', 'B2']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':radio').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither radio is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if first radio is checked
+ * v == ['C1']
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If this value is false the value(s)
+ * for each element is returned.
+ *
+ * Note: This method *always* returns an array. If no valid value can be determined the
+ * array will be empty, otherwise it will contain one or more values.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myPasswordElement").fieldValue();
+ * alert(data[0]);
+ * @desc Alerts the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :input").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the form elements in myForm
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) for the successful checkbox element(s) in the jQuery object.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#mySingleSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the select control
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the text input or textarea elements
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myMultiSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the values for the select-multiple control
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Boolean successful true if only the values for successful controls should be returned (default is true)
+ * @type Array<String>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldValue = function(successful) {
+ for (var val=[], i=0, max=this.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = this[i];
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, successful);
+ if (v === null || typeof v == 'undefined' || (v.constructor == Array && !v.length))
+ continue;
+ v.constructor == Array ? $.merge(val, v) : val.push(v);
+ }
+ return val;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value of the field element.
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If the given element is not
+ * successful and the successful arg is not false then the returned value will be null.
+ *
+ * Note: If the successful flag is true (default) but the element is not successful, the return will be null
+ * Note: The value returned for a successful select-multiple element will always be an array.
+ * Note: If the element has no value the return value will be undefined.
+ *
+ * @example var data = jQuery.fieldValue($("#myPasswordElement")[0]);
+ * @desc Gets the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Element el The DOM element for which the value will be returned
+ * @param Boolean successful true if value returned must be for a successful controls (default is true)
+ * @type String or Array<String> or null or undefined
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fieldValue = function(el, successful) {
+ var n = el.name, t = el.type, tag = el.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (typeof successful == 'undefined') successful = true;
+
+ if (successful && (!n || el.disabled || t == 'reset' || t == 'button' ||
+ (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio') && !el.checked ||
+ (t == 'submit' || t == 'image') && el.form && el.form.clk != el ||
+ tag == 'select' && el.selectedIndex == -1))
+ return null;
+
+ if (tag == 'select') {
+ var index = el.selectedIndex;
+ if (index < 0) return null;
+ var a = [], ops = el.options;
+ var one = (t == 'select-one');
+ var max = (one ? index+1 : ops.length);
+ for(var i=(one ? index : 0); i < max; i++) {
+ var op = ops[i];
+ if (op.selected) {
+ // extra pain for IE...
+ var v = $.browser.msie && !(op.attributes['value'].specified) ? op.text : op.value;
+ if (one) return v;
+ a.push(v);
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+ }
+ return el.value;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Clears the form data. Takes the following actions on the form's input fields:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('form').clearForm();
+ * @desc Clears all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name clearForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $('input,select,textarea', this).clearFields();
+ });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears the selected form elements. Takes the following actions on the matched elements:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('.myInputs').clearFields();
+ * @desc Clears all inputs with class myInputs
+ *
+ * @name clearFields
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearFields = $.fn.clearInputs = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ var t = this.type, tag = this.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (t == 'text' || t == 'password' || tag == 'textarea')
+ this.value = '';
+ else if (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio')
+ this.checked = false;
+ else if (tag == 'select')
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ });
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Resets the form data. Causes all form elements to be reset to their original value.
+ *
+ * @example $('form').resetForm();
+ * @desc Resets all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name resetForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.resetForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ // guard against an input with the name of 'reset'
+ // note that IE reports the reset function as an 'object'
+ if (typeof this.reset == 'function' || (typeof this.reset == 'object' && !this.reset.nodeType))
+ this.reset();
+ });
+};
+
+})(jQuery);
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/javascript/hsbook.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+function qid(id) {
+ return id.replace(/([.:])/g, "\\$1");
+}
+
+function beforeComment(formData, jqForm, options) {
+ var form = jqForm[0];
+ if (!form.comment.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Your comment is empty</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (!form.name.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Please provide a name</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().after(
+ "<img src=\"/support/icons/throbber.gif\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\"/>");
+ $(options.target + " input[@name=submit]").attr("disabled", true);
+}
+
+function ajaxifyForm(id) {
+ var q = qid(id);
+
+ $("#form_" + q).ajaxForm({ beforeSubmit: beforeComment,
+ success: function() { ajaxifyForm(id); },
+ target: "#comments_" + q });
+}
+
+function toggleComment(id) {
+ $("#toggle_" + qid(id)).nextAll().toggle();
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadComments(id) {
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id)).load(location.protocol + "//" + location.host +
+ "/comments/single/" + id + "/", function() {
+ ajaxifyForm(id);
+ });
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadAllComments() {
+ $("a.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ if (id) {
+ loadComments(id);
+ }
+ });
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ function loading(id) {
+ return " <span id=\"comments_" + id + "\" class=\"comment\">" +
+ "<span pid=\"" + id + "\" class=\"commenttoggle\">Loading..." +
+ "</span></span>";
+ }
+ $("div.toc>p")
+ .after("<p style='display: none;'><a onclick='return loadAllComments()'>" +
+ "Load all comments (<b>slow</b>)</a></p>")
+ .toggle(function() { $(this).nextAll().show("normal"); },
+ function() { $(this).nextAll().hide("normal"); })
+ .hover(function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.8); },
+ function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.35); });
+ $(".chapter p[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).append(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ $(".chapter table[@id].equation").each(function() {
+ id = $(this).attr("id");
+ $("#" + id + " tr").after('<tr><td colspan="4">' + loading($(this).attr("id")) + '</td></tr>');
+ });
+ $(".chapter pre[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).after(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ var chapid = $("div.preface, div.chapter, div.appendix, div.bibliography").attr("id");
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href",
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href") + chapid + "/");
+ $.getJSON(location.protocol + "//" + location.host + "/comments/chapter/" +
+ chapid + "/count/", function(data) {
+ $.each(data, function(id, item) {
+ var s = item == 1 ? "" : "s";
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id) + " span.commenttoggle").replaceWith(
+ "<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "pid='" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comments: show / hide'>" + item + " comment" + s + "</a>");
+ });
+ $("span.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ $(this).replaceWith("<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comment: add'>No comments</a>");
+ });
+ });
+});
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/javascript/jquery-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+(function(){if(typeof jQuery!="undefined")var _jQuery=jQuery;var jQuery=window.jQuery=function(selector,context){return this instanceof jQuery?this.init(selector,context):new jQuery(selector,context);};if(typeof $!="undefined")var _$=$;window.$=jQuery;var quickExpr=/^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;jQuery.fn=jQuery.prototype={init:function(selector,context){selector=selector||document;if(typeof selector=="string"){var m=quickExpr.exec(selector);if(m&&(m[1]||!context)){if(m[1])selector=jQuery.clean([m[1]],context);else{var tmp=document.getElementById(m[3]);if(tmp)if(tmp.id!=m[3])return jQuery().find(selector);else{this[0]=tmp;this.length=1;return this;}else
+selector=[];}}else
+return new jQuery(context).find(selector);}else if(jQuery.isFunction(selector))return new jQuery(document)[jQuery.fn.ready?"ready":"load"](selector);return this.setArray(selector.constructor==Array&&selector||(selector.jquery||selector.length&&selector!=window&&!selector.nodeType&&selector[0]!=undefined&&selector[0].nodeType)&&jQuery.makeArray(selector)||[selector]);},jquery:"1.2.1",size:function(){return this.length;},length:0,get:function(num){return num==undefined?jQuery.makeArray(this):this[num];},pushStack:function(a){var ret=jQuery(a);ret.prevObject=this;return ret;},setArray:function(a){this.length=0;Array.prototype.push.apply(this,a);return this;},each:function(fn,args){return jQuery.each(this,fn,args);},index:function(obj){var pos=-1;this.each(function(i){if(this==obj)pos=i;});return pos;},attr:function(key,value,type){var obj=key;if(key.constructor==String)if(value==undefined)return this.length&&jQuery[type||"attr"](this[0],key)||undefined;else{obj={};obj[key]=value;}return this.each(function(index){for(var prop in obj)jQuery.attr(type?this.style:this,prop,jQuery.prop(this,obj[prop],type,index,prop));});},css:function(key,value){return this.attr(key,value,"curCSS");},text:function(e){if(typeof e!="object"&&e!=null)return this.empty().append(document.createTextNode(e));var t="";jQuery.each(e||this,function(){jQuery.each(this.childNodes,function(){if(this.nodeType!=8)t+=this.nodeType!=1?this.nodeValue:jQuery.fn.text([this]);});});return t;},wrapAll:function(html){if(this[0])jQuery(html,this[0].ownerDocument).clone().insertBefore(this[0]).map(function(){var elem=this;while(elem.firstChild)elem=elem.firstChild;return elem;}).append(this);return this;},wrapInner:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);});},wrap:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);});},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,1,function(a){this.appendChild(a);});},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,-1,function(a){this.insertBefore(a,this.firstChild);});},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this);});},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,-1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this.nextSibling);});},end:function(){return this.prevObject||jQuery([]);},find:function(t){var data=jQuery.map(this,function(a){return jQuery.find(t,a);});return this.pushStack(/[^+>] [^+>]/.test(t)||t.indexOf("..")>-1?jQuery.unique(data):data);},clone:function(events){var ret=this.map(function(){return this.outerHTML?jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0]:this.cloneNode(true);});var clone=ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){if(this[expando]!=undefined)this[expando]=null;});if(events===true)this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i){var events=jQuery.data(this,"events");for(var type in events)for(var handler in events[type])jQuery.event.add(clone[i],type,events[type][handler],events[type][handler].data);});return ret;},filter:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.isFunction(t)&&jQuery.grep(this,function(el,index){return t.apply(el,[index]);})||jQuery.multiFilter(t,this));},not:function(t){return this.pushStack(t.constructor==String&&jQuery.multiFilter(t,this,true)||jQuery.grep(this,function(a){return(t.constructor==Array||t.jquery)?jQuery.inArray(a,t)<0:a!=t;}));},add:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.merge(this.get(),t.constructor==String?jQuery(t).get():t.length!=undefined&&(!t.nodeName||jQuery.nodeName(t,"form"))?t:[t]));},is:function(expr){return expr?jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length>0:false;},hasClass:function(expr){return this.is("."+expr);},val:function(val){if(val==undefined){if(this.length){var elem=this[0];if(jQuery.nodeName(elem,"select")){var index=elem.selectedIndex,a=[],options=elem.options,one=elem.type=="select-one";if(index<0)return null;for(var i=one?index:0,max=one?index+1:options.length;i<max;i++){var option=options[i];if(option.selected){var val=jQuery.browser.msie&&!option.attributes["value"].specified?option.text:option.value;if(one)return val;a.push(val);}}return a;}else
+return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g,"");}}else
+return this.each(function(){if(val.constructor==Array&&/radio|checkbox/.test(this.type))this.checked=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,val)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.name,val)>=0);else if(jQuery.nodeName(this,"select")){var tmp=val.constructor==Array?val:[val];jQuery("option",this).each(function(){this.selected=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,tmp)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.text,tmp)>=0);});if(!tmp.length)this.selectedIndex=-1;}else
+this.value=val;});},html:function(val){return val==undefined?(this.length?this[0].innerHTML:null):this.empty().append(val);},replaceWith:function(val){return this.after(val).remove();},eq:function(i){return this.slice(i,i+1);},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Array.prototype.slice.apply(this,arguments));},map:function(fn){return this.pushStack(jQuery.map(this,function(elem,i){return fn.call(elem,i,elem);}));},andSelf:function(){return this.add(this.prevObject);},domManip:function(args,table,dir,fn){var clone=this.length>1,a;return this.each(function(){if(!a){a=jQuery.clean(args,this.ownerDocument);if(dir<0)a.reverse();}var obj=this;if(table&&jQuery.nodeName(this,"table")&&jQuery.nodeName(a[0],"tr"))obj=this.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||this.appendChild(document.createElement("tbody"));jQuery.each(a,function(){var elem=clone?this.cloneNode(true):this;if(!evalScript(0,elem))fn.call(obj,elem);});});}};function evalScript(i,elem){var script=jQuery.nodeName(elem,"script");if(script){if(elem.src)jQuery.ajax({url:elem.src,async:false,dataType:"script"});else
+jQuery.globalEval(elem.text||elem.textContent||elem.innerHTML||"");if(elem.parentNode)elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);}else if(elem.nodeType==1)jQuery("script",elem).each(evalScript);return script;}jQuery.extend=jQuery.fn.extend=function(){var target=arguments[0]||{},a=1,al=arguments.length,deep=false;if(target.constructor==Boolean){deep=target;target=arguments[1]||{};}if(al==1){target=this;a=0;}var prop;for(;a<al;a++)if((prop=arguments[a])!=null)for(var i in prop){if(target==prop[i])continue;if(deep&&typeof prop[i]=='object'&&target[i])jQuery.extend(target[i],prop[i]);else if(prop[i]!=undefined)target[i]=prop[i];}return target;};var expando="jQuery"+(new Date()).getTime(),uuid=0,win={};jQuery.extend({noConflict:function(deep){window.$=_$;if(deep)window.jQuery=_jQuery;return jQuery;},isFunction:function(fn){return!!fn&&typeof fn!="string"&&!fn.nodeName&&fn.constructor!=Array&&/function/i.test(fn+"");},isXMLDoc:function(elem){return elem.documentElement&&!elem.body||elem.tagName&&elem.ownerDocument&&!elem.ownerDocument.body;},globalEval:function(data){data=jQuery.trim(data);if(data){if(window.execScript)window.execScript(data);else if(jQuery.browser.safari)window.setTimeout(data,0);else
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+jQuery.readyList.push(function(){return f.apply(this,[jQuery]);});return this;}});jQuery.extend({isReady:false,readyList:[],ready:function(){if(!jQuery.isReady){jQuery.isReady=true;if(jQuery.readyList){jQuery.each(jQuery.readyList,function(){this.apply(document);});jQuery.readyList=null;}if(jQuery.browser.mozilla||jQuery.browser.opera)document.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",jQuery.ready,false);if(!window.frames.length)jQuery(window).load(function(){jQuery("#__ie_init").remove();});}}});jQuery.each(("blur,focus,load,resize,scroll,unload,click,dblclick,"+"mousedown,mouseup,mousemove,mouseover,mouseout,change,select,"+"submit,keydown,keypress,keyup,error").split(","),function(i,o){jQuery.fn[o]=function(f){return f?this.bind(o,f):this.trigger(o);};});var readyBound=false;function bindReady(){if(readyBound)return;readyBound=true;if(jQuery.browser.mozilla||jQuery.browser.opera)document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",jQuery.ready,false);else if(jQuery.browser.msie){document.write("<scr"+"ipt id=__ie_init defer=true "+"src=//:><\/script>");var script=document.getElementById("__ie_init");if(script)script.onreadystatechange=function(){if(this.readyState!="complete")return;jQuery.ready();};script=null;}else if(jQuery.browser.safari)jQuery.safariTimer=setInterval(function(){if(document.readyState=="loaded"||document.readyState=="complete"){clearInterval(jQuery.safariTimer);jQuery.safariTimer=null;jQuery.ready();}},10);jQuery.event.add(window,"load",jQuery.ready);}jQuery.fn.extend({load:function(url,params,callback){if(jQuery.isFunction(url))return this.bind("load",url);var off=url.indexOf(" ");if(off>=0){var selector=url.slice(off,url.length);url=url.slice(0,off);}callback=callback||function(){};var type="GET";if(params)if(jQuery.isFunction(params)){callback=params;params=null;}else{params=jQuery.param(params);type="POST";}var self=this;jQuery.ajax({url:url,type:type,data:params,complete:function(res,status){if(status=="success"||status=="notmodified")self.html(selector?jQuery("<div/>").append(res.responseText.replace(/<script(.|\s)*?\/script>/g,"")).find(selector):res.responseText);setTimeout(function(){self.each(callback,[res.responseText,status,res]);},13);}});return this;},serialize:function(){return jQuery.param(this.serializeArray());},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){return jQuery.nodeName(this,"form")?jQuery.makeArray(this.elements):this;}).filter(function(){return this.name&&!this.disabled&&(this.checked||/select|textarea/i.test(this.nodeName)||/text|hidden|password/i.test(this.type));}).map(function(i,elem){var val=jQuery(this).val();return val==null?null:val.constructor==Array?jQuery.map(val,function(val,i){return{name:elem.name,value:val};}):{name:elem.name,value:val};}).get();}});jQuery.each("ajaxStart,ajaxStop,ajaxComplete,ajaxError,ajaxSuccess,ajaxSend".split(","),function(i,o){jQuery.fn[o]=function(f){return this.bind(o,f);};});var jsc=(new Date).getTime();jQuery.extend({get:function(url,data,callback,type){if(jQuery.isFunction(data)){callback=data;data=null;}return jQuery.ajax({type:"GET",url:url,data:data,success:callback,dataType:type});},getScript:function(url,callback){return jQuery.get(url,null,callback,"script");},getJSON:function(url,data,callback){return jQuery.get(url,data,callback,"json");},post:function(url,data,callback,type){if(jQuery.isFunction(data)){callback=data;data={};}return 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+jQuery.handleError(s,xml,status);complete();if(s.async)xml=null;}};if(s.async){var ival=setInterval(onreadystatechange,13);if(s.timeout>0)setTimeout(function(){if(xml){xml.abort();if(!requestDone)onreadystatechange("timeout");}},s.timeout);}try{xml.send(s.data);}catch(e){jQuery.handleError(s,xml,null,e);}if(!s.async)onreadystatechange();return xml;function success(){if(s.success)s.success(data,status);if(s.global)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess",[xml,s]);}function complete(){if(s.complete)s.complete(xml,status);if(s.global)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxComplete",[xml,s]);if(s.global&&!--jQuery.active)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxStop");}},handleError:function(s,xml,status,e){if(s.error)s.error(xml,status,e);if(s.global)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxError",[xml,s,e]);},active:0,httpSuccess:function(r){try{return!r.status&&location.protocol=="file:"||(r.status>=200&&r.status<300)||r.status==304||jQuery.browser.safari&&r.status==undefined;}catch(e){}return false;},httpNotModified:function(xml,url){try{var xmlRes=xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");return xml.status==304||xmlRes==jQuery.lastModified[url]||jQuery.browser.safari&&xml.status==undefined;}catch(e){}return false;},httpData:function(r,type){var ct=r.getResponseHeader("content-type");var xml=type=="xml"||!type&&ct&&ct.indexOf("xml")>=0;var data=xml?r.responseXML:r.responseText;if(xml&&data.documentElement.tagName=="parsererror")throw"parsererror";if(type=="script")jQuery.globalEval(data);if(type=="json")data=eval("("+data+")");return data;},param:function(a){var s=[];if(a.constructor==Array||a.jquery)jQuery.each(a,function(){s.push(encodeURIComponent(this.name)+"="+encodeURIComponent(this.value));});else
+for(var j in a)if(a[j]&&a[j].constructor==Array)jQuery.each(a[j],function(){s.push(encodeURIComponent(j)+"="+encodeURIComponent(this));});else
+s.push(encodeURIComponent(j)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[j]));return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g,"+");}});jQuery.fn.extend({show:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"show",width:"show",opacity:"show"},speed,callback):this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){this.style.display=this.oldblock?this.oldblock:"";if(jQuery.css(this,"display")=="none")this.style.display="block";}).end();},hide:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"hide",width:"hide",opacity:"hide"},speed,callback):this.filter(":visible").each(function(){this.oldblock=this.oldblock||jQuery.css(this,"display");if(this.oldblock=="none")this.oldblock="block";this.style.display="none";}).end();},_toggle:jQuery.fn.toggle,toggle:function(fn,fn2){return jQuery.isFunction(fn)&&jQuery.isFunction(fn2)?this._toggle(fn,fn2):fn?this.animate({height:"toggle",width:"toggle",opacity:"toggle"},fn,fn2):this.each(function(){jQuery(this)[jQuery(this).is(":hidden")?"show":"hide"]();});},slideDown:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"show"},speed,callback);},slideUp:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"hide"},speed,callback);},slideToggle:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"toggle"},speed,callback);},fadeIn:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"show"},speed,callback);},fadeOut:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"hide"},speed,callback);},fadeTo:function(speed,to,callback){return this.animate({opacity:to},speed,callback);},animate:function(prop,speed,easing,callback){var opt=jQuery.speed(speed,easing,callback);return this[opt.queue===false?"each":"queue"](function(){opt=jQuery.extend({},opt);var hidden=jQuery(this).is(":hidden"),self=this;for(var p in prop){if(prop[p]=="hide"&&hidden||prop[p]=="show"&&!hidden)return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete)&&opt.complete.apply(this);if(p=="height"||p=="width"){opt.display=jQuery.css(this,"display");opt.overflow=this.style.overflow;}}if(opt.overflow!=null)this.style.overflow="hidden";opt.curAnim=jQuery.extend({},prop);jQuery.each(prop,function(name,val){var e=new jQuery.fx(self,opt,name);if(/toggle|show|hide/.test(val))e[val=="toggle"?hidden?"show":"hide":val](prop);else{var parts=val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),start=e.cur(true)||0;if(parts){var end=parseFloat(parts[2]),unit=parts[3]||"px";if(unit!="px"){self.style[name]=(end||1)+unit;start=((end||1)/e.cur(true))*start;self.style[name]=start+unit;}if(parts[1])end=((parts[1]=="-="?-1:1)*end)+start;e.custom(start,end,unit);}else
+e.custom(start,val,"");}});return true;});},queue:function(type,fn){if(jQuery.isFunction(type)){fn=type;type="fx";}if(!type||(typeof type=="string"&&!fn))return queue(this[0],type);return this.each(function(){if(fn.constructor==Array)queue(this,type,fn);else{queue(this,type).push(fn);if(queue(this,type).length==1)fn.apply(this);}});},stop:function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;return this.each(function(){for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(timers[i].elem==this)timers.splice(i--,1);}).dequeue();}});var queue=function(elem,type,array){if(!elem)return;var q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue");if(!q||array)q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue",array?jQuery.makeArray(array):[]);return q;};jQuery.fn.dequeue=function(type){type=type||"fx";return this.each(function(){var q=queue(this,type);q.shift();if(q.length)q[0].apply(this);});};jQuery.extend({speed:function(speed,easing,fn){var opt=speed&&speed.constructor==Object?speed:{complete:fn||!fn&&easing||jQuery.isFunction(speed)&&speed,duration:speed,easing:fn&&easing||easing&&easing.constructor!=Function&&easing};opt.duration=(opt.duration&&opt.duration.constructor==Number?opt.duration:{slow:600,fast:200}[opt.duration])||400;opt.old=opt.complete;opt.complete=function(){jQuery(this).dequeue();if(jQuery.isFunction(opt.old))opt.old.apply(this);};return opt;},easing:{linear:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return firstNum+diff*p;},swing:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2)+0.5)*diff+firstNum;}},timers:[],fx:function(elem,options,prop){this.options=options;this.elem=elem;this.prop=prop;if(!options.orig)options.orig={};}});jQuery.fx.prototype={update:function(){if(this.options.step)this.options.step.apply(this.elem,[this.now,this]);(jQuery.fx.step[this.prop]||jQuery.fx.step._default)(this);if(this.prop=="height"||this.prop=="width")this.elem.style.display="block";},cur:function(force){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&this.elem.style[this.prop]==null)return this.elem[this.prop];var r=parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem,this.prop,force));return r&&r>-10000?r:parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem,this.prop))||0;},custom:function(from,to,unit){this.startTime=(new Date()).getTime();this.start=from;this.end=to;this.unit=unit||this.unit||"px";this.now=this.start;this.pos=this.state=0;this.update();var self=this;function t(){return self.step();}t.elem=this.elem;jQuery.timers.push(t);if(jQuery.timers.length==1){var timer=setInterval(function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(!timers[i]())timers.splice(i--,1);if(!timers.length)clearInterval(timer);},13);}},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.show=true;this.custom(0,this.cur());if(this.prop=="width"||this.prop=="height")this.elem.style[this.prop]="1px";jQuery(this.elem).show();},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.hide=true;this.custom(this.cur(),0);},step:function(){var t=(new Date()).getTime();if(t>this.options.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end;this.pos=this.state=1;this.update();this.options.curAnim[this.prop]=true;var done=true;for(var i in this.options.curAnim)if(this.options.curAnim[i]!==true)done=false;if(done){if(this.options.display!=null){this.elem.style.overflow=this.options.overflow;this.elem.style.display=this.options.display;if(jQuery.css(this.elem,"display")=="none")this.elem.style.display="block";}if(this.options.hide)this.elem.style.display="none";if(this.options.hide||this.options.show)for(var p in this.options.curAnim)jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,p,this.options.orig[p]);}if(done&&jQuery.isFunction(this.options.complete))this.options.complete.apply(this.elem);return false;}else{var n=t-this.startTime;this.state=n/this.options.duration;this.pos=jQuery.easing[this.options.easing||(jQuery.easing.swing?"swing":"linear")](this.state,n,0,1,this.options.duration);this.now=this.start+((this.end-this.start)*this.pos);this.update();}return true;}};jQuery.fx.step={scrollLeft:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollLeft=fx.now;},scrollTop:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollTop=fx.now;},opacity:function(fx){jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style,"opacity",fx.now);},_default:function(fx){fx.elem.style[fx.prop]=fx.now+fx.unit;}};jQuery.fn.offset=function(){var left=0,top=0,elem=this[0],results;if(elem)with(jQuery.browser){var absolute=jQuery.css(elem,"position")=="absolute",parent=elem.parentNode,offsetParent=elem.offsetParent,doc=elem.ownerDocument,safari2=safari&&parseInt(version)<522;if(elem.getBoundingClientRect){box=elem.getBoundingClientRect();add(box.left+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft,doc.body.scrollLeft),box.top+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop,doc.body.scrollTop));if(msie){var border=jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");border=(border=="medium"||jQuery.boxModel&&parseInt(version)>=7)&&2||border;add(-border,-border);}}else{add(elem.offsetLeft,elem.offsetTop);while(offsetParent){add(offsetParent.offsetLeft,offsetParent.offsetTop);if(mozilla&&/^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName)||!safari2)border(offsetParent);if(safari2&&!absolute&&jQuery.css(offsetParent,"position")=="absolute")absolute=true;offsetParent=offsetParent.offsetParent;}while(parent.tagName&&!/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName)){if(!/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent,"display")))add(-parent.scrollLeft,-parent.scrollTop);if(mozilla&&jQuery.css(parent,"overflow")!="visible")border(parent);parent=parent.parentNode;}if(safari2&&absolute)add(-doc.body.offsetLeft,-doc.body.offsetTop);}results={top:top,left:left};}return results;function border(elem){add(jQuery.css(elem,"borderLeftWidth"),jQuery.css(elem,"borderTopWidth"));}function add(l,t){left+=parseInt(l)||0;top+=parseInt(t)||0;}};})();
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/javascript/jquery.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2992 @@
+(function(){
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+
+// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof jQuery != "undefined" )
+ var _jQuery = jQuery;
+
+var jQuery = window.jQuery = function(selector, context) {
+ // If the context is a namespace object, return a new object
+ return this instanceof jQuery ?
+ this.init(selector, context) :
+ new jQuery(selector, context);
+};
+
+// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof $ != "undefined" )
+ var _$ = $;
+
+// Map the jQuery namespace to the '$' one
+window.$ = jQuery;
+
+var quickExpr = /^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;
+
+jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
+ init: function(selector, context) {
+ // Make sure that a selection was provided
+ selector = selector || document;
+
+ // Handle HTML strings
+ if ( typeof selector == "string" ) {
+ var m = quickExpr.exec(selector);
+ if ( m && (m[1] || !context) ) {
+ // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
+ if ( m[1] )
+ selector = jQuery.clean( [ m[1] ], context );
+
+ // HANDLE: $("#id")
+ else {
+ var tmp = document.getElementById( m[3] );
+ if ( tmp )
+ // Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
+ // by name instead of ID
+ if ( tmp.id != m[3] )
+ return jQuery().find( selector );
+ else {
+ this[0] = tmp;
+ this.length = 1;
+ return this;
+ }
+ else
+ selector = [];
+ }
+
+ // HANDLE: $(expr)
+ } else
+ return new jQuery( context ).find( selector );
+
+ // HANDLE: $(function)
+ // Shortcut for document ready
+ } else if ( jQuery.isFunction(selector) )
+ return new jQuery(document)[ jQuery.fn.ready ? "ready" : "load" ]( selector );
+
+ return this.setArray(
+ // HANDLE: $(array)
+ selector.constructor == Array && selector ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(arraylike)
+ // Watch for when an array-like object is passed as the selector
+ (selector.jquery || selector.length && selector != window && !selector.nodeType && selector[0] != undefined && selector[0].nodeType) && jQuery.makeArray( selector ) ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(*)
+ [ selector ] );
+ },
+
+ jquery: "1.2.1",
+
+ size: function() {
+ return this.length;
+ },
+
+ length: 0,
+
+ get: function( num ) {
+ return num == undefined ?
+
+ // Return a 'clean' array
+ jQuery.makeArray( this ) :
+
+ // Return just the object
+ this[num];
+ },
+
+ pushStack: function( a ) {
+ var ret = jQuery(a);
+ ret.prevObject = this;
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ setArray: function( a ) {
+ this.length = 0;
+ Array.prototype.push.apply( this, a );
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ each: function( fn, args ) {
+ return jQuery.each( this, fn, args );
+ },
+
+ index: function( obj ) {
+ var pos = -1;
+ this.each(function(i){
+ if ( this == obj ) pos = i;
+ });
+ return pos;
+ },
+
+ attr: function( key, value, type ) {
+ var obj = key;
+
+ // Look for the case where we're accessing a style value
+ if ( key.constructor == String )
+ if ( value == undefined )
+ return this.length && jQuery[ type || "attr" ]( this[0], key ) || undefined;
+ else {
+ obj = {};
+ obj[ key ] = value;
+ }
+
+ // Check to see if we're setting style values
+ return this.each(function(index){
+ // Set all the styles
+ for ( var prop in obj )
+ jQuery.attr(
+ type ? this.style : this,
+ prop, jQuery.prop(this, obj[prop], type, index, prop)
+ );
+ });
+ },
+
+ css: function( key, value ) {
+ return this.attr( key, value, "curCSS" );
+ },
+
+ text: function(e) {
+ if ( typeof e != "object" && e != null )
+ return this.empty().append( document.createTextNode( e ) );
+
+ var t = "";
+ jQuery.each( e || this, function(){
+ jQuery.each( this.childNodes, function(){
+ if ( this.nodeType != 8 )
+ t += this.nodeType != 1 ?
+ this.nodeValue : jQuery.fn.text([ this ]);
+ });
+ });
+ return t;
+ },
+
+ wrapAll: function(html) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ // The elements to wrap the target around
+ jQuery(html, this[0].ownerDocument)
+ .clone()
+ .insertBefore(this[0])
+ .map(function(){
+ var elem = this;
+ while ( elem.firstChild )
+ elem = elem.firstChild;
+ return elem;
+ })
+ .append(this);
+
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ wrapInner: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ wrap: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ append: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, 1, function(a){
+ this.appendChild( a );
+ });
+ },
+
+ prepend: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, -1, function(a){
+ this.insertBefore( a, this.firstChild );
+ });
+ },
+
+ before: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, 1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this );
+ });
+ },
+
+ after: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, -1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this.nextSibling );
+ });
+ },
+
+ end: function() {
+ return this.prevObject || jQuery([]);
+ },
+
+ find: function(t) {
+ var data = jQuery.map(this, function(a){ return jQuery.find(t,a); });
+ return this.pushStack( /[^+>] [^+>]/.test( t ) || t.indexOf("..") > -1 ?
+ jQuery.unique( data ) : data );
+ },
+
+ clone: function(events) {
+ // Do the clone
+ var ret = this.map(function(){
+ return this.outerHTML ? jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0] : this.cloneNode(true);
+ });
+
+ // Need to set the expando to null on the cloned set if it exists
+ // removeData doesn't work here, IE removes it from the original as well
+ // this is primarily for IE but the data expando shouldn't be copied over in any browser
+ var clone = ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){
+ if ( this[ expando ] != undefined )
+ this[ expando ] = null;
+ });
+
+ // Copy the events from the original to the clone
+ if (events === true)
+ this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(this, "events");
+ for ( var type in events )
+ for ( var handler in events[type] )
+ jQuery.event.add(clone[i], type, events[type][handler], events[type][handler].data);
+ });
+
+ // Return the cloned set
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ jQuery.isFunction( t ) &&
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(el, index){
+ return t.apply(el, [index]);
+ }) ||
+
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t,this) );
+ },
+
+ not: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ t.constructor == String &&
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t, this, true) ||
+
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(a) {
+ return ( t.constructor == Array || t.jquery )
+ ? jQuery.inArray( a, t ) < 0
+ : a != t;
+ })
+ );
+ },
+
+ add: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.merge(
+ this.get(),
+ t.constructor == String ?
+ jQuery(t).get() :
+ t.length != undefined && (!t.nodeName || jQuery.nodeName(t, "form")) ?
+ t : [t] )
+ );
+ },
+
+ is: function(expr) {
+ return expr ? jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length > 0 : false;
+ },
+
+ hasClass: function(expr) {
+ return this.is("." + expr);
+ },
+
+ val: function( val ) {
+ if ( val == undefined ) {
+ if ( this.length ) {
+ var elem = this[0];
+
+ // We need to handle select boxes special
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(elem, "select") ) {
+ var index = elem.selectedIndex,
+ a = [],
+ options = elem.options,
+ one = elem.type == "select-one";
+
+ // Nothing was selected
+ if ( index < 0 )
+ return null;
+
+ // Loop through all the selected options
+ for ( var i = one ? index : 0, max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; i < max; i++ ) {
+ var option = options[i];
+ if ( option.selected ) {
+ // Get the specifc value for the option
+ var val = jQuery.browser.msie && !option.attributes["value"].specified ? option.text : option.value;
+
+ // We don't need an array for one selects
+ if ( one )
+ return val;
+
+ // Multi-Selects return an array
+ a.push(val);
+ }
+ }
+
+ return a;
+
+ // Everything else, we just grab the value
+ } else
+ return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g, "");
+ }
+ } else
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( val.constructor == Array && /radio|checkbox/.test(this.type) )
+ this.checked = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, val) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.name, val) >= 0);
+ else if ( jQuery.nodeName(this, "select") ) {
+ var tmp = val.constructor == Array ? val : [val];
+
+ jQuery("option", this).each(function(){
+ this.selected = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, tmp) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.text, tmp) >= 0);
+ });
+
+ if ( !tmp.length )
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ } else
+ this.value = val;
+ });
+ },
+
+ html: function( val ) {
+ return val == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? this[0].innerHTML : null ) :
+ this.empty().append( val );
+ },
+
+ replaceWith: function( val ) {
+ return this.after( val ).remove();
+ },
+
+ eq: function(i){
+ return this.slice(i, i+1);
+ },
+
+ slice: function() {
+ return this.pushStack( Array.prototype.slice.apply( this, arguments ) );
+ },
+
+ map: function(fn) {
+ return this.pushStack(jQuery.map( this, function(elem,i){
+ return fn.call( elem, i, elem );
+ }));
+ },
+
+ andSelf: function() {
+ return this.add( this.prevObject );
+ },
+
+ domManip: function(args, table, dir, fn) {
+ var clone = this.length > 1, a;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( !a ) {
+ a = jQuery.clean(args, this.ownerDocument);
+ if ( dir < 0 )
+ a.reverse();
+ }
+
+ var obj = this;
+
+ if ( table && jQuery.nodeName(this, "table") && jQuery.nodeName(a[0], "tr") )
+ obj = this.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0] || this.appendChild(document.createElement("tbody"));
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ var elem = clone ? this.cloneNode(true) : this;
+ if ( !evalScript(0, elem) )
+ fn.call( obj, elem );
+ });
+ });
+ }
+};
+
+function evalScript(i, elem){
+ var script = jQuery.nodeName(elem, "script");
+
+ if ( script ) {
+ if ( elem.src )
+ jQuery.ajax({ url: elem.src, async: false, dataType: "script" });
+ else
+ jQuery.globalEval( elem.text || elem.textContent || elem.innerHTML || "" );
+
+ if ( elem.parentNode )
+ elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);
+
+ } else if ( elem.nodeType == 1 )
+ jQuery("script", elem).each(evalScript);
+
+ return script;
+}
+
+jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
+ // copy reference to target object
+ var target = arguments[0] || {}, a = 1, al = arguments.length, deep = false;
+
+ // Handle a deep copy situation
+ if ( target.constructor == Boolean ) {
+ deep = target;
+ target = arguments[1] || {};
+ }
+
+ // extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
+ if ( al == 1 ) {
+ target = this;
+ a = 0;
+ }
+
+ var prop;
+
+ for ( ; a < al; a++ )
+ // Only deal with non-null/undefined values
+ if ( (prop = arguments[a]) != null )
+ // Extend the base object
+ for ( var i in prop ) {
+ // Prevent never-ending loop
+ if ( target == prop[i] )
+ continue;
+
+ // Recurse if we're merging object values
+ if ( deep && typeof prop[i] == 'object' && target[i] )
+ jQuery.extend( target[i], prop[i] );
+
+ // Don't bring in undefined values
+ else if ( prop[i] != undefined )
+ target[i] = prop[i];
+ }
+
+ // Return the modified object
+ return target;
+};
+
+var expando = "jQuery" + (new Date()).getTime(), uuid = 0, win = {};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ noConflict: function(deep) {
+ window.$ = _$;
+ if ( deep )
+ window.jQuery = _jQuery;
+ return jQuery;
+ },
+
+ // This may seem like some crazy code, but trust me when I say that this
+ // is the only cross-browser way to do this. --John
+ isFunction: function( fn ) {
+ return !!fn && typeof fn != "string" && !fn.nodeName &&
+ fn.constructor != Array && /function/i.test( fn + "" );
+ },
+
+ // check if an element is in a XML document
+ isXMLDoc: function(elem) {
+ return elem.documentElement && !elem.body ||
+ elem.tagName && elem.ownerDocument && !elem.ownerDocument.body;
+ },
+
+ // Evalulates a script in a global context
+ // Evaluates Async. in Safari 2 :-(
+ globalEval: function( data ) {
+ data = jQuery.trim( data );
+ if ( data ) {
+ if ( window.execScript )
+ window.execScript( data );
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // safari doesn't provide a synchronous global eval
+ window.setTimeout( data, 0 );
+ else
+ eval.call( window, data );
+ }
+ },
+
+ nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
+ return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toUpperCase() == name.toUpperCase();
+ },
+
+ cache: {},
+
+ data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // Compute a unique ID for the element
+ if ( !id )
+ id = elem[ expando ] = ++uuid;
+
+ // Only generate the data cache if we're
+ // trying to access or manipulate it
+ if ( name && !jQuery.cache[ id ] )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ] = {};
+
+ // Prevent overriding the named cache with undefined values
+ if ( data != undefined )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] = data;
+
+ // Return the named cache data, or the ID for the element
+ return name ? jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] : id;
+ },
+
+ removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // If we want to remove a specific section of the element's data
+ if ( name ) {
+ if ( jQuery.cache[ id ] ) {
+ // Remove the section of cache data
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ];
+
+ // If we've removed all the data, remove the element's cache
+ name = "";
+ for ( name in jQuery.cache[ id ] ) break;
+ if ( !name )
+ jQuery.removeData( elem );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise, we want to remove all of the element's data
+ } else {
+ // Clean up the element expando
+ try {
+ delete elem[ expando ];
+ } catch(e){
+ // IE has trouble directly removing the expando
+ // but it's ok with using removeAttribute
+ if ( elem.removeAttribute )
+ elem.removeAttribute( expando );
+ }
+
+ // Completely remove the data cache
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ];
+ }
+ },
+
+ // args is for internal usage only
+ each: function( obj, fn, args ) {
+ if ( args ) {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.apply( obj[i], args );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length; i < ol; i++ )
+ if ( fn.apply( obj[i], args ) === false ) break;
+
+ // A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
+ } else {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.call( obj[i], i, obj[i] );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length, val = obj[0];
+ i < ol && fn.call(val,i,val) !== false; val = obj[++i] ){}
+ }
+
+ return obj;
+ },
+
+ prop: function(elem, value, type, index, prop){
+ // Handle executable functions
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) )
+ value = value.call( elem, [index] );
+
+ // exclude the following css properties to add px
+ var exclude = /z-?index|font-?weight|opacity|zoom|line-?height/i;
+
+ // Handle passing in a number to a CSS property
+ return value && value.constructor == Number && type == "curCSS" && !exclude.test(prop) ?
+ value + "px" :
+ value;
+ },
+
+ className: {
+ // internal only, use addClass("class")
+ add: function( elem, c ){
+ jQuery.each( (c || "").split(/\s+/), function(i, cur){
+ if ( !jQuery.className.has( elem.className, cur ) )
+ elem.className += ( elem.className ? " " : "" ) + cur;
+ });
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use removeClass("class")
+ remove: function( elem, c ){
+ elem.className = c != undefined ?
+ jQuery.grep( elem.className.split(/\s+/), function(cur){
+ return !jQuery.className.has( c, cur );
+ }).join(" ") : "";
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use is(".class")
+ has: function( t, c ) {
+ return jQuery.inArray( c, (t.className || t).toString().split(/\s+/) ) > -1;
+ }
+ },
+
+ swap: function(e,o,f) {
+ for ( var i in o ) {
+ e.style["old"+i] = e.style[i];
+ e.style[i] = o[i];
+ }
+ f.apply( e, [] );
+ for ( var i in o )
+ e.style[i] = e.style["old"+i];
+ },
+
+ css: function(e,p) {
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ var old = {}, oHeight, oWidth, d = ["Top","Bottom","Right","Left"];
+
+ jQuery.each( d, function(){
+ old["padding" + this] = 0;
+ old["border" + this + "Width"] = 0;
+ });
+
+ jQuery.swap( e, old, function() {
+ if ( jQuery(e).is(':visible') ) {
+ oHeight = e.offsetHeight;
+ oWidth = e.offsetWidth;
+ } else {
+ e = jQuery(e.cloneNode(true))
+ .find(":radio").removeAttr("checked").end()
+ .css({
+ visibility: "hidden", position: "absolute", display: "block", right: "0", left: "0"
+ }).appendTo(e.parentNode)[0];
+
+ var parPos = jQuery.css(e.parentNode,"position") || "static";
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "relative";
+
+ oHeight = e.clientHeight;
+ oWidth = e.clientWidth;
+
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "static";
+
+ e.parentNode.removeChild(e);
+ }
+ });
+
+ return p == "height" ? oHeight : oWidth;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.curCSS( e, p );
+ },
+
+ curCSS: function(elem, prop, force) {
+ var ret, stack = [], swap = [];
+
+ // A helper method for determining if an element's values are broken
+ function color(a){
+ if ( !jQuery.browser.safari )
+ return false;
+
+ var ret = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(a,null);
+ return !ret || ret.getPropertyValue("color") == "";
+ }
+
+ if (prop == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie) {
+ ret = jQuery.attr(elem.style, "opacity");
+ return ret == "" ? "1" : ret;
+ }
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = styleFloat;
+
+ if (!force && elem.style[prop])
+ ret = elem.style[prop];
+
+ else if (document.defaultView && document.defaultView.getComputedStyle) {
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = "float";
+
+ prop = prop.replace(/([A-Z])/g,"-$1").toLowerCase();
+ var cur = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem, null);
+
+ if ( cur && !color(elem) )
+ ret = cur.getPropertyValue(prop);
+
+ // If the element isn't reporting its values properly in Safari
+ // then some display: none elements are involved
+ else {
+ // Locate all of the parent display: none elements
+ for ( var a = elem; a && color(a); a = a.parentNode )
+ stack.unshift(a);
+
+ // Go through and make them visible, but in reverse
+ // (It would be better if we knew the exact display type that they had)
+ for ( a = 0; a < stack.length; a++ )
+ if ( color(stack[a]) ) {
+ swap[a] = stack[a].style.display;
+ stack[a].style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Since we flip the display style, we have to handle that
+ // one special, otherwise get the value
+ ret = prop == "display" && swap[stack.length-1] != null ?
+ "none" :
+ document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null).getPropertyValue(prop) || "";
+
+ // Finally, revert the display styles back
+ for ( a = 0; a < swap.length; a++ )
+ if ( swap[a] != null )
+ stack[a].style.display = swap[a];
+ }
+
+ if ( prop == "opacity" && ret == "" )
+ ret = "1";
+
+ } else if (elem.currentStyle) {
+ var newProp = prop.replace(/\-(\w)/g,function(m,c){return c.toUpperCase();});
+ ret = elem.currentStyle[prop] || elem.currentStyle[newProp];
+
+ // From the awesome hack by Dean Edwards
+ // http://erik.eae.net/archives/2007/07/27/18.54.15/#comment-102291
+
+ // If we're not dealing with a regular pixel number
+ // but a number that has a weird ending, we need to convert it to pixels
+ if ( !/^\d+(px)?$/i.test(ret) && /^\d/.test(ret) ) {
+ var style = elem.style.left;
+ var runtimeStyle = elem.runtimeStyle.left;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = elem.currentStyle.left;
+ elem.style.left = ret || 0;
+ ret = elem.style.pixelLeft + "px";
+ elem.style.left = style;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = runtimeStyle;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ clean: function(a, doc) {
+ var r = [];
+ doc = doc || document;
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(i,arg){
+ if ( !arg ) return;
+
+ if ( arg.constructor == Number )
+ arg = arg.toString();
+
+ // Convert html string into DOM nodes
+ if ( typeof arg == "string" ) {
+ // Fix "XHTML"-style tags in all browsers
+ arg = arg.replace(/(<(\w+)[^>]*?)\/>/g, function(m, all, tag){
+ return tag.match(/^(abbr|br|col|img|input|link|meta|param|hr|area)$/i)? m : all+"></"+tag+">";
+ });
+
+ // Trim whitespace, otherwise indexOf won't work as expected
+ var s = jQuery.trim(arg).toLowerCase(), div = doc.createElement("div"), tb = [];
+
+ var wrap =
+ // option or optgroup
+ !s.indexOf("<opt") &&
+ [1, "<select>", "</select>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<leg") &&
+ [1, "<fieldset>", "</fieldset>"] ||
+
+ s.match(/^<(thead|tbody|tfoot|colg|cap)/) &&
+ [1, "<table>", "</table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<tr") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ // <thead> matched above
+ (!s.indexOf("<td") || !s.indexOf("<th")) &&
+ [3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<col") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>"] ||
+
+ // IE can't serialize <link> and <script> tags normally
+ jQuery.browser.msie &&
+ [1, "div<div>", "</div>"] ||
+
+ [0,"",""];
+
+ // Go to html and back, then peel off extra wrappers
+ div.innerHTML = wrap[1] + arg + wrap[2];
+
+ // Move to the right depth
+ while ( wrap[0]-- )
+ div = div.lastChild;
+
+ // Remove IE's autoinserted <tbody> from table fragments
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // String was a <table>, *may* have spurious <tbody>
+ if ( !s.indexOf("<table") && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.firstChild && div.firstChild.childNodes;
+
+ // String was a bare <thead> or <tfoot>
+ else if ( wrap[1] == "<table>" && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.childNodes;
+
+ for ( var n = tb.length-1; n >= 0 ; --n )
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(tb[n], "tbody") && !tb[n].childNodes.length )
+ tb[n].parentNode.removeChild(tb[n]);
+
+ // IE completely kills leading whitespace when innerHTML is used
+ if ( /^\s/.test(arg) )
+ div.insertBefore( doc.createTextNode( arg.match(/^\s*/)[0] ), div.firstChild );
+
+ }
+
+ arg = jQuery.makeArray( div.childNodes );
+ }
+
+ if ( 0 === arg.length && (!jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") && !jQuery.nodeName(arg, "select")) )
+ return;
+
+ if ( arg[0] == undefined || jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") || arg.options )
+ r.push( arg );
+ else
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, arg );
+
+ });
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ attr: function(elem, name, value){
+ var fix = jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ? {} : jQuery.props;
+
+ // Safari mis-reports the default selected property of a hidden option
+ // Accessing the parent's selectedIndex property fixes it
+ if ( name == "selected" && jQuery.browser.safari )
+ elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+
+ // Certain attributes only work when accessed via the old DOM 0 way
+ if ( fix[name] ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[fix[name]] = value;
+ return elem[fix[name]];
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.msie && name == "style" )
+ return jQuery.attr( elem.style, "cssText", value );
+
+ else if ( value == undefined && jQuery.browser.msie && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "form") && (name == "action" || name == "method") )
+ return elem.getAttributeNode(name).nodeValue;
+
+ // IE elem.getAttribute passes even for style
+ else if ( elem.tagName ) {
+
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ if ( name == "type" && jQuery.nodeName(elem,"input") && elem.parentNode )
+ throw "type property can't be changed";
+ elem.setAttribute( name, value );
+ }
+
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && /href|src/.test(name) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) )
+ return elem.getAttribute( name, 2 );
+
+ return elem.getAttribute( name );
+
+ // elem is actually elem.style ... set the style
+ } else {
+ // IE actually uses filters for opacity
+ if ( name == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ // IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout
+ // Force it by setting the zoom level
+ elem.zoom = 1;
+
+ // Set the alpha filter to set the opacity
+ elem.filter = (elem.filter || "").replace(/alpha\([^)]*\)/,"") +
+ (parseFloat(value).toString() == "NaN" ? "" : "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")");
+ }
+
+ return elem.filter ?
+ (parseFloat( elem.filter.match(/opacity=([^)]*)/)[1] ) / 100).toString() : "";
+ }
+ name = name.replace(/-([a-z])/ig,function(z,b){return b.toUpperCase();});
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[name] = value;
+ return elem[name];
+ }
+ },
+
+ trim: function(t){
+ return (t||"").replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, "");
+ },
+
+ makeArray: function( a ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ // Need to use typeof to fight Safari childNodes crashes
+ if ( typeof a != "array" )
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ r.push( a[i] );
+ else
+ r = a.slice( 0 );
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ inArray: function( b, a ) {
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ if ( a[i] == b )
+ return i;
+ return -1;
+ },
+
+ merge: function(first, second) {
+ // We have to loop this way because IE & Opera overwrite the length
+ // expando of getElementsByTagName
+
+ // Also, we need to make sure that the correct elements are being returned
+ // (IE returns comment nodes in a '*' query)
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ if ( second[i].nodeType != 8 )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+ } else
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+
+ return first;
+ },
+
+ unique: function(first) {
+ var r = [], done = {};
+
+ try {
+ for ( var i = 0, fl = first.length; i < fl; i++ ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(first[i]);
+ if ( !done[id] ) {
+ done[id] = true;
+ r.push(first[i]);
+ }
+ }
+ } catch(e) {
+ r = first;
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ grep: function(elems, fn, inv) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, only saving the items
+ // that pass the validator function
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ )
+ if ( !inv && fn(elems[i],i) || inv && !fn(elems[i],i) )
+ result.push( elems[i] );
+
+ return result;
+ },
+
+ map: function(elems, fn) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their
+ // new value (or values).
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ ) {
+ var val = fn(elems[i],i);
+
+ if ( val !== null && val != undefined ) {
+ if ( val.constructor != Array ) val = [val];
+ result = result.concat( val );
+ }
+ }
+
+ return result;
+ }
+});
+
+var userAgent = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();
+
+// Figure out what browser is being used
+jQuery.browser = {
+ version: (userAgent.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[\/: ]([\d.]+)/) || [])[1],
+ safari: /webkit/.test(userAgent),
+ opera: /opera/.test(userAgent),
+ msie: /msie/.test(userAgent) && !/opera/.test(userAgent),
+ mozilla: /mozilla/.test(userAgent) && !/(compatible|webkit)/.test(userAgent)
+};
+
+var styleFloat = jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat";
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ // Check to see if the W3C box model is being used
+ boxModel: !jQuery.browser.msie || document.compatMode == "CSS1Compat",
+
+ styleFloat: jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat",
+
+ props: {
+ "for": "htmlFor",
+ "class": "className",
+ "float": styleFloat,
+ cssFloat: styleFloat,
+ styleFloat: styleFloat,
+ innerHTML: "innerHTML",
+ className: "className",
+ value: "value",
+ disabled: "disabled",
+ checked: "checked",
+ readonly: "readOnly",
+ selected: "selected",
+ maxlength: "maxLength"
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ parent: "a.parentNode",
+ parents: "jQuery.dir(a,'parentNode')",
+ next: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'nextSibling')",
+ prev: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'previousSibling')",
+ nextAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'nextSibling')",
+ prevAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'previousSibling')",
+ siblings: "jQuery.sibling(a.parentNode.firstChild,a)",
+ children: "jQuery.sibling(a.firstChild)",
+ contents: "jQuery.nodeName(a,'iframe')?a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document:jQuery.makeArray(a.childNodes)"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(a) {
+ var ret = jQuery.map(this,n);
+ if ( a && typeof a == "string" )
+ ret = jQuery.multiFilter(a,ret);
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.unique(ret) );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ appendTo: "append",
+ prependTo: "prepend",
+ insertBefore: "before",
+ insertAfter: "after",
+ replaceAll: "replaceWith"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(){
+ var a = arguments;
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var j = 0, al = a.length; j < al; j++ )
+ jQuery(a[j])[n]( this );
+ });
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( {
+ removeAttr: function( key ) {
+ jQuery.attr( this, key, "" );
+ this.removeAttribute( key );
+ },
+ addClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.add(this,c);
+ },
+ removeClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.remove(this,c);
+ },
+ toggleClass: function( c ){
+ jQuery.className[ jQuery.className.has(this,c) ? "remove" : "add" ](this, c);
+ },
+ remove: function(a){
+ if ( !a || jQuery.filter( a, [this] ).r.length ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( this );
+ this.parentNode.removeChild( this );
+ }
+ },
+ empty: function() {
+ // Clean up the cache
+ jQuery("*", this).each(function(){ jQuery.removeData(this); });
+
+ while ( this.firstChild )
+ this.removeChild( this.firstChild );
+ }
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function() {
+ return this.each( n, arguments );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( [ "Height", "Width" ], function(i,name){
+ var n = name.toLowerCase();
+
+ jQuery.fn[ n ] = function(h) {
+ return this[0] == window ?
+ jQuery.browser.safari && self["inner" + name] ||
+ jQuery.boxModel && Math.max(document.documentElement["client" + name], document.body["client" + name]) ||
+ document.body["client" + name] :
+
+ this[0] == document ?
+ Math.max( document.body["scroll" + name], document.body["offset" + name] ) :
+
+ h == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? jQuery.css( this[0], n ) : null ) :
+ this.css( n, h.constructor == String ? h : h + "px" );
+ };
+});
+
+var chars = jQuery.browser.safari && parseInt(jQuery.browser.version) < 417 ?
+ "(?:[\\w*_-]|\\\\.)" :
+ "(?:[\\w\u0128-\uFFFF*_-]|\\\\.)",
+ quickChild = new RegExp("^>\\s*(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickID = new RegExp("^(" + chars + "+)(#)(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickClass = new RegExp("^([#.]?)(" + chars + "*)");
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ expr: {
+ "": "m[2]=='*'||jQuery.nodeName(a,m[2])",
+ "#": "a.getAttribute('id')==m[2]",
+ ":": {
+ // Position Checks
+ lt: "i<m[3]-0",
+ gt: "i>m[3]-0",
+ nth: "m[3]-0==i",
+ eq: "m[3]-0==i",
+ first: "i==0",
+ last: "i==r.length-1",
+ even: "i%2==0",
+ odd: "i%2",
+
+ // Child Checks
+ "first-child": "a.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('*')[0]==a",
+ "last-child": "jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,1,'previousSibling')==a",
+ "only-child": "!jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,2,'previousSibling')",
+
+ // Parent Checks
+ parent: "a.firstChild",
+ empty: "!a.firstChild",
+
+ // Text Check
+ contains: "(a.textContent||a.innerText||jQuery(a).text()||'').indexOf(m[3])>=0",
+
+ // Visibility
+ visible: '"hidden"!=a.type&&jQuery.css(a,"display")!="none"&&jQuery.css(a,"visibility")!="hidden"',
+ hidden: '"hidden"==a.type||jQuery.css(a,"display")=="none"||jQuery.css(a,"visibility")=="hidden"',
+
+ // Form attributes
+ enabled: "!a.disabled",
+ disabled: "a.disabled",
+ checked: "a.checked",
+ selected: "a.selected||jQuery.attr(a,'selected')",
+
+ // Form elements
+ text: "'text'==a.type",
+ radio: "'radio'==a.type",
+ checkbox: "'checkbox'==a.type",
+ file: "'file'==a.type",
+ password: "'password'==a.type",
+ submit: "'submit'==a.type",
+ image: "'image'==a.type",
+ reset: "'reset'==a.type",
+ button: '"button"==a.type||jQuery.nodeName(a,"button")',
+ input: "/input|select|textarea|button/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :has()
+ has: "jQuery.find(m[3],a).length",
+
+ // :header
+ header: "/h\\d/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :animated
+ animated: "jQuery.grep(jQuery.timers,function(fn){return a==fn.elem;}).length"
+ }
+ },
+
+ // The regular expressions that power the parsing engine
+ parse: [
+ // Match: [@value='test'], [@foo]
+ /^(\[) *@?([\w-]+) *([!*$^~=]*) *('?"?)(.*?)\4 *\]/,
+
+ // Match: :contains('foo')
+ /^(:)([\w-]+)\("?'?(.*?(\(.*?\))?[^(]*?)"?'?\)/,
+
+ // Match: :even, :last-chlid, #id, .class
+ new RegExp("^([:.#]*)(" + chars + "+)")
+ ],
+
+ multiFilter: function( expr, elems, not ) {
+ var old, cur = [];
+
+ while ( expr && expr != old ) {
+ old = expr;
+ var f = jQuery.filter( expr, elems, not );
+ expr = f.t.replace(/^\s*,\s*/, "" );
+ cur = not ? elems = f.r : jQuery.merge( cur, f.r );
+ }
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ find: function( t, context ) {
+ // Quickly handle non-string expressions
+ if ( typeof t != "string" )
+ return [ t ];
+
+ // Make sure that the context is a DOM Element
+ if ( context && !context.nodeType )
+ context = null;
+
+ // Set the correct context (if none is provided)
+ context = context || document;
+
+ // Initialize the search
+ var ret = [context], done = [], last;
+
+ // Continue while a selector expression exists, and while
+ // we're no longer looping upon ourselves
+ while ( t && last != t ) {
+ var r = [];
+ last = t;
+
+ t = jQuery.trim(t);
+
+ var foundToken = false;
+
+ // An attempt at speeding up child selectors that
+ // point to a specific element tag
+ var re = quickChild;
+ var m = re.exec(t);
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ var nodeName = m[1].toUpperCase();
+
+ // Perform our own iteration and filter
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ )
+ for ( var c = ret[i].firstChild; c; c = c.nextSibling )
+ if ( c.nodeType == 1 && (nodeName == "*" || c.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase()) )
+ r.push( c );
+
+ ret = r;
+ t = t.replace( re, "" );
+ if ( t.indexOf(" ") == 0 ) continue;
+ foundToken = true;
+ } else {
+ re = /^([>+~])\s*(\w*)/i;
+
+ if ( (m = re.exec(t)) != null ) {
+ r = [];
+
+ var nodeName = m[2], merge = {};
+ m = m[1];
+
+ for ( var j = 0, rl = ret.length; j < rl; j++ ) {
+ var n = m == "~" || m == "+" ? ret[j].nextSibling : ret[j].firstChild;
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(n);
+
+ if ( m == "~" && merge[id] ) break;
+
+ if (!nodeName || n.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase() ) {
+ if ( m == "~" ) merge[id] = true;
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ if ( m == "+" ) break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+
+ // And remove the token
+ t = jQuery.trim( t.replace( re, "" ) );
+ foundToken = true;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // See if there's still an expression, and that we haven't already
+ // matched a token
+ if ( t && !foundToken ) {
+ // Handle multiple expressions
+ if ( !t.indexOf(",") ) {
+ // Clean the result set
+ if ( context == ret[0] ) ret.shift();
+
+ // Merge the result sets
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ // Reset the context
+ r = ret = [context];
+
+ // Touch up the selector string
+ t = " " + t.substr(1,t.length);
+
+ } else {
+ // Optimize for the case nodeName#idName
+ var re2 = quickID;
+ var m = re2.exec(t);
+
+ // Re-organize the results, so that they're consistent
+ if ( m ) {
+ m = [ 0, m[2], m[3], m[1] ];
+
+ } else {
+ // Otherwise, do a traditional filter check for
+ // ID, class, and element selectors
+ re2 = quickClass;
+ m = re2.exec(t);
+ }
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+
+ var elem = ret[ret.length-1];
+
+ // Try to do a global search by ID, where we can
+ if ( m[1] == "#" && elem && elem.getElementById && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) {
+ // Optimization for HTML document case
+ var oid = elem.getElementById(m[2]);
+
+ // Do a quick check for the existence of the actual ID attribute
+ // to avoid selecting by the name attribute in IE
+ // also check to insure id is a string to avoid selecting an element with the name of 'id' inside a form
+ if ( (jQuery.browser.msie||jQuery.browser.opera) && oid && typeof oid.id == "string" && oid.id != m[2] )
+ oid = jQuery('[@id="'+m[2]+'"]', elem)[0];
+
+ // Do a quick check for node name (where applicable) so
+ // that div#foo searches will be really fast
+ ret = r = oid && (!m[3] || jQuery.nodeName(oid, m[3])) ? [oid] : [];
+ } else {
+ // We need to find all descendant elements
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ ) {
+ // Grab the tag name being searched for
+ var tag = m[1] == "#" && m[3] ? m[3] : m[1] != "" || m[0] == "" ? "*" : m[2];
+
+ // Handle IE7 being really dumb about <object>s
+ if ( tag == "*" && ret[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() == "object" )
+ tag = "param";
+
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, ret[i].getElementsByTagName( tag ));
+ }
+
+ // It's faster to filter by class and be done with it
+ if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter( r, m[2] );
+
+ // Same with ID filtering
+ if ( m[1] == "#" ) {
+ var tmp = [];
+
+ // Try to find the element with the ID
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ )
+ if ( r[i].getAttribute("id") == m[2] ) {
+ tmp = [ r[i] ];
+ break;
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+ }
+
+ t = t.replace( re2, "" );
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ // If a selector string still exists
+ if ( t ) {
+ // Attempt to filter it
+ var val = jQuery.filter(t,r);
+ ret = r = val.r;
+ t = jQuery.trim(val.t);
+ }
+ }
+
+ // An error occurred with the selector;
+ // just return an empty set instead
+ if ( t )
+ ret = [];
+
+ // Remove the root context
+ if ( ret && context == ret[0] )
+ ret.shift();
+
+ // And combine the results
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ return done;
+ },
+
+ classFilter: function(r,m,not){
+ m = " " + m + " ";
+ var tmp = [];
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ ) {
+ var pass = (" " + r[i].className + " ").indexOf( m ) >= 0;
+ if ( !not && pass || not && !pass )
+ tmp.push( r[i] );
+ }
+ return tmp;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t,r,not) {
+ var last;
+
+ // Look for common filter expressions
+ while ( t && t != last ) {
+ last = t;
+
+ var p = jQuery.parse, m;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; p[i]; i++ ) {
+ m = p[i].exec( t );
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ // Remove what we just matched
+ t = t.substring( m[0].length );
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( !m )
+ break;
+
+ // :not() is a special case that can be optimized by
+ // keeping it out of the expression list
+ if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "not" )
+ r = jQuery.filter(m[3], r, true).r;
+
+ // We can get a big speed boost by filtering by class here
+ else if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter(r, m[2], not);
+
+ else if ( m[1] == "[" ) {
+ var tmp = [], type = m[3];
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var a = r[i], z = a[ jQuery.props[m[2]] || m[2] ];
+
+ if ( z == null || /href|src|selected/.test(m[2]) )
+ z = jQuery.attr(a,m[2]) || '';
+
+ if ( (type == "" && !!z ||
+ type == "=" && z == m[5] ||
+ type == "!=" && z != m[5] ||
+ type == "^=" && z && !z.indexOf(m[5]) ||
+ type == "$=" && z.substr(z.length - m[5].length) == m[5] ||
+ (type == "*=" || type == "~=") && z.indexOf(m[5]) >= 0) ^ not )
+ tmp.push( a );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // We can get a speed boost by handling nth-child here
+ } else if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "nth-child" ) {
+ var merge = {}, tmp = [],
+ test = /(\d*)n\+?(\d*)/.exec(
+ m[3] == "even" && "2n" || m[3] == "odd" && "2n+1" ||
+ !/\D/.test(m[3]) && "n+" + m[3] || m[3]),
+ first = (test[1] || 1) - 0, last = test[2] - 0;
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var node = r[i], parentNode = node.parentNode, id = jQuery.data(parentNode);
+
+ if ( !merge[id] ) {
+ var c = 1;
+
+ for ( var n = parentNode.firstChild; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 )
+ n.nodeIndex = c++;
+
+ merge[id] = true;
+ }
+
+ var add = false;
+
+ if ( first == 1 ) {
+ if ( last == 0 || node.nodeIndex == last )
+ add = true;
+ } else if ( (node.nodeIndex + last) % first == 0 )
+ add = true;
+
+ if ( add ^ not )
+ tmp.push( node );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // Otherwise, find the expression to execute
+ } else {
+ var f = jQuery.expr[m[1]];
+ if ( typeof f != "string" )
+ f = jQuery.expr[m[1]][m[2]];
+
+ // Build a custom macro to enclose it
+ f = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + f + "}");
+
+ // Execute it against the current filter
+ r = jQuery.grep( r, f, not );
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Return an array of filtered elements (r)
+ // and the modified expression string (t)
+ return { r: r, t: t };
+ },
+
+ dir: function( elem, dir ){
+ var matched = [];
+ var cur = elem[dir];
+ while ( cur && cur != document ) {
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 )
+ matched.push( cur );
+ cur = cur[dir];
+ }
+ return matched;
+ },
+
+ nth: function(cur,result,dir,elem){
+ result = result || 1;
+ var num = 0;
+
+ for ( ; cur; cur = cur[dir] )
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 && ++num == result )
+ break;
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ sibling: function( n, elem ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 && (!elem || n != elem) )
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ }
+});
+/*
+ * A number of helper functions used for managing events.
+ * Many of the ideas behind this code orignated from
+ * Dean Edwards' addEvent library.
+ */
+jQuery.event = {
+
+ // Bind an event to an element
+ // Original by Dean Edwards
+ add: function(element, type, handler, data) {
+ // For whatever reason, IE has trouble passing the window object
+ // around, causing it to be cloned in the process
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && element.setInterval != undefined )
+ element = window;
+
+ // Make sure that the function being executed has a unique ID
+ if ( !handler.guid )
+ handler.guid = this.guid++;
+
+ // if data is passed, bind to handler
+ if( data != undefined ) {
+ // Create temporary function pointer to original handler
+ var fn = handler;
+
+ // Create unique handler function, wrapped around original handler
+ handler = function() {
+ // Pass arguments and context to original handler
+ return fn.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Store data in unique handler
+ handler.data = data;
+
+ // Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
+ handler.guid = fn.guid;
+ }
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ handler.type = parts[1];
+
+ // Init the element's event structure
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events") || jQuery.data(element, "events", {});
+
+ var handle = jQuery.data(element, "handle", function(){
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Handle the second event of a trigger and when
+ // an event is called after a page has unloaded
+ if ( typeof jQuery == "undefined" || jQuery.event.triggered )
+ return val;
+
+ val = jQuery.event.handle.apply(element, arguments);
+
+ return val;
+ });
+
+ // Get the current list of functions bound to this event
+ var handlers = events[type];
+
+ // Init the event handler queue
+ if (!handlers) {
+ handlers = events[type] = {};
+
+ // And bind the global event handler to the element
+ if (element.addEventListener)
+ element.addEventListener(type, handle, false);
+ else
+ element.attachEvent("on" + type, handle);
+ }
+
+ // Add the function to the element's handler list
+ handlers[handler.guid] = handler;
+
+ // Keep track of which events have been used, for global triggering
+ this.global[type] = true;
+ },
+
+ guid: 1,
+ global: {},
+
+ // Detach an event or set of events from an element
+ remove: function(element, type, handler) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events"), ret, index;
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ if ( typeof type == "string" ) {
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ }
+
+ if ( events ) {
+ // type is actually an event object here
+ if ( type && type.type ) {
+ handler = type.handler;
+ type = type.type;
+ }
+
+ if ( !type ) {
+ for ( type in events )
+ this.remove( element, type );
+
+ } else if ( events[type] ) {
+ // remove the given handler for the given type
+ if ( handler )
+ delete events[type][handler.guid];
+
+ // remove all handlers for the given type
+ else
+ for ( handler in events[type] )
+ // Handle the removal of namespaced events
+ if ( !parts[1] || events[type][handler].type == parts[1] )
+ delete events[type][handler];
+
+ // remove generic event handler if no more handlers exist
+ for ( ret in events[type] ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ if (element.removeEventListener)
+ element.removeEventListener(type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"), false);
+ else
+ element.detachEvent("on" + type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"));
+ ret = null;
+ delete events[type];
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Remove the expando if it's no longer used
+ for ( ret in events ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "events" );
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "handle" );
+ }
+ }
+ },
+
+ trigger: function(type, data, element, donative, extra) {
+ // Clone the incoming data, if any
+ data = jQuery.makeArray(data || []);
+
+ // Handle a global trigger
+ if ( !element ) {
+ // Only trigger if we've ever bound an event for it
+ if ( this.global[type] )
+ jQuery("*").add([window, document]).trigger(type, data);
+
+ // Handle triggering a single element
+ } else {
+ var val, ret, fn = jQuery.isFunction( element[ type ] || null ),
+ // Check to see if we need to provide a fake event, or not
+ evt = !data[0] || !data[0].preventDefault;
+
+ // Pass along a fake event
+ if ( evt )
+ data.unshift( this.fix({ type: type, target: element }) );
+
+ // Enforce the right trigger type
+ data[0].type = type;
+
+ // Trigger the event
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( jQuery.data(element, "handle") ) )
+ val = jQuery.data(element, "handle").apply( element, data );
+
+ // Handle triggering native .onfoo handlers
+ if ( !fn && element["on"+type] && element["on"+type].apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Extra functions don't get the custom event object
+ if ( evt )
+ data.shift();
+
+ // Handle triggering of extra function
+ if ( extra && extra.apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Trigger the native events (except for clicks on links)
+ if ( fn && donative !== false && val !== false && !(jQuery.nodeName(element, 'a') && type == "click") ) {
+ this.triggered = true;
+ element[ type ]();
+ }
+
+ this.triggered = false;
+ }
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ handle: function(event) {
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Empty object is for triggered events with no data
+ event = jQuery.event.fix( event || window.event || {} );
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = event.type.split(".");
+ event.type = parts[0];
+
+ var c = jQuery.data(this, "events") && jQuery.data(this, "events")[event.type], args = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments, 1 );
+ args.unshift( event );
+
+ for ( var j in c ) {
+ // Pass in a reference to the handler function itself
+ // So that we can later remove it
+ args[0].handler = c[j];
+ args[0].data = c[j].data;
+
+ // Filter the functions by class
+ if ( !parts[1] || c[j].type == parts[1] ) {
+ var tmp = c[j].apply( this, args );
+
+ if ( val !== false )
+ val = tmp;
+
+ if ( tmp === false ) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ event.stopPropagation();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Clean up added properties in IE to prevent memory leak
+ if (jQuery.browser.msie)
+ event.target = event.preventDefault = event.stopPropagation =
+ event.handler = event.data = null;
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ fix: function(event) {
+ // store a copy of the original event object
+ // and clone to set read-only properties
+ var originalEvent = event;
+ event = jQuery.extend({}, originalEvent);
+
+ // add preventDefault and stopPropagation since
+ // they will not work on the clone
+ event.preventDefault = function() {
+ // if preventDefault exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.preventDefault)
+ originalEvent.preventDefault();
+ // otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false (IE)
+ originalEvent.returnValue = false;
+ };
+ event.stopPropagation = function() {
+ // if stopPropagation exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.stopPropagation)
+ originalEvent.stopPropagation();
+ // otherwise set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true (IE)
+ originalEvent.cancelBubble = true;
+ };
+
+ // Fix target property, if necessary
+ if ( !event.target && event.srcElement )
+ event.target = event.srcElement;
+
+ // check if target is a textnode (safari)
+ if (jQuery.browser.safari && event.target.nodeType == 3)
+ event.target = originalEvent.target.parentNode;
+
+ // Add relatedTarget, if necessary
+ if ( !event.relatedTarget && event.fromElement )
+ event.relatedTarget = event.fromElement == event.target ? event.toElement : event.fromElement;
+
+ // Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available
+ if ( event.pageX == null && event.clientX != null ) {
+ var e = document.documentElement, b = document.body;
+ event.pageX = event.clientX + (e && e.scrollLeft || b.scrollLeft || 0);
+ event.pageY = event.clientY + (e && e.scrollTop || b.scrollTop || 0);
+ }
+
+ // Add which for key events
+ if ( !event.which && (event.charCode || event.keyCode) )
+ event.which = event.charCode || event.keyCode;
+
+ // Add metaKey to non-Mac browsers (use ctrl for PC's and Meta for Macs)
+ if ( !event.metaKey && event.ctrlKey )
+ event.metaKey = event.ctrlKey;
+
+ // Add which for click: 1 == left; 2 == middle; 3 == right
+ // Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it
+ if ( !event.which && event.button )
+ event.which = (event.button & 1 ? 1 : ( event.button & 2 ? 3 : ( event.button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ));
+
+ return event;
+ }
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ bind: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return type == "unload" ? this.one(type, data, fn) : this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, fn || data, fn && data );
+ });
+ },
+
+ one: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, function(event) {
+ jQuery(this).unbind(event);
+ return (fn || data).apply( this, arguments);
+ }, fn && data);
+ });
+ },
+
+ unbind: function( type, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.remove( this, type, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ trigger: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this, true, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ triggerHandler: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this[0], false, fn );
+ },
+
+ toggle: function() {
+ // Save reference to arguments for access in closure
+ var a = arguments;
+
+ return this.click(function(e) {
+ // Figure out which function to execute
+ this.lastToggle = 0 == this.lastToggle ? 1 : 0;
+
+ // Make sure that clicks stop
+ e.preventDefault();
+
+ // and execute the function
+ return a[this.lastToggle].apply( this, [e] ) || false;
+ });
+ },
+
+ hover: function(f,g) {
+
+ // A private function for handling mouse 'hovering'
+ function handleHover(e) {
+ // Check if mouse(over|out) are still within the same parent element
+ var p = e.relatedTarget;
+
+ // Traverse up the tree
+ while ( p && p != this ) try { p = p.parentNode; } catch(e) { p = this; };
+
+ // If we actually just moused on to a sub-element, ignore it
+ if ( p == this ) return false;
+
+ // Execute the right function
+ return (e.type == "mouseover" ? f : g).apply(this, [e]);
+ }
+
+ // Bind the function to the two event listeners
+ return this.mouseover(handleHover).mouseout(handleHover);
+ },
+
+ ready: function(f) {
+ // Attach the listeners
+ bindReady();
+
+ // If the DOM is already ready
+ if ( jQuery.isReady )
+ // Execute the function immediately
+ f.apply( document, [jQuery] );
+
+ // Otherwise, remember the function for later
+ else
+ // Add the function to the wait list
+ jQuery.readyList.push( function() { return f.apply(this, [jQuery]); } );
+
+ return this;
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ /*
+ * All the code that makes DOM Ready work nicely.
+ */
+ isReady: false,
+ readyList: [],
+
+ // Handle when the DOM is ready
+ ready: function() {
+ // Make sure that the DOM is not already loaded
+ if ( !jQuery.isReady ) {
+ // Remember that the DOM is ready
+ jQuery.isReady = true;
+
+ // If there are functions bound, to execute
+ if ( jQuery.readyList ) {
+ // Execute all of them
+ jQuery.each( jQuery.readyList, function(){
+ this.apply( document );
+ });
+
+ // Reset the list of functions
+ jQuery.readyList = null;
+ }
+ // Remove event listener to avoid memory leak
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // Remove script element used by IE hack
+ if( !window.frames.length ) // don't remove if frames are present (#1187)
+ jQuery(window).load(function(){ jQuery("#__ie_init").remove(); });
+ }
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each( ("blur,focus,load,resize,scroll,unload,click,dblclick," +
+ "mousedown,mouseup,mousemove,mouseover,mouseout,change,select," +
+ "submit,keydown,keypress,keyup,error").split(","), function(i,o){
+
+ // Handle event binding
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return f ? this.bind(o, f) : this.trigger(o);
+ };
+});
+
+var readyBound = false;
+
+function bindReady(){
+ if ( readyBound ) return;
+ readyBound = true;
+
+ // If Mozilla is used
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ // Use the handy event callback
+ document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // If IE is used, use the excellent hack by Matthias Miller
+ // http://www.outofhanwell.com/blog/index.php?title=the_window_onload_problem_revisited
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // Only works if you document.write() it
+ document.write("<scr" + "ipt id=__ie_init defer=true " +
+ "src=//:><\/script>");
+
+ // Use the defer script hack
+ var script = document.getElementById("__ie_init");
+
+ // script does not exist if jQuery is loaded dynamically
+ if ( script )
+ script.onreadystatechange = function() {
+ if ( this.readyState != "complete" ) return;
+ jQuery.ready();
+ };
+
+ // Clear from memory
+ script = null;
+
+ // If Safari is used
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // Continually check to see if the document.readyState is valid
+ jQuery.safariTimer = setInterval(function(){
+ // loaded and complete are both valid states
+ if ( document.readyState == "loaded" ||
+ document.readyState == "complete" ) {
+
+ // If either one are found, remove the timer
+ clearInterval( jQuery.safariTimer );
+ jQuery.safariTimer = null;
+
+ // and execute any waiting functions
+ jQuery.ready();
+ }
+ }, 10);
+
+ // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+ jQuery.event.add( window, "load", jQuery.ready );
+}
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ load: function( url, params, callback ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( url ) )
+ return this.bind("load", url);
+
+ var off = url.indexOf(" ");
+ if ( off >= 0 ) {
+ var selector = url.slice(off, url.length);
+ url = url.slice(0, off);
+ }
+
+ callback = callback || function(){};
+
+ // Default to a GET request
+ var type = "GET";
+
+ // If the second parameter was provided
+ if ( params )
+ // If it's a function
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
+ // We assume that it's the callback
+ callback = params;
+ params = null;
+
+ // Otherwise, build a param string
+ } else {
+ params = jQuery.param( params );
+ type = "POST";
+ }
+
+ var self = this;
+
+ // Request the remote document
+ jQuery.ajax({
+ url: url,
+ type: type,
+ data: params,
+ complete: function(res, status){
+ // If successful, inject the HTML into all the matched elements
+ if ( status == "success" || status == "notmodified" )
+ // See if a selector was specified
+ self.html( selector ?
+ // Create a dummy div to hold the results
+ jQuery("<div/>")
+ // inject the contents of the document in, removing the scripts
+ // to avoid any 'Permission Denied' errors in IE
+ .append(res.responseText.replace(/<script(.|\s)*?\/script>/g, ""))
+
+ // Locate the specified elements
+ .find(selector) :
+
+ // If not, just inject the full result
+ res.responseText );
+
+ // Add delay to account for Safari's delay in globalEval
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ self.each( callback, [res.responseText, status, res] );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ });
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ serialize: function() {
+ return jQuery.param(this.serializeArray());
+ },
+ serializeArray: function() {
+ return this.map(function(){
+ return jQuery.nodeName(this, "form") ?
+ jQuery.makeArray(this.elements) : this;
+ })
+ .filter(function(){
+ return this.name && !this.disabled &&
+ (this.checked || /select|textarea/i.test(this.nodeName) ||
+ /text|hidden|password/i.test(this.type));
+ })
+ .map(function(i, elem){
+ var val = jQuery(this).val();
+ return val == null ? null :
+ val.constructor == Array ?
+ jQuery.map( val, function(val, i){
+ return {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }) :
+ {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }).get();
+ }
+});
+
+// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
+jQuery.each( "ajaxStart,ajaxStop,ajaxComplete,ajaxError,ajaxSuccess,ajaxSend".split(","), function(i,o){
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return this.bind(o, f);
+ };
+});
+
+var jsc = (new Date).getTime();
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ get: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ // shift arguments if data argument was ommited
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = null;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "GET",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ getScript: function( url, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, null, callback, "script");
+ },
+
+ getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, data, callback, "json");
+ },
+
+ post: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = {};
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "POST",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ ajaxSetup: function( settings ) {
+ jQuery.extend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, settings );
+ },
+
+ ajaxSettings: {
+ global: true,
+ type: "GET",
+ timeout: 0,
+ contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+ processData: true,
+ async: true,
+ data: null
+ },
+
+ // Last-Modified header cache for next request
+ lastModified: {},
+
+ ajax: function( s ) {
+ var jsonp, jsre = /=(\?|%3F)/g, status, data;
+
+ // Extend the settings, but re-extend 's' so that it can be
+ // checked again later (in the test suite, specifically)
+ s = jQuery.extend(true, s, jQuery.extend(true, {}, jQuery.ajaxSettings, s));
+
+ // convert data if not already a string
+ if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data != "string" )
+ s.data = jQuery.param(s.data);
+
+ // Handle JSONP Parameter Callbacks
+ if ( s.dataType == "jsonp" ) {
+ if ( s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ if ( !s.url.match(jsre) )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ } else if ( !s.data || !s.data.match(jsre) )
+ s.data = (s.data ? s.data + "&" : "") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ s.dataType = "json";
+ }
+
+ // Build temporary JSONP function
+ if ( s.dataType == "json" && (s.data && s.data.match(jsre) || s.url.match(jsre)) ) {
+ jsonp = "jsonp" + jsc++;
+
+ // Replace the =? sequence both in the query string and the data
+ if ( s.data )
+ s.data = s.data.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+ s.url = s.url.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+
+ // We need to make sure
+ // that a JSONP style response is executed properly
+ s.dataType = "script";
+
+ // Handle JSONP-style loading
+ window[ jsonp ] = function(tmp){
+ data = tmp;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ // Garbage collect
+ window[ jsonp ] = undefined;
+ try{ delete window[ jsonp ]; } catch(e){}
+ };
+ }
+
+ if ( s.dataType == "script" && s.cache == null )
+ s.cache = false;
+
+ if ( s.cache === false && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + "_=" + (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ // If data is available, append data to url for get requests
+ if ( s.data && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + s.data;
+
+ // IE likes to send both get and post data, prevent this
+ s.data = null;
+ }
+
+ // Watch for a new set of requests
+ if ( s.global && ! jQuery.active++ )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" );
+
+ // If we're requesting a remote document
+ // and trying to load JSON or Script
+ if ( !s.url.indexOf("http") && s.dataType == "script" ) {
+ var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
+ var script = document.createElement("script");
+ script.src = s.url;
+
+ // Handle Script loading
+ if ( !jsonp && (s.success || s.complete) ) {
+ var done = false;
+
+ // Attach handlers for all browsers
+ script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function(){
+ if ( !done && (!this.readyState ||
+ this.readyState == "loaded" || this.readyState == "complete") ) {
+ done = true;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ head.removeChild( script );
+ }
+ };
+ }
+
+ head.appendChild(script);
+
+ // We handle everything using the script element injection
+ return;
+ }
+
+ var requestDone = false;
+
+ // Create the request object; Microsoft failed to properly
+ // implement the XMLHttpRequest in IE7, so we use the ActiveXObject when it is available
+ var xml = window.ActiveXObject ? new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") : new XMLHttpRequest();
+
+ // Open the socket
+ xml.open(s.type, s.url, s.async);
+
+ // Set the correct header, if data is being sent
+ if ( s.data )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", s.contentType);
+
+ // Set the If-Modified-Since header, if ifModified mode.
+ if ( s.ifModified )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] || "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT" );
+
+ // Set header so the called script knows that it's an XMLHttpRequest
+ xml.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest");
+
+ // Allow custom headers/mimetypes
+ if ( s.beforeSend )
+ s.beforeSend(xml);
+
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xml, s]);
+
+ // Wait for a response to come back
+ var onreadystatechange = function(isTimeout){
+ // The transfer is complete and the data is available, or the request timed out
+ if ( !requestDone && xml && (xml.readyState == 4 || isTimeout == "timeout") ) {
+ requestDone = true;
+
+ // clear poll interval
+ if (ival) {
+ clearInterval(ival);
+ ival = null;
+ }
+
+ status = isTimeout == "timeout" && "timeout" ||
+ !jQuery.httpSuccess( xml ) && "error" ||
+ s.ifModified && jQuery.httpNotModified( xml, s.url ) && "notmodified" ||
+ "success";
+
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Watch for, and catch, XML document parse errors
+ try {
+ // process the data (runs the xml through httpData regardless of callback)
+ data = jQuery.httpData( xml, s.dataType );
+ } catch(e) {
+ status = "parsererror";
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Make sure that the request was successful or notmodified
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Cache Last-Modified header, if ifModified mode.
+ var modRes;
+ try {
+ modRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+ } catch(e) {} // swallow exception thrown by FF if header is not available
+
+ if ( s.ifModified && modRes )
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] = modRes;
+
+ // JSONP handles its own success callback
+ if ( !jsonp )
+ success();
+ } else
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, status);
+
+ // Fire the complete handlers
+ complete();
+
+ // Stop memory leaks
+ if ( s.async )
+ xml = null;
+ }
+ };
+
+ if ( s.async ) {
+ // don't attach the handler to the request, just poll it instead
+ var ival = setInterval(onreadystatechange, 13);
+
+ // Timeout checker
+ if ( s.timeout > 0 )
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ // Check to see if the request is still happening
+ if ( xml ) {
+ // Cancel the request
+ xml.abort();
+
+ if( !requestDone )
+ onreadystatechange( "timeout" );
+ }
+ }, s.timeout);
+ }
+
+ // Send the data
+ try {
+ xml.send(s.data);
+ } catch(e) {
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, null, e);
+ }
+
+ // firefox 1.5 doesn't fire statechange for sync requests
+ if ( !s.async )
+ onreadystatechange();
+
+ // return XMLHttpRequest to allow aborting the request etc.
+ return xml;
+
+ function success(){
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it and pass it the data
+ if ( s.success )
+ s.success( data, status );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxSuccess", [xml, s] );
+ }
+
+ function complete(){
+ // Process result
+ if ( s.complete )
+ s.complete(xml, status);
+
+ // The request was completed
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [xml, s] );
+
+ // Handle the global AJAX counter
+ if ( s.global && ! --jQuery.active )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" );
+ }
+ },
+
+ handleError: function( s, xml, status, e ) {
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it
+ if ( s.error ) s.error( xml, status, e );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxError", [xml, s, e] );
+ },
+
+ // Counter for holding the number of active queries
+ active: 0,
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest was successful or not
+ httpSuccess: function( r ) {
+ try {
+ return !r.status && location.protocol == "file:" ||
+ ( r.status >= 200 && r.status < 300 ) || r.status == 304 ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && r.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest returns NotModified
+ httpNotModified: function( xml, url ) {
+ try {
+ var xmlRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+
+ // Firefox always returns 200. check Last-Modified date
+ return xml.status == 304 || xmlRes == jQuery.lastModified[url] ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && xml.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ httpData: function( r, type ) {
+ var ct = r.getResponseHeader("content-type");
+ var xml = type == "xml" || !type && ct && ct.indexOf("xml") >= 0;
+ var data = xml ? r.responseXML : r.responseText;
+
+ if ( xml && data.documentElement.tagName == "parsererror" )
+ throw "parsererror";
+
+ // If the type is "script", eval it in global context
+ if ( type == "script" )
+ jQuery.globalEval( data );
+
+ // Get the JavaScript object, if JSON is used.
+ if ( type == "json" )
+ data = eval("(" + data + ")");
+
+ return data;
+ },
+
+ // Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
+ // key/values into a query string
+ param: function( a ) {
+ var s = [];
+
+ // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array
+ // of form elements
+ if ( a.constructor == Array || a.jquery )
+ // Serialize the form elements
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(this.name) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this.value ) );
+ });
+
+ // Otherwise, assume that it's an object of key/value pairs
+ else
+ // Serialize the key/values
+ for ( var j in a )
+ // If the value is an array then the key names need to be repeated
+ if ( a[j] && a[j].constructor == Array )
+ jQuery.each( a[j], function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this ) );
+ });
+ else
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( a[j] ) );
+
+ // Return the resulting serialization
+ return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g, "+");
+ }
+
+});
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ show: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "show", width: "show", opacity: "show"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){
+ this.style.display = this.oldblock ? this.oldblock : "";
+ if ( jQuery.css(this,"display") == "none" )
+ this.style.display = "block";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ hide: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "hide", width: "hide", opacity: "hide"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":visible").each(function(){
+ this.oldblock = this.oldblock || jQuery.css(this,"display");
+ if ( this.oldblock == "none" )
+ this.oldblock = "block";
+ this.style.display = "none";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ // Save the old toggle function
+ _toggle: jQuery.fn.toggle,
+
+ toggle: function( fn, fn2 ){
+ return jQuery.isFunction(fn) && jQuery.isFunction(fn2) ?
+ this._toggle( fn, fn2 ) :
+ fn ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "toggle", width: "toggle", opacity: "toggle"
+ }, fn, fn2) :
+ this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this)[ jQuery(this).is(":hidden") ? "show" : "hide" ]();
+ });
+ },
+
+ slideDown: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideUp: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideToggle: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "toggle"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeIn: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeOut: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeTo: function(speed,to,callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: to}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
+ var opt = jQuery.speed(speed, easing, callback);
+
+ return this[ opt.queue === false ? "each" : "queue" ](function(){
+ opt = jQuery.extend({}, opt);
+ var hidden = jQuery(this).is(":hidden"), self = this;
+
+ for ( var p in prop ) {
+ if ( prop[p] == "hide" && hidden || prop[p] == "show" && !hidden )
+ return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete) && opt.complete.apply(this);
+
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ // Store display property
+ opt.display = jQuery.css(this, "display");
+
+ // Make sure that nothing sneaks out
+ opt.overflow = this.style.overflow;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( opt.overflow != null )
+ this.style.overflow = "hidden";
+
+ opt.curAnim = jQuery.extend({}, prop);
+
+ jQuery.each( prop, function(name, val){
+ var e = new jQuery.fx( self, opt, name );
+
+ if ( /toggle|show|hide/.test(val) )
+ e[ val == "toggle" ? hidden ? "show" : "hide" : val ]( prop );
+ else {
+ var parts = val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),
+ start = e.cur(true) || 0;
+
+ if ( parts ) {
+ var end = parseFloat(parts[2]),
+ unit = parts[3] || "px";
+
+ // We need to compute starting value
+ if ( unit != "px" ) {
+ self.style[ name ] = (end || 1) + unit;
+ start = ((end || 1) / e.cur(true)) * start;
+ self.style[ name ] = start + unit;
+ }
+
+ // If a +=/-= token was provided, we're doing a relative animation
+ if ( parts[1] )
+ end = ((parts[1] == "-=" ? -1 : 1) * end) + start;
+
+ e.custom( start, end, unit );
+ } else
+ e.custom( start, val, "" );
+ }
+ });
+
+ // For JS strict compliance
+ return true;
+ });
+ },
+
+ queue: function(type, fn){
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction(type) ) {
+ fn = type;
+ type = "fx";
+ }
+
+ if ( !type || (typeof type == "string" && !fn) )
+ return queue( this[0], type );
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( fn.constructor == Array )
+ queue(this, type, fn);
+ else {
+ queue(this, type).push( fn );
+
+ if ( queue(this, type).length == 1 )
+ fn.apply(this);
+ }
+ });
+ },
+
+ stop: function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( timers[i].elem == this )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+ }).dequeue();
+ }
+
+});
+
+var queue = function( elem, type, array ) {
+ if ( !elem )
+ return;
+
+ var q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue" );
+
+ if ( !q || array )
+ q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue",
+ array ? jQuery.makeArray(array) : [] );
+
+ return q;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.dequeue = function(type){
+ type = type || "fx";
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ var q = queue(this, type);
+
+ q.shift();
+
+ if ( q.length )
+ q[0].apply( this );
+ });
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+ speed: function(speed, easing, fn) {
+ var opt = speed && speed.constructor == Object ? speed : {
+ complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
+ jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
+ duration: speed,
+ easing: fn && easing || easing && easing.constructor != Function && easing
+ };
+
+ opt.duration = (opt.duration && opt.duration.constructor == Number ?
+ opt.duration :
+ { slow: 600, fast: 200 }[opt.duration]) || 400;
+
+ // Queueing
+ opt.old = opt.complete;
+ opt.complete = function(){
+ jQuery(this).dequeue();
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) )
+ opt.old.apply( this );
+ };
+
+ return opt;
+ },
+
+ easing: {
+ linear: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return firstNum + diff * p;
+ },
+ swing: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return ((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2) + 0.5) * diff + firstNum;
+ }
+ },
+
+ timers: [],
+
+ fx: function( elem, options, prop ){
+ this.options = options;
+ this.elem = elem;
+ this.prop = prop;
+
+ if ( !options.orig )
+ options.orig = {};
+ }
+
+});
+
+jQuery.fx.prototype = {
+
+ // Simple function for setting a style value
+ update: function(){
+ if ( this.options.step )
+ this.options.step.apply( this.elem, [ this.now, this ] );
+
+ (jQuery.fx.step[this.prop] || jQuery.fx.step._default)( this );
+
+ // Set display property to block for height/width animations
+ if ( this.prop == "height" || this.prop == "width" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ },
+
+ // Get the current size
+ cur: function(force){
+ if ( this.elem[this.prop] != null && this.elem.style[this.prop] == null )
+ return this.elem[ this.prop ];
+
+ var r = parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem, this.prop, force));
+ return r && r > -10000 ? r : parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem, this.prop)) || 0;
+ },
+
+ // Start an animation from one number to another
+ custom: function(from, to, unit){
+ this.startTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+ this.start = from;
+ this.end = to;
+ this.unit = unit || this.unit || "px";
+ this.now = this.start;
+ this.pos = this.state = 0;
+ this.update();
+
+ var self = this;
+ function t(){
+ return self.step();
+ }
+
+ t.elem = this.elem;
+
+ jQuery.timers.push(t);
+
+ if ( jQuery.timers.length == 1 ) {
+ var timer = setInterval(function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( !timers[i]() )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+
+ if ( !timers.length )
+ clearInterval( timer );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'show' function
+ show: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.show = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(0, this.cur());
+
+ // Make sure that we start at a small width/height to avoid any
+ // flash of content
+ if ( this.prop == "width" || this.prop == "height" )
+ this.elem.style[this.prop] = "1px";
+
+ // Start by showing the element
+ jQuery(this.elem).show();
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'hide' function
+ hide: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.hide = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(this.cur(), 0);
+ },
+
+ // Each step of an animation
+ step: function(){
+ var t = (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ if ( t > this.options.duration + this.startTime ) {
+ this.now = this.end;
+ this.pos = this.state = 1;
+ this.update();
+
+ this.options.curAnim[ this.prop ] = true;
+
+ var done = true;
+ for ( var i in this.options.curAnim )
+ if ( this.options.curAnim[i] !== true )
+ done = false;
+
+ if ( done ) {
+ if ( this.options.display != null ) {
+ // Reset the overflow
+ this.elem.style.overflow = this.options.overflow;
+
+ // Reset the display
+ this.elem.style.display = this.options.display;
+ if ( jQuery.css(this.elem, "display") == "none" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Hide the element if the "hide" operation was done
+ if ( this.options.hide )
+ this.elem.style.display = "none";
+
+ // Reset the properties, if the item has been hidden or shown
+ if ( this.options.hide || this.options.show )
+ for ( var p in this.options.curAnim )
+ jQuery.attr(this.elem.style, p, this.options.orig[p]);
+ }
+
+ // If a callback was provided, execute it
+ if ( done && jQuery.isFunction( this.options.complete ) )
+ // Execute the complete function
+ this.options.complete.apply( this.elem );
+
+ return false;
+ } else {
+ var n = t - this.startTime;
+ this.state = n / this.options.duration;
+
+ // Perform the easing function, defaults to swing
+ this.pos = jQuery.easing[this.options.easing || (jQuery.easing.swing ? "swing" : "linear")](this.state, n, 0, 1, this.options.duration);
+ this.now = this.start + ((this.end - this.start) * this.pos);
+
+ // Perform the next step of the animation
+ this.update();
+ }
+
+ return true;
+ }
+
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.step = {
+ scrollLeft: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollLeft = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ scrollTop: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollTop = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ opacity: function(fx){
+ jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style, "opacity", fx.now);
+ },
+
+ _default: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.style[ fx.prop ] = fx.now + fx.unit;
+ }
+};
+// The Offset Method
+// Originally By Brandon Aaron, part of the Dimension Plugin
+// http://jquery.com/plugins/project/dimensions
+jQuery.fn.offset = function() {
+ var left = 0, top = 0, elem = this[0], results;
+
+ if ( elem ) with ( jQuery.browser ) {
+ var absolute = jQuery.css(elem, "position") == "absolute",
+ parent = elem.parentNode,
+ offsetParent = elem.offsetParent,
+ doc = elem.ownerDocument,
+ safari2 = safari && parseInt(version) < 522;
+
+ // Use getBoundingClientRect if available
+ if ( elem.getBoundingClientRect ) {
+ box = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+ // Add the document scroll offsets
+ add(
+ box.left + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft, doc.body.scrollLeft),
+ box.top + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop, doc.body.scrollTop)
+ );
+
+ // IE adds the HTML element's border, by default it is medium which is 2px
+ // IE 6 and IE 7 quirks mode the border width is overwritable by the following css html { border: 0; }
+ // IE 7 standards mode, the border is always 2px
+ if ( msie ) {
+ var border = jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");
+ border = (border == "medium" || jQuery.boxModel && parseInt(version) >= 7) && 2 || border;
+ add( -border, -border );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise loop through the offsetParents and parentNodes
+ } else {
+
+ // Initial element offsets
+ add( elem.offsetLeft, elem.offsetTop );
+
+ // Get parent offsets
+ while ( offsetParent ) {
+ // Add offsetParent offsets
+ add( offsetParent.offsetLeft, offsetParent.offsetTop );
+
+ // Mozilla and Safari > 2 does not include the border on offset parents
+ // However Mozilla adds the border for table cells
+ if ( mozilla && /^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName) || !safari2 )
+ border( offsetParent );
+
+ // Safari <= 2 doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && !absolute && jQuery.css(offsetParent, "position") == "absolute" )
+ absolute = true;
+
+ // Get next offsetParent
+ offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
+ }
+
+ // Get parent scroll offsets
+ while ( parent.tagName && !/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName) ) {
+ // Work around opera inline/table scrollLeft/Top bug
+ if ( !/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent, "display")) )
+ // Subtract parent scroll offsets
+ add( -parent.scrollLeft, -parent.scrollTop );
+
+ // Mozilla does not add the border for a parent that has overflow != visible
+ if ( mozilla && jQuery.css(parent, "overflow") != "visible" )
+ border( parent );
+
+ // Get next parent
+ parent = parent.parentNode;
+ }
+
+ // Safari doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && absolute )
+ add( -doc.body.offsetLeft, -doc.body.offsetTop );
+ }
+
+ // Return an object with top and left properties
+ results = { top: top, left: left };
+ }
+
+ return results;
+
+ function border(elem) {
+ add( jQuery.css(elem, "borderLeftWidth"), jQuery.css(elem, "borderTopWidth") );
+ }
+
+ function add(l, t) {
+ left += parseInt(l) || 0;
+ top += parseInt(t) || 0;
+ }
+};
+})();
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/jquery-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+(function(){if(typeof jQuery!="undefined")var _jQuery=jQuery;var jQuery=window.jQuery=function(selector,context){return this instanceof jQuery?this.init(selector,context):new jQuery(selector,context);};if(typeof $!="undefined")var _$=$;window.$=jQuery;var quickExpr=/^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;jQuery.fn=jQuery.prototype={init:function(selector,context){selector=selector||document;if(typeof selector=="string"){var m=quickExpr.exec(selector);if(m&&(m[1]||!context)){if(m[1])selector=jQuery.clean([m[1]],context);else{var tmp=document.getElementById(m[3]);if(tmp)if(tmp.id!=m[3])return jQuery().find(selector);else{this[0]=tmp;this.length=1;return this;}else
+selector=[];}}else
+return new jQuery(context).find(selector);}else if(jQuery.isFunction(selector))return new jQuery(document)[jQuery.fn.ready?"ready":"load"](selector);return this.setArray(selector.constructor==Array&&selector||(selector.jquery||selector.length&&selector!=window&&!selector.nodeType&&selector[0]!=undefined&&selector[0].nodeType)&&jQuery.makeArray(selector)||[selector]);},jquery:"1.2.1",size:function(){return this.length;},length:0,get:function(num){return num==undefined?jQuery.makeArray(this):this[num];},pushStack:function(a){var ret=jQuery(a);ret.prevObject=this;return ret;},setArray:function(a){this.length=0;Array.prototype.push.apply(this,a);return this;},each:function(fn,args){return jQuery.each(this,fn,args);},index:function(obj){var pos=-1;this.each(function(i){if(this==obj)pos=i;});return pos;},attr:function(key,value,type){var obj=key;if(key.constructor==String)if(value==undefined)return this.length&&jQuery[type||"attr"](this[0],key)||undefined;else{obj={};obj[key]=value;}return this.each(function(index){for(var prop in obj)jQuery.attr(type?this.style:this,prop,jQuery.prop(this,obj[prop],type,index,prop));});},css:function(key,value){return this.attr(key,value,"curCSS");},text:function(e){if(typeof e!="object"&&e!=null)return this.empty().append(document.createTextNode(e));var t="";jQuery.each(e||this,function(){jQuery.each(this.childNodes,function(){if(this.nodeType!=8)t+=this.nodeType!=1?this.nodeValue:jQuery.fn.text([this]);});});return t;},wrapAll:function(html){if(this[0])jQuery(html,this[0].ownerDocument).clone().insertBefore(this[0]).map(function(){var elem=this;while(elem.firstChild)elem=elem.firstChild;return elem;}).append(this);return this;},wrapInner:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);});},wrap:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);});},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,1,function(a){this.appendChild(a);});},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,-1,function(a){this.insertBefore(a,this.firstChild);});},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this);});},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,-1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this.nextSibling);});},end:function(){return this.prevObject||jQuery([]);},find:function(t){var data=jQuery.map(this,function(a){return jQuery.find(t,a);});return this.pushStack(/[^+>] [^+>]/.test(t)||t.indexOf("..")>-1?jQuery.unique(data):data);},clone:function(events){var ret=this.map(function(){return this.outerHTML?jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0]:this.cloneNode(true);});var clone=ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){if(this[expando]!=undefined)this[expando]=null;});if(events===true)this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i){var events=jQuery.data(this,"events");for(var type in events)for(var handler in events[type])jQuery.event.add(clone[i],type,events[type][handler],events[type][handler].data);});return ret;},filter:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.isFunction(t)&&jQuery.grep(this,function(el,index){return t.apply(el,[index]);})||jQuery.multiFilter(t,this));},not:function(t){return this.pushStack(t.constructor==String&&jQuery.multiFilter(t,this,true)||jQuery.grep(this,function(a){return(t.constructor==Array||t.jquery)?jQuery.inArray(a,t)<0:a!=t;}));},add:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.merge(this.get(),t.constructor==String?jQuery(t).get():t.length!=undefined&&(!t.nodeName||jQuery.nodeName(t,"form"))?t:[t]));},is:function(expr){return expr?jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length>0:false;},hasClass:function(expr){return this.is("."+expr);},val:function(val){if(val==undefined){if(this.length){var elem=this[0];if(jQuery.nodeName(elem,"select")){var index=elem.selectedIndex,a=[],options=elem.options,one=elem.type=="select-one";if(index<0)return null;for(var i=one?index:0,max=one?index+1:options.length;i<max;i++){var option=options[i];if(option.selected){var val=jQuery.browser.msie&&!option.attributes["value"].specified?option.text:option.value;if(one)return val;a.push(val);}}return a;}else
+return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g,"");}}else
+return this.each(function(){if(val.constructor==Array&&/radio|checkbox/.test(this.type))this.checked=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,val)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.name,val)>=0);else if(jQuery.nodeName(this,"select")){var tmp=val.constructor==Array?val:[val];jQuery("option",this).each(function(){this.selected=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,tmp)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.text,tmp)>=0);});if(!tmp.length)this.selectedIndex=-1;}else
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+jQuery.readyList.push(function(){return f.apply(this,[jQuery]);});return this;}});jQuery.extend({isReady:false,readyList:[],ready:function(){if(!jQuery.isReady){jQuery.isReady=true;if(jQuery.readyList){jQuery.each(jQuery.readyList,function(){this.apply(document);});jQuery.readyList=null;}if(jQuery.browser.mozilla||jQuery.browser.opera)document.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",jQuery.ready,false);if(!window.frames.length)jQuery(window).load(function(){jQuery("#__ie_init").remove();});}}});jQuery.each(("blur,focus,load,resize,scroll,unload,click,dblclick,"+"mousedown,mouseup,mousemove,mouseover,mouseout,change,select,"+"submit,keydown,keypress,keyup,error").split(","),function(i,o){jQuery.fn[o]=function(f){return f?this.bind(o,f):this.trigger(o);};});var readyBound=false;function bindReady(){if(readyBound)return;readyBound=true;if(jQuery.browser.mozilla||jQuery.browser.opera)document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",jQuery.ready,false);else if(jQuery.browser.msie){document.write("<scr"+"ipt id=__ie_init defer=true "+"src=//:><\/script>");var script=document.getElementById("__ie_init");if(script)script.onreadystatechange=function(){if(this.readyState!="complete")return;jQuery.ready();};script=null;}else if(jQuery.browser.safari)jQuery.safariTimer=setInterval(function(){if(document.readyState=="loaded"||document.readyState=="complete"){clearInterval(jQuery.safariTimer);jQuery.safariTimer=null;jQuery.ready();}},10);jQuery.event.add(window,"load",jQuery.ready);}jQuery.fn.extend({load:function(url,params,callback){if(jQuery.isFunction(url))return this.bind("load",url);var off=url.indexOf(" ");if(off>=0){var selector=url.slice(off,url.length);url=url.slice(0,off);}callback=callback||function(){};var type="GET";if(params)if(jQuery.isFunction(params)){callback=params;params=null;}else{params=jQuery.param(params);type="POST";}var self=this;jQuery.ajax({url:url,type:type,data:params,complete:function(res,status){if(status=="success"||status=="notmodified")self.html(selector?jQuery("<div/>").append(res.responseText.replace(/<script(.|\s)*?\/script>/g,"")).find(selector):res.responseText);setTimeout(function(){self.each(callback,[res.responseText,status,res]);},13);}});return this;},serialize:function(){return jQuery.param(this.serializeArray());},serializeArray:function(){return this.map(function(){return jQuery.nodeName(this,"form")?jQuery.makeArray(this.elements):this;}).filter(function(){return this.name&&!this.disabled&&(this.checked||/select|textarea/i.test(this.nodeName)||/text|hidden|password/i.test(this.type));}).map(function(i,elem){var val=jQuery(this).val();return val==null?null:val.constructor==Array?jQuery.map(val,function(val,i){return{name:elem.name,value:val};}):{name:elem.name,value:val};}).get();}});jQuery.each("ajaxStart,ajaxStop,ajaxComplete,ajaxError,ajaxSuccess,ajaxSend".split(","),function(i,o){jQuery.fn[o]=function(f){return this.bind(o,f);};});var jsc=(new Date).getTime();jQuery.extend({get:function(url,data,callback,type){if(jQuery.isFunction(data)){callback=data;data=null;}return jQuery.ajax({type:"GET",url:url,data:data,success:callback,dataType:type});},getScript:function(url,callback){return jQuery.get(url,null,callback,"script");},getJSON:function(url,data,callback){return jQuery.get(url,data,callback,"json");},post:function(url,data,callback,type){if(jQuery.isFunction(data)){callback=data;data={};}return 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+jQuery.handleError(s,xml,status);complete();if(s.async)xml=null;}};if(s.async){var ival=setInterval(onreadystatechange,13);if(s.timeout>0)setTimeout(function(){if(xml){xml.abort();if(!requestDone)onreadystatechange("timeout");}},s.timeout);}try{xml.send(s.data);}catch(e){jQuery.handleError(s,xml,null,e);}if(!s.async)onreadystatechange();return xml;function success(){if(s.success)s.success(data,status);if(s.global)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess",[xml,s]);}function complete(){if(s.complete)s.complete(xml,status);if(s.global)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxComplete",[xml,s]);if(s.global&&!--jQuery.active)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxStop");}},handleError:function(s,xml,status,e){if(s.error)s.error(xml,status,e);if(s.global)jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxError",[xml,s,e]);},active:0,httpSuccess:function(r){try{return!r.status&&location.protocol=="file:"||(r.status>=200&&r.status<300)||r.status==304||jQuery.browser.safari&&r.status==undefined;}catch(e){}return false;},httpNotModified:function(xml,url){try{var xmlRes=xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");return xml.status==304||xmlRes==jQuery.lastModified[url]||jQuery.browser.safari&&xml.status==undefined;}catch(e){}return false;},httpData:function(r,type){var ct=r.getResponseHeader("content-type");var xml=type=="xml"||!type&&ct&&ct.indexOf("xml")>=0;var data=xml?r.responseXML:r.responseText;if(xml&&data.documentElement.tagName=="parsererror")throw"parsererror";if(type=="script")jQuery.globalEval(data);if(type=="json")data=eval("("+data+")");return data;},param:function(a){var s=[];if(a.constructor==Array||a.jquery)jQuery.each(a,function(){s.push(encodeURIComponent(this.name)+"="+encodeURIComponent(this.value));});else
+for(var j in a)if(a[j]&&a[j].constructor==Array)jQuery.each(a[j],function(){s.push(encodeURIComponent(j)+"="+encodeURIComponent(this));});else
+s.push(encodeURIComponent(j)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[j]));return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g,"+");}});jQuery.fn.extend({show:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"show",width:"show",opacity:"show"},speed,callback):this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){this.style.display=this.oldblock?this.oldblock:"";if(jQuery.css(this,"display")=="none")this.style.display="block";}).end();},hide:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"hide",width:"hide",opacity:"hide"},speed,callback):this.filter(":visible").each(function(){this.oldblock=this.oldblock||jQuery.css(this,"display");if(this.oldblock=="none")this.oldblock="block";this.style.display="none";}).end();},_toggle:jQuery.fn.toggle,toggle:function(fn,fn2){return jQuery.isFunction(fn)&&jQuery.isFunction(fn2)?this._toggle(fn,fn2):fn?this.animate({height:"toggle",width:"toggle",opacity:"toggle"},fn,fn2):this.each(function(){jQuery(this)[jQuery(this).is(":hidden")?"show":"hide"]();});},slideDown:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"show"},speed,callback);},slideUp:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"hide"},speed,callback);},slideToggle:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"toggle"},speed,callback);},fadeIn:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"show"},speed,callback);},fadeOut:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"hide"},speed,callback);},fadeTo:function(speed,to,callback){return this.animate({opacity:to},speed,callback);},animate:function(prop,speed,easing,callback){var opt=jQuery.speed(speed,easing,callback);return this[opt.queue===false?"each":"queue"](function(){opt=jQuery.extend({},opt);var hidden=jQuery(this).is(":hidden"),self=this;for(var p in prop){if(prop[p]=="hide"&&hidden||prop[p]=="show"&&!hidden)return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete)&&opt.complete.apply(this);if(p=="height"||p=="width"){opt.display=jQuery.css(this,"display");opt.overflow=this.style.overflow;}}if(opt.overflow!=null)this.style.overflow="hidden";opt.curAnim=jQuery.extend({},prop);jQuery.each(prop,function(name,val){var e=new jQuery.fx(self,opt,name);if(/toggle|show|hide/.test(val))e[val=="toggle"?hidden?"show":"hide":val](prop);else{var parts=val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),start=e.cur(true)||0;if(parts){var end=parseFloat(parts[2]),unit=parts[3]||"px";if(unit!="px"){self.style[name]=(end||1)+unit;start=((end||1)/e.cur(true))*start;self.style[name]=start+unit;}if(parts[1])end=((parts[1]=="-="?-1:1)*end)+start;e.custom(start,end,unit);}else
+e.custom(start,val,"");}});return true;});},queue:function(type,fn){if(jQuery.isFunction(type)){fn=type;type="fx";}if(!type||(typeof type=="string"&&!fn))return queue(this[0],type);return this.each(function(){if(fn.constructor==Array)queue(this,type,fn);else{queue(this,type).push(fn);if(queue(this,type).length==1)fn.apply(this);}});},stop:function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;return this.each(function(){for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(timers[i].elem==this)timers.splice(i--,1);}).dequeue();}});var queue=function(elem,type,array){if(!elem)return;var q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue");if(!q||array)q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue",array?jQuery.makeArray(array):[]);return q;};jQuery.fn.dequeue=function(type){type=type||"fx";return this.each(function(){var q=queue(this,type);q.shift();if(q.length)q[0].apply(this);});};jQuery.extend({speed:function(speed,easing,fn){var opt=speed&&speed.constructor==Object?speed:{complete:fn||!fn&&easing||jQuery.isFunction(speed)&&speed,duration:speed,easing:fn&&easing||easing&&easing.constructor!=Function&&easing};opt.duration=(opt.duration&&opt.duration.constructor==Number?opt.duration:{slow:600,fast:200}[opt.duration])||400;opt.old=opt.complete;opt.complete=function(){jQuery(this).dequeue();if(jQuery.isFunction(opt.old))opt.old.apply(this);};return opt;},easing:{linear:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return firstNum+diff*p;},swing:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2)+0.5)*diff+firstNum;}},timers:[],fx:function(elem,options,prop){this.options=options;this.elem=elem;this.prop=prop;if(!options.orig)options.orig={};}});jQuery.fx.prototype={update:function(){if(this.options.step)this.options.step.apply(this.elem,[this.now,this]);(jQuery.fx.step[this.prop]||jQuery.fx.step._default)(this);if(this.prop=="height"||this.prop=="width")this.elem.style.display="block";},cur:function(force){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&this.elem.style[this.prop]==null)return this.elem[this.prop];var r=parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem,this.prop,force));return r&&r>-10000?r:parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem,this.prop))||0;},custom:function(from,to,unit){this.startTime=(new Date()).getTime();this.start=from;this.end=to;this.unit=unit||this.unit||"px";this.now=this.start;this.pos=this.state=0;this.update();var self=this;function t(){return self.step();}t.elem=this.elem;jQuery.timers.push(t);if(jQuery.timers.length==1){var timer=setInterval(function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(!timers[i]())timers.splice(i--,1);if(!timers.length)clearInterval(timer);},13);}},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.show=true;this.custom(0,this.cur());if(this.prop=="width"||this.prop=="height")this.elem.style[this.prop]="1px";jQuery(this.elem).show();},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.hide=true;this.custom(this.cur(),0);},step:function(){var t=(new Date()).getTime();if(t>this.options.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end;this.pos=this.state=1;this.update();this.options.curAnim[this.prop]=true;var done=true;for(var i in this.options.curAnim)if(this.options.curAnim[i]!==true)done=false;if(done){if(this.options.display!=null){this.elem.style.overflow=this.options.overflow;this.elem.style.display=this.options.display;if(jQuery.css(this.elem,"display")=="none")this.elem.style.display="block";}if(this.options.hide)this.elem.style.display="none";if(this.options.hide||this.options.show)for(var p in this.options.curAnim)jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,p,this.options.orig[p]);}if(done&&jQuery.isFunction(this.options.complete))this.options.complete.apply(this.elem);return false;}else{var n=t-this.startTime;this.state=n/this.options.duration;this.pos=jQuery.easing[this.options.easing||(jQuery.easing.swing?"swing":"linear")](this.state,n,0,1,this.options.duration);this.now=this.start+((this.end-this.start)*this.pos);this.update();}return true;}};jQuery.fx.step={scrollLeft:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollLeft=fx.now;},scrollTop:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollTop=fx.now;},opacity:function(fx){jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style,"opacity",fx.now);},_default:function(fx){fx.elem.style[fx.prop]=fx.now+fx.unit;}};jQuery.fn.offset=function(){var left=0,top=0,elem=this[0],results;if(elem)with(jQuery.browser){var absolute=jQuery.css(elem,"position")=="absolute",parent=elem.parentNode,offsetParent=elem.offsetParent,doc=elem.ownerDocument,safari2=safari&&parseInt(version)<522;if(elem.getBoundingClientRect){box=elem.getBoundingClientRect();add(box.left+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft,doc.body.scrollLeft),box.top+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop,doc.body.scrollTop));if(msie){var border=jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");border=(border=="medium"||jQuery.boxModel&&parseInt(version)>=7)&&2||border;add(-border,-border);}}else{add(elem.offsetLeft,elem.offsetTop);while(offsetParent){add(offsetParent.offsetLeft,offsetParent.offsetTop);if(mozilla&&/^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName)||!safari2)border(offsetParent);if(safari2&&!absolute&&jQuery.css(offsetParent,"position")=="absolute")absolute=true;offsetParent=offsetParent.offsetParent;}while(parent.tagName&&!/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName)){if(!/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent,"display")))add(-parent.scrollLeft,-parent.scrollTop);if(mozilla&&jQuery.css(parent,"overflow")!="visible")border(parent);parent=parent.parentNode;}if(safari2&&absolute)add(-doc.body.offsetLeft,-doc.body.offsetTop);}results={top:top,left:left};}return results;function border(elem){add(jQuery.css(elem,"borderLeftWidth"),jQuery.css(elem,"borderTopWidth"));}function add(l,t){left+=parseInt(l)||0;top+=parseInt(t)||0;}};})();
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/jquery.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2992 @@
+(function(){
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+
+// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof jQuery != "undefined" )
+ var _jQuery = jQuery;
+
+var jQuery = window.jQuery = function(selector, context) {
+ // If the context is a namespace object, return a new object
+ return this instanceof jQuery ?
+ this.init(selector, context) :
+ new jQuery(selector, context);
+};
+
+// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof $ != "undefined" )
+ var _$ = $;
+
+// Map the jQuery namespace to the '$' one
+window.$ = jQuery;
+
+var quickExpr = /^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;
+
+jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
+ init: function(selector, context) {
+ // Make sure that a selection was provided
+ selector = selector || document;
+
+ // Handle HTML strings
+ if ( typeof selector == "string" ) {
+ var m = quickExpr.exec(selector);
+ if ( m && (m[1] || !context) ) {
+ // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
+ if ( m[1] )
+ selector = jQuery.clean( [ m[1] ], context );
+
+ // HANDLE: $("#id")
+ else {
+ var tmp = document.getElementById( m[3] );
+ if ( tmp )
+ // Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
+ // by name instead of ID
+ if ( tmp.id != m[3] )
+ return jQuery().find( selector );
+ else {
+ this[0] = tmp;
+ this.length = 1;
+ return this;
+ }
+ else
+ selector = [];
+ }
+
+ // HANDLE: $(expr)
+ } else
+ return new jQuery( context ).find( selector );
+
+ // HANDLE: $(function)
+ // Shortcut for document ready
+ } else if ( jQuery.isFunction(selector) )
+ return new jQuery(document)[ jQuery.fn.ready ? "ready" : "load" ]( selector );
+
+ return this.setArray(
+ // HANDLE: $(array)
+ selector.constructor == Array && selector ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(arraylike)
+ // Watch for when an array-like object is passed as the selector
+ (selector.jquery || selector.length && selector != window && !selector.nodeType && selector[0] != undefined && selector[0].nodeType) && jQuery.makeArray( selector ) ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(*)
+ [ selector ] );
+ },
+
+ jquery: "1.2.1",
+
+ size: function() {
+ return this.length;
+ },
+
+ length: 0,
+
+ get: function( num ) {
+ return num == undefined ?
+
+ // Return a 'clean' array
+ jQuery.makeArray( this ) :
+
+ // Return just the object
+ this[num];
+ },
+
+ pushStack: function( a ) {
+ var ret = jQuery(a);
+ ret.prevObject = this;
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ setArray: function( a ) {
+ this.length = 0;
+ Array.prototype.push.apply( this, a );
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ each: function( fn, args ) {
+ return jQuery.each( this, fn, args );
+ },
+
+ index: function( obj ) {
+ var pos = -1;
+ this.each(function(i){
+ if ( this == obj ) pos = i;
+ });
+ return pos;
+ },
+
+ attr: function( key, value, type ) {
+ var obj = key;
+
+ // Look for the case where we're accessing a style value
+ if ( key.constructor == String )
+ if ( value == undefined )
+ return this.length && jQuery[ type || "attr" ]( this[0], key ) || undefined;
+ else {
+ obj = {};
+ obj[ key ] = value;
+ }
+
+ // Check to see if we're setting style values
+ return this.each(function(index){
+ // Set all the styles
+ for ( var prop in obj )
+ jQuery.attr(
+ type ? this.style : this,
+ prop, jQuery.prop(this, obj[prop], type, index, prop)
+ );
+ });
+ },
+
+ css: function( key, value ) {
+ return this.attr( key, value, "curCSS" );
+ },
+
+ text: function(e) {
+ if ( typeof e != "object" && e != null )
+ return this.empty().append( document.createTextNode( e ) );
+
+ var t = "";
+ jQuery.each( e || this, function(){
+ jQuery.each( this.childNodes, function(){
+ if ( this.nodeType != 8 )
+ t += this.nodeType != 1 ?
+ this.nodeValue : jQuery.fn.text([ this ]);
+ });
+ });
+ return t;
+ },
+
+ wrapAll: function(html) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ // The elements to wrap the target around
+ jQuery(html, this[0].ownerDocument)
+ .clone()
+ .insertBefore(this[0])
+ .map(function(){
+ var elem = this;
+ while ( elem.firstChild )
+ elem = elem.firstChild;
+ return elem;
+ })
+ .append(this);
+
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ wrapInner: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ wrap: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ append: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, 1, function(a){
+ this.appendChild( a );
+ });
+ },
+
+ prepend: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, -1, function(a){
+ this.insertBefore( a, this.firstChild );
+ });
+ },
+
+ before: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, 1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this );
+ });
+ },
+
+ after: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, -1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this.nextSibling );
+ });
+ },
+
+ end: function() {
+ return this.prevObject || jQuery([]);
+ },
+
+ find: function(t) {
+ var data = jQuery.map(this, function(a){ return jQuery.find(t,a); });
+ return this.pushStack( /[^+>] [^+>]/.test( t ) || t.indexOf("..") > -1 ?
+ jQuery.unique( data ) : data );
+ },
+
+ clone: function(events) {
+ // Do the clone
+ var ret = this.map(function(){
+ return this.outerHTML ? jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0] : this.cloneNode(true);
+ });
+
+ // Need to set the expando to null on the cloned set if it exists
+ // removeData doesn't work here, IE removes it from the original as well
+ // this is primarily for IE but the data expando shouldn't be copied over in any browser
+ var clone = ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){
+ if ( this[ expando ] != undefined )
+ this[ expando ] = null;
+ });
+
+ // Copy the events from the original to the clone
+ if (events === true)
+ this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(this, "events");
+ for ( var type in events )
+ for ( var handler in events[type] )
+ jQuery.event.add(clone[i], type, events[type][handler], events[type][handler].data);
+ });
+
+ // Return the cloned set
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ jQuery.isFunction( t ) &&
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(el, index){
+ return t.apply(el, [index]);
+ }) ||
+
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t,this) );
+ },
+
+ not: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ t.constructor == String &&
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t, this, true) ||
+
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(a) {
+ return ( t.constructor == Array || t.jquery )
+ ? jQuery.inArray( a, t ) < 0
+ : a != t;
+ })
+ );
+ },
+
+ add: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.merge(
+ this.get(),
+ t.constructor == String ?
+ jQuery(t).get() :
+ t.length != undefined && (!t.nodeName || jQuery.nodeName(t, "form")) ?
+ t : [t] )
+ );
+ },
+
+ is: function(expr) {
+ return expr ? jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length > 0 : false;
+ },
+
+ hasClass: function(expr) {
+ return this.is("." + expr);
+ },
+
+ val: function( val ) {
+ if ( val == undefined ) {
+ if ( this.length ) {
+ var elem = this[0];
+
+ // We need to handle select boxes special
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(elem, "select") ) {
+ var index = elem.selectedIndex,
+ a = [],
+ options = elem.options,
+ one = elem.type == "select-one";
+
+ // Nothing was selected
+ if ( index < 0 )
+ return null;
+
+ // Loop through all the selected options
+ for ( var i = one ? index : 0, max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; i < max; i++ ) {
+ var option = options[i];
+ if ( option.selected ) {
+ // Get the specifc value for the option
+ var val = jQuery.browser.msie && !option.attributes["value"].specified ? option.text : option.value;
+
+ // We don't need an array for one selects
+ if ( one )
+ return val;
+
+ // Multi-Selects return an array
+ a.push(val);
+ }
+ }
+
+ return a;
+
+ // Everything else, we just grab the value
+ } else
+ return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g, "");
+ }
+ } else
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( val.constructor == Array && /radio|checkbox/.test(this.type) )
+ this.checked = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, val) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.name, val) >= 0);
+ else if ( jQuery.nodeName(this, "select") ) {
+ var tmp = val.constructor == Array ? val : [val];
+
+ jQuery("option", this).each(function(){
+ this.selected = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, tmp) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.text, tmp) >= 0);
+ });
+
+ if ( !tmp.length )
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ } else
+ this.value = val;
+ });
+ },
+
+ html: function( val ) {
+ return val == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? this[0].innerHTML : null ) :
+ this.empty().append( val );
+ },
+
+ replaceWith: function( val ) {
+ return this.after( val ).remove();
+ },
+
+ eq: function(i){
+ return this.slice(i, i+1);
+ },
+
+ slice: function() {
+ return this.pushStack( Array.prototype.slice.apply( this, arguments ) );
+ },
+
+ map: function(fn) {
+ return this.pushStack(jQuery.map( this, function(elem,i){
+ return fn.call( elem, i, elem );
+ }));
+ },
+
+ andSelf: function() {
+ return this.add( this.prevObject );
+ },
+
+ domManip: function(args, table, dir, fn) {
+ var clone = this.length > 1, a;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( !a ) {
+ a = jQuery.clean(args, this.ownerDocument);
+ if ( dir < 0 )
+ a.reverse();
+ }
+
+ var obj = this;
+
+ if ( table && jQuery.nodeName(this, "table") && jQuery.nodeName(a[0], "tr") )
+ obj = this.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0] || this.appendChild(document.createElement("tbody"));
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ var elem = clone ? this.cloneNode(true) : this;
+ if ( !evalScript(0, elem) )
+ fn.call( obj, elem );
+ });
+ });
+ }
+};
+
+function evalScript(i, elem){
+ var script = jQuery.nodeName(elem, "script");
+
+ if ( script ) {
+ if ( elem.src )
+ jQuery.ajax({ url: elem.src, async: false, dataType: "script" });
+ else
+ jQuery.globalEval( elem.text || elem.textContent || elem.innerHTML || "" );
+
+ if ( elem.parentNode )
+ elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);
+
+ } else if ( elem.nodeType == 1 )
+ jQuery("script", elem).each(evalScript);
+
+ return script;
+}
+
+jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
+ // copy reference to target object
+ var target = arguments[0] || {}, a = 1, al = arguments.length, deep = false;
+
+ // Handle a deep copy situation
+ if ( target.constructor == Boolean ) {
+ deep = target;
+ target = arguments[1] || {};
+ }
+
+ // extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
+ if ( al == 1 ) {
+ target = this;
+ a = 0;
+ }
+
+ var prop;
+
+ for ( ; a < al; a++ )
+ // Only deal with non-null/undefined values
+ if ( (prop = arguments[a]) != null )
+ // Extend the base object
+ for ( var i in prop ) {
+ // Prevent never-ending loop
+ if ( target == prop[i] )
+ continue;
+
+ // Recurse if we're merging object values
+ if ( deep && typeof prop[i] == 'object' && target[i] )
+ jQuery.extend( target[i], prop[i] );
+
+ // Don't bring in undefined values
+ else if ( prop[i] != undefined )
+ target[i] = prop[i];
+ }
+
+ // Return the modified object
+ return target;
+};
+
+var expando = "jQuery" + (new Date()).getTime(), uuid = 0, win = {};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ noConflict: function(deep) {
+ window.$ = _$;
+ if ( deep )
+ window.jQuery = _jQuery;
+ return jQuery;
+ },
+
+ // This may seem like some crazy code, but trust me when I say that this
+ // is the only cross-browser way to do this. --John
+ isFunction: function( fn ) {
+ return !!fn && typeof fn != "string" && !fn.nodeName &&
+ fn.constructor != Array && /function/i.test( fn + "" );
+ },
+
+ // check if an element is in a XML document
+ isXMLDoc: function(elem) {
+ return elem.documentElement && !elem.body ||
+ elem.tagName && elem.ownerDocument && !elem.ownerDocument.body;
+ },
+
+ // Evalulates a script in a global context
+ // Evaluates Async. in Safari 2 :-(
+ globalEval: function( data ) {
+ data = jQuery.trim( data );
+ if ( data ) {
+ if ( window.execScript )
+ window.execScript( data );
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // safari doesn't provide a synchronous global eval
+ window.setTimeout( data, 0 );
+ else
+ eval.call( window, data );
+ }
+ },
+
+ nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
+ return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toUpperCase() == name.toUpperCase();
+ },
+
+ cache: {},
+
+ data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // Compute a unique ID for the element
+ if ( !id )
+ id = elem[ expando ] = ++uuid;
+
+ // Only generate the data cache if we're
+ // trying to access or manipulate it
+ if ( name && !jQuery.cache[ id ] )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ] = {};
+
+ // Prevent overriding the named cache with undefined values
+ if ( data != undefined )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] = data;
+
+ // Return the named cache data, or the ID for the element
+ return name ? jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] : id;
+ },
+
+ removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // If we want to remove a specific section of the element's data
+ if ( name ) {
+ if ( jQuery.cache[ id ] ) {
+ // Remove the section of cache data
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ];
+
+ // If we've removed all the data, remove the element's cache
+ name = "";
+ for ( name in jQuery.cache[ id ] ) break;
+ if ( !name )
+ jQuery.removeData( elem );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise, we want to remove all of the element's data
+ } else {
+ // Clean up the element expando
+ try {
+ delete elem[ expando ];
+ } catch(e){
+ // IE has trouble directly removing the expando
+ // but it's ok with using removeAttribute
+ if ( elem.removeAttribute )
+ elem.removeAttribute( expando );
+ }
+
+ // Completely remove the data cache
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ];
+ }
+ },
+
+ // args is for internal usage only
+ each: function( obj, fn, args ) {
+ if ( args ) {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.apply( obj[i], args );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length; i < ol; i++ )
+ if ( fn.apply( obj[i], args ) === false ) break;
+
+ // A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
+ } else {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.call( obj[i], i, obj[i] );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length, val = obj[0];
+ i < ol && fn.call(val,i,val) !== false; val = obj[++i] ){}
+ }
+
+ return obj;
+ },
+
+ prop: function(elem, value, type, index, prop){
+ // Handle executable functions
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) )
+ value = value.call( elem, [index] );
+
+ // exclude the following css properties to add px
+ var exclude = /z-?index|font-?weight|opacity|zoom|line-?height/i;
+
+ // Handle passing in a number to a CSS property
+ return value && value.constructor == Number && type == "curCSS" && !exclude.test(prop) ?
+ value + "px" :
+ value;
+ },
+
+ className: {
+ // internal only, use addClass("class")
+ add: function( elem, c ){
+ jQuery.each( (c || "").split(/\s+/), function(i, cur){
+ if ( !jQuery.className.has( elem.className, cur ) )
+ elem.className += ( elem.className ? " " : "" ) + cur;
+ });
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use removeClass("class")
+ remove: function( elem, c ){
+ elem.className = c != undefined ?
+ jQuery.grep( elem.className.split(/\s+/), function(cur){
+ return !jQuery.className.has( c, cur );
+ }).join(" ") : "";
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use is(".class")
+ has: function( t, c ) {
+ return jQuery.inArray( c, (t.className || t).toString().split(/\s+/) ) > -1;
+ }
+ },
+
+ swap: function(e,o,f) {
+ for ( var i in o ) {
+ e.style["old"+i] = e.style[i];
+ e.style[i] = o[i];
+ }
+ f.apply( e, [] );
+ for ( var i in o )
+ e.style[i] = e.style["old"+i];
+ },
+
+ css: function(e,p) {
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ var old = {}, oHeight, oWidth, d = ["Top","Bottom","Right","Left"];
+
+ jQuery.each( d, function(){
+ old["padding" + this] = 0;
+ old["border" + this + "Width"] = 0;
+ });
+
+ jQuery.swap( e, old, function() {
+ if ( jQuery(e).is(':visible') ) {
+ oHeight = e.offsetHeight;
+ oWidth = e.offsetWidth;
+ } else {
+ e = jQuery(e.cloneNode(true))
+ .find(":radio").removeAttr("checked").end()
+ .css({
+ visibility: "hidden", position: "absolute", display: "block", right: "0", left: "0"
+ }).appendTo(e.parentNode)[0];
+
+ var parPos = jQuery.css(e.parentNode,"position") || "static";
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "relative";
+
+ oHeight = e.clientHeight;
+ oWidth = e.clientWidth;
+
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "static";
+
+ e.parentNode.removeChild(e);
+ }
+ });
+
+ return p == "height" ? oHeight : oWidth;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.curCSS( e, p );
+ },
+
+ curCSS: function(elem, prop, force) {
+ var ret, stack = [], swap = [];
+
+ // A helper method for determining if an element's values are broken
+ function color(a){
+ if ( !jQuery.browser.safari )
+ return false;
+
+ var ret = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(a,null);
+ return !ret || ret.getPropertyValue("color") == "";
+ }
+
+ if (prop == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie) {
+ ret = jQuery.attr(elem.style, "opacity");
+ return ret == "" ? "1" : ret;
+ }
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = styleFloat;
+
+ if (!force && elem.style[prop])
+ ret = elem.style[prop];
+
+ else if (document.defaultView && document.defaultView.getComputedStyle) {
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = "float";
+
+ prop = prop.replace(/([A-Z])/g,"-$1").toLowerCase();
+ var cur = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem, null);
+
+ if ( cur && !color(elem) )
+ ret = cur.getPropertyValue(prop);
+
+ // If the element isn't reporting its values properly in Safari
+ // then some display: none elements are involved
+ else {
+ // Locate all of the parent display: none elements
+ for ( var a = elem; a && color(a); a = a.parentNode )
+ stack.unshift(a);
+
+ // Go through and make them visible, but in reverse
+ // (It would be better if we knew the exact display type that they had)
+ for ( a = 0; a < stack.length; a++ )
+ if ( color(stack[a]) ) {
+ swap[a] = stack[a].style.display;
+ stack[a].style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Since we flip the display style, we have to handle that
+ // one special, otherwise get the value
+ ret = prop == "display" && swap[stack.length-1] != null ?
+ "none" :
+ document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null).getPropertyValue(prop) || "";
+
+ // Finally, revert the display styles back
+ for ( a = 0; a < swap.length; a++ )
+ if ( swap[a] != null )
+ stack[a].style.display = swap[a];
+ }
+
+ if ( prop == "opacity" && ret == "" )
+ ret = "1";
+
+ } else if (elem.currentStyle) {
+ var newProp = prop.replace(/\-(\w)/g,function(m,c){return c.toUpperCase();});
+ ret = elem.currentStyle[prop] || elem.currentStyle[newProp];
+
+ // From the awesome hack by Dean Edwards
+ // http://erik.eae.net/archives/2007/07/27/18.54.15/#comment-102291
+
+ // If we're not dealing with a regular pixel number
+ // but a number that has a weird ending, we need to convert it to pixels
+ if ( !/^\d+(px)?$/i.test(ret) && /^\d/.test(ret) ) {
+ var style = elem.style.left;
+ var runtimeStyle = elem.runtimeStyle.left;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = elem.currentStyle.left;
+ elem.style.left = ret || 0;
+ ret = elem.style.pixelLeft + "px";
+ elem.style.left = style;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = runtimeStyle;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ clean: function(a, doc) {
+ var r = [];
+ doc = doc || document;
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(i,arg){
+ if ( !arg ) return;
+
+ if ( arg.constructor == Number )
+ arg = arg.toString();
+
+ // Convert html string into DOM nodes
+ if ( typeof arg == "string" ) {
+ // Fix "XHTML"-style tags in all browsers
+ arg = arg.replace(/(<(\w+)[^>]*?)\/>/g, function(m, all, tag){
+ return tag.match(/^(abbr|br|col|img|input|link|meta|param|hr|area)$/i)? m : all+"></"+tag+">";
+ });
+
+ // Trim whitespace, otherwise indexOf won't work as expected
+ var s = jQuery.trim(arg).toLowerCase(), div = doc.createElement("div"), tb = [];
+
+ var wrap =
+ // option or optgroup
+ !s.indexOf("<opt") &&
+ [1, "<select>", "</select>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<leg") &&
+ [1, "<fieldset>", "</fieldset>"] ||
+
+ s.match(/^<(thead|tbody|tfoot|colg|cap)/) &&
+ [1, "<table>", "</table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<tr") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ // <thead> matched above
+ (!s.indexOf("<td") || !s.indexOf("<th")) &&
+ [3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<col") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>"] ||
+
+ // IE can't serialize <link> and <script> tags normally
+ jQuery.browser.msie &&
+ [1, "div<div>", "</div>"] ||
+
+ [0,"",""];
+
+ // Go to html and back, then peel off extra wrappers
+ div.innerHTML = wrap[1] + arg + wrap[2];
+
+ // Move to the right depth
+ while ( wrap[0]-- )
+ div = div.lastChild;
+
+ // Remove IE's autoinserted <tbody> from table fragments
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // String was a <table>, *may* have spurious <tbody>
+ if ( !s.indexOf("<table") && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.firstChild && div.firstChild.childNodes;
+
+ // String was a bare <thead> or <tfoot>
+ else if ( wrap[1] == "<table>" && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.childNodes;
+
+ for ( var n = tb.length-1; n >= 0 ; --n )
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(tb[n], "tbody") && !tb[n].childNodes.length )
+ tb[n].parentNode.removeChild(tb[n]);
+
+ // IE completely kills leading whitespace when innerHTML is used
+ if ( /^\s/.test(arg) )
+ div.insertBefore( doc.createTextNode( arg.match(/^\s*/)[0] ), div.firstChild );
+
+ }
+
+ arg = jQuery.makeArray( div.childNodes );
+ }
+
+ if ( 0 === arg.length && (!jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") && !jQuery.nodeName(arg, "select")) )
+ return;
+
+ if ( arg[0] == undefined || jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") || arg.options )
+ r.push( arg );
+ else
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, arg );
+
+ });
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ attr: function(elem, name, value){
+ var fix = jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ? {} : jQuery.props;
+
+ // Safari mis-reports the default selected property of a hidden option
+ // Accessing the parent's selectedIndex property fixes it
+ if ( name == "selected" && jQuery.browser.safari )
+ elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+
+ // Certain attributes only work when accessed via the old DOM 0 way
+ if ( fix[name] ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[fix[name]] = value;
+ return elem[fix[name]];
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.msie && name == "style" )
+ return jQuery.attr( elem.style, "cssText", value );
+
+ else if ( value == undefined && jQuery.browser.msie && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "form") && (name == "action" || name == "method") )
+ return elem.getAttributeNode(name).nodeValue;
+
+ // IE elem.getAttribute passes even for style
+ else if ( elem.tagName ) {
+
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ if ( name == "type" && jQuery.nodeName(elem,"input") && elem.parentNode )
+ throw "type property can't be changed";
+ elem.setAttribute( name, value );
+ }
+
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && /href|src/.test(name) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) )
+ return elem.getAttribute( name, 2 );
+
+ return elem.getAttribute( name );
+
+ // elem is actually elem.style ... set the style
+ } else {
+ // IE actually uses filters for opacity
+ if ( name == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ // IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout
+ // Force it by setting the zoom level
+ elem.zoom = 1;
+
+ // Set the alpha filter to set the opacity
+ elem.filter = (elem.filter || "").replace(/alpha\([^)]*\)/,"") +
+ (parseFloat(value).toString() == "NaN" ? "" : "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")");
+ }
+
+ return elem.filter ?
+ (parseFloat( elem.filter.match(/opacity=([^)]*)/)[1] ) / 100).toString() : "";
+ }
+ name = name.replace(/-([a-z])/ig,function(z,b){return b.toUpperCase();});
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[name] = value;
+ return elem[name];
+ }
+ },
+
+ trim: function(t){
+ return (t||"").replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, "");
+ },
+
+ makeArray: function( a ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ // Need to use typeof to fight Safari childNodes crashes
+ if ( typeof a != "array" )
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ r.push( a[i] );
+ else
+ r = a.slice( 0 );
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ inArray: function( b, a ) {
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ if ( a[i] == b )
+ return i;
+ return -1;
+ },
+
+ merge: function(first, second) {
+ // We have to loop this way because IE & Opera overwrite the length
+ // expando of getElementsByTagName
+
+ // Also, we need to make sure that the correct elements are being returned
+ // (IE returns comment nodes in a '*' query)
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ if ( second[i].nodeType != 8 )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+ } else
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+
+ return first;
+ },
+
+ unique: function(first) {
+ var r = [], done = {};
+
+ try {
+ for ( var i = 0, fl = first.length; i < fl; i++ ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(first[i]);
+ if ( !done[id] ) {
+ done[id] = true;
+ r.push(first[i]);
+ }
+ }
+ } catch(e) {
+ r = first;
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ grep: function(elems, fn, inv) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, only saving the items
+ // that pass the validator function
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ )
+ if ( !inv && fn(elems[i],i) || inv && !fn(elems[i],i) )
+ result.push( elems[i] );
+
+ return result;
+ },
+
+ map: function(elems, fn) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their
+ // new value (or values).
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ ) {
+ var val = fn(elems[i],i);
+
+ if ( val !== null && val != undefined ) {
+ if ( val.constructor != Array ) val = [val];
+ result = result.concat( val );
+ }
+ }
+
+ return result;
+ }
+});
+
+var userAgent = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();
+
+// Figure out what browser is being used
+jQuery.browser = {
+ version: (userAgent.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[\/: ]([\d.]+)/) || [])[1],
+ safari: /webkit/.test(userAgent),
+ opera: /opera/.test(userAgent),
+ msie: /msie/.test(userAgent) && !/opera/.test(userAgent),
+ mozilla: /mozilla/.test(userAgent) && !/(compatible|webkit)/.test(userAgent)
+};
+
+var styleFloat = jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat";
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ // Check to see if the W3C box model is being used
+ boxModel: !jQuery.browser.msie || document.compatMode == "CSS1Compat",
+
+ styleFloat: jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat",
+
+ props: {
+ "for": "htmlFor",
+ "class": "className",
+ "float": styleFloat,
+ cssFloat: styleFloat,
+ styleFloat: styleFloat,
+ innerHTML: "innerHTML",
+ className: "className",
+ value: "value",
+ disabled: "disabled",
+ checked: "checked",
+ readonly: "readOnly",
+ selected: "selected",
+ maxlength: "maxLength"
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ parent: "a.parentNode",
+ parents: "jQuery.dir(a,'parentNode')",
+ next: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'nextSibling')",
+ prev: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'previousSibling')",
+ nextAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'nextSibling')",
+ prevAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'previousSibling')",
+ siblings: "jQuery.sibling(a.parentNode.firstChild,a)",
+ children: "jQuery.sibling(a.firstChild)",
+ contents: "jQuery.nodeName(a,'iframe')?a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document:jQuery.makeArray(a.childNodes)"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(a) {
+ var ret = jQuery.map(this,n);
+ if ( a && typeof a == "string" )
+ ret = jQuery.multiFilter(a,ret);
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.unique(ret) );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ appendTo: "append",
+ prependTo: "prepend",
+ insertBefore: "before",
+ insertAfter: "after",
+ replaceAll: "replaceWith"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(){
+ var a = arguments;
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var j = 0, al = a.length; j < al; j++ )
+ jQuery(a[j])[n]( this );
+ });
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( {
+ removeAttr: function( key ) {
+ jQuery.attr( this, key, "" );
+ this.removeAttribute( key );
+ },
+ addClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.add(this,c);
+ },
+ removeClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.remove(this,c);
+ },
+ toggleClass: function( c ){
+ jQuery.className[ jQuery.className.has(this,c) ? "remove" : "add" ](this, c);
+ },
+ remove: function(a){
+ if ( !a || jQuery.filter( a, [this] ).r.length ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( this );
+ this.parentNode.removeChild( this );
+ }
+ },
+ empty: function() {
+ // Clean up the cache
+ jQuery("*", this).each(function(){ jQuery.removeData(this); });
+
+ while ( this.firstChild )
+ this.removeChild( this.firstChild );
+ }
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function() {
+ return this.each( n, arguments );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( [ "Height", "Width" ], function(i,name){
+ var n = name.toLowerCase();
+
+ jQuery.fn[ n ] = function(h) {
+ return this[0] == window ?
+ jQuery.browser.safari && self["inner" + name] ||
+ jQuery.boxModel && Math.max(document.documentElement["client" + name], document.body["client" + name]) ||
+ document.body["client" + name] :
+
+ this[0] == document ?
+ Math.max( document.body["scroll" + name], document.body["offset" + name] ) :
+
+ h == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? jQuery.css( this[0], n ) : null ) :
+ this.css( n, h.constructor == String ? h : h + "px" );
+ };
+});
+
+var chars = jQuery.browser.safari && parseInt(jQuery.browser.version) < 417 ?
+ "(?:[\\w*_-]|\\\\.)" :
+ "(?:[\\w\u0128-\uFFFF*_-]|\\\\.)",
+ quickChild = new RegExp("^>\\s*(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickID = new RegExp("^(" + chars + "+)(#)(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickClass = new RegExp("^([#.]?)(" + chars + "*)");
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ expr: {
+ "": "m[2]=='*'||jQuery.nodeName(a,m[2])",
+ "#": "a.getAttribute('id')==m[2]",
+ ":": {
+ // Position Checks
+ lt: "i<m[3]-0",
+ gt: "i>m[3]-0",
+ nth: "m[3]-0==i",
+ eq: "m[3]-0==i",
+ first: "i==0",
+ last: "i==r.length-1",
+ even: "i%2==0",
+ odd: "i%2",
+
+ // Child Checks
+ "first-child": "a.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('*')[0]==a",
+ "last-child": "jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,1,'previousSibling')==a",
+ "only-child": "!jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,2,'previousSibling')",
+
+ // Parent Checks
+ parent: "a.firstChild",
+ empty: "!a.firstChild",
+
+ // Text Check
+ contains: "(a.textContent||a.innerText||jQuery(a).text()||'').indexOf(m[3])>=0",
+
+ // Visibility
+ visible: '"hidden"!=a.type&&jQuery.css(a,"display")!="none"&&jQuery.css(a,"visibility")!="hidden"',
+ hidden: '"hidden"==a.type||jQuery.css(a,"display")=="none"||jQuery.css(a,"visibility")=="hidden"',
+
+ // Form attributes
+ enabled: "!a.disabled",
+ disabled: "a.disabled",
+ checked: "a.checked",
+ selected: "a.selected||jQuery.attr(a,'selected')",
+
+ // Form elements
+ text: "'text'==a.type",
+ radio: "'radio'==a.type",
+ checkbox: "'checkbox'==a.type",
+ file: "'file'==a.type",
+ password: "'password'==a.type",
+ submit: "'submit'==a.type",
+ image: "'image'==a.type",
+ reset: "'reset'==a.type",
+ button: '"button"==a.type||jQuery.nodeName(a,"button")',
+ input: "/input|select|textarea|button/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :has()
+ has: "jQuery.find(m[3],a).length",
+
+ // :header
+ header: "/h\\d/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :animated
+ animated: "jQuery.grep(jQuery.timers,function(fn){return a==fn.elem;}).length"
+ }
+ },
+
+ // The regular expressions that power the parsing engine
+ parse: [
+ // Match: [@value='test'], [@foo]
+ /^(\[) *@?([\w-]+) *([!*$^~=]*) *('?"?)(.*?)\4 *\]/,
+
+ // Match: :contains('foo')
+ /^(:)([\w-]+)\("?'?(.*?(\(.*?\))?[^(]*?)"?'?\)/,
+
+ // Match: :even, :last-chlid, #id, .class
+ new RegExp("^([:.#]*)(" + chars + "+)")
+ ],
+
+ multiFilter: function( expr, elems, not ) {
+ var old, cur = [];
+
+ while ( expr && expr != old ) {
+ old = expr;
+ var f = jQuery.filter( expr, elems, not );
+ expr = f.t.replace(/^\s*,\s*/, "" );
+ cur = not ? elems = f.r : jQuery.merge( cur, f.r );
+ }
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ find: function( t, context ) {
+ // Quickly handle non-string expressions
+ if ( typeof t != "string" )
+ return [ t ];
+
+ // Make sure that the context is a DOM Element
+ if ( context && !context.nodeType )
+ context = null;
+
+ // Set the correct context (if none is provided)
+ context = context || document;
+
+ // Initialize the search
+ var ret = [context], done = [], last;
+
+ // Continue while a selector expression exists, and while
+ // we're no longer looping upon ourselves
+ while ( t && last != t ) {
+ var r = [];
+ last = t;
+
+ t = jQuery.trim(t);
+
+ var foundToken = false;
+
+ // An attempt at speeding up child selectors that
+ // point to a specific element tag
+ var re = quickChild;
+ var m = re.exec(t);
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ var nodeName = m[1].toUpperCase();
+
+ // Perform our own iteration and filter
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ )
+ for ( var c = ret[i].firstChild; c; c = c.nextSibling )
+ if ( c.nodeType == 1 && (nodeName == "*" || c.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase()) )
+ r.push( c );
+
+ ret = r;
+ t = t.replace( re, "" );
+ if ( t.indexOf(" ") == 0 ) continue;
+ foundToken = true;
+ } else {
+ re = /^([>+~])\s*(\w*)/i;
+
+ if ( (m = re.exec(t)) != null ) {
+ r = [];
+
+ var nodeName = m[2], merge = {};
+ m = m[1];
+
+ for ( var j = 0, rl = ret.length; j < rl; j++ ) {
+ var n = m == "~" || m == "+" ? ret[j].nextSibling : ret[j].firstChild;
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(n);
+
+ if ( m == "~" && merge[id] ) break;
+
+ if (!nodeName || n.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase() ) {
+ if ( m == "~" ) merge[id] = true;
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ if ( m == "+" ) break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+
+ // And remove the token
+ t = jQuery.trim( t.replace( re, "" ) );
+ foundToken = true;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // See if there's still an expression, and that we haven't already
+ // matched a token
+ if ( t && !foundToken ) {
+ // Handle multiple expressions
+ if ( !t.indexOf(",") ) {
+ // Clean the result set
+ if ( context == ret[0] ) ret.shift();
+
+ // Merge the result sets
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ // Reset the context
+ r = ret = [context];
+
+ // Touch up the selector string
+ t = " " + t.substr(1,t.length);
+
+ } else {
+ // Optimize for the case nodeName#idName
+ var re2 = quickID;
+ var m = re2.exec(t);
+
+ // Re-organize the results, so that they're consistent
+ if ( m ) {
+ m = [ 0, m[2], m[3], m[1] ];
+
+ } else {
+ // Otherwise, do a traditional filter check for
+ // ID, class, and element selectors
+ re2 = quickClass;
+ m = re2.exec(t);
+ }
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+
+ var elem = ret[ret.length-1];
+
+ // Try to do a global search by ID, where we can
+ if ( m[1] == "#" && elem && elem.getElementById && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) {
+ // Optimization for HTML document case
+ var oid = elem.getElementById(m[2]);
+
+ // Do a quick check for the existence of the actual ID attribute
+ // to avoid selecting by the name attribute in IE
+ // also check to insure id is a string to avoid selecting an element with the name of 'id' inside a form
+ if ( (jQuery.browser.msie||jQuery.browser.opera) && oid && typeof oid.id == "string" && oid.id != m[2] )
+ oid = jQuery('[@id="'+m[2]+'"]', elem)[0];
+
+ // Do a quick check for node name (where applicable) so
+ // that div#foo searches will be really fast
+ ret = r = oid && (!m[3] || jQuery.nodeName(oid, m[3])) ? [oid] : [];
+ } else {
+ // We need to find all descendant elements
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ ) {
+ // Grab the tag name being searched for
+ var tag = m[1] == "#" && m[3] ? m[3] : m[1] != "" || m[0] == "" ? "*" : m[2];
+
+ // Handle IE7 being really dumb about <object>s
+ if ( tag == "*" && ret[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() == "object" )
+ tag = "param";
+
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, ret[i].getElementsByTagName( tag ));
+ }
+
+ // It's faster to filter by class and be done with it
+ if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter( r, m[2] );
+
+ // Same with ID filtering
+ if ( m[1] == "#" ) {
+ var tmp = [];
+
+ // Try to find the element with the ID
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ )
+ if ( r[i].getAttribute("id") == m[2] ) {
+ tmp = [ r[i] ];
+ break;
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+ }
+
+ t = t.replace( re2, "" );
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ // If a selector string still exists
+ if ( t ) {
+ // Attempt to filter it
+ var val = jQuery.filter(t,r);
+ ret = r = val.r;
+ t = jQuery.trim(val.t);
+ }
+ }
+
+ // An error occurred with the selector;
+ // just return an empty set instead
+ if ( t )
+ ret = [];
+
+ // Remove the root context
+ if ( ret && context == ret[0] )
+ ret.shift();
+
+ // And combine the results
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ return done;
+ },
+
+ classFilter: function(r,m,not){
+ m = " " + m + " ";
+ var tmp = [];
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ ) {
+ var pass = (" " + r[i].className + " ").indexOf( m ) >= 0;
+ if ( !not && pass || not && !pass )
+ tmp.push( r[i] );
+ }
+ return tmp;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t,r,not) {
+ var last;
+
+ // Look for common filter expressions
+ while ( t && t != last ) {
+ last = t;
+
+ var p = jQuery.parse, m;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; p[i]; i++ ) {
+ m = p[i].exec( t );
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ // Remove what we just matched
+ t = t.substring( m[0].length );
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( !m )
+ break;
+
+ // :not() is a special case that can be optimized by
+ // keeping it out of the expression list
+ if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "not" )
+ r = jQuery.filter(m[3], r, true).r;
+
+ // We can get a big speed boost by filtering by class here
+ else if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter(r, m[2], not);
+
+ else if ( m[1] == "[" ) {
+ var tmp = [], type = m[3];
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var a = r[i], z = a[ jQuery.props[m[2]] || m[2] ];
+
+ if ( z == null || /href|src|selected/.test(m[2]) )
+ z = jQuery.attr(a,m[2]) || '';
+
+ if ( (type == "" && !!z ||
+ type == "=" && z == m[5] ||
+ type == "!=" && z != m[5] ||
+ type == "^=" && z && !z.indexOf(m[5]) ||
+ type == "$=" && z.substr(z.length - m[5].length) == m[5] ||
+ (type == "*=" || type == "~=") && z.indexOf(m[5]) >= 0) ^ not )
+ tmp.push( a );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // We can get a speed boost by handling nth-child here
+ } else if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "nth-child" ) {
+ var merge = {}, tmp = [],
+ test = /(\d*)n\+?(\d*)/.exec(
+ m[3] == "even" && "2n" || m[3] == "odd" && "2n+1" ||
+ !/\D/.test(m[3]) && "n+" + m[3] || m[3]),
+ first = (test[1] || 1) - 0, last = test[2] - 0;
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var node = r[i], parentNode = node.parentNode, id = jQuery.data(parentNode);
+
+ if ( !merge[id] ) {
+ var c = 1;
+
+ for ( var n = parentNode.firstChild; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 )
+ n.nodeIndex = c++;
+
+ merge[id] = true;
+ }
+
+ var add = false;
+
+ if ( first == 1 ) {
+ if ( last == 0 || node.nodeIndex == last )
+ add = true;
+ } else if ( (node.nodeIndex + last) % first == 0 )
+ add = true;
+
+ if ( add ^ not )
+ tmp.push( node );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // Otherwise, find the expression to execute
+ } else {
+ var f = jQuery.expr[m[1]];
+ if ( typeof f != "string" )
+ f = jQuery.expr[m[1]][m[2]];
+
+ // Build a custom macro to enclose it
+ f = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + f + "}");
+
+ // Execute it against the current filter
+ r = jQuery.grep( r, f, not );
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Return an array of filtered elements (r)
+ // and the modified expression string (t)
+ return { r: r, t: t };
+ },
+
+ dir: function( elem, dir ){
+ var matched = [];
+ var cur = elem[dir];
+ while ( cur && cur != document ) {
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 )
+ matched.push( cur );
+ cur = cur[dir];
+ }
+ return matched;
+ },
+
+ nth: function(cur,result,dir,elem){
+ result = result || 1;
+ var num = 0;
+
+ for ( ; cur; cur = cur[dir] )
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 && ++num == result )
+ break;
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ sibling: function( n, elem ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 && (!elem || n != elem) )
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ }
+});
+/*
+ * A number of helper functions used for managing events.
+ * Many of the ideas behind this code orignated from
+ * Dean Edwards' addEvent library.
+ */
+jQuery.event = {
+
+ // Bind an event to an element
+ // Original by Dean Edwards
+ add: function(element, type, handler, data) {
+ // For whatever reason, IE has trouble passing the window object
+ // around, causing it to be cloned in the process
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && element.setInterval != undefined )
+ element = window;
+
+ // Make sure that the function being executed has a unique ID
+ if ( !handler.guid )
+ handler.guid = this.guid++;
+
+ // if data is passed, bind to handler
+ if( data != undefined ) {
+ // Create temporary function pointer to original handler
+ var fn = handler;
+
+ // Create unique handler function, wrapped around original handler
+ handler = function() {
+ // Pass arguments and context to original handler
+ return fn.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Store data in unique handler
+ handler.data = data;
+
+ // Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
+ handler.guid = fn.guid;
+ }
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ handler.type = parts[1];
+
+ // Init the element's event structure
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events") || jQuery.data(element, "events", {});
+
+ var handle = jQuery.data(element, "handle", function(){
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Handle the second event of a trigger and when
+ // an event is called after a page has unloaded
+ if ( typeof jQuery == "undefined" || jQuery.event.triggered )
+ return val;
+
+ val = jQuery.event.handle.apply(element, arguments);
+
+ return val;
+ });
+
+ // Get the current list of functions bound to this event
+ var handlers = events[type];
+
+ // Init the event handler queue
+ if (!handlers) {
+ handlers = events[type] = {};
+
+ // And bind the global event handler to the element
+ if (element.addEventListener)
+ element.addEventListener(type, handle, false);
+ else
+ element.attachEvent("on" + type, handle);
+ }
+
+ // Add the function to the element's handler list
+ handlers[handler.guid] = handler;
+
+ // Keep track of which events have been used, for global triggering
+ this.global[type] = true;
+ },
+
+ guid: 1,
+ global: {},
+
+ // Detach an event or set of events from an element
+ remove: function(element, type, handler) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events"), ret, index;
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ if ( typeof type == "string" ) {
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ }
+
+ if ( events ) {
+ // type is actually an event object here
+ if ( type && type.type ) {
+ handler = type.handler;
+ type = type.type;
+ }
+
+ if ( !type ) {
+ for ( type in events )
+ this.remove( element, type );
+
+ } else if ( events[type] ) {
+ // remove the given handler for the given type
+ if ( handler )
+ delete events[type][handler.guid];
+
+ // remove all handlers for the given type
+ else
+ for ( handler in events[type] )
+ // Handle the removal of namespaced events
+ if ( !parts[1] || events[type][handler].type == parts[1] )
+ delete events[type][handler];
+
+ // remove generic event handler if no more handlers exist
+ for ( ret in events[type] ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ if (element.removeEventListener)
+ element.removeEventListener(type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"), false);
+ else
+ element.detachEvent("on" + type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"));
+ ret = null;
+ delete events[type];
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Remove the expando if it's no longer used
+ for ( ret in events ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "events" );
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "handle" );
+ }
+ }
+ },
+
+ trigger: function(type, data, element, donative, extra) {
+ // Clone the incoming data, if any
+ data = jQuery.makeArray(data || []);
+
+ // Handle a global trigger
+ if ( !element ) {
+ // Only trigger if we've ever bound an event for it
+ if ( this.global[type] )
+ jQuery("*").add([window, document]).trigger(type, data);
+
+ // Handle triggering a single element
+ } else {
+ var val, ret, fn = jQuery.isFunction( element[ type ] || null ),
+ // Check to see if we need to provide a fake event, or not
+ evt = !data[0] || !data[0].preventDefault;
+
+ // Pass along a fake event
+ if ( evt )
+ data.unshift( this.fix({ type: type, target: element }) );
+
+ // Enforce the right trigger type
+ data[0].type = type;
+
+ // Trigger the event
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( jQuery.data(element, "handle") ) )
+ val = jQuery.data(element, "handle").apply( element, data );
+
+ // Handle triggering native .onfoo handlers
+ if ( !fn && element["on"+type] && element["on"+type].apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Extra functions don't get the custom event object
+ if ( evt )
+ data.shift();
+
+ // Handle triggering of extra function
+ if ( extra && extra.apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Trigger the native events (except for clicks on links)
+ if ( fn && donative !== false && val !== false && !(jQuery.nodeName(element, 'a') && type == "click") ) {
+ this.triggered = true;
+ element[ type ]();
+ }
+
+ this.triggered = false;
+ }
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ handle: function(event) {
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Empty object is for triggered events with no data
+ event = jQuery.event.fix( event || window.event || {} );
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = event.type.split(".");
+ event.type = parts[0];
+
+ var c = jQuery.data(this, "events") && jQuery.data(this, "events")[event.type], args = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments, 1 );
+ args.unshift( event );
+
+ for ( var j in c ) {
+ // Pass in a reference to the handler function itself
+ // So that we can later remove it
+ args[0].handler = c[j];
+ args[0].data = c[j].data;
+
+ // Filter the functions by class
+ if ( !parts[1] || c[j].type == parts[1] ) {
+ var tmp = c[j].apply( this, args );
+
+ if ( val !== false )
+ val = tmp;
+
+ if ( tmp === false ) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ event.stopPropagation();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Clean up added properties in IE to prevent memory leak
+ if (jQuery.browser.msie)
+ event.target = event.preventDefault = event.stopPropagation =
+ event.handler = event.data = null;
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ fix: function(event) {
+ // store a copy of the original event object
+ // and clone to set read-only properties
+ var originalEvent = event;
+ event = jQuery.extend({}, originalEvent);
+
+ // add preventDefault and stopPropagation since
+ // they will not work on the clone
+ event.preventDefault = function() {
+ // if preventDefault exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.preventDefault)
+ originalEvent.preventDefault();
+ // otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false (IE)
+ originalEvent.returnValue = false;
+ };
+ event.stopPropagation = function() {
+ // if stopPropagation exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.stopPropagation)
+ originalEvent.stopPropagation();
+ // otherwise set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true (IE)
+ originalEvent.cancelBubble = true;
+ };
+
+ // Fix target property, if necessary
+ if ( !event.target && event.srcElement )
+ event.target = event.srcElement;
+
+ // check if target is a textnode (safari)
+ if (jQuery.browser.safari && event.target.nodeType == 3)
+ event.target = originalEvent.target.parentNode;
+
+ // Add relatedTarget, if necessary
+ if ( !event.relatedTarget && event.fromElement )
+ event.relatedTarget = event.fromElement == event.target ? event.toElement : event.fromElement;
+
+ // Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available
+ if ( event.pageX == null && event.clientX != null ) {
+ var e = document.documentElement, b = document.body;
+ event.pageX = event.clientX + (e && e.scrollLeft || b.scrollLeft || 0);
+ event.pageY = event.clientY + (e && e.scrollTop || b.scrollTop || 0);
+ }
+
+ // Add which for key events
+ if ( !event.which && (event.charCode || event.keyCode) )
+ event.which = event.charCode || event.keyCode;
+
+ // Add metaKey to non-Mac browsers (use ctrl for PC's and Meta for Macs)
+ if ( !event.metaKey && event.ctrlKey )
+ event.metaKey = event.ctrlKey;
+
+ // Add which for click: 1 == left; 2 == middle; 3 == right
+ // Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it
+ if ( !event.which && event.button )
+ event.which = (event.button & 1 ? 1 : ( event.button & 2 ? 3 : ( event.button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ));
+
+ return event;
+ }
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ bind: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return type == "unload" ? this.one(type, data, fn) : this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, fn || data, fn && data );
+ });
+ },
+
+ one: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, function(event) {
+ jQuery(this).unbind(event);
+ return (fn || data).apply( this, arguments);
+ }, fn && data);
+ });
+ },
+
+ unbind: function( type, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.remove( this, type, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ trigger: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this, true, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ triggerHandler: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this[0], false, fn );
+ },
+
+ toggle: function() {
+ // Save reference to arguments for access in closure
+ var a = arguments;
+
+ return this.click(function(e) {
+ // Figure out which function to execute
+ this.lastToggle = 0 == this.lastToggle ? 1 : 0;
+
+ // Make sure that clicks stop
+ e.preventDefault();
+
+ // and execute the function
+ return a[this.lastToggle].apply( this, [e] ) || false;
+ });
+ },
+
+ hover: function(f,g) {
+
+ // A private function for handling mouse 'hovering'
+ function handleHover(e) {
+ // Check if mouse(over|out) are still within the same parent element
+ var p = e.relatedTarget;
+
+ // Traverse up the tree
+ while ( p && p != this ) try { p = p.parentNode; } catch(e) { p = this; };
+
+ // If we actually just moused on to a sub-element, ignore it
+ if ( p == this ) return false;
+
+ // Execute the right function
+ return (e.type == "mouseover" ? f : g).apply(this, [e]);
+ }
+
+ // Bind the function to the two event listeners
+ return this.mouseover(handleHover).mouseout(handleHover);
+ },
+
+ ready: function(f) {
+ // Attach the listeners
+ bindReady();
+
+ // If the DOM is already ready
+ if ( jQuery.isReady )
+ // Execute the function immediately
+ f.apply( document, [jQuery] );
+
+ // Otherwise, remember the function for later
+ else
+ // Add the function to the wait list
+ jQuery.readyList.push( function() { return f.apply(this, [jQuery]); } );
+
+ return this;
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ /*
+ * All the code that makes DOM Ready work nicely.
+ */
+ isReady: false,
+ readyList: [],
+
+ // Handle when the DOM is ready
+ ready: function() {
+ // Make sure that the DOM is not already loaded
+ if ( !jQuery.isReady ) {
+ // Remember that the DOM is ready
+ jQuery.isReady = true;
+
+ // If there are functions bound, to execute
+ if ( jQuery.readyList ) {
+ // Execute all of them
+ jQuery.each( jQuery.readyList, function(){
+ this.apply( document );
+ });
+
+ // Reset the list of functions
+ jQuery.readyList = null;
+ }
+ // Remove event listener to avoid memory leak
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // Remove script element used by IE hack
+ if( !window.frames.length ) // don't remove if frames are present (#1187)
+ jQuery(window).load(function(){ jQuery("#__ie_init").remove(); });
+ }
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each( ("blur,focus,load,resize,scroll,unload,click,dblclick," +
+ "mousedown,mouseup,mousemove,mouseover,mouseout,change,select," +
+ "submit,keydown,keypress,keyup,error").split(","), function(i,o){
+
+ // Handle event binding
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return f ? this.bind(o, f) : this.trigger(o);
+ };
+});
+
+var readyBound = false;
+
+function bindReady(){
+ if ( readyBound ) return;
+ readyBound = true;
+
+ // If Mozilla is used
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ // Use the handy event callback
+ document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // If IE is used, use the excellent hack by Matthias Miller
+ // http://www.outofhanwell.com/blog/index.php?title=the_window_onload_problem_revisited
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // Only works if you document.write() it
+ document.write("<scr" + "ipt id=__ie_init defer=true " +
+ "src=//:><\/script>");
+
+ // Use the defer script hack
+ var script = document.getElementById("__ie_init");
+
+ // script does not exist if jQuery is loaded dynamically
+ if ( script )
+ script.onreadystatechange = function() {
+ if ( this.readyState != "complete" ) return;
+ jQuery.ready();
+ };
+
+ // Clear from memory
+ script = null;
+
+ // If Safari is used
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // Continually check to see if the document.readyState is valid
+ jQuery.safariTimer = setInterval(function(){
+ // loaded and complete are both valid states
+ if ( document.readyState == "loaded" ||
+ document.readyState == "complete" ) {
+
+ // If either one are found, remove the timer
+ clearInterval( jQuery.safariTimer );
+ jQuery.safariTimer = null;
+
+ // and execute any waiting functions
+ jQuery.ready();
+ }
+ }, 10);
+
+ // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+ jQuery.event.add( window, "load", jQuery.ready );
+}
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ load: function( url, params, callback ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( url ) )
+ return this.bind("load", url);
+
+ var off = url.indexOf(" ");
+ if ( off >= 0 ) {
+ var selector = url.slice(off, url.length);
+ url = url.slice(0, off);
+ }
+
+ callback = callback || function(){};
+
+ // Default to a GET request
+ var type = "GET";
+
+ // If the second parameter was provided
+ if ( params )
+ // If it's a function
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
+ // We assume that it's the callback
+ callback = params;
+ params = null;
+
+ // Otherwise, build a param string
+ } else {
+ params = jQuery.param( params );
+ type = "POST";
+ }
+
+ var self = this;
+
+ // Request the remote document
+ jQuery.ajax({
+ url: url,
+ type: type,
+ data: params,
+ complete: function(res, status){
+ // If successful, inject the HTML into all the matched elements
+ if ( status == "success" || status == "notmodified" )
+ // See if a selector was specified
+ self.html( selector ?
+ // Create a dummy div to hold the results
+ jQuery("<div/>")
+ // inject the contents of the document in, removing the scripts
+ // to avoid any 'Permission Denied' errors in IE
+ .append(res.responseText.replace(/<script(.|\s)*?\/script>/g, ""))
+
+ // Locate the specified elements
+ .find(selector) :
+
+ // If not, just inject the full result
+ res.responseText );
+
+ // Add delay to account for Safari's delay in globalEval
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ self.each( callback, [res.responseText, status, res] );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ });
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ serialize: function() {
+ return jQuery.param(this.serializeArray());
+ },
+ serializeArray: function() {
+ return this.map(function(){
+ return jQuery.nodeName(this, "form") ?
+ jQuery.makeArray(this.elements) : this;
+ })
+ .filter(function(){
+ return this.name && !this.disabled &&
+ (this.checked || /select|textarea/i.test(this.nodeName) ||
+ /text|hidden|password/i.test(this.type));
+ })
+ .map(function(i, elem){
+ var val = jQuery(this).val();
+ return val == null ? null :
+ val.constructor == Array ?
+ jQuery.map( val, function(val, i){
+ return {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }) :
+ {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }).get();
+ }
+});
+
+// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
+jQuery.each( "ajaxStart,ajaxStop,ajaxComplete,ajaxError,ajaxSuccess,ajaxSend".split(","), function(i,o){
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return this.bind(o, f);
+ };
+});
+
+var jsc = (new Date).getTime();
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ get: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ // shift arguments if data argument was ommited
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = null;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "GET",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ getScript: function( url, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, null, callback, "script");
+ },
+
+ getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, data, callback, "json");
+ },
+
+ post: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = {};
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "POST",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ ajaxSetup: function( settings ) {
+ jQuery.extend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, settings );
+ },
+
+ ajaxSettings: {
+ global: true,
+ type: "GET",
+ timeout: 0,
+ contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+ processData: true,
+ async: true,
+ data: null
+ },
+
+ // Last-Modified header cache for next request
+ lastModified: {},
+
+ ajax: function( s ) {
+ var jsonp, jsre = /=(\?|%3F)/g, status, data;
+
+ // Extend the settings, but re-extend 's' so that it can be
+ // checked again later (in the test suite, specifically)
+ s = jQuery.extend(true, s, jQuery.extend(true, {}, jQuery.ajaxSettings, s));
+
+ // convert data if not already a string
+ if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data != "string" )
+ s.data = jQuery.param(s.data);
+
+ // Handle JSONP Parameter Callbacks
+ if ( s.dataType == "jsonp" ) {
+ if ( s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ if ( !s.url.match(jsre) )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ } else if ( !s.data || !s.data.match(jsre) )
+ s.data = (s.data ? s.data + "&" : "") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ s.dataType = "json";
+ }
+
+ // Build temporary JSONP function
+ if ( s.dataType == "json" && (s.data && s.data.match(jsre) || s.url.match(jsre)) ) {
+ jsonp = "jsonp" + jsc++;
+
+ // Replace the =? sequence both in the query string and the data
+ if ( s.data )
+ s.data = s.data.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+ s.url = s.url.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+
+ // We need to make sure
+ // that a JSONP style response is executed properly
+ s.dataType = "script";
+
+ // Handle JSONP-style loading
+ window[ jsonp ] = function(tmp){
+ data = tmp;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ // Garbage collect
+ window[ jsonp ] = undefined;
+ try{ delete window[ jsonp ]; } catch(e){}
+ };
+ }
+
+ if ( s.dataType == "script" && s.cache == null )
+ s.cache = false;
+
+ if ( s.cache === false && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + "_=" + (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ // If data is available, append data to url for get requests
+ if ( s.data && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + s.data;
+
+ // IE likes to send both get and post data, prevent this
+ s.data = null;
+ }
+
+ // Watch for a new set of requests
+ if ( s.global && ! jQuery.active++ )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" );
+
+ // If we're requesting a remote document
+ // and trying to load JSON or Script
+ if ( !s.url.indexOf("http") && s.dataType == "script" ) {
+ var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
+ var script = document.createElement("script");
+ script.src = s.url;
+
+ // Handle Script loading
+ if ( !jsonp && (s.success || s.complete) ) {
+ var done = false;
+
+ // Attach handlers for all browsers
+ script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function(){
+ if ( !done && (!this.readyState ||
+ this.readyState == "loaded" || this.readyState == "complete") ) {
+ done = true;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ head.removeChild( script );
+ }
+ };
+ }
+
+ head.appendChild(script);
+
+ // We handle everything using the script element injection
+ return;
+ }
+
+ var requestDone = false;
+
+ // Create the request object; Microsoft failed to properly
+ // implement the XMLHttpRequest in IE7, so we use the ActiveXObject when it is available
+ var xml = window.ActiveXObject ? new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") : new XMLHttpRequest();
+
+ // Open the socket
+ xml.open(s.type, s.url, s.async);
+
+ // Set the correct header, if data is being sent
+ if ( s.data )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", s.contentType);
+
+ // Set the If-Modified-Since header, if ifModified mode.
+ if ( s.ifModified )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] || "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT" );
+
+ // Set header so the called script knows that it's an XMLHttpRequest
+ xml.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest");
+
+ // Allow custom headers/mimetypes
+ if ( s.beforeSend )
+ s.beforeSend(xml);
+
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xml, s]);
+
+ // Wait for a response to come back
+ var onreadystatechange = function(isTimeout){
+ // The transfer is complete and the data is available, or the request timed out
+ if ( !requestDone && xml && (xml.readyState == 4 || isTimeout == "timeout") ) {
+ requestDone = true;
+
+ // clear poll interval
+ if (ival) {
+ clearInterval(ival);
+ ival = null;
+ }
+
+ status = isTimeout == "timeout" && "timeout" ||
+ !jQuery.httpSuccess( xml ) && "error" ||
+ s.ifModified && jQuery.httpNotModified( xml, s.url ) && "notmodified" ||
+ "success";
+
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Watch for, and catch, XML document parse errors
+ try {
+ // process the data (runs the xml through httpData regardless of callback)
+ data = jQuery.httpData( xml, s.dataType );
+ } catch(e) {
+ status = "parsererror";
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Make sure that the request was successful or notmodified
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Cache Last-Modified header, if ifModified mode.
+ var modRes;
+ try {
+ modRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+ } catch(e) {} // swallow exception thrown by FF if header is not available
+
+ if ( s.ifModified && modRes )
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] = modRes;
+
+ // JSONP handles its own success callback
+ if ( !jsonp )
+ success();
+ } else
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, status);
+
+ // Fire the complete handlers
+ complete();
+
+ // Stop memory leaks
+ if ( s.async )
+ xml = null;
+ }
+ };
+
+ if ( s.async ) {
+ // don't attach the handler to the request, just poll it instead
+ var ival = setInterval(onreadystatechange, 13);
+
+ // Timeout checker
+ if ( s.timeout > 0 )
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ // Check to see if the request is still happening
+ if ( xml ) {
+ // Cancel the request
+ xml.abort();
+
+ if( !requestDone )
+ onreadystatechange( "timeout" );
+ }
+ }, s.timeout);
+ }
+
+ // Send the data
+ try {
+ xml.send(s.data);
+ } catch(e) {
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, null, e);
+ }
+
+ // firefox 1.5 doesn't fire statechange for sync requests
+ if ( !s.async )
+ onreadystatechange();
+
+ // return XMLHttpRequest to allow aborting the request etc.
+ return xml;
+
+ function success(){
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it and pass it the data
+ if ( s.success )
+ s.success( data, status );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxSuccess", [xml, s] );
+ }
+
+ function complete(){
+ // Process result
+ if ( s.complete )
+ s.complete(xml, status);
+
+ // The request was completed
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [xml, s] );
+
+ // Handle the global AJAX counter
+ if ( s.global && ! --jQuery.active )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" );
+ }
+ },
+
+ handleError: function( s, xml, status, e ) {
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it
+ if ( s.error ) s.error( xml, status, e );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxError", [xml, s, e] );
+ },
+
+ // Counter for holding the number of active queries
+ active: 0,
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest was successful or not
+ httpSuccess: function( r ) {
+ try {
+ return !r.status && location.protocol == "file:" ||
+ ( r.status >= 200 && r.status < 300 ) || r.status == 304 ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && r.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest returns NotModified
+ httpNotModified: function( xml, url ) {
+ try {
+ var xmlRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+
+ // Firefox always returns 200. check Last-Modified date
+ return xml.status == 304 || xmlRes == jQuery.lastModified[url] ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && xml.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ httpData: function( r, type ) {
+ var ct = r.getResponseHeader("content-type");
+ var xml = type == "xml" || !type && ct && ct.indexOf("xml") >= 0;
+ var data = xml ? r.responseXML : r.responseText;
+
+ if ( xml && data.documentElement.tagName == "parsererror" )
+ throw "parsererror";
+
+ // If the type is "script", eval it in global context
+ if ( type == "script" )
+ jQuery.globalEval( data );
+
+ // Get the JavaScript object, if JSON is used.
+ if ( type == "json" )
+ data = eval("(" + data + ")");
+
+ return data;
+ },
+
+ // Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
+ // key/values into a query string
+ param: function( a ) {
+ var s = [];
+
+ // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array
+ // of form elements
+ if ( a.constructor == Array || a.jquery )
+ // Serialize the form elements
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(this.name) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this.value ) );
+ });
+
+ // Otherwise, assume that it's an object of key/value pairs
+ else
+ // Serialize the key/values
+ for ( var j in a )
+ // If the value is an array then the key names need to be repeated
+ if ( a[j] && a[j].constructor == Array )
+ jQuery.each( a[j], function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this ) );
+ });
+ else
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( a[j] ) );
+
+ // Return the resulting serialization
+ return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g, "+");
+ }
+
+});
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ show: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "show", width: "show", opacity: "show"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){
+ this.style.display = this.oldblock ? this.oldblock : "";
+ if ( jQuery.css(this,"display") == "none" )
+ this.style.display = "block";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ hide: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "hide", width: "hide", opacity: "hide"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":visible").each(function(){
+ this.oldblock = this.oldblock || jQuery.css(this,"display");
+ if ( this.oldblock == "none" )
+ this.oldblock = "block";
+ this.style.display = "none";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ // Save the old toggle function
+ _toggle: jQuery.fn.toggle,
+
+ toggle: function( fn, fn2 ){
+ return jQuery.isFunction(fn) && jQuery.isFunction(fn2) ?
+ this._toggle( fn, fn2 ) :
+ fn ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "toggle", width: "toggle", opacity: "toggle"
+ }, fn, fn2) :
+ this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this)[ jQuery(this).is(":hidden") ? "show" : "hide" ]();
+ });
+ },
+
+ slideDown: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideUp: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideToggle: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "toggle"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeIn: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeOut: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeTo: function(speed,to,callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: to}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
+ var opt = jQuery.speed(speed, easing, callback);
+
+ return this[ opt.queue === false ? "each" : "queue" ](function(){
+ opt = jQuery.extend({}, opt);
+ var hidden = jQuery(this).is(":hidden"), self = this;
+
+ for ( var p in prop ) {
+ if ( prop[p] == "hide" && hidden || prop[p] == "show" && !hidden )
+ return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete) && opt.complete.apply(this);
+
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ // Store display property
+ opt.display = jQuery.css(this, "display");
+
+ // Make sure that nothing sneaks out
+ opt.overflow = this.style.overflow;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( opt.overflow != null )
+ this.style.overflow = "hidden";
+
+ opt.curAnim = jQuery.extend({}, prop);
+
+ jQuery.each( prop, function(name, val){
+ var e = new jQuery.fx( self, opt, name );
+
+ if ( /toggle|show|hide/.test(val) )
+ e[ val == "toggle" ? hidden ? "show" : "hide" : val ]( prop );
+ else {
+ var parts = val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),
+ start = e.cur(true) || 0;
+
+ if ( parts ) {
+ var end = parseFloat(parts[2]),
+ unit = parts[3] || "px";
+
+ // We need to compute starting value
+ if ( unit != "px" ) {
+ self.style[ name ] = (end || 1) + unit;
+ start = ((end || 1) / e.cur(true)) * start;
+ self.style[ name ] = start + unit;
+ }
+
+ // If a +=/-= token was provided, we're doing a relative animation
+ if ( parts[1] )
+ end = ((parts[1] == "-=" ? -1 : 1) * end) + start;
+
+ e.custom( start, end, unit );
+ } else
+ e.custom( start, val, "" );
+ }
+ });
+
+ // For JS strict compliance
+ return true;
+ });
+ },
+
+ queue: function(type, fn){
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction(type) ) {
+ fn = type;
+ type = "fx";
+ }
+
+ if ( !type || (typeof type == "string" && !fn) )
+ return queue( this[0], type );
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( fn.constructor == Array )
+ queue(this, type, fn);
+ else {
+ queue(this, type).push( fn );
+
+ if ( queue(this, type).length == 1 )
+ fn.apply(this);
+ }
+ });
+ },
+
+ stop: function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( timers[i].elem == this )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+ }).dequeue();
+ }
+
+});
+
+var queue = function( elem, type, array ) {
+ if ( !elem )
+ return;
+
+ var q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue" );
+
+ if ( !q || array )
+ q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue",
+ array ? jQuery.makeArray(array) : [] );
+
+ return q;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.dequeue = function(type){
+ type = type || "fx";
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ var q = queue(this, type);
+
+ q.shift();
+
+ if ( q.length )
+ q[0].apply( this );
+ });
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+ speed: function(speed, easing, fn) {
+ var opt = speed && speed.constructor == Object ? speed : {
+ complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
+ jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
+ duration: speed,
+ easing: fn && easing || easing && easing.constructor != Function && easing
+ };
+
+ opt.duration = (opt.duration && opt.duration.constructor == Number ?
+ opt.duration :
+ { slow: 600, fast: 200 }[opt.duration]) || 400;
+
+ // Queueing
+ opt.old = opt.complete;
+ opt.complete = function(){
+ jQuery(this).dequeue();
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) )
+ opt.old.apply( this );
+ };
+
+ return opt;
+ },
+
+ easing: {
+ linear: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return firstNum + diff * p;
+ },
+ swing: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return ((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2) + 0.5) * diff + firstNum;
+ }
+ },
+
+ timers: [],
+
+ fx: function( elem, options, prop ){
+ this.options = options;
+ this.elem = elem;
+ this.prop = prop;
+
+ if ( !options.orig )
+ options.orig = {};
+ }
+
+});
+
+jQuery.fx.prototype = {
+
+ // Simple function for setting a style value
+ update: function(){
+ if ( this.options.step )
+ this.options.step.apply( this.elem, [ this.now, this ] );
+
+ (jQuery.fx.step[this.prop] || jQuery.fx.step._default)( this );
+
+ // Set display property to block for height/width animations
+ if ( this.prop == "height" || this.prop == "width" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ },
+
+ // Get the current size
+ cur: function(force){
+ if ( this.elem[this.prop] != null && this.elem.style[this.prop] == null )
+ return this.elem[ this.prop ];
+
+ var r = parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem, this.prop, force));
+ return r && r > -10000 ? r : parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem, this.prop)) || 0;
+ },
+
+ // Start an animation from one number to another
+ custom: function(from, to, unit){
+ this.startTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+ this.start = from;
+ this.end = to;
+ this.unit = unit || this.unit || "px";
+ this.now = this.start;
+ this.pos = this.state = 0;
+ this.update();
+
+ var self = this;
+ function t(){
+ return self.step();
+ }
+
+ t.elem = this.elem;
+
+ jQuery.timers.push(t);
+
+ if ( jQuery.timers.length == 1 ) {
+ var timer = setInterval(function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( !timers[i]() )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+
+ if ( !timers.length )
+ clearInterval( timer );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'show' function
+ show: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.show = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(0, this.cur());
+
+ // Make sure that we start at a small width/height to avoid any
+ // flash of content
+ if ( this.prop == "width" || this.prop == "height" )
+ this.elem.style[this.prop] = "1px";
+
+ // Start by showing the element
+ jQuery(this.elem).show();
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'hide' function
+ hide: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.hide = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(this.cur(), 0);
+ },
+
+ // Each step of an animation
+ step: function(){
+ var t = (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ if ( t > this.options.duration + this.startTime ) {
+ this.now = this.end;
+ this.pos = this.state = 1;
+ this.update();
+
+ this.options.curAnim[ this.prop ] = true;
+
+ var done = true;
+ for ( var i in this.options.curAnim )
+ if ( this.options.curAnim[i] !== true )
+ done = false;
+
+ if ( done ) {
+ if ( this.options.display != null ) {
+ // Reset the overflow
+ this.elem.style.overflow = this.options.overflow;
+
+ // Reset the display
+ this.elem.style.display = this.options.display;
+ if ( jQuery.css(this.elem, "display") == "none" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Hide the element if the "hide" operation was done
+ if ( this.options.hide )
+ this.elem.style.display = "none";
+
+ // Reset the properties, if the item has been hidden or shown
+ if ( this.options.hide || this.options.show )
+ for ( var p in this.options.curAnim )
+ jQuery.attr(this.elem.style, p, this.options.orig[p]);
+ }
+
+ // If a callback was provided, execute it
+ if ( done && jQuery.isFunction( this.options.complete ) )
+ // Execute the complete function
+ this.options.complete.apply( this.elem );
+
+ return false;
+ } else {
+ var n = t - this.startTime;
+ this.state = n / this.options.duration;
+
+ // Perform the easing function, defaults to swing
+ this.pos = jQuery.easing[this.options.easing || (jQuery.easing.swing ? "swing" : "linear")](this.state, n, 0, 1, this.options.duration);
+ this.now = this.start + ((this.end - this.start) * this.pos);
+
+ // Perform the next step of the animation
+ this.update();
+ }
+
+ return true;
+ }
+
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.step = {
+ scrollLeft: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollLeft = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ scrollTop: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollTop = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ opacity: function(fx){
+ jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style, "opacity", fx.now);
+ },
+
+ _default: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.style[ fx.prop ] = fx.now + fx.unit;
+ }
+};
+// The Offset Method
+// Originally By Brandon Aaron, part of the Dimension Plugin
+// http://jquery.com/plugins/project/dimensions
+jQuery.fn.offset = function() {
+ var left = 0, top = 0, elem = this[0], results;
+
+ if ( elem ) with ( jQuery.browser ) {
+ var absolute = jQuery.css(elem, "position") == "absolute",
+ parent = elem.parentNode,
+ offsetParent = elem.offsetParent,
+ doc = elem.ownerDocument,
+ safari2 = safari && parseInt(version) < 522;
+
+ // Use getBoundingClientRect if available
+ if ( elem.getBoundingClientRect ) {
+ box = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+ // Add the document scroll offsets
+ add(
+ box.left + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft, doc.body.scrollLeft),
+ box.top + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop, doc.body.scrollTop)
+ );
+
+ // IE adds the HTML element's border, by default it is medium which is 2px
+ // IE 6 and IE 7 quirks mode the border width is overwritable by the following css html { border: 0; }
+ // IE 7 standards mode, the border is always 2px
+ if ( msie ) {
+ var border = jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");
+ border = (border == "medium" || jQuery.boxModel && parseInt(version) >= 7) && 2 || border;
+ add( -border, -border );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise loop through the offsetParents and parentNodes
+ } else {
+
+ // Initial element offsets
+ add( elem.offsetLeft, elem.offsetTop );
+
+ // Get parent offsets
+ while ( offsetParent ) {
+ // Add offsetParent offsets
+ add( offsetParent.offsetLeft, offsetParent.offsetTop );
+
+ // Mozilla and Safari > 2 does not include the border on offset parents
+ // However Mozilla adds the border for table cells
+ if ( mozilla && /^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName) || !safari2 )
+ border( offsetParent );
+
+ // Safari <= 2 doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && !absolute && jQuery.css(offsetParent, "position") == "absolute" )
+ absolute = true;
+
+ // Get next offsetParent
+ offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
+ }
+
+ // Get parent scroll offsets
+ while ( parent.tagName && !/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName) ) {
+ // Work around opera inline/table scrollLeft/Top bug
+ if ( !/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent, "display")) )
+ // Subtract parent scroll offsets
+ add( -parent.scrollLeft, -parent.scrollTop );
+
+ // Mozilla does not add the border for a parent that has overflow != visible
+ if ( mozilla && jQuery.css(parent, "overflow") != "visible" )
+ border( parent );
+
+ // Get next parent
+ parent = parent.parentNode;
+ }
+
+ // Safari doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && absolute )
+ add( -doc.body.offsetLeft, -doc.body.offsetTop );
+ }
+
+ // Return an object with top and left properties
+ results = { top: top, left: left };
+ }
+
+ return results;
+
+ function border(elem) {
+ add( jQuery.css(elem, "borderLeftWidth"), jQuery.css(elem, "borderTopWidth") );
+ }
+
+ function add(l, t) {
+ left += parseInt(l) || 0;
+ top += parseInt(t) || 0;
+ }
+};
+})();
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/styles.css Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+body {
+ background: #F2F1F0;
+ font-family: verdana,sans-serif;
+}
+
+.navheader, .book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .navfooter, .basetemplate {
+ width: 50em;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+a.commenttoggle:hover, a.commenttoggle:active {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .basetemplate {
+ background: white;
+ padding: 2em;
+}
+
+h1 {
+ margin-top: 1.5em;
+}
+
+span.beta {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ font-style: italic;
+ opacity: 0.4;
+}
+
+h2, h3 {
+ margin-top: 2em;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3 {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+}
+
+h1.booktitle {
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle > a {
+ color: black;
+}
+
+.authors {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ opacity: 0.55;
+ padding-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.note th, div.tip th, div.warning th {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-size: 110%;
+}
+
+div.navheader th, div.navfooter td {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+}
+
+div.navheader th {
+ opacity: 0;
+ font-size: 0;
+}
+
+pre.screen {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/shell.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/source.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting, pre.screen, p.remark {
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ font-size: medium;
+ padding: 1em;
+ background-repeat: no-repeat;
+ background-position: 10px 10px;
+ padding-left: 70px;
+}
+
+strong.command, code, pre, span.type {
+ font-family: monospace;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+strong.userinput > code {
+ font-weight: bolder;
+ color: #303030;
+}
+
+div.toc > p {
+ opacity: 0.35;
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.toc b {
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-size: large;
+}
+
+ul.booktoc {
+ padding-left: 0px;
+ list-style-type: none;
+}
+
+.booktoc > li {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+}
+
+.chapinfo {
+ float: right;
+ color: #a0a0a0;
+}
+
+.unpublished {
+ color: #a0a0a0;
+}
+
+.chapinfo img {
+ vertical-align: -35%;
+ border: 0px;
+}
+
+.zebra_b {
+ background: #f4f4f4;
+}
+
+.book .titlepage {
+ display: none;
+}
+
+.chapter div.toc > dl {
+ display: none;
+}
+
+pre.programlisting, pre.screen, p.remark {
+ overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+p.remark {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/remark.png);
+}
+
+div.warning, p.remark {
+ background-color: #FFEFE8;
+ border-color: #e0a8a0;
+}
+
+span.remark {
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #707070;
+}
+
+.screen {
+ background: #e7ffc7 none repeat scroll 0% 50%;
+ border-color: #94DA3A;
+}
+
+.programlisting {
+ background: #F0F4FF none repeat scroll 0% 50%;
+ border-color: #B4BAEA;
+}
+
+.prompt {
+ color: #448844;
+}
+
+div.note, div.tip {
+ background: #ffffc9;
+ border-color: #B4BAEA;
+}
+
+div.note, div.warning, div.tip {
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ padding: 1em;
+}
+
+.note .title {
+ font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+.comment {
+ font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+div.comment, div.new_comment {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+ margin: 0.5em;
+ margin-left: 2em;
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ border-color: #aaaaff;
+}
+
+div.comment {
+ background: #eeeeff;
+}
+
+div.new_comment {
+ background: #d0d0ff;
+}
+
+.commenttoggle {
+ opacity: 0.35;
+}
+
+.comment_help {
+ font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+.comment_header {
+ opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.comment_id {
+ float: right;
+ opacity: 0.3;
+ font-size: 60%;
+}
+
+.comment_name {
+ font-weight: bolder;
+}
+
+.comment_reviewed {
+ color: darkgreen;
+ margin-left: 1em;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.comment_date {
+ opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.comment_thanks {
+ color: darkblue;
+ margin-left: 1em;
+ font-style: italic;
+ font-weight: bolder;
+}
+
+.comment_error {
+ padding-left: 1em;
+ font-weight: bolder;
+ font-size: 80%;
+ color: darkred;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter {
+ width: 60em;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+ margin-top: 2em;
+ padding: 2em;
+ margin-bottom: 2em;
+ font-size: 80%;
+ color: #727272;
+ border-top: 1px solid grey;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter a {
+ color: #5555ff;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter a:visited {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter img {
+ vertical-align: -45%;
+}
+
+table.equation a.commenttoggle {
+ text-align: right;
+ display: block;
+}
+
+div.comment, div.new_comment, form.comment {
+ text-align: left;
+}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/support/styles/styles.css Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+body {
+ background: #F2F1F0;
+ font-family: verdana,sans-serif;
+}
+
+.navheader, .book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .navfooter, .basetemplate {
+ width: 50em;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+a.commenttoggle:hover, a.commenttoggle:active {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .basetemplate {
+ background: white;
+ padding: 2em;
+}
+
+h1 {
+ margin-top: 1.5em;
+}
+
+span.beta {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ font-style: italic;
+ opacity: 0.4;
+}
+
+h2, h3 {
+ margin-top: 2em;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3 {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+}
+
+h1.booktitle {
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle > a {
+ color: black;
+}
+
+.authors {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ opacity: 0.55;
+ padding-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.note th, div.tip th, div.warning th {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-size: 110%;
+}
+
+div.navheader th, div.navfooter td {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+}
+
+div.navheader th {
+ opacity: 0;
+ font-size: 0;
+}
+
+pre.screen {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/shell.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/source.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting, pre.screen, p.remark {
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ font-size: medium;
+ padding: 1em;
+ background-repeat: no-repeat;
+ background-position: 10px 10px;
+ padding-left: 70px;
+}
+
+strong.command, code, pre, span.type {
+ font-family: monospace;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/html/test.html~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+<title>Chapter 1. </title>
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="hgbook.css" type="text/css">
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1">
+</head>
+<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 1. ">
+<div class="titlepage"></div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2872631">Functional Approach</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923650">1. Function scope</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923702">2. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923738">3. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923841">4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923935">5. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923984">6. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2924165">6.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<div class="article" title="Functional Approach">
+<div class="titlepage">
+<div><div><h2 class="title">
+<a name="id2872631"></a>Functional Approach</h2></div></div>
+<hr>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
+<dl>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923650">1. Function scope</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923702">2. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923738">3. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923841">4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923935">5. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
+<dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2923984">6. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
+<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#id2924165">6.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again
+and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also
+allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the
+convenience of not polluting the global variables.</p>
+<p><span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name
+of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the
+list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The
+definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block.
+The <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def factorial(n):
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</pre>
+<p>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the
+number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and
+returns the value.</p>
+<p>A <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We
+call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses
+the arguments to the function.</p>
+<p>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the
+above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> fact5 = factorial(5)</pre>
+<p>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we
+passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
+<p>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function
+to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do
+this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This
+string is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove
+to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the
+docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically
+from it. <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def factorial(n):
+ 'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
+ fact = 1
+ for i in range(2, n):
+ fact *= i
+
+ return fact</pre>
+<p>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any
+Python value or a Python object, which also includes a <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is
+just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other
+valid Python datatypes, including <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other
+things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any
+number of values through a tuple</p>
+<p>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def swap(a, b):
+ return b, a
+
+c, d = swap(a, b)</pre>
+<div class="section" title="1. Function scope">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2923650"></a>1. Function scope</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope
+and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the
+function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if
+it is of basic Python data type:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def cant_change(n):
+ n = 10
+
+n = 5
+cant_change(n)</pre>
+<p>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n
+which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out
+that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not
+changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span>
+and <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span>
+the values are manipulated even outside the function:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> def can_change(n):
+... n[1] = James
+...
+
+>>> name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
+>>> can_change(name)
+>>> name
+['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']</pre>
+<p>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return
+None when the funnction is called.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="2. Default Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2923702"></a>2. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the
+arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing
+a facility called <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function
+that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an
+infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements
+that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the
+function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can
+define the function as follows:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def fib(n=10):
+ fib_list = [0, 1]
+ for i in range(n - 2):
+ next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
+ fib_list.append(next)
+ return fib_list</pre>
+<p>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the
+parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and
+argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> fib()
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
+fib(5)
+[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="3. Keyword Arguments">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2923738"></a>3. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to
+remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may
+be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take
+the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility
+of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in
+the function definition. This is known as <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.</p>
+<p>In a function call, <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the
+following fashion:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> argument_name=argument_value
+Also denoted as: keyword=argument
+
+def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
+ print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)</pre>
+<p>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to
+note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>
+can be specified. Also note, that we have combined <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
+wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')</pre>
+<p>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified
+in the function definition is called as <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to
+bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always
+start with <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword
+arguments</em></span>:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
+ # initialize variables.
+ ...
+ # do some stuff
+ ...
+ # return the value</pre>
+<p>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)</pre>
+<p>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2923841"></a>4. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple
+parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword
+arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the
+keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition
+must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting
+parameter, whose name is preceded by a <span class="strong"><strong>*</strong></span>, for collecting positional
+parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name
+is preceded by a <span class="strong"><strong>**</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def print_report(title, *args, **name):
+ """Structure of *args*
+ (age, email-id)
+ Structure of *name*
+ {
+ 'first': First Name
+ 'middle': Middle Name
+ 'last': Last Name
+ }
+ """
+
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args</pre>
+<p>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can
+be interchanged:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
+ last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</pre>
+<p>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while
+calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in
+place of a list of <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> respectively
+using <span class="strong"><strong>*</strong></span> or <span class="strong"><strong>**</strong></span></p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
+ print "Title: %s" % (title)
+ print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
+ print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
+
+>>> args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
+>>> name = {
+ 'first': 'Johny',
+ 'middle': 'Charles',
+ 'last': 'Douglas'
+ }
+>>> print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
+Title: Employee Report
+Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
+Age: 29
+Email-ID: johny@example.com</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="5. Nested Functions and Scopes">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2923935"></a>5. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming
+turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use <span class="emphasis"><em>Python
+decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this
+course. If you are interested in knowing more about <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in
+Python you are suggested to read:</p>
+<span style="color: red"><line_block><span style="color: red"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar/</div></line></span><span style="color: red"><line><div class="reference">
+<div class="titlepage"><hr></div>http://personalpages.tds.net/~kent37/kk/00001.html</div></line></span></line_block></span><p>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def outer():
+ print "Outer..."
+ def inner():
+ print "Inner..."
+ print "Outer..."
+ inner()
+
+>>> outer()</pre>
+</div>
+<div class="section" title="6. map, reduce and filter functions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
+<a name="id2923984"></a>6. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
+<p>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>,
+<span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.</p>
+<p>The <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments: <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>
+and a <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the
+function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the
+<span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the
+sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned
+by each call to <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>. <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than
+one sequence. In this case, the first argument, <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many
+arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each
+corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the
+sequence is exhausted:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def square(x):
+ return x*x
+
+>>> map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+[1, 4, 9, 16]
+
+def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])</pre>
+<p>The <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+the <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each
+item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which
+<span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def even(x):
+ if x % 2:
+ return True
+ else:
+ return False
+
+>>> filter(even, range(1, 10))
+[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]</pre>
+<p>The <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (<span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to
+<span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span>
+function calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence,
+obtains the result, calls <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element
+in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> def mul(x, y):
+ return x*y
+
+>>> reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
+24</pre>
+<div class="section" title="6.1. List Comprehensions">
+<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
+<a name="id2924165"></a>6.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
+<p>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a
+syntatic sugar to create <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create
+<span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself.
+The syntax of <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate
+the result is a <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and
+multiple <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:</p>
+<pre class="programlisting"> >>> num = [1, 2, 3]
+>>> sq = [x*x for x in num]
+>>> sq
+[1, 4, 9]
+>>> all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+>>> even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]</pre>
+<p>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be
+translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num,
+if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div></body>
+</html>
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/index.html.in Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+<!-- -*- html -*- -->
+{% extends "boilerplate.html" %}
+
+{% block bodycontent %}
+<div class="navheader"><h1 class="booktitle">Mercurial: The Definitive Guide<div class="authors">by Bryan O'Sullivan</div></h1></div>
+
+<div class="book">
+ <h2>Welcome to Mercurial: The Definitive Guide</h2>
+
+ <p>This is the online home of the book “Mercurial: The
+ Definitive Guide”.
+ It was published in 2009 by O'Reilly Media.</p>
+
+ <p><a href="http://www.selenic.com/mercurial">Mercurial</a> is a
+ fast, lightweight source control management system
+ designed for easy and efficient handling of very large distributed
+ projects. My book tells you what it is, why you should care, and
+ how you can use it effectively.</p>
+
+ <h2>Read it online</h2>
+
+ <p>I make the content freely available online: you
+ can <a href="/read/"><i>read it here</i></a>. If you like it,
+ please <a href="#buy">buy a copy</a>!</p>
+
+ <p>For news updates, please
+ visit <a href="http://www.serpentine.com/blog/">my blog</a>. You
+ should follow me on
+ Twitter <a href="http://twitter.com/bos31337">here</a>.</p>
+
+ <h2><a name="#buy">How</a> to buy</h2>
+
+ <p>If you like the book, please support the work of the Software
+ Freedom Conservancy (<a href="#sfc">see below</a>) by buying a
+ copy.</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0596800673?ie=UTF8&tag=reaworhas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0596800673">Amazon.com</a><img src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=reaworhas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0596800673" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" /></li>
+ <li><a href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596800673/">O'Reilly Media</a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+ <h2>You should contribute!</h2>
+
+ <p>I publish the source code for this book
+ as <a href="http://bitbucket.org/bos/hgbook">a
+ Mercurial repository</a>. Please feel
+ welcome to clone it, make modifications to your copy, and send me
+ changes. Getting a copy of the source takes just a few seconds if
+ you have Mercurial installed:</p>
+
+ <pre class="screen">hg clone http://bitbucket.org/bos/hgbook</pre>
+
+ <p>The online version of the book includes a comment system
+ that you can use to send feedback involving errors, omissions, and
+ suggestions.</p>
+
+ <p>(If you would like to adapt the comment system for a
+ publishing project of your own, the source for the web application
+ is included with the book source at the link above.)</p>
+
+ <h2><a name="sfc">How</a> I help Mercurial and free software, and
+ you can too</h2>
+
+ <p>Mercurial is a member of the <a href="http://conservancy.softwarefreedom.org/">Software Freedom Conservancy</a>, a
+ wonderful non-profit organisation that offers its member projects
+ legal and administrative advice.</p>
+
+ <p>I donate my royalties from the sales of this book to the
+ Software Freedom Conservancy, and I encourage you to support their
+ work, too.</p>
+
+ <p>The SFC can
+ accept <a href="http://conservancy.softwarefreedom.org/?donate">accept
+ donations</a> (tax-free under IRS 501(c)(3), within the United
+ States) on behalf of its member projects. If you would like to
+ support Mercurial directly, please consider making a donation to
+ the SFC on its behalf.</p>
+
+ <p>If you would like to help free software developers to provide
+ their important public services without being impeded by legal
+ issues, please consider donating to the SFC's sister organisation,
+ the <a href="http://www.softwarefreedom.org/">Software Freedom Law
+ Center</a>.</p>
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/javascript/hsbook.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+function qid(id) {
+ return id.replace(/([.:])/g, "\\$1");
+}
+
+function beforeComment(formData, jqForm, options) {
+ var form = jqForm[0];
+ if (!form.comment.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Your comment is empty</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (!form.name.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Please provide a name</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().after(
+ "<img src=\"figs/throbber.gif\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\"/>");
+ $(options.target + " input[@name=submit]").attr("disabled", true);
+}
+
+function ajaxifyForm(id) {
+ var q = qid(id);
+
+ $("#form_" + q).ajaxForm({ beforeSubmit: beforeComment,
+ success: function() { ajaxifyForm(id); },
+ target: "#comments_" + q });
+}
+
+function toggleComment(id) {
+ $("#toggle_" + qid(id)).nextAll().toggle();
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadComments(id) {
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id)).load(location.protocol + "//" + location.host +
+ "/comments/single/" + id + "/", function() {
+ ajaxifyForm(id);
+ });
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadAllComments() {
+ $("a.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ if (id) {
+ loadComments(id);
+ }
+ });
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ function loading(id) {
+ return " <span id=\"comments_" + id + "\" class=\"comment\">" +
+ "<span pid=\"" + id + "\" class=\"commenttoggle\">Loading..." +
+ "</span></span>";
+ }
+ $("div.toc>p")
+ .after("<p style='display: none;'><a onclick='return loadAllComments()'>" +
+ "Load all comments (<b>slow</b>)</a></p>")
+ .toggle(function() { $(this).nextAll().show("normal"); },
+ function() { $(this).nextAll().hide("normal"); })
+ .hover(function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.8); },
+ function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.35); });
+ $("p[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).append(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ $("table[@id].equation").each(function() {
+ $(this).after(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ $("pre[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).after(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ var chapid = $("body, div.preface, div.chapter, div.appendix, div.bibliography").attr("id");
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href",
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href") + chapid + "/");
+ $.getJSON(location.protocol + "//" + location.host + "/comments/chapter/" +
+ chapid + "/count/", function(data) {
+ $.each(data, function(id, item) {
+ var s = item == 1 ? "" : "s";
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id) + " span.commenttoggle").replaceWith(
+ "<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "pid='" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comments: show / hide'>" + item + " comment" + s + "</a>");
+ });
+ $("span.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ $(this).replaceWith("<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comment: add'>No comments</a>");
+ });
+ });
+});
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/robots.txt Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+User-agent: *
+Disallow: /feeds/
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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/form-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+(function($){$.fn.ajaxSubmit=function(_2){if(typeof _2=="function"){_2={success:_2};}_2=$.extend({url:this.attr("action")||window.location,type:this.attr("method")||"GET"},_2||{});var _3={};$.event.trigger("form.pre.serialize",[this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var a=this.formToArray(_2.semantic);if(_2.data){for(var n in _2.data){a.push({name:n,value:_2.data[n]});}}if(_2.beforeSubmit&&_2.beforeSubmit(a,this,_2)===false){return this;}$.event.trigger("form.submit.validate",[a,this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var q=$.param(a);if(_2.type.toUpperCase()=="GET"){_2.url+=(_2.url.indexOf("?")>=0?"&":"?")+q;_2.data=null;}else{_2.data=q;}var _7=this,callbacks=[];if(_2.resetForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.resetForm();});}if(_2.clearForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.clearForm();});}if(!_2.dataType&&_2.target){var 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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/form.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery Form Plugin
+ * @requires jQuery v1.1 or later
+ *
+ * Examples at: http://malsup.com/jquery/form/
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses:
+ * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *
+ * Revision: $Id$
+ */
+ (function($) {
+/**
+ * ajaxSubmit() provides a mechanism for submitting an HTML form using AJAX.
+ *
+ * ajaxSubmit accepts a single argument which can be either a success callback function
+ * or an options Object. If a function is provided it will be invoked upon successful
+ * completion of the submit and will be passed the response from the server.
+ * If an options Object is provided, the following attributes are supported:
+ *
+ * target: Identifies the element(s) in the page to be updated with the server response.
+ * This value may be specified as a jQuery selection string, a jQuery object,
+ * or a DOM element.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * url: URL to which the form data will be submitted.
+ * default value: value of form's 'action' attribute
+ *
+ * type: The method in which the form data should be submitted, 'GET' or 'POST'.
+ * default value: value of form's 'method' attribute (or 'GET' if none found)
+ *
+ * data: Additional data to add to the request, specified as key/value pairs (see $.ajax).
+ *
+ * beforeSubmit: Callback method to be invoked before the form is submitted.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * success: Callback method to be invoked after the form has been successfully submitted
+ * and the response has been returned from the server
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * dataType: Expected dataType of the response. One of: null, 'xml', 'script', or 'json'
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * semantic: Boolean flag indicating whether data must be submitted in semantic order (slower).
+ * default value: false
+ *
+ * resetForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be reset if the submit is successful
+ *
+ * clearForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be cleared if the submit is successful
+ *
+ *
+ * The 'beforeSubmit' callback can be provided as a hook for running pre-submit logic or for
+ * validating the form data. If the 'beforeSubmit' callback returns false then the form will
+ * not be submitted. The 'beforeSubmit' callback is invoked with three arguments: the form data
+ * in array format, the jQuery object, and the options object passed into ajaxSubmit.
+ * The form data array takes the following form:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * If a 'success' callback method is provided it is invoked after the response has been returned
+ * from the server. It is passed the responseText or responseXML value (depending on dataType).
+ * See jQuery.ajax for further details.
+ *
+ *
+ * The dataType option provides a means for specifying how the server response should be handled.
+ * This maps directly to the jQuery.httpData method. The following values are supported:
+ *
+ * 'xml': if dataType == 'xml' the server response is treated as XML and the 'success'
+ * callback method, if specified, will be passed the responseXML value
+ * 'json': if dataType == 'json' the server response will be evaluted and passed to
+ * the 'success' callback, if specified
+ * 'script': if dataType == 'script' the server response is evaluated in the global context
+ *
+ *
+ * Note that it does not make sense to use both the 'target' and 'dataType' options. If both
+ * are provided the target will be ignored.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ *
+ * When used on its own, ajaxSubmit() is typically bound to a form's submit event like this:
+ *
+ * $("#form-id").submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * return false; // cancel conventional submit
+ * });
+ *
+ * When using ajaxForm(), however, this is done for you.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(function(data) {
+ * alert('Form submit succeeded! Server returned: ' + data);
+ * });
+ * @desc Submit form and alert server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and update page element with server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and alert the server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Pre-submit validation which aborts the submit operation if form data is empty
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myJsonUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'json',
+ * success: function(data) {
+ * // 'data' is an object representing the the evaluated json data
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc json data returned and evaluated
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myXmlUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'xml',
+ * success: function(responseXML) {
+ * // responseXML is XML document object
+ * var data = $('myElement', responseXML).text();
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc XML data returned from server
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * resetForm: true
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc submit form and reset it if successful
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm).submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit();
+ * return false;
+ * });
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event to use ajaxSubmit
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxSubmit
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @return jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit = function(options) {
+ if (typeof options == 'function')
+ options = { success: options };
+
+ options = $.extend({
+ url: this.attr('action') || window.location,
+ type: this.attr('method') || 'GET'
+ }, options || {});
+
+ // hook for manipulating the form data before it is extracted;
+ // convenient for use with rich editors like tinyMCE or FCKEditor
+ var veto = {};
+ $.event.trigger('form.pre.serialize', [this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var a = this.formToArray(options.semantic);
+ if (options.data) {
+ for (var n in options.data)
+ a.push( { name: n, value: options.data[n] } );
+ }
+
+ // give pre-submit callback an opportunity to abort the submit
+ if (options.beforeSubmit && options.beforeSubmit(a, this, options) === false) return this;
+
+ // fire vetoable 'validate' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.validate', [a, this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var q = $.param(a);//.replace(/%20/g,'+');
+
+ if (options.type.toUpperCase() == 'GET') {
+ options.url += (options.url.indexOf('?') >= 0 ? '&' : '?') + q;
+ options.data = null; // data is null for 'get'
+ }
+ else
+ options.data = q; // data is the query string for 'post'
+
+ var $form = this, callbacks = [];
+ if (options.resetForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.resetForm(); });
+ if (options.clearForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.clearForm(); });
+
+ // perform a load on the target only if dataType is not provided
+ if (!options.dataType && options.target) {
+ var oldSuccess = options.success || function(){};
+ callbacks.push(function(data) {
+ if (this.evalScripts)
+ $(options.target).attr("innerHTML", data).evalScripts().each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ else // jQuery v1.1.4
+ $(options.target).html(data).each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ });
+ }
+ else if (options.success)
+ callbacks.push(options.success);
+
+ options.success = function(data, status) {
+ for (var i=0, max=callbacks.length; i < max; i++)
+ callbacks[i](data, status, $form);
+ };
+
+ // are there files to upload?
+ var files = $('input:file', this).fieldValue();
+ var found = false;
+ for (var j=0; j < files.length; j++)
+ if (files[j])
+ found = true;
+
+ if (options.iframe || found) // options.iframe allows user to force iframe mode
+ fileUpload();
+ else
+ $.ajax(options);
+
+ // fire 'notify' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.notify', [this, options]);
+ return this;
+
+
+ // private function for handling file uploads (hat tip to YAHOO!)
+ function fileUpload() {
+ var form = $form[0];
+ var opts = $.extend({}, $.ajaxSettings, options);
+
+ var id = 'jqFormIO' + $.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;
+ var $io = $('<iframe id="' + id + '" name="' + id + '" />');
+ var io = $io[0];
+ var op8 = $.browser.opera && window.opera.version() < 9;
+ if ($.browser.msie || op8) io.src = 'javascript:false;document.write("");';
+ $io.css({ position: 'absolute', top: '-1000px', left: '-1000px' });
+
+ var xhr = { // mock object
+ responseText: null,
+ responseXML: null,
+ status: 0,
+ statusText: 'n/a',
+ getAllResponseHeaders: function() {},
+ getResponseHeader: function() {},
+ setRequestHeader: function() {}
+ };
+
+ var g = opts.global;
+ // trigger ajax global events so that activity/block indicators work like normal
+ if (g && ! $.active++) $.event.trigger("ajaxStart");
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xhr, opts]);
+
+ var cbInvoked = 0;
+ var timedOut = 0;
+
+ // take a breath so that pending repaints get some cpu time before the upload starts
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.appendTo('body');
+ // jQuery's event binding doesn't work for iframe events in IE
+ io.attachEvent ? io.attachEvent('onload', cb) : io.addEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ // make sure form attrs are set
+ var encAttr = form.encoding ? 'encoding' : 'enctype';
+ var t = $form.attr('target');
+ $form.attr({
+ target: id,
+ method: 'POST',
+ action: opts.url
+ });
+ form[encAttr] = 'multipart/form-data';
+
+ // support timout
+ if (opts.timeout)
+ setTimeout(function() { timedOut = true; cb(); }, opts.timeout);
+
+ form.submit();
+ $form.attr('target', t); // reset target
+ }, 10);
+
+ function cb() {
+ if (cbInvoked++) return;
+
+ io.detachEvent ? io.detachEvent('onload', cb) : io.removeEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ var ok = true;
+ try {
+ if (timedOut) throw 'timeout';
+ // extract the server response from the iframe
+ var data, doc;
+ doc = io.contentWindow ? io.contentWindow.document : io.contentDocument ? io.contentDocument : io.document;
+ xhr.responseText = doc.body ? doc.body.innerHTML : null;
+ xhr.responseXML = doc.XMLDocument ? doc.XMLDocument : doc;
+
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json' || opts.dataType == 'script') {
+ var ta = doc.getElementsByTagName('textarea')[0];
+ data = ta ? ta.value : xhr.responseText;
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json')
+ eval("data = " + data);
+ else
+ $.globalEval(data);
+ }
+ else if (opts.dataType == 'xml') {
+ data = xhr.responseXML;
+ if (!data && xhr.responseText != null)
+ data = toXml(xhr.responseText);
+ }
+ else {
+ data = xhr.responseText;
+ }
+ }
+ catch(e){
+ ok = false;
+ $.handleError(opts, xhr, 'error', e);
+ }
+
+ // ordering of these callbacks/triggers is odd, but that's how $.ajax does it
+ if (ok) {
+ opts.success(data, 'success');
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess", [xhr, opts]);
+ }
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxComplete", [xhr, opts]);
+ if (g && ! --$.active) $.event.trigger("ajaxStop");
+ if (opts.complete) opts.complete(xhr, ok ? 'success' : 'error');
+
+ // clean up
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.remove();
+ xhr.responseXML = null;
+ }, 100);
+ };
+
+ function toXml(s, doc) {
+ if (window.ActiveXObject) {
+ doc = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLDOM');
+ doc.async = 'false';
+ doc.loadXML(s);
+ }
+ else
+ doc = (new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s, 'text/xml');
+ return (doc && doc.documentElement && doc.documentElement.tagName != 'parsererror') ? doc : null;
+ };
+ };
+};
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter = 0; // used to create unique iframe ids
+
+/**
+ * ajaxForm() provides a mechanism for fully automating form submission.
+ *
+ * The advantages of using this method instead of ajaxSubmit() are:
+ *
+ * 1: This method will include coordinates for <input type="image" /> elements (if the element
+ * is used to submit the form).
+ * 2. This method will include the submit element's name/value data (for the element that was
+ * used to submit the form).
+ * 3. This method binds the submit() method to the form for you.
+ *
+ * Note that for accurate x/y coordinates of image submit elements in all browsers
+ * you need to also use the "dimensions" plugin (this method will auto-detect its presence).
+ *
+ * The options argument for ajaxForm works exactly as it does for ajaxSubmit. ajaxForm merely
+ * passes the options argument along after properly binding events for submit elements and
+ * the form itself. See ajaxSubmit for a full description of the options argument.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSForm(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that 'myTargetDiv' is updated with the server response
+ * when the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that server response is alerted after the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that pre-submit callback is invoked before the form
+ * is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxForm
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxForm = function(options) {
+ return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function() {
+ // store options in hash
+ this.formPluginId = $.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;
+ $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId] = options;
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).click(clickHandler);
+ });
+};
+
+$.fn.ajaxForm.counter = 1;
+$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash = {};
+
+function clickHandler(e) {
+ var $form = this.form;
+ $form.clk = this;
+ if (this.type == 'image') {
+ if (e.offsetX != undefined) {
+ $form.clk_x = e.offsetX;
+ $form.clk_y = e.offsetY;
+ } else if (typeof $.fn.offset == 'function') { // try to use dimensions plugin
+ var offset = $(this).offset();
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - offset.left;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - offset.top;
+ } else {
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - this.offsetLeft;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - this.offsetTop;
+ }
+ }
+ // clear form vars
+ setTimeout(function() { $form.clk = $form.clk_x = $form.clk_y = null; }, 10);
+};
+
+function submitHandler() {
+ // retrieve options from hash
+ var id = this.formPluginId;
+ var options = $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];
+ $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ return false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * ajaxFormUnbind unbinds the event handlers that were bound by ajaxForm
+ *
+ * @name ajaxFormUnbind
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind = function() {
+ this.unbind('submit', submitHandler);
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).unbind('click', clickHandler);
+ });
+
+};
+
+/**
+ * formToArray() gathers form element data into an array of objects that can
+ * be passed to any of the following ajax functions: $.get, $.post, or load.
+ * Each object in the array has both a 'name' and 'value' property. An example of
+ * an array for a simple login form might be:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * It is this array that is passed to pre-submit callback functions provided to the
+ * ajaxSubmit() and ajaxForm() methods.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formToArray();
+ * $.post( "myscript.cgi", data );
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form and submit it to the server.
+ *
+ * @name formToArray
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type Array<Object>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formToArray = function(semantic) {
+ var a = [];
+ if (this.length == 0) return a;
+
+ var form = this[0];
+ var els = semantic ? form.getElementsByTagName('*') : form.elements;
+ if (!els) return a;
+ for(var i=0, max=els.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = els[i];
+ var n = el.name;
+ if (!n) continue;
+
+ if (semantic && form.clk && el.type == "image") {
+ // handle image inputs on the fly when semantic == true
+ if(!el.disabled && form.clk == el)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, true);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for(var j=0, jmax=v.length; j < jmax; j++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[j]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: n, value: v});
+ }
+
+ if (!semantic && form.clk) {
+ // input type=='image' are not found in elements array! handle them here
+ var inputs = form.getElementsByTagName("input");
+ for(var i=0, max=inputs.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var input = inputs[i];
+ var n = input.name;
+ if(n && !input.disabled && input.type == "image" && form.clk == input)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes form data into a 'submittable' string. This method will return a string
+ * in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order then pass
+ * true for this arg, otherwise pass false (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for
+ * this logic (which can be significant for very large forms).
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formSerialize();
+ * $.ajax('POST', "myscript.cgi", data);
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form into a single string
+ *
+ * @name formSerialize
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formSerialize = function(semantic) {
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(this.formToArray(semantic));
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes all field elements in the jQuery object into a query string.
+ * This method will return a string in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not serialization is limited to
+ * 'successful' controls (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":radio").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful radio input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful checkbox input elements in myForm into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize(false);
+ * @desc Collect the data from all checkbox elements in myForm (even the unchecked ones) into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input, select, textarea and button elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @name fieldSerialize
+ * @param successful true if only successful controls should be serialized (default is true)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldSerialize = function(successful) {
+ var a = [];
+ this.each(function() {
+ var n = this.name;
+ if (!n) return;
+ var v = $.fieldValue(this, successful);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for (var i=0,max=v.length; i < max; i++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[i]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: this.name, value: v});
+ });
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(a);
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value(s) of the element in the matched set. For example, consider the following form:
+ *
+ * <form><fieldset>
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B1" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B2"/>
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C1" />
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C2" />
+ * </fieldset></form>
+ *
+ * var v = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * // if no values are entered into the text inputs
+ * v == ['','']
+ * // if values entered into the text inputs are 'foo' and 'bar'
+ * v == ['foo','bar']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':checkbox').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither checkbox is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if both checkboxes are checked
+ * v == ['B1', 'B2']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':radio').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither radio is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if first radio is checked
+ * v == ['C1']
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If this value is false the value(s)
+ * for each element is returned.
+ *
+ * Note: This method *always* returns an array. If no valid value can be determined the
+ * array will be empty, otherwise it will contain one or more values.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myPasswordElement").fieldValue();
+ * alert(data[0]);
+ * @desc Alerts the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :input").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the form elements in myForm
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) for the successful checkbox element(s) in the jQuery object.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#mySingleSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the select control
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the text input or textarea elements
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myMultiSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the values for the select-multiple control
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Boolean successful true if only the values for successful controls should be returned (default is true)
+ * @type Array<String>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldValue = function(successful) {
+ for (var val=[], i=0, max=this.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = this[i];
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, successful);
+ if (v === null || typeof v == 'undefined' || (v.constructor == Array && !v.length))
+ continue;
+ v.constructor == Array ? $.merge(val, v) : val.push(v);
+ }
+ return val;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value of the field element.
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If the given element is not
+ * successful and the successful arg is not false then the returned value will be null.
+ *
+ * Note: If the successful flag is true (default) but the element is not successful, the return will be null
+ * Note: The value returned for a successful select-multiple element will always be an array.
+ * Note: If the element has no value the return value will be undefined.
+ *
+ * @example var data = jQuery.fieldValue($("#myPasswordElement")[0]);
+ * @desc Gets the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Element el The DOM element for which the value will be returned
+ * @param Boolean successful true if value returned must be for a successful controls (default is true)
+ * @type String or Array<String> or null or undefined
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fieldValue = function(el, successful) {
+ var n = el.name, t = el.type, tag = el.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (typeof successful == 'undefined') successful = true;
+
+ if (successful && (!n || el.disabled || t == 'reset' || t == 'button' ||
+ (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio') && !el.checked ||
+ (t == 'submit' || t == 'image') && el.form && el.form.clk != el ||
+ tag == 'select' && el.selectedIndex == -1))
+ return null;
+
+ if (tag == 'select') {
+ var index = el.selectedIndex;
+ if (index < 0) return null;
+ var a = [], ops = el.options;
+ var one = (t == 'select-one');
+ var max = (one ? index+1 : ops.length);
+ for(var i=(one ? index : 0); i < max; i++) {
+ var op = ops[i];
+ if (op.selected) {
+ // extra pain for IE...
+ var v = $.browser.msie && !(op.attributes['value'].specified) ? op.text : op.value;
+ if (one) return v;
+ a.push(v);
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+ }
+ return el.value;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Clears the form data. Takes the following actions on the form's input fields:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('form').clearForm();
+ * @desc Clears all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name clearForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $('input,select,textarea', this).clearFields();
+ });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears the selected form elements. Takes the following actions on the matched elements:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('.myInputs').clearFields();
+ * @desc Clears all inputs with class myInputs
+ *
+ * @name clearFields
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearFields = $.fn.clearInputs = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ var t = this.type, tag = this.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (t == 'text' || t == 'password' || tag == 'textarea')
+ this.value = '';
+ else if (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio')
+ this.checked = false;
+ else if (tag == 'select')
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ });
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Resets the form data. Causes all form elements to be reset to their original value.
+ *
+ * @example $('form').resetForm();
+ * @desc Resets all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name resetForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.resetForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ // guard against an input with the name of 'reset'
+ // note that IE reports the reset function as an 'object'
+ if (typeof this.reset == 'function' || (typeof this.reset == 'object' && !this.reset.nodeType))
+ this.reset();
+ });
+};
+
+})(jQuery);
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/form.js~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery Form Plugin
+ * @requires jQuery v1.1 or later
+ *
+ * Examples at: http://malsup.com/jquery/form/
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses:
+ * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *
+ * Revision: $Id$
+ */
+ (function($) {
+/**
+ * ajaxSubmit() provides a mechanism for submitting an HTML form using AJAX.
+ *
+ * ajaxSubmit accepts a single argument which can be either a success callback function
+ * or an options Object. If a function is provided it will be invoked upon successful
+ * completion of the submit and will be passed the response from the server.
+ * If an options Object is provided, the following attributes are supported:
+ *
+ * target: Identifies the element(s) in the page to be updated with the server response.
+ * This value may be specified as a jQuery selection string, a jQuery object,
+ * or a DOM element.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * url: URL to which the form data will be submitted.
+ * default value: value of form's 'action' attribute
+ *
+ * type: The method in which the form data should be submitted, 'GET' or 'POST'.
+ * default value: value of form's 'method' attribute (or 'GET' if none found)
+ *
+ * data: Additional data to add to the request, specified as key/value pairs (see $.ajax).
+ *
+ * beforeSubmit: Callback method to be invoked before the form is submitted.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * success: Callback method to be invoked after the form has been successfully submitted
+ * and the response has been returned from the server
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * dataType: Expected dataType of the response. One of: null, 'xml', 'script', or 'json'
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * semantic: Boolean flag indicating whether data must be submitted in semantic order (slower).
+ * default value: false
+ *
+ * resetForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be reset if the submit is successful
+ *
+ * clearForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be cleared if the submit is successful
+ *
+ *
+ * The 'beforeSubmit' callback can be provided as a hook for running pre-submit logic or for
+ * validating the form data. If the 'beforeSubmit' callback returns false then the form will
+ * not be submitted. The 'beforeSubmit' callback is invoked with three arguments: the form data
+ * in array format, the jQuery object, and the options object passed into ajaxSubmit.
+ * The form data array takes the following form:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * If a 'success' callback method is provided it is invoked after the response has been returned
+ * from the server. It is passed the responseText or responseXML value (depending on dataType).
+ * See jQuery.ajax for further details.
+ *
+ *
+ * The dataType option provides a means for specifying how the server response should be handled.
+ * This maps directly to the jQuery.httpData method. The following values are supported:
+ *
+ * 'xml': if dataType == 'xml' the server response is treated as XML and the 'success'
+ * callback method, if specified, will be passed the responseXML value
+ * 'json': if dataType == 'json' the server response will be evaluted and passed to
+ * the 'success' callback, if specified
+ * 'script': if dataType == 'script' the server response is evaluated in the global context
+ *
+ *
+ * Note that it does not make sense to use both the 'target' and 'dataType' options. If both
+ * are provided the target will be ignored.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ *
+ * When used on its own, ajaxSubmit() is typically bound to a form's submit event like this:
+ *
+ * $("#form-id").submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * return false; // cancel conventional submit
+ * });
+ *
+ * When using ajaxForm(), however, this is done for you.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(function(data) {
+ * alert('Form submit succeeded! Server returned: ' + data);
+ * });
+ * @desc Submit form and alert server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and update page element with server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and alert the server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Pre-submit validation which aborts the submit operation if form data is empty
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myJsonUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'json',
+ * success: function(data) {
+ * // 'data' is an object representing the the evaluated json data
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc json data returned and evaluated
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myXmlUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'xml',
+ * success: function(responseXML) {
+ * // responseXML is XML document object
+ * var data = $('myElement', responseXML).text();
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc XML data returned from server
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * resetForm: true
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc submit form and reset it if successful
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm).submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit();
+ * return false;
+ * });
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event to use ajaxSubmit
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxSubmit
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @return jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit = function(options) {
+ if (typeof options == 'function')
+ options = { success: options };
+
+ options = $.extend({
+ url: this.attr('action') || window.location,
+ type: this.attr('method') || 'GET'
+ }, options || {});
+
+ // hook for manipulating the form data before it is extracted;
+ // convenient for use with rich editors like tinyMCE or FCKEditor
+ var veto = {};
+ $.event.trigger('form.pre.serialize', [this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var a = this.formToArray(options.semantic);
+ if (options.data) {
+ for (var n in options.data)
+ a.push( { name: n, value: options.data[n] } );
+ }
+
+ // give pre-submit callback an opportunity to abort the submit
+ if (options.beforeSubmit && options.beforeSubmit(a, this, options) === false) return this;
+
+ // fire vetoable 'validate' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.validate', [a, this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var q = $.param(a);//.replace(/%20/g,'+');
+
+ if (options.type.toUpperCase() == 'GET') {
+ options.url += (options.url.indexOf('?') >= 0 ? '&' : '?') + q;
+ options.data = null; // data is null for 'get'
+ }
+ else
+ options.data = q; // data is the query string for 'post'
+
+ var $form = this, callbacks = [];
+ if (options.resetForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.resetForm(); });
+ if (options.clearForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.clearForm(); });
+
+ // perform a load on the target only if dataType is not provided
+ if (!options.dataType && options.target) {
+ var oldSuccess = options.success || function(){};
+ callbacks.push(function(data) {
+ if (this.evalScripts)
+ $(options.target).attr("innerHTML", data).evalScripts().each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ else // jQuery v1.1.4
+ $(options.target).html(data).each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ });
+ }
+ else if (options.success)
+ callbacks.push(options.success);
+
+ options.success = function(data, status) {
+ for (var i=0, max=callbacks.length; i < max; i++)
+ callbacks[i](data, status, $form);
+ };
+
+ // are there files to upload?
+ var files = $('input:file', this).fieldValue();
+ var found = false;
+ for (var j=0; j < files.length; j++)
+ if (files[j])
+ found = true;
+
+ if (options.iframe || found) // options.iframe allows user to force iframe mode
+ fileUpload();
+ else
+ $.ajax(options);
+
+ // fire 'notify' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.notify', [this, options]);
+ return this;
+
+
+ // private function for handling file uploads (hat tip to YAHOO!)
+ function fileUpload() {
+ var form = $form[0];
+ var opts = $.extend({}, $.ajaxSettings, options);
+
+ var id = 'jqFormIO' + $.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;
+ var $io = $('<iframe id="' + id + '" name="' + id + '" />');
+ var io = $io[0];
+ var op8 = $.browser.opera && window.opera.version() < 9;
+ if ($.browser.msie || op8) io.src = 'javascript:false;document.write("");';
+ $io.css({ position: 'absolute', top: '-1000px', left: '-1000px' });
+
+ var xhr = { // mock object
+ responseText: null,
+ responseXML: null,
+ status: 0,
+ statusText: 'n/a',
+ getAllResponseHeaders: function() {},
+ getResponseHeader: function() {},
+ setRequestHeader: function() {}
+ };
+
+ var g = opts.global;
+ // trigger ajax global events so that activity/block indicators work like normal
+ if (g && ! $.active++) $.event.trigger("ajaxStart");
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xhr, opts]);
+
+ var cbInvoked = 0;
+ var timedOut = 0;
+
+ // take a breath so that pending repaints get some cpu time before the upload starts
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.appendTo('body');
+ // jQuery's event binding doesn't work for iframe events in IE
+ io.attachEvent ? io.attachEvent('onload', cb) : io.addEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ // make sure form attrs are set
+ var encAttr = form.encoding ? 'encoding' : 'enctype';
+ var t = $form.attr('target');
+ $form.attr({
+ target: id,
+ method: 'POST',
+ action: 'review/'+opts.url
+ });
+ form[encAttr] = 'multipart/form-data';
+
+ // support timout
+ if (opts.timeout)
+ setTimeout(function() { timedOut = true; cb(); }, opts.timeout);
+
+ form.submit();
+ $form.attr('target', t); // reset target
+ }, 10);
+
+ function cb() {
+ if (cbInvoked++) return;
+
+ io.detachEvent ? io.detachEvent('onload', cb) : io.removeEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ var ok = true;
+ try {
+ if (timedOut) throw 'timeout';
+ // extract the server response from the iframe
+ var data, doc;
+ doc = io.contentWindow ? io.contentWindow.document : io.contentDocument ? io.contentDocument : io.document;
+ xhr.responseText = doc.body ? doc.body.innerHTML : null;
+ xhr.responseXML = doc.XMLDocument ? doc.XMLDocument : doc;
+
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json' || opts.dataType == 'script') {
+ var ta = doc.getElementsByTagName('textarea')[0];
+ data = ta ? ta.value : xhr.responseText;
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json')
+ eval("data = " + data);
+ else
+ $.globalEval(data);
+ }
+ else if (opts.dataType == 'xml') {
+ data = xhr.responseXML;
+ if (!data && xhr.responseText != null)
+ data = toXml(xhr.responseText);
+ }
+ else {
+ data = xhr.responseText;
+ }
+ }
+ catch(e){
+ ok = false;
+ $.handleError(opts, xhr, 'error', e);
+ }
+
+ // ordering of these callbacks/triggers is odd, but that's how $.ajax does it
+ if (ok) {
+ opts.success(data, 'success');
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess", [xhr, opts]);
+ }
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxComplete", [xhr, opts]);
+ if (g && ! --$.active) $.event.trigger("ajaxStop");
+ if (opts.complete) opts.complete(xhr, ok ? 'success' : 'error');
+
+ // clean up
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.remove();
+ xhr.responseXML = null;
+ }, 100);
+ };
+
+ function toXml(s, doc) {
+ if (window.ActiveXObject) {
+ doc = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLDOM');
+ doc.async = 'false';
+ doc.loadXML(s);
+ }
+ else
+ doc = (new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s, 'text/xml');
+ return (doc && doc.documentElement && doc.documentElement.tagName != 'parsererror') ? doc : null;
+ };
+ };
+};
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter = 0; // used to create unique iframe ids
+
+/**
+ * ajaxForm() provides a mechanism for fully automating form submission.
+ *
+ * The advantages of using this method instead of ajaxSubmit() are:
+ *
+ * 1: This method will include coordinates for <input type="image" /> elements (if the element
+ * is used to submit the form).
+ * 2. This method will include the submit element's name/value data (for the element that was
+ * used to submit the form).
+ * 3. This method binds the submit() method to the form for you.
+ *
+ * Note that for accurate x/y coordinates of image submit elements in all browsers
+ * you need to also use the "dimensions" plugin (this method will auto-detect its presence).
+ *
+ * The options argument for ajaxForm works exactly as it does for ajaxSubmit. ajaxForm merely
+ * passes the options argument along after properly binding events for submit elements and
+ * the form itself. See ajaxSubmit for a full description of the options argument.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSForm(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that 'myTargetDiv' is updated with the server response
+ * when the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that server response is alerted after the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that pre-submit callback is invoked before the form
+ * is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxForm
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxForm = function(options) {
+ return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function() {
+ // store options in hash
+ this.formPluginId = $.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;
+ $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId] = options;
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).click(clickHandler);
+ });
+};
+
+$.fn.ajaxForm.counter = 1;
+$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash = {};
+
+function clickHandler(e) {
+ var $form = this.form;
+ $form.clk = this;
+ if (this.type == 'image') {
+ if (e.offsetX != undefined) {
+ $form.clk_x = e.offsetX;
+ $form.clk_y = e.offsetY;
+ } else if (typeof $.fn.offset == 'function') { // try to use dimensions plugin
+ var offset = $(this).offset();
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - offset.left;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - offset.top;
+ } else {
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - this.offsetLeft;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - this.offsetTop;
+ }
+ }
+ // clear form vars
+ setTimeout(function() { $form.clk = $form.clk_x = $form.clk_y = null; }, 10);
+};
+
+function submitHandler() {
+ // retrieve options from hash
+ var id = this.formPluginId;
+ var options = $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];
+ $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ return false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * ajaxFormUnbind unbinds the event handlers that were bound by ajaxForm
+ *
+ * @name ajaxFormUnbind
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind = function() {
+ this.unbind('submit', submitHandler);
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).unbind('click', clickHandler);
+ });
+
+};
+
+/**
+ * formToArray() gathers form element data into an array of objects that can
+ * be passed to any of the following ajax functions: $.get, $.post, or load.
+ * Each object in the array has both a 'name' and 'value' property. An example of
+ * an array for a simple login form might be:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * It is this array that is passed to pre-submit callback functions provided to the
+ * ajaxSubmit() and ajaxForm() methods.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formToArray();
+ * $.post( "myscript.cgi", data );
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form and submit it to the server.
+ *
+ * @name formToArray
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type Array<Object>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formToArray = function(semantic) {
+ var a = [];
+ if (this.length == 0) return a;
+
+ var form = this[0];
+ var els = semantic ? form.getElementsByTagName('*') : form.elements;
+ if (!els) return a;
+ for(var i=0, max=els.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = els[i];
+ var n = el.name;
+ if (!n) continue;
+
+ if (semantic && form.clk && el.type == "image") {
+ // handle image inputs on the fly when semantic == true
+ if(!el.disabled && form.clk == el)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, true);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for(var j=0, jmax=v.length; j < jmax; j++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[j]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: n, value: v});
+ }
+
+ if (!semantic && form.clk) {
+ // input type=='image' are not found in elements array! handle them here
+ var inputs = form.getElementsByTagName("input");
+ for(var i=0, max=inputs.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var input = inputs[i];
+ var n = input.name;
+ if(n && !input.disabled && input.type == "image" && form.clk == input)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes form data into a 'submittable' string. This method will return a string
+ * in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order then pass
+ * true for this arg, otherwise pass false (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for
+ * this logic (which can be significant for very large forms).
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formSerialize();
+ * $.ajax('POST', "myscript.cgi", data);
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form into a single string
+ *
+ * @name formSerialize
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formSerialize = function(semantic) {
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(this.formToArray(semantic));
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes all field elements in the jQuery object into a query string.
+ * This method will return a string in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not serialization is limited to
+ * 'successful' controls (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":radio").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful radio input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful checkbox input elements in myForm into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize(false);
+ * @desc Collect the data from all checkbox elements in myForm (even the unchecked ones) into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input, select, textarea and button elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @name fieldSerialize
+ * @param successful true if only successful controls should be serialized (default is true)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldSerialize = function(successful) {
+ var a = [];
+ this.each(function() {
+ var n = this.name;
+ if (!n) return;
+ var v = $.fieldValue(this, successful);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for (var i=0,max=v.length; i < max; i++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[i]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: this.name, value: v});
+ });
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(a);
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value(s) of the element in the matched set. For example, consider the following form:
+ *
+ * <form><fieldset>
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B1" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B2"/>
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C1" />
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C2" />
+ * </fieldset></form>
+ *
+ * var v = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * // if no values are entered into the text inputs
+ * v == ['','']
+ * // if values entered into the text inputs are 'foo' and 'bar'
+ * v == ['foo','bar']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':checkbox').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither checkbox is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if both checkboxes are checked
+ * v == ['B1', 'B2']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':radio').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither radio is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if first radio is checked
+ * v == ['C1']
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If this value is false the value(s)
+ * for each element is returned.
+ *
+ * Note: This method *always* returns an array. If no valid value can be determined the
+ * array will be empty, otherwise it will contain one or more values.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myPasswordElement").fieldValue();
+ * alert(data[0]);
+ * @desc Alerts the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :input").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the form elements in myForm
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) for the successful checkbox element(s) in the jQuery object.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#mySingleSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the select control
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the text input or textarea elements
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myMultiSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the values for the select-multiple control
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Boolean successful true if only the values for successful controls should be returned (default is true)
+ * @type Array<String>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldValue = function(successful) {
+ for (var val=[], i=0, max=this.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = this[i];
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, successful);
+ if (v === null || typeof v == 'undefined' || (v.constructor == Array && !v.length))
+ continue;
+ v.constructor == Array ? $.merge(val, v) : val.push(v);
+ }
+ return val;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value of the field element.
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If the given element is not
+ * successful and the successful arg is not false then the returned value will be null.
+ *
+ * Note: If the successful flag is true (default) but the element is not successful, the return will be null
+ * Note: The value returned for a successful select-multiple element will always be an array.
+ * Note: If the element has no value the return value will be undefined.
+ *
+ * @example var data = jQuery.fieldValue($("#myPasswordElement")[0]);
+ * @desc Gets the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Element el The DOM element for which the value will be returned
+ * @param Boolean successful true if value returned must be for a successful controls (default is true)
+ * @type String or Array<String> or null or undefined
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fieldValue = function(el, successful) {
+ var n = el.name, t = el.type, tag = el.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (typeof successful == 'undefined') successful = true;
+
+ if (successful && (!n || el.disabled || t == 'reset' || t == 'button' ||
+ (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio') && !el.checked ||
+ (t == 'submit' || t == 'image') && el.form && el.form.clk != el ||
+ tag == 'select' && el.selectedIndex == -1))
+ return null;
+
+ if (tag == 'select') {
+ var index = el.selectedIndex;
+ if (index < 0) return null;
+ var a = [], ops = el.options;
+ var one = (t == 'select-one');
+ var max = (one ? index+1 : ops.length);
+ for(var i=(one ? index : 0); i < max; i++) {
+ var op = ops[i];
+ if (op.selected) {
+ // extra pain for IE...
+ var v = $.browser.msie && !(op.attributes['value'].specified) ? op.text : op.value;
+ if (one) return v;
+ a.push(v);
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+ }
+ return el.value;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Clears the form data. Takes the following actions on the form's input fields:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('form').clearForm();
+ * @desc Clears all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name clearForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $('input,select,textarea', this).clearFields();
+ });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears the selected form elements. Takes the following actions on the matched elements:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('.myInputs').clearFields();
+ * @desc Clears all inputs with class myInputs
+ *
+ * @name clearFields
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearFields = $.fn.clearInputs = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ var t = this.type, tag = this.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (t == 'text' || t == 'password' || tag == 'textarea')
+ this.value = '';
+ else if (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio')
+ this.checked = false;
+ else if (tag == 'select')
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ });
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Resets the form data. Causes all form elements to be reset to their original value.
+ *
+ * @example $('form').resetForm();
+ * @desc Resets all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name resetForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.resetForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ // guard against an input with the name of 'reset'
+ // note that IE reports the reset function as an 'object'
+ if (typeof this.reset == 'function' || (typeof this.reset == 'object' && !this.reset.nodeType))
+ this.reset();
+ });
+};
+
+})(jQuery);
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/hsbook.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+function qid(id) {
+ return id.replace(/([.:])/g, "\\$1");
+}
+
+function beforeComment(formData, jqForm, options) {
+ var form = jqForm[0];
+ if (!form.comment.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Your comment is empty</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (!form.name.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Please provide a name</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().after(
+ "<img src=\"/support/icons/throbber.gif\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\"/>");
+ $(options.target + " input[@name=submit]").attr("disabled", true);
+}
+
+function ajaxifyForm(id) {
+ var q = qid(id);
+
+ $("#form_" + q).ajaxForm({ beforeSubmit: beforeComment,
+ success: function() { ajaxifyForm(id); },
+ target: "#comments_" + q });
+}
+
+function toggleComment(id) {
+ $("#toggle_" + qid(id)).nextAll().toggle();
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadComments(id) {
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id)).load(location.protocol + "//" + location.host +
+ "/review/comments/single/" + id + "/", function() {
+ ajaxifyForm(id);
+ });
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadAllComments() {
+ $("a.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ if (id) {
+ loadComments(id);
+ }
+ });
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ function loading(id) {
+ return " <span id=\"comments_" + id + "\" class=\"comment\">" +
+ "<span pid=\"" + id + "\" class=\"commenttoggle\">Loading..." +
+ "</span></span>";
+ }
+ $("div.toc>p")
+ .after("<p style='display: none;'><a onclick='return loadAllComments()'>" +
+ "Load all comments (<b>slow</b>)</a></p>")
+ .toggle(function() { $(this).nextAll().show("normal"); },
+ function() { $(this).nextAll().hide("normal"); })
+ .hover(function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.8); },
+ function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.35); });
+ $(".chapter p[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).append(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ $(".chapter table[@id].equation").each(function() {
+ id = $(this).attr("id");
+ $("#" + id + " tr").after('<tr><td colspan="4">' + loading($(this).attr("id")) + '</td></tr>');
+ });
+ $(".chapter pre[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).after(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ var chapid = $("div.preface, div.chapter, div.appendix, div.bibliography").attr("id");
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href",
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href") + chapid + "/");
+ $.getJSON(location.protocol + "//" + location.host + "/review/comments/chapter/" +
+ chapid + "/count/", function(data) {
+ $.each(data, function(id, item) {
+ var s = item == 1 ? "" : "s";
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id) + " span.commenttoggle").replaceWith(
+ "<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "pid='" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comments: show / hide'>" + item + " comment" + s + "</a>");
+ });
+ $("span.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ $(this).replaceWith("<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comment: add'>No comments</a>");
+ });
+ });
+});
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/hsbook.js~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+function qid(id) {
+ return id.replace(/([.:])/g, "\\$1");
+}
+
+function beforeComment(formData, jqForm, options) {
+ var form = jqForm[0];
+ if (!form.comment.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Your comment is empty</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (!form.name.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Please provide a name</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().after(
+ "<img src=\"/support/icons/throbber.gif\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\"/>");
+ $(options.target + " input[@name=submit]").attr("disabled", true);
+}
+
+function ajaxifyForm(id) {
+ var q = qid(id);
+
+ $("#form_" + q).ajaxForm({ beforeSubmit: beforeComment,
+ success: function() { ajaxifyForm(id); },
+ target: "#comments_" + q });
+}
+
+function toggleComment(id) {
+ $("#toggle_" + qid(id)).nextAll().toggle();
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadComments(id) {
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id)).load(location.protocol + "//" + location.host +
+ "/comments/single/" + id + "/", function() {
+ ajaxifyForm(id);
+ });
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadAllComments() {
+ $("a.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ if (id) {
+ loadComments(id);
+ }
+ });
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ function loading(id) {
+ return " <span id=\"comments_" + id + "\" class=\"comment\">" +
+ "<span pid=\"" + id + "\" class=\"commenttoggle\">Loading..." +
+ "</span></span>";
+ }
+ $("div.toc>p")
+ .after("<p style='display: none;'><a onclick='return loadAllComments()'>" +
+ "Load all comments (<b>slow</b>)</a></p>")
+ .toggle(function() { $(this).nextAll().show("normal"); },
+ function() { $(this).nextAll().hide("normal"); })
+ .hover(function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.8); },
+ function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.35); });
+ $(".chapter p[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).append(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ $(".chapter table[@id].equation").each(function() {
+ id = $(this).attr("id");
+ $("#" + id + " tr").after('<tr><td colspan="4">' + loading($(this).attr("id")) + '</td></tr>');
+ });
+ $(".chapter pre[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).after(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ var chapid = $("div.preface, div.chapter, div.appendix, div.bibliography").attr("id");
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href",
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href") + chapid + "/");
+ $.getJSON(location.protocol + "//" + location.host + "/comments/chapter/" +
+ chapid + "/count/", function(data) {
+ $.each(data, function(id, item) {
+ var s = item == 1 ? "" : "s";
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id) + " span.commenttoggle").replaceWith(
+ "<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "pid='" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comments: show / hide'>" + item + " comment" + s + "</a>");
+ });
+ $("span.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ $(this).replaceWith("<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comment: add'>No comments</a>");
+ });
+ });
+});
Binary file web/support/icons/caution.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/favicon.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/important.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/note.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/remark.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/rss.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/shell.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/source.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/throbber.gif has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/tip.png has changed
Binary file web/support/icons/warning.png has changed
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/javascript/form-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+(function($){$.fn.ajaxSubmit=function(_2){if(typeof _2=="function"){_2={success:_2};}_2=$.extend({url:this.attr("action")||window.location,type:this.attr("method")||"GET"},_2||{});var _3={};$.event.trigger("form.pre.serialize",[this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var a=this.formToArray(_2.semantic);if(_2.data){for(var n in _2.data){a.push({name:n,value:_2.data[n]});}}if(_2.beforeSubmit&&_2.beforeSubmit(a,this,_2)===false){return this;}$.event.trigger("form.submit.validate",[a,this,_2,_3]);if(_3.veto){return this;}var q=$.param(a);if(_2.type.toUpperCase()=="GET"){_2.url+=(_2.url.indexOf("?")>=0?"&":"?")+q;_2.data=null;}else{_2.data=q;}var _7=this,callbacks=[];if(_2.resetForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.resetForm();});}if(_2.clearForm){callbacks.push(function(){_7.clearForm();});}if(!_2.dataType&&_2.target){var _8=_2.success||function(){};callbacks.push(function(_9){if(this.evalScripts){$(_2.target).attr("innerHTML",_9).evalScripts().each(_8,arguments);}else{$(_2.target).html(_9).each(_8,arguments);}});}else{if(_2.success){callbacks.push(_2.success);}}_2.success=function(_a,_b){for(var i=0,max=callbacks.length;i<max;i++){callbacks[i](_a,_b,_7);}};var _d=$("input:file",this).fieldValue();var _e=false;for(var j=0;j<_d.length;j++){if(_d[j]){_e=true;}}if(_2.iframe||_e){fileUpload();}else{$.ajax(_2);}$.event.trigger("form.submit.notify",[this,_2]);return this;function fileUpload(){var _10=_7[0];var _11=$.extend({},$.ajaxSettings,_2);var id="jqFormIO"+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;var $io=$("<iframe id=\""+id+"\" name=\""+id+"\" />");var io=$io[0];var op8=$.browser.opera&&window.opera.version()<9;if($.browser.msie||op8){io.src="javascript:false;document.write(\"\");";}$io.css({position:"absolute",top:"-1000px",left:"-1000px"});var xhr={responseText:null,responseXML:null,status:0,statusText:"n/a",getAllResponseHeaders:function(){},getResponseHeader:function(){},setRequestHeader:function(){}};var g=_11.global;if(g&&!$.active++){$.event.trigger("ajaxStart");}if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxSend",[xhr,_11]);}var _18=0;var _19=0;setTimeout(function(){$io.appendTo("body");io.attachEvent?io.attachEvent("onload",cb):io.addEventListener("load",cb,false);var _1a=_10.encoding?"encoding":"enctype";var t=_7.attr("target");_7.attr({target:id,method:"POST",action:_11.url});_10[_1a]="multipart/form-data";if(_11.timeout){setTimeout(function(){_19=true;cb();},_11.timeout);}_10.submit();_7.attr("target",t);},10);function cb(){if(_18++){return;}io.detachEvent?io.detachEvent("onload",cb):io.removeEventListener("load",cb,false);var ok=true;try{if(_19){throw "timeout";}var _1d,doc;doc=io.contentWindow?io.contentWindow.document:io.contentDocument?io.contentDocument:io.document;xhr.responseText=doc.body?doc.body.innerHTML:null;xhr.responseXML=doc.XMLDocument?doc.XMLDocument:doc;if(_11.dataType=="json"||_11.dataType=="script"){var ta=doc.getElementsByTagName("textarea")[0];_1d=ta?ta.value:xhr.responseText;if(_11.dataType=="json"){eval("data = "+_1d);}else{$.globalEval(_1d);}}else{if(_11.dataType=="xml"){_1d=xhr.responseXML;if(!_1d&&xhr.responseText!=null){_1d=toXml(xhr.responseText);}}else{_1d=xhr.responseText;}}}catch(e){ok=false;$.handleError(_11,xhr,"error",e);}if(ok){_11.success(_1d,"success");if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess",[xhr,_11]);}}if(g){$.event.trigger("ajaxComplete",[xhr,_11]);}if(g&&!--$.active){$.event.trigger("ajaxStop");}if(_11.complete){_11.complete(xhr,ok?"success":"error");}setTimeout(function(){$io.remove();xhr.responseXML=null;},100);}function toXml(s,doc){if(window.ActiveXObject){doc=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLDOM");doc.async="false";doc.loadXML(s);}else{doc=(new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s,"text/xml");}return (doc&&doc.documentElement&&doc.documentElement.tagName!="parsererror")?doc:null;}}};$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter=0;$.fn.ajaxForm=function(_21){return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function(){this.formPluginId=$.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId]=_21;$(":submit,input:image",this).click(clickHandler);});};$.fn.ajaxForm.counter=1;$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash={};function clickHandler(e){var _23=this.form;_23.clk=this;if(this.type=="image"){if(e.offsetX!=undefined){_23.clk_x=e.offsetX;_23.clk_y=e.offsetY;}else{if(typeof $.fn.offset=="function"){var _24=$(this).offset();_23.clk_x=e.pageX-_24.left;_23.clk_y=e.pageY-_24.top;}else{_23.clk_x=e.pageX-this.offsetLeft;_23.clk_y=e.pageY-this.offsetTop;}}}setTimeout(function(){_23.clk=_23.clk_x=_23.clk_y=null;},10);}function submitHandler(){var id=this.formPluginId;var _26=$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];$(this).ajaxSubmit(_26);return false;}$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind=function(){this.unbind("submit",submitHandler);return this.each(function(){$(":submit,input:image",this).unbind("click",clickHandler);});};$.fn.formToArray=function(_27){var a=[];if(this.length==0){return a;}var _29=this[0];var els=_27?_29.getElementsByTagName("*"):_29.elements;if(!els){return a;}for(var i=0,max=els.length;i<max;i++){var el=els[i];var n=el.name;if(!n){continue;}if(_27&&_29.clk&&el.type=="image"){if(!el.disabled&&_29.clk==el){a.push({name:n+".x",value:_29.clk_x},{name:n+".y",value:_29.clk_y});}continue;}var v=$.fieldValue(el,true);if(v&&v.constructor==Array){for(var j=0,jmax=v.length;j<jmax;j++){a.push({name:n,value:v[j]});}}else{if(v!==null&&typeof v!="undefined"){a.push({name:n,value:v});}}}if(!_27&&_29.clk){var _30=_29.getElementsByTagName("input");for(var i=0,max=_30.length;i<max;i++){var _32=_30[i];var n=_32.name;if(n&&!_32.disabled&&_32.type=="image"&&_29.clk==_32){a.push({name:n+".x",value:_29.clk_x},{name:n+".y",value:_29.clk_y});}}}return a;};$.fn.formSerialize=function(_34){return $.param(this.formToArray(_34));};$.fn.fieldSerialize=function(_35){var a=[];this.each(function(){var n=this.name;if(!n){return;}var v=$.fieldValue(this,_35);if(v&&v.constructor==Array){for(var i=0,max=v.length;i<max;i++){a.push({name:n,value:v[i]});}}else{if(v!==null&&typeof v!="undefined"){a.push({name:this.name,value:v});}}});return $.param(a);};$.fn.fieldValue=function(_3a){for(var val=[],i=0,max=this.length;i<max;i++){var el=this[i];var v=$.fieldValue(el,_3a);if(v===null||typeof v=="undefined"||(v.constructor==Array&&!v.length)){continue;}v.constructor==Array?$.merge(val,v):val.push(v);}return val;};$.fieldValue=function(el,_3f){var n=el.name,t=el.type,tag=el.tagName.toLowerCase();if(typeof _3f=="undefined"){_3f=true;}if(_3f&&(!n||el.disabled||t=="reset"||t=="button"||(t=="checkbox"||t=="radio")&&!el.checked||(t=="submit"||t=="image")&&el.form&&el.form.clk!=el||tag=="select"&&el.selectedIndex==-1)){return null;}if(tag=="select"){var _41=el.selectedIndex;if(_41<0){return null;}var a=[],ops=el.options;var one=(t=="select-one");var max=(one?_41+1:ops.length);for(var i=(one?_41:0);i<max;i++){var op=ops[i];if(op.selected){var v=$.browser.msie&&!(op.attributes["value"].specified)?op.text:op.value;if(one){return v;}a.push(v);}}return a;}return el.value;};$.fn.clearForm=function(){return this.each(function(){$("input,select,textarea",this).clearFields();});};$.fn.clearFields=$.fn.clearInputs=function(){return this.each(function(){var t=this.type,tag=this.tagName.toLowerCase();if(t=="text"||t=="password"||tag=="textarea"){this.value="";}else{if(t=="checkbox"||t=="radio"){this.checked=false;}else{if(tag=="select"){this.selectedIndex=-1;}}}});};$.fn.resetForm=function(){return this.each(function(){if(typeof this.reset=="function"||(typeof this.reset=="object"&&!this.reset.nodeType)){this.reset();}});};})(jQuery);
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/javascript/form.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery Form Plugin
+ * @requires jQuery v1.1 or later
+ *
+ * Examples at: http://malsup.com/jquery/form/
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT and GPL licenses:
+ * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
+ * http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
+ *
+ * Revision: $Id$
+ */
+ (function($) {
+/**
+ * ajaxSubmit() provides a mechanism for submitting an HTML form using AJAX.
+ *
+ * ajaxSubmit accepts a single argument which can be either a success callback function
+ * or an options Object. If a function is provided it will be invoked upon successful
+ * completion of the submit and will be passed the response from the server.
+ * If an options Object is provided, the following attributes are supported:
+ *
+ * target: Identifies the element(s) in the page to be updated with the server response.
+ * This value may be specified as a jQuery selection string, a jQuery object,
+ * or a DOM element.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * url: URL to which the form data will be submitted.
+ * default value: value of form's 'action' attribute
+ *
+ * type: The method in which the form data should be submitted, 'GET' or 'POST'.
+ * default value: value of form's 'method' attribute (or 'GET' if none found)
+ *
+ * data: Additional data to add to the request, specified as key/value pairs (see $.ajax).
+ *
+ * beforeSubmit: Callback method to be invoked before the form is submitted.
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * success: Callback method to be invoked after the form has been successfully submitted
+ * and the response has been returned from the server
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * dataType: Expected dataType of the response. One of: null, 'xml', 'script', or 'json'
+ * default value: null
+ *
+ * semantic: Boolean flag indicating whether data must be submitted in semantic order (slower).
+ * default value: false
+ *
+ * resetForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be reset if the submit is successful
+ *
+ * clearForm: Boolean flag indicating whether the form should be cleared if the submit is successful
+ *
+ *
+ * The 'beforeSubmit' callback can be provided as a hook for running pre-submit logic or for
+ * validating the form data. If the 'beforeSubmit' callback returns false then the form will
+ * not be submitted. The 'beforeSubmit' callback is invoked with three arguments: the form data
+ * in array format, the jQuery object, and the options object passed into ajaxSubmit.
+ * The form data array takes the following form:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * If a 'success' callback method is provided it is invoked after the response has been returned
+ * from the server. It is passed the responseText or responseXML value (depending on dataType).
+ * See jQuery.ajax for further details.
+ *
+ *
+ * The dataType option provides a means for specifying how the server response should be handled.
+ * This maps directly to the jQuery.httpData method. The following values are supported:
+ *
+ * 'xml': if dataType == 'xml' the server response is treated as XML and the 'success'
+ * callback method, if specified, will be passed the responseXML value
+ * 'json': if dataType == 'json' the server response will be evaluted and passed to
+ * the 'success' callback, if specified
+ * 'script': if dataType == 'script' the server response is evaluated in the global context
+ *
+ *
+ * Note that it does not make sense to use both the 'target' and 'dataType' options. If both
+ * are provided the target will be ignored.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ *
+ * When used on its own, ajaxSubmit() is typically bound to a form's submit event like this:
+ *
+ * $("#form-id").submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * return false; // cancel conventional submit
+ * });
+ *
+ * When using ajaxForm(), however, this is done for you.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(function(data) {
+ * alert('Form submit succeeded! Server returned: ' + data);
+ * });
+ * @desc Submit form and alert server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and update page element with server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Submit form and alert the server response
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Pre-submit validation which aborts the submit operation if form data is empty
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myJsonUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'json',
+ * success: function(data) {
+ * // 'data' is an object representing the the evaluated json data
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc json data returned and evaluated
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * url: myXmlUrl.php,
+ * dataType: 'xml',
+ * success: function(responseXML) {
+ * // responseXML is XML document object
+ * var data = $('myElement', responseXML).text();
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc XML data returned from server
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * resetForm: true
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc submit form and reset it if successful
+ *
+ * @example
+ * $('#myForm).submit(function() {
+ * $(this).ajaxSubmit();
+ * return false;
+ * });
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event to use ajaxSubmit
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxSubmit
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @return jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit = function(options) {
+ if (typeof options == 'function')
+ options = { success: options };
+
+ options = $.extend({
+ url: this.attr('action') || window.location,
+ type: this.attr('method') || 'GET'
+ }, options || {});
+
+ // hook for manipulating the form data before it is extracted;
+ // convenient for use with rich editors like tinyMCE or FCKEditor
+ var veto = {};
+ $.event.trigger('form.pre.serialize', [this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var a = this.formToArray(options.semantic);
+ if (options.data) {
+ for (var n in options.data)
+ a.push( { name: n, value: options.data[n] } );
+ }
+
+ // give pre-submit callback an opportunity to abort the submit
+ if (options.beforeSubmit && options.beforeSubmit(a, this, options) === false) return this;
+
+ // fire vetoable 'validate' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.validate', [a, this, options, veto]);
+ if (veto.veto) return this;
+
+ var q = $.param(a);//.replace(/%20/g,'+');
+
+ if (options.type.toUpperCase() == 'GET') {
+ options.url += (options.url.indexOf('?') >= 0 ? '&' : '?') + q;
+ options.data = null; // data is null for 'get'
+ }
+ else
+ options.data = q; // data is the query string for 'post'
+
+ var $form = this, callbacks = [];
+ if (options.resetForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.resetForm(); });
+ if (options.clearForm) callbacks.push(function() { $form.clearForm(); });
+
+ // perform a load on the target only if dataType is not provided
+ if (!options.dataType && options.target) {
+ var oldSuccess = options.success || function(){};
+ callbacks.push(function(data) {
+ if (this.evalScripts)
+ $(options.target).attr("innerHTML", data).evalScripts().each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ else // jQuery v1.1.4
+ $(options.target).html(data).each(oldSuccess, arguments);
+ });
+ }
+ else if (options.success)
+ callbacks.push(options.success);
+
+ options.success = function(data, status) {
+ for (var i=0, max=callbacks.length; i < max; i++)
+ callbacks[i](data, status, $form);
+ };
+
+ // are there files to upload?
+ var files = $('input:file', this).fieldValue();
+ var found = false;
+ for (var j=0; j < files.length; j++)
+ if (files[j])
+ found = true;
+
+ if (options.iframe || found) // options.iframe allows user to force iframe mode
+ fileUpload();
+ else
+ $.ajax(options);
+
+ // fire 'notify' event
+ $.event.trigger('form.submit.notify', [this, options]);
+ return this;
+
+
+ // private function for handling file uploads (hat tip to YAHOO!)
+ function fileUpload() {
+ var form = $form[0];
+ var opts = $.extend({}, $.ajaxSettings, options);
+
+ var id = 'jqFormIO' + $.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter++;
+ var $io = $('<iframe id="' + id + '" name="' + id + '" />');
+ var io = $io[0];
+ var op8 = $.browser.opera && window.opera.version() < 9;
+ if ($.browser.msie || op8) io.src = 'javascript:false;document.write("");';
+ $io.css({ position: 'absolute', top: '-1000px', left: '-1000px' });
+
+ var xhr = { // mock object
+ responseText: null,
+ responseXML: null,
+ status: 0,
+ statusText: 'n/a',
+ getAllResponseHeaders: function() {},
+ getResponseHeader: function() {},
+ setRequestHeader: function() {}
+ };
+
+ var g = opts.global;
+ // trigger ajax global events so that activity/block indicators work like normal
+ if (g && ! $.active++) $.event.trigger("ajaxStart");
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xhr, opts]);
+
+ var cbInvoked = 0;
+ var timedOut = 0;
+
+ // take a breath so that pending repaints get some cpu time before the upload starts
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.appendTo('body');
+ // jQuery's event binding doesn't work for iframe events in IE
+ io.attachEvent ? io.attachEvent('onload', cb) : io.addEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ // make sure form attrs are set
+ var encAttr = form.encoding ? 'encoding' : 'enctype';
+ var t = $form.attr('target');
+ $form.attr({
+ target: id,
+ method: 'POST',
+ action: opts.url
+ });
+ form[encAttr] = 'multipart/form-data';
+
+ // support timout
+ if (opts.timeout)
+ setTimeout(function() { timedOut = true; cb(); }, opts.timeout);
+
+ form.submit();
+ $form.attr('target', t); // reset target
+ }, 10);
+
+ function cb() {
+ if (cbInvoked++) return;
+
+ io.detachEvent ? io.detachEvent('onload', cb) : io.removeEventListener('load', cb, false);
+
+ var ok = true;
+ try {
+ if (timedOut) throw 'timeout';
+ // extract the server response from the iframe
+ var data, doc;
+ doc = io.contentWindow ? io.contentWindow.document : io.contentDocument ? io.contentDocument : io.document;
+ xhr.responseText = doc.body ? doc.body.innerHTML : null;
+ xhr.responseXML = doc.XMLDocument ? doc.XMLDocument : doc;
+
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json' || opts.dataType == 'script') {
+ var ta = doc.getElementsByTagName('textarea')[0];
+ data = ta ? ta.value : xhr.responseText;
+ if (opts.dataType == 'json')
+ eval("data = " + data);
+ else
+ $.globalEval(data);
+ }
+ else if (opts.dataType == 'xml') {
+ data = xhr.responseXML;
+ if (!data && xhr.responseText != null)
+ data = toXml(xhr.responseText);
+ }
+ else {
+ data = xhr.responseText;
+ }
+ }
+ catch(e){
+ ok = false;
+ $.handleError(opts, xhr, 'error', e);
+ }
+
+ // ordering of these callbacks/triggers is odd, but that's how $.ajax does it
+ if (ok) {
+ opts.success(data, 'success');
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxSuccess", [xhr, opts]);
+ }
+ if (g) $.event.trigger("ajaxComplete", [xhr, opts]);
+ if (g && ! --$.active) $.event.trigger("ajaxStop");
+ if (opts.complete) opts.complete(xhr, ok ? 'success' : 'error');
+
+ // clean up
+ setTimeout(function() {
+ $io.remove();
+ xhr.responseXML = null;
+ }, 100);
+ };
+
+ function toXml(s, doc) {
+ if (window.ActiveXObject) {
+ doc = new ActiveXObject('Microsoft.XMLDOM');
+ doc.async = 'false';
+ doc.loadXML(s);
+ }
+ else
+ doc = (new DOMParser()).parseFromString(s, 'text/xml');
+ return (doc && doc.documentElement && doc.documentElement.tagName != 'parsererror') ? doc : null;
+ };
+ };
+};
+$.fn.ajaxSubmit.counter = 0; // used to create unique iframe ids
+
+/**
+ * ajaxForm() provides a mechanism for fully automating form submission.
+ *
+ * The advantages of using this method instead of ajaxSubmit() are:
+ *
+ * 1: This method will include coordinates for <input type="image" /> elements (if the element
+ * is used to submit the form).
+ * 2. This method will include the submit element's name/value data (for the element that was
+ * used to submit the form).
+ * 3. This method binds the submit() method to the form for you.
+ *
+ * Note that for accurate x/y coordinates of image submit elements in all browsers
+ * you need to also use the "dimensions" plugin (this method will auto-detect its presence).
+ *
+ * The options argument for ajaxForm works exactly as it does for ajaxSubmit. ajaxForm merely
+ * passes the options argument along after properly binding events for submit elements and
+ * the form itself. See ajaxSubmit for a full description of the options argument.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * target: '#myTargetDiv'
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSForm(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that 'myTargetDiv' is updated with the server response
+ * when the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * success: function(responseText) {
+ * alert(responseText);
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that server response is alerted after the form is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @example
+ * var options = {
+ * beforeSubmit: function(formArray, jqForm) {
+ * if (formArray.length == 0) {
+ * alert('Please enter data.');
+ * return false;
+ * }
+ * }
+ * };
+ * $('#myForm').ajaxSubmit(options);
+ * @desc Bind form's submit event so that pre-submit callback is invoked before the form
+ * is submitted.
+ *
+ *
+ * @name ajaxForm
+ * @param options object literal containing options which control the form submission process
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxForm = function(options) {
+ return this.ajaxFormUnbind().submit(submitHandler).each(function() {
+ // store options in hash
+ this.formPluginId = $.fn.ajaxForm.counter++;
+ $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[this.formPluginId] = options;
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).click(clickHandler);
+ });
+};
+
+$.fn.ajaxForm.counter = 1;
+$.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash = {};
+
+function clickHandler(e) {
+ var $form = this.form;
+ $form.clk = this;
+ if (this.type == 'image') {
+ if (e.offsetX != undefined) {
+ $form.clk_x = e.offsetX;
+ $form.clk_y = e.offsetY;
+ } else if (typeof $.fn.offset == 'function') { // try to use dimensions plugin
+ var offset = $(this).offset();
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - offset.left;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - offset.top;
+ } else {
+ $form.clk_x = e.pageX - this.offsetLeft;
+ $form.clk_y = e.pageY - this.offsetTop;
+ }
+ }
+ // clear form vars
+ setTimeout(function() { $form.clk = $form.clk_x = $form.clk_y = null; }, 10);
+};
+
+function submitHandler() {
+ // retrieve options from hash
+ var id = this.formPluginId;
+ var options = $.fn.ajaxForm.optionHash[id];
+ $(this).ajaxSubmit(options);
+ return false;
+};
+
+/**
+ * ajaxFormUnbind unbinds the event handlers that were bound by ajaxForm
+ *
+ * @name ajaxFormUnbind
+ * @return jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ * @type jQuery
+ */
+$.fn.ajaxFormUnbind = function() {
+ this.unbind('submit', submitHandler);
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $(":submit,input:image", this).unbind('click', clickHandler);
+ });
+
+};
+
+/**
+ * formToArray() gathers form element data into an array of objects that can
+ * be passed to any of the following ajax functions: $.get, $.post, or load.
+ * Each object in the array has both a 'name' and 'value' property. An example of
+ * an array for a simple login form might be:
+ *
+ * [ { name: 'username', value: 'jresig' }, { name: 'password', value: 'secret' } ]
+ *
+ * It is this array that is passed to pre-submit callback functions provided to the
+ * ajaxSubmit() and ajaxForm() methods.
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * This is normally true anyway, unless the form contains input elements of type='image'.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order and your form
+ * contains an input of type='image" then pass true for this arg, otherwise pass false
+ * (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for this logic.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formToArray();
+ * $.post( "myscript.cgi", data );
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form and submit it to the server.
+ *
+ * @name formToArray
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type Array<Object>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formToArray = function(semantic) {
+ var a = [];
+ if (this.length == 0) return a;
+
+ var form = this[0];
+ var els = semantic ? form.getElementsByTagName('*') : form.elements;
+ if (!els) return a;
+ for(var i=0, max=els.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = els[i];
+ var n = el.name;
+ if (!n) continue;
+
+ if (semantic && form.clk && el.type == "image") {
+ // handle image inputs on the fly when semantic == true
+ if(!el.disabled && form.clk == el)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ continue;
+ }
+
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, true);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for(var j=0, jmax=v.length; j < jmax; j++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[j]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: n, value: v});
+ }
+
+ if (!semantic && form.clk) {
+ // input type=='image' are not found in elements array! handle them here
+ var inputs = form.getElementsByTagName("input");
+ for(var i=0, max=inputs.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var input = inputs[i];
+ var n = input.name;
+ if(n && !input.disabled && input.type == "image" && form.clk == input)
+ a.push({name: n+'.x', value: form.clk_x}, {name: n+'.y', value: form.clk_y});
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes form data into a 'submittable' string. This method will return a string
+ * in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The semantic argument can be used to force form serialization in semantic order.
+ * If your form must be submitted with name/value pairs in semantic order then pass
+ * true for this arg, otherwise pass false (or nothing) to avoid the overhead for
+ * this logic (which can be significant for very large forms).
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm").formSerialize();
+ * $.ajax('POST', "myscript.cgi", data);
+ * @desc Collect all the data from a form into a single string
+ *
+ * @name formSerialize
+ * @param semantic true if serialization must maintain strict semantic ordering of elements (slower)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.formSerialize = function(semantic) {
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(this.formToArray(semantic));
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Serializes all field elements in the jQuery object into a query string.
+ * This method will return a string in the format: name1=value1&name2=value2
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not serialization is limited to
+ * 'successful' controls (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":radio").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful radio input elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful checkbox input elements in myForm into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").formSerialize(false);
+ * @desc Collect the data from all checkbox elements in myForm (even the unchecked ones) into a query string
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(":input").formSerialize();
+ * @desc Collect the data from all successful input, select, textarea and button elements into a query string
+ *
+ * @name fieldSerialize
+ * @param successful true if only successful controls should be serialized (default is true)
+ * @type String
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldSerialize = function(successful) {
+ var a = [];
+ this.each(function() {
+ var n = this.name;
+ if (!n) return;
+ var v = $.fieldValue(this, successful);
+ if (v && v.constructor == Array) {
+ for (var i=0,max=v.length; i < max; i++)
+ a.push({name: n, value: v[i]});
+ }
+ else if (v !== null && typeof v != 'undefined')
+ a.push({name: this.name, value: v});
+ });
+ //hand off to jQuery.param for proper encoding
+ return $.param(a);
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value(s) of the element in the matched set. For example, consider the following form:
+ *
+ * <form><fieldset>
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="A" type="text" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B1" />
+ * <input name="B" type="checkbox" value="B2"/>
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C1" />
+ * <input name="C" type="radio" value="C2" />
+ * </fieldset></form>
+ *
+ * var v = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * // if no values are entered into the text inputs
+ * v == ['','']
+ * // if values entered into the text inputs are 'foo' and 'bar'
+ * v == ['foo','bar']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':checkbox').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither checkbox is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if both checkboxes are checked
+ * v == ['B1', 'B2']
+ *
+ * var v = $(':radio').fieldValue();
+ * // if neither radio is checked
+ * v === undefined
+ * // if first radio is checked
+ * v == ['C1']
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If this value is false the value(s)
+ * for each element is returned.
+ *
+ * Note: This method *always* returns an array. If no valid value can be determined the
+ * array will be empty, otherwise it will contain one or more values.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myPasswordElement").fieldValue();
+ * alert(data[0]);
+ * @desc Alerts the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :input").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the form elements in myForm
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myForm :checkbox").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) for the successful checkbox element(s) in the jQuery object.
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#mySingleSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the select control
+ *
+ * @example var data = $(':text').fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the value(s) of the text input or textarea elements
+ *
+ * @example var data = $("#myMultiSelect").fieldValue();
+ * @desc Get the values for the select-multiple control
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Boolean successful true if only the values for successful controls should be returned (default is true)
+ * @type Array<String>
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.fieldValue = function(successful) {
+ for (var val=[], i=0, max=this.length; i < max; i++) {
+ var el = this[i];
+ var v = $.fieldValue(el, successful);
+ if (v === null || typeof v == 'undefined' || (v.constructor == Array && !v.length))
+ continue;
+ v.constructor == Array ? $.merge(val, v) : val.push(v);
+ }
+ return val;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Returns the value of the field element.
+ *
+ * The successful argument controls whether or not the field element must be 'successful'
+ * (per http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/interact/forms.html#successful-controls).
+ * The default value of the successful argument is true. If the given element is not
+ * successful and the successful arg is not false then the returned value will be null.
+ *
+ * Note: If the successful flag is true (default) but the element is not successful, the return will be null
+ * Note: The value returned for a successful select-multiple element will always be an array.
+ * Note: If the element has no value the return value will be undefined.
+ *
+ * @example var data = jQuery.fieldValue($("#myPasswordElement")[0]);
+ * @desc Gets the current value of the myPasswordElement element
+ *
+ * @name fieldValue
+ * @param Element el The DOM element for which the value will be returned
+ * @param Boolean successful true if value returned must be for a successful controls (default is true)
+ * @type String or Array<String> or null or undefined
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fieldValue = function(el, successful) {
+ var n = el.name, t = el.type, tag = el.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (typeof successful == 'undefined') successful = true;
+
+ if (successful && (!n || el.disabled || t == 'reset' || t == 'button' ||
+ (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio') && !el.checked ||
+ (t == 'submit' || t == 'image') && el.form && el.form.clk != el ||
+ tag == 'select' && el.selectedIndex == -1))
+ return null;
+
+ if (tag == 'select') {
+ var index = el.selectedIndex;
+ if (index < 0) return null;
+ var a = [], ops = el.options;
+ var one = (t == 'select-one');
+ var max = (one ? index+1 : ops.length);
+ for(var i=(one ? index : 0); i < max; i++) {
+ var op = ops[i];
+ if (op.selected) {
+ // extra pain for IE...
+ var v = $.browser.msie && !(op.attributes['value'].specified) ? op.text : op.value;
+ if (one) return v;
+ a.push(v);
+ }
+ }
+ return a;
+ }
+ return el.value;
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Clears the form data. Takes the following actions on the form's input fields:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('form').clearForm();
+ * @desc Clears all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name clearForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ $('input,select,textarea', this).clearFields();
+ });
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clears the selected form elements. Takes the following actions on the matched elements:
+ * - input text fields will have their 'value' property set to the empty string
+ * - select elements will have their 'selectedIndex' property set to -1
+ * - checkbox and radio inputs will have their 'checked' property set to false
+ * - inputs of type submit, button, reset, and hidden will *not* be effected
+ * - button elements will *not* be effected
+ *
+ * @example $('.myInputs').clearFields();
+ * @desc Clears all inputs with class myInputs
+ *
+ * @name clearFields
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.clearFields = $.fn.clearInputs = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ var t = this.type, tag = this.tagName.toLowerCase();
+ if (t == 'text' || t == 'password' || tag == 'textarea')
+ this.value = '';
+ else if (t == 'checkbox' || t == 'radio')
+ this.checked = false;
+ else if (tag == 'select')
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ });
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * Resets the form data. Causes all form elements to be reset to their original value.
+ *
+ * @example $('form').resetForm();
+ * @desc Resets all forms on the page.
+ *
+ * @name resetForm
+ * @type jQuery
+ * @cat Plugins/Form
+ */
+$.fn.resetForm = function() {
+ return this.each(function() {
+ // guard against an input with the name of 'reset'
+ // note that IE reports the reset function as an 'object'
+ if (typeof this.reset == 'function' || (typeof this.reset == 'object' && !this.reset.nodeType))
+ this.reset();
+ });
+};
+
+})(jQuery);
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/javascript/hsbook.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+function qid(id) {
+ return id.replace(/([.:])/g, "\\$1");
+}
+
+function beforeComment(formData, jqForm, options) {
+ var form = jqForm[0];
+ if (!form.comment.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Your comment is empty</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ if (!form.name.value) {
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().append(
+ "<span class=\"comment_error\">Please provide a name</span>");
+ return false;
+ }
+ $(options.target + " span.comment_error").empty().after(
+ "<img src=\"/support/icons/throbber.gif\" style=\"vertical-align: middle\"/>");
+ $(options.target + " input[@name=submit]").attr("disabled", true);
+}
+
+function ajaxifyForm(id) {
+ var q = qid(id);
+
+ $("#form_" + q).ajaxForm({ beforeSubmit: beforeComment,
+ success: function() { ajaxifyForm(id); },
+ target: "#comments_" + q });
+}
+
+function toggleComment(id) {
+ $("#toggle_" + qid(id)).nextAll().toggle();
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadComments(id) {
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id)).load(location.protocol + "//" + location.host +
+ "/comments/single/" + id + "/", function() {
+ ajaxifyForm(id);
+ });
+ return false;
+}
+
+function loadAllComments() {
+ $("a.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ if (id) {
+ loadComments(id);
+ }
+ });
+}
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+ function loading(id) {
+ return " <span id=\"comments_" + id + "\" class=\"comment\">" +
+ "<span pid=\"" + id + "\" class=\"commenttoggle\">Loading..." +
+ "</span></span>";
+ }
+ $("div.toc>p")
+ .after("<p style='display: none;'><a onclick='return loadAllComments()'>" +
+ "Load all comments (<b>slow</b>)</a></p>")
+ .toggle(function() { $(this).nextAll().show("normal"); },
+ function() { $(this).nextAll().hide("normal"); })
+ .hover(function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.8); },
+ function() { $(this).fadeTo("normal", 0.35); });
+ $(".chapter p[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).append(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ $(".chapter table[@id].equation").each(function() {
+ id = $(this).attr("id");
+ $("#" + id + " tr").after('<tr><td colspan="4">' + loading($(this).attr("id")) + '</td></tr>');
+ });
+ $(".chapter pre[@id]").each(function() {
+ $(this).after(loading($(this).attr("id")));
+ });
+ var chapid = $("div.preface, div.chapter, div.appendix, div.bibliography").attr("id");
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href",
+ $("#chapterfeed").attr("href") + chapid + "/");
+ $.getJSON(location.protocol + "//" + location.host + "/comments/chapter/" +
+ chapid + "/count/", function(data) {
+ $.each(data, function(id, item) {
+ var s = item == 1 ? "" : "s";
+ $("#comments_" + qid(id) + " span.commenttoggle").replaceWith(
+ "<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "pid='" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comments: show / hide'>" + item + " comment" + s + "</a>");
+ });
+ $("span.commenttoggle").each(function() {
+ var id = $(this).attr("pid");
+ $(this).replaceWith("<a class='commenttoggle' id='toggle_" + id + "' " +
+ "onclick='return loadComments(\"" + id + "\")' " +
+ "href='comment: add'>No comments</a>");
+ });
+ });
+});
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/javascript/jquery-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+(function(){if(typeof jQuery!="undefined")var _jQuery=jQuery;var jQuery=window.jQuery=function(selector,context){return this instanceof jQuery?this.init(selector,context):new jQuery(selector,context);};if(typeof $!="undefined")var _$=$;window.$=jQuery;var quickExpr=/^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;jQuery.fn=jQuery.prototype={init:function(selector,context){selector=selector||document;if(typeof selector=="string"){var m=quickExpr.exec(selector);if(m&&(m[1]||!context)){if(m[1])selector=jQuery.clean([m[1]],context);else{var tmp=document.getElementById(m[3]);if(tmp)if(tmp.id!=m[3])return jQuery().find(selector);else{this[0]=tmp;this.length=1;return this;}else
+selector=[];}}else
+return new jQuery(context).find(selector);}else if(jQuery.isFunction(selector))return new jQuery(document)[jQuery.fn.ready?"ready":"load"](selector);return this.setArray(selector.constructor==Array&&selector||(selector.jquery||selector.length&&selector!=window&&!selector.nodeType&&selector[0]!=undefined&&selector[0].nodeType)&&jQuery.makeArray(selector)||[selector]);},jquery:"1.2.1",size:function(){return this.length;},length:0,get:function(num){return num==undefined?jQuery.makeArray(this):this[num];},pushStack:function(a){var ret=jQuery(a);ret.prevObject=this;return ret;},setArray:function(a){this.length=0;Array.prototype.push.apply(this,a);return this;},each:function(fn,args){return jQuery.each(this,fn,args);},index:function(obj){var pos=-1;this.each(function(i){if(this==obj)pos=i;});return pos;},attr:function(key,value,type){var obj=key;if(key.constructor==String)if(value==undefined)return this.length&&jQuery[type||"attr"](this[0],key)||undefined;else{obj={};obj[key]=value;}return this.each(function(index){for(var prop in obj)jQuery.attr(type?this.style:this,prop,jQuery.prop(this,obj[prop],type,index,prop));});},css:function(key,value){return this.attr(key,value,"curCSS");},text:function(e){if(typeof e!="object"&&e!=null)return this.empty().append(document.createTextNode(e));var t="";jQuery.each(e||this,function(){jQuery.each(this.childNodes,function(){if(this.nodeType!=8)t+=this.nodeType!=1?this.nodeValue:jQuery.fn.text([this]);});});return t;},wrapAll:function(html){if(this[0])jQuery(html,this[0].ownerDocument).clone().insertBefore(this[0]).map(function(){var elem=this;while(elem.firstChild)elem=elem.firstChild;return elem;}).append(this);return this;},wrapInner:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);});},wrap:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);});},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,1,function(a){this.appendChild(a);});},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,-1,function(a){this.insertBefore(a,this.firstChild);});},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this);});},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,-1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this.nextSibling);});},end:function(){return this.prevObject||jQuery([]);},find:function(t){var data=jQuery.map(this,function(a){return jQuery.find(t,a);});return this.pushStack(/[^+>] [^+>]/.test(t)||t.indexOf("..")>-1?jQuery.unique(data):data);},clone:function(events){var ret=this.map(function(){return this.outerHTML?jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0]:this.cloneNode(true);});var clone=ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){if(this[expando]!=undefined)this[expando]=null;});if(events===true)this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i){var events=jQuery.data(this,"events");for(var type in events)for(var handler in events[type])jQuery.event.add(clone[i],type,events[type][handler],events[type][handler].data);});return ret;},filter:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.isFunction(t)&&jQuery.grep(this,function(el,index){return t.apply(el,[index]);})||jQuery.multiFilter(t,this));},not:function(t){return this.pushStack(t.constructor==String&&jQuery.multiFilter(t,this,true)||jQuery.grep(this,function(a){return(t.constructor==Array||t.jquery)?jQuery.inArray(a,t)<0:a!=t;}));},add:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.merge(this.get(),t.constructor==String?jQuery(t).get():t.length!=undefined&&(!t.nodeName||jQuery.nodeName(t,"form"))?t:[t]));},is:function(expr){return expr?jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length>0:false;},hasClass:function(expr){return this.is("."+expr);},val:function(val){if(val==undefined){if(this.length){var elem=this[0];if(jQuery.nodeName(elem,"select")){var index=elem.selectedIndex,a=[],options=elem.options,one=elem.type=="select-one";if(index<0)return null;for(var i=one?index:0,max=one?index+1:options.length;i<max;i++){var option=options[i];if(option.selected){var val=jQuery.browser.msie&&!option.attributes["value"].specified?option.text:option.value;if(one)return val;a.push(val);}}return a;}else
+return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g,"");}}else
+return this.each(function(){if(val.constructor==Array&&/radio|checkbox/.test(this.type))this.checked=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,val)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.name,val)>=0);else if(jQuery.nodeName(this,"select")){var tmp=val.constructor==Array?val:[val];jQuery("option",this).each(function(){this.selected=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,tmp)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.text,tmp)>=0);});if(!tmp.length)this.selectedIndex=-1;}else
+this.value=val;});},html:function(val){return val==undefined?(this.length?this[0].innerHTML:null):this.empty().append(val);},replaceWith:function(val){return this.after(val).remove();},eq:function(i){return this.slice(i,i+1);},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Array.prototype.slice.apply(this,arguments));},map:function(fn){return this.pushStack(jQuery.map(this,function(elem,i){return fn.call(elem,i,elem);}));},andSelf:function(){return this.add(this.prevObject);},domManip:function(args,table,dir,fn){var clone=this.length>1,a;return this.each(function(){if(!a){a=jQuery.clean(args,this.ownerDocument);if(dir<0)a.reverse();}var obj=this;if(table&&jQuery.nodeName(this,"table")&&jQuery.nodeName(a[0],"tr"))obj=this.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||this.appendChild(document.createElement("tbody"));jQuery.each(a,function(){var elem=clone?this.cloneNode(true):this;if(!evalScript(0,elem))fn.call(obj,elem);});});}};function evalScript(i,elem){var script=jQuery.nodeName(elem,"script");if(script){if(elem.src)jQuery.ajax({url:elem.src,async:false,dataType:"script"});else
+jQuery.globalEval(elem.text||elem.textContent||elem.innerHTML||"");if(elem.parentNode)elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);}else if(elem.nodeType==1)jQuery("script",elem).each(evalScript);return script;}jQuery.extend=jQuery.fn.extend=function(){var target=arguments[0]||{},a=1,al=arguments.length,deep=false;if(target.constructor==Boolean){deep=target;target=arguments[1]||{};}if(al==1){target=this;a=0;}var prop;for(;a<al;a++)if((prop=arguments[a])!=null)for(var i in prop){if(target==prop[i])continue;if(deep&&typeof prop[i]=='object'&&target[i])jQuery.extend(target[i],prop[i]);else if(prop[i]!=undefined)target[i]=prop[i];}return target;};var expando="jQuery"+(new Date()).getTime(),uuid=0,win={};jQuery.extend({noConflict:function(deep){window.$=_$;if(deep)window.jQuery=_jQuery;return jQuery;},isFunction:function(fn){return!!fn&&typeof fn!="string"&&!fn.nodeName&&fn.constructor!=Array&&/function/i.test(fn+"");},isXMLDoc:function(elem){return elem.documentElement&&!elem.body||elem.tagName&&elem.ownerDocument&&!elem.ownerDocument.body;},globalEval:function(data){data=jQuery.trim(data);if(data){if(window.execScript)window.execScript(data);else if(jQuery.browser.safari)window.setTimeout(data,0);else
+eval.call(window,data);}},nodeName:function(elem,name){return elem.nodeName&&elem.nodeName.toUpperCase()==name.toUpperCase();},cache:{},data:function(elem,name,data){elem=elem==window?win:elem;var id=elem[expando];if(!id)id=elem[expando]=++uuid;if(name&&!jQuery.cache[id])jQuery.cache[id]={};if(data!=undefined)jQuery.cache[id][name]=data;return name?jQuery.cache[id][name]:id;},removeData:function(elem,name){elem=elem==window?win:elem;var id=elem[expando];if(name){if(jQuery.cache[id]){delete jQuery.cache[id][name];name="";for(name in jQuery.cache[id])break;if(!name)jQuery.removeData(elem);}}else{try{delete elem[expando];}catch(e){if(elem.removeAttribute)elem.removeAttribute(expando);}delete jQuery.cache[id];}},each:function(obj,fn,args){if(args){if(obj.length==undefined)for(var i in obj)fn.apply(obj[i],args);else
+for(var i=0,ol=obj.length;i<ol;i++)if(fn.apply(obj[i],args)===false)break;}else{if(obj.length==undefined)for(var i in obj)fn.call(obj[i],i,obj[i]);else
+for(var i=0,ol=obj.length,val=obj[0];i<ol&&fn.call(val,i,val)!==false;val=obj[++i]){}}return obj;},prop:function(elem,value,type,index,prop){if(jQuery.isFunction(value))value=value.call(elem,[index]);var exclude=/z-?index|font-?weight|opacity|zoom|line-?height/i;return value&&value.constructor==Number&&type=="curCSS"&&!exclude.test(prop)?value+"px":value;},className:{add:function(elem,c){jQuery.each((c||"").split(/\s+/),function(i,cur){if(!jQuery.className.has(elem.className,cur))elem.className+=(elem.className?" ":"")+cur;});},remove:function(elem,c){elem.className=c!=undefined?jQuery.grep(elem.className.split(/\s+/),function(cur){return!jQuery.className.has(c,cur);}).join(" "):"";},has:function(t,c){return jQuery.inArray(c,(t.className||t).toString().split(/\s+/))>-1;}},swap:function(e,o,f){for(var i in o){e.style["old"+i]=e.style[i];e.style[i]=o[i];}f.apply(e,[]);for(var i in o)e.style[i]=e.style["old"+i];},css:function(e,p){if(p=="height"||p=="width"){var old={},oHeight,oWidth,d=["Top","Bottom","Right","Left"];jQuery.each(d,function(){old["padding"+this]=0;old["border"+this+"Width"]=0;});jQuery.swap(e,old,function(){if(jQuery(e).is(':visible')){oHeight=e.offsetHeight;oWidth=e.offsetWidth;}else{e=jQuery(e.cloneNode(true)).find(":radio").removeAttr("checked").end().css({visibility:"hidden",position:"absolute",display:"block",right:"0",left:"0"}).appendTo(e.parentNode)[0];var parPos=jQuery.css(e.parentNode,"position")||"static";if(parPos=="static")e.parentNode.style.position="relative";oHeight=e.clientHeight;oWidth=e.clientWidth;if(parPos=="static")e.parentNode.style.position="static";e.parentNode.removeChild(e);}});return p=="height"?oHeight:oWidth;}return jQuery.curCSS(e,p);},curCSS:function(elem,prop,force){var ret,stack=[],swap=[];function color(a){if(!jQuery.browser.safari)return false;var ret=document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(a,null);return!ret||ret.getPropertyValue("color")=="";}if(prop=="opacity"&&jQuery.browser.msie){ret=jQuery.attr(elem.style,"opacity");return ret==""?"1":ret;}if(prop.match(/float/i))prop=styleFloat;if(!force&&elem.style[prop])ret=elem.style[prop];else if(document.defaultView&&document.defaultView.getComputedStyle){if(prop.match(/float/i))prop="float";prop=prop.replace(/([A-Z])/g,"-$1").toLowerCase();var cur=document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null);if(cur&&!color(elem))ret=cur.getPropertyValue(prop);else{for(var a=elem;a&&color(a);a=a.parentNode)stack.unshift(a);for(a=0;a<stack.length;a++)if(color(stack[a])){swap[a]=stack[a].style.display;stack[a].style.display="block";}ret=prop=="display"&&swap[stack.length-1]!=null?"none":document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null).getPropertyValue(prop)||"";for(a=0;a<swap.length;a++)if(swap[a]!=null)stack[a].style.display=swap[a];}if(prop=="opacity"&&ret=="")ret="1";}else if(elem.currentStyle){var newProp=prop.replace(/\-(\w)/g,function(m,c){return c.toUpperCase();});ret=elem.currentStyle[prop]||elem.currentStyle[newProp];if(!/^\d+(px)?$/i.test(ret)&&/^\d/.test(ret)){var style=elem.style.left;var runtimeStyle=elem.runtimeStyle.left;elem.runtimeStyle.left=elem.currentStyle.left;elem.style.left=ret||0;ret=elem.style.pixelLeft+"px";elem.style.left=style;elem.runtimeStyle.left=runtimeStyle;}}return ret;},clean:function(a,doc){var r=[];doc=doc||document;jQuery.each(a,function(i,arg){if(!arg)return;if(arg.constructor==Number)arg=arg.toString();if(typeof arg=="string"){arg=arg.replace(/(<(\w+)[^>]*?)\/>/g,function(m,all,tag){return tag.match(/^(abbr|br|col|img|input|link|meta|param|hr|area)$/i)?m:all+"></"+tag+">";});var s=jQuery.trim(arg).toLowerCase(),div=doc.createElement("div"),tb=[];var wrap=!s.indexOf("<opt")&&[1,"<select>","</select>"]||!s.indexOf("<leg")&&[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"]||s.match(/^<(thead|tbody|tfoot|colg|cap)/)&&[1,"<table>","</table>"]||!s.indexOf("<tr")&&[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"]||(!s.indexOf("<td")||!s.indexOf("<th"))&&[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"]||!s.indexOf("<col")&&[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"]||jQuery.browser.msie&&[1,"div<div>","</div>"]||[0,"",""];div.innerHTML=wrap[1]+arg+wrap[2];while(wrap[0]--)div=div.lastChild;if(jQuery.browser.msie){if(!s.indexOf("<table")&&s.indexOf("<tbody")<0)tb=div.firstChild&&div.firstChild.childNodes;else if(wrap[1]=="<table>"&&s.indexOf("<tbody")<0)tb=div.childNodes;for(var n=tb.length-1;n>=0;--n)if(jQuery.nodeName(tb[n],"tbody")&&!tb[n].childNodes.length)tb[n].parentNode.removeChild(tb[n]);if(/^\s/.test(arg))div.insertBefore(doc.createTextNode(arg.match(/^\s*/)[0]),div.firstChild);}arg=jQuery.makeArray(div.childNodes);}if(0===arg.length&&(!jQuery.nodeName(arg,"form")&&!jQuery.nodeName(arg,"select")))return;if(arg[0]==undefined||jQuery.nodeName(arg,"form")||arg.options)r.push(arg);else
+r=jQuery.merge(r,arg);});return r;},attr:function(elem,name,value){var fix=jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem)?{}:jQuery.props;if(name=="selected"&&jQuery.browser.safari)elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;if(fix[name]){if(value!=undefined)elem[fix[name]]=value;return elem[fix[name]];}else if(jQuery.browser.msie&&name=="style")return jQuery.attr(elem.style,"cssText",value);else if(value==undefined&&jQuery.browser.msie&&jQuery.nodeName(elem,"form")&&(name=="action"||name=="method"))return elem.getAttributeNode(name).nodeValue;else if(elem.tagName){if(value!=undefined){if(name=="type"&&jQuery.nodeName(elem,"input")&&elem.parentNode)throw"type property can't be changed";elem.setAttribute(name,value);}if(jQuery.browser.msie&&/href|src/.test(name)&&!jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem))return elem.getAttribute(name,2);return elem.getAttribute(name);}else{if(name=="opacity"&&jQuery.browser.msie){if(value!=undefined){elem.zoom=1;elem.filter=(elem.filter||"").replace(/alpha\([^)]*\)/,"")+(parseFloat(value).toString()=="NaN"?"":"alpha(opacity="+value*100+")");}return elem.filter?(parseFloat(elem.filter.match(/opacity=([^)]*)/)[1])/100).toString():"";}name=name.replace(/-([a-z])/ig,function(z,b){return b.toUpperCase();});if(value!=undefined)elem[name]=value;return elem[name];}},trim:function(t){return(t||"").replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g,"");},makeArray:function(a){var r=[];if(typeof a!="array")for(var i=0,al=a.length;i<al;i++)r.push(a[i]);else
+r=a.slice(0);return r;},inArray:function(b,a){for(var i=0,al=a.length;i<al;i++)if(a[i]==b)return i;return-1;},merge:function(first,second){if(jQuery.browser.msie){for(var i=0;second[i];i++)if(second[i].nodeType!=8)first.push(second[i]);}else
+for(var i=0;second[i];i++)first.push(second[i]);return first;},unique:function(first){var r=[],done={};try{for(var i=0,fl=first.length;i<fl;i++){var id=jQuery.data(first[i]);if(!done[id]){done[id]=true;r.push(first[i]);}}}catch(e){r=first;}return r;},grep:function(elems,fn,inv){if(typeof fn=="string")fn=eval("false||function(a,i){return "+fn+"}");var result=[];for(var i=0,el=elems.length;i<el;i++)if(!inv&&fn(elems[i],i)||inv&&!fn(elems[i],i))result.push(elems[i]);return result;},map:function(elems,fn){if(typeof fn=="string")fn=eval("false||function(a){return "+fn+"}");var result=[];for(var i=0,el=elems.length;i<el;i++){var val=fn(elems[i],i);if(val!==null&&val!=undefined){if(val.constructor!=Array)val=[val];result=result.concat(val);}}return result;}});var userAgent=navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();jQuery.browser={version:(userAgent.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[\/: 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styleFloat=jQuery.browser.msie?"styleFloat":"cssFloat";jQuery.extend({boxModel:!jQuery.browser.msie||document.compatMode=="CSS1Compat",styleFloat:jQuery.browser.msie?"styleFloat":"cssFloat",props:{"for":"htmlFor","class":"className","float":styleFloat,cssFloat:styleFloat,styleFloat:styleFloat,innerHTML:"innerHTML",className:"className",value:"value",disabled:"disabled",checked:"checked",readonly:"readOnly",selected:"selected",maxlength:"maxLength"}});jQuery.each({parent:"a.parentNode",parents:"jQuery.dir(a,'parentNode')",next:"jQuery.nth(a,2,'nextSibling')",prev:"jQuery.nth(a,2,'previousSibling')",nextAll:"jQuery.dir(a,'nextSibling')",prevAll:"jQuery.dir(a,'previousSibling')",siblings:"jQuery.sibling(a.parentNode.firstChild,a)",children:"jQuery.sibling(a.firstChild)",contents:"jQuery.nodeName(a,'iframe')?a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document:jQuery.makeArray(a.childNodes)"},function(i,n){jQuery.fn[i]=function(a){var ret=jQuery.map(this,n);if(a&&typeof 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+s.push(encodeURIComponent(j)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[j]));return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g,"+");}});jQuery.fn.extend({show:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"show",width:"show",opacity:"show"},speed,callback):this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){this.style.display=this.oldblock?this.oldblock:"";if(jQuery.css(this,"display")=="none")this.style.display="block";}).end();},hide:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"hide",width:"hide",opacity:"hide"},speed,callback):this.filter(":visible").each(function(){this.oldblock=this.oldblock||jQuery.css(this,"display");if(this.oldblock=="none")this.oldblock="block";this.style.display="none";}).end();},_toggle:jQuery.fn.toggle,toggle:function(fn,fn2){return jQuery.isFunction(fn)&&jQuery.isFunction(fn2)?this._toggle(fn,fn2):fn?this.animate({height:"toggle",width:"toggle",opacity:"toggle"},fn,fn2):this.each(function(){jQuery(this)[jQuery(this).is(":hidden")?"show":"hide"]();});},slideDown:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"show"},speed,callback);},slideUp:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"hide"},speed,callback);},slideToggle:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"toggle"},speed,callback);},fadeIn:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"show"},speed,callback);},fadeOut:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"hide"},speed,callback);},fadeTo:function(speed,to,callback){return this.animate({opacity:to},speed,callback);},animate:function(prop,speed,easing,callback){var opt=jQuery.speed(speed,easing,callback);return this[opt.queue===false?"each":"queue"](function(){opt=jQuery.extend({},opt);var hidden=jQuery(this).is(":hidden"),self=this;for(var p in prop){if(prop[p]=="hide"&&hidden||prop[p]=="show"&&!hidden)return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete)&&opt.complete.apply(this);if(p=="height"||p=="width"){opt.display=jQuery.css(this,"display");opt.overflow=this.style.overflow;}}if(opt.overflow!=null)this.style.overflow="hidden";opt.curAnim=jQuery.extend({},prop);jQuery.each(prop,function(name,val){var e=new jQuery.fx(self,opt,name);if(/toggle|show|hide/.test(val))e[val=="toggle"?hidden?"show":"hide":val](prop);else{var parts=val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),start=e.cur(true)||0;if(parts){var end=parseFloat(parts[2]),unit=parts[3]||"px";if(unit!="px"){self.style[name]=(end||1)+unit;start=((end||1)/e.cur(true))*start;self.style[name]=start+unit;}if(parts[1])end=((parts[1]=="-="?-1:1)*end)+start;e.custom(start,end,unit);}else
+e.custom(start,val,"");}});return true;});},queue:function(type,fn){if(jQuery.isFunction(type)){fn=type;type="fx";}if(!type||(typeof type=="string"&&!fn))return queue(this[0],type);return this.each(function(){if(fn.constructor==Array)queue(this,type,fn);else{queue(this,type).push(fn);if(queue(this,type).length==1)fn.apply(this);}});},stop:function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;return this.each(function(){for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(timers[i].elem==this)timers.splice(i--,1);}).dequeue();}});var queue=function(elem,type,array){if(!elem)return;var q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue");if(!q||array)q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue",array?jQuery.makeArray(array):[]);return q;};jQuery.fn.dequeue=function(type){type=type||"fx";return this.each(function(){var q=queue(this,type);q.shift();if(q.length)q[0].apply(this);});};jQuery.extend({speed:function(speed,easing,fn){var opt=speed&&speed.constructor==Object?speed:{complete:fn||!fn&&easing||jQuery.isFunction(speed)&&speed,duration:speed,easing:fn&&easing||easing&&easing.constructor!=Function&&easing};opt.duration=(opt.duration&&opt.duration.constructor==Number?opt.duration:{slow:600,fast:200}[opt.duration])||400;opt.old=opt.complete;opt.complete=function(){jQuery(this).dequeue();if(jQuery.isFunction(opt.old))opt.old.apply(this);};return opt;},easing:{linear:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return firstNum+diff*p;},swing:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2)+0.5)*diff+firstNum;}},timers:[],fx:function(elem,options,prop){this.options=options;this.elem=elem;this.prop=prop;if(!options.orig)options.orig={};}});jQuery.fx.prototype={update:function(){if(this.options.step)this.options.step.apply(this.elem,[this.now,this]);(jQuery.fx.step[this.prop]||jQuery.fx.step._default)(this);if(this.prop=="height"||this.prop=="width")this.elem.style.display="block";},cur:function(force){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&this.elem.style[this.prop]==null)return this.elem[this.prop];var r=parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem,this.prop,force));return r&&r>-10000?r:parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem,this.prop))||0;},custom:function(from,to,unit){this.startTime=(new Date()).getTime();this.start=from;this.end=to;this.unit=unit||this.unit||"px";this.now=this.start;this.pos=this.state=0;this.update();var self=this;function t(){return self.step();}t.elem=this.elem;jQuery.timers.push(t);if(jQuery.timers.length==1){var timer=setInterval(function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(!timers[i]())timers.splice(i--,1);if(!timers.length)clearInterval(timer);},13);}},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.show=true;this.custom(0,this.cur());if(this.prop=="width"||this.prop=="height")this.elem.style[this.prop]="1px";jQuery(this.elem).show();},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.hide=true;this.custom(this.cur(),0);},step:function(){var t=(new Date()).getTime();if(t>this.options.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end;this.pos=this.state=1;this.update();this.options.curAnim[this.prop]=true;var done=true;for(var i in this.options.curAnim)if(this.options.curAnim[i]!==true)done=false;if(done){if(this.options.display!=null){this.elem.style.overflow=this.options.overflow;this.elem.style.display=this.options.display;if(jQuery.css(this.elem,"display")=="none")this.elem.style.display="block";}if(this.options.hide)this.elem.style.display="none";if(this.options.hide||this.options.show)for(var p in this.options.curAnim)jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,p,this.options.orig[p]);}if(done&&jQuery.isFunction(this.options.complete))this.options.complete.apply(this.elem);return false;}else{var n=t-this.startTime;this.state=n/this.options.duration;this.pos=jQuery.easing[this.options.easing||(jQuery.easing.swing?"swing":"linear")](this.state,n,0,1,this.options.duration);this.now=this.start+((this.end-this.start)*this.pos);this.update();}return true;}};jQuery.fx.step={scrollLeft:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollLeft=fx.now;},scrollTop:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollTop=fx.now;},opacity:function(fx){jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style,"opacity",fx.now);},_default:function(fx){fx.elem.style[fx.prop]=fx.now+fx.unit;}};jQuery.fn.offset=function(){var left=0,top=0,elem=this[0],results;if(elem)with(jQuery.browser){var absolute=jQuery.css(elem,"position")=="absolute",parent=elem.parentNode,offsetParent=elem.offsetParent,doc=elem.ownerDocument,safari2=safari&&parseInt(version)<522;if(elem.getBoundingClientRect){box=elem.getBoundingClientRect();add(box.left+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft,doc.body.scrollLeft),box.top+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop,doc.body.scrollTop));if(msie){var border=jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");border=(border=="medium"||jQuery.boxModel&&parseInt(version)>=7)&&2||border;add(-border,-border);}}else{add(elem.offsetLeft,elem.offsetTop);while(offsetParent){add(offsetParent.offsetLeft,offsetParent.offsetTop);if(mozilla&&/^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName)||!safari2)border(offsetParent);if(safari2&&!absolute&&jQuery.css(offsetParent,"position")=="absolute")absolute=true;offsetParent=offsetParent.offsetParent;}while(parent.tagName&&!/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName)){if(!/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent,"display")))add(-parent.scrollLeft,-parent.scrollTop);if(mozilla&&jQuery.css(parent,"overflow")!="visible")border(parent);parent=parent.parentNode;}if(safari2&&absolute)add(-doc.body.offsetLeft,-doc.body.offsetTop);}results={top:top,left:left};}return results;function border(elem){add(jQuery.css(elem,"borderLeftWidth"),jQuery.css(elem,"borderTopWidth"));}function add(l,t){left+=parseInt(l)||0;top+=parseInt(t)||0;}};})();
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/javascript/jquery.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2992 @@
+(function(){
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+
+// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof jQuery != "undefined" )
+ var _jQuery = jQuery;
+
+var jQuery = window.jQuery = function(selector, context) {
+ // If the context is a namespace object, return a new object
+ return this instanceof jQuery ?
+ this.init(selector, context) :
+ new jQuery(selector, context);
+};
+
+// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof $ != "undefined" )
+ var _$ = $;
+
+// Map the jQuery namespace to the '$' one
+window.$ = jQuery;
+
+var quickExpr = /^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;
+
+jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
+ init: function(selector, context) {
+ // Make sure that a selection was provided
+ selector = selector || document;
+
+ // Handle HTML strings
+ if ( typeof selector == "string" ) {
+ var m = quickExpr.exec(selector);
+ if ( m && (m[1] || !context) ) {
+ // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
+ if ( m[1] )
+ selector = jQuery.clean( [ m[1] ], context );
+
+ // HANDLE: $("#id")
+ else {
+ var tmp = document.getElementById( m[3] );
+ if ( tmp )
+ // Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
+ // by name instead of ID
+ if ( tmp.id != m[3] )
+ return jQuery().find( selector );
+ else {
+ this[0] = tmp;
+ this.length = 1;
+ return this;
+ }
+ else
+ selector = [];
+ }
+
+ // HANDLE: $(expr)
+ } else
+ return new jQuery( context ).find( selector );
+
+ // HANDLE: $(function)
+ // Shortcut for document ready
+ } else if ( jQuery.isFunction(selector) )
+ return new jQuery(document)[ jQuery.fn.ready ? "ready" : "load" ]( selector );
+
+ return this.setArray(
+ // HANDLE: $(array)
+ selector.constructor == Array && selector ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(arraylike)
+ // Watch for when an array-like object is passed as the selector
+ (selector.jquery || selector.length && selector != window && !selector.nodeType && selector[0] != undefined && selector[0].nodeType) && jQuery.makeArray( selector ) ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(*)
+ [ selector ] );
+ },
+
+ jquery: "1.2.1",
+
+ size: function() {
+ return this.length;
+ },
+
+ length: 0,
+
+ get: function( num ) {
+ return num == undefined ?
+
+ // Return a 'clean' array
+ jQuery.makeArray( this ) :
+
+ // Return just the object
+ this[num];
+ },
+
+ pushStack: function( a ) {
+ var ret = jQuery(a);
+ ret.prevObject = this;
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ setArray: function( a ) {
+ this.length = 0;
+ Array.prototype.push.apply( this, a );
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ each: function( fn, args ) {
+ return jQuery.each( this, fn, args );
+ },
+
+ index: function( obj ) {
+ var pos = -1;
+ this.each(function(i){
+ if ( this == obj ) pos = i;
+ });
+ return pos;
+ },
+
+ attr: function( key, value, type ) {
+ var obj = key;
+
+ // Look for the case where we're accessing a style value
+ if ( key.constructor == String )
+ if ( value == undefined )
+ return this.length && jQuery[ type || "attr" ]( this[0], key ) || undefined;
+ else {
+ obj = {};
+ obj[ key ] = value;
+ }
+
+ // Check to see if we're setting style values
+ return this.each(function(index){
+ // Set all the styles
+ for ( var prop in obj )
+ jQuery.attr(
+ type ? this.style : this,
+ prop, jQuery.prop(this, obj[prop], type, index, prop)
+ );
+ });
+ },
+
+ css: function( key, value ) {
+ return this.attr( key, value, "curCSS" );
+ },
+
+ text: function(e) {
+ if ( typeof e != "object" && e != null )
+ return this.empty().append( document.createTextNode( e ) );
+
+ var t = "";
+ jQuery.each( e || this, function(){
+ jQuery.each( this.childNodes, function(){
+ if ( this.nodeType != 8 )
+ t += this.nodeType != 1 ?
+ this.nodeValue : jQuery.fn.text([ this ]);
+ });
+ });
+ return t;
+ },
+
+ wrapAll: function(html) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ // The elements to wrap the target around
+ jQuery(html, this[0].ownerDocument)
+ .clone()
+ .insertBefore(this[0])
+ .map(function(){
+ var elem = this;
+ while ( elem.firstChild )
+ elem = elem.firstChild;
+ return elem;
+ })
+ .append(this);
+
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ wrapInner: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ wrap: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ append: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, 1, function(a){
+ this.appendChild( a );
+ });
+ },
+
+ prepend: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, -1, function(a){
+ this.insertBefore( a, this.firstChild );
+ });
+ },
+
+ before: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, 1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this );
+ });
+ },
+
+ after: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, -1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this.nextSibling );
+ });
+ },
+
+ end: function() {
+ return this.prevObject || jQuery([]);
+ },
+
+ find: function(t) {
+ var data = jQuery.map(this, function(a){ return jQuery.find(t,a); });
+ return this.pushStack( /[^+>] [^+>]/.test( t ) || t.indexOf("..") > -1 ?
+ jQuery.unique( data ) : data );
+ },
+
+ clone: function(events) {
+ // Do the clone
+ var ret = this.map(function(){
+ return this.outerHTML ? jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0] : this.cloneNode(true);
+ });
+
+ // Need to set the expando to null on the cloned set if it exists
+ // removeData doesn't work here, IE removes it from the original as well
+ // this is primarily for IE but the data expando shouldn't be copied over in any browser
+ var clone = ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){
+ if ( this[ expando ] != undefined )
+ this[ expando ] = null;
+ });
+
+ // Copy the events from the original to the clone
+ if (events === true)
+ this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(this, "events");
+ for ( var type in events )
+ for ( var handler in events[type] )
+ jQuery.event.add(clone[i], type, events[type][handler], events[type][handler].data);
+ });
+
+ // Return the cloned set
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ jQuery.isFunction( t ) &&
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(el, index){
+ return t.apply(el, [index]);
+ }) ||
+
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t,this) );
+ },
+
+ not: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ t.constructor == String &&
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t, this, true) ||
+
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(a) {
+ return ( t.constructor == Array || t.jquery )
+ ? jQuery.inArray( a, t ) < 0
+ : a != t;
+ })
+ );
+ },
+
+ add: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.merge(
+ this.get(),
+ t.constructor == String ?
+ jQuery(t).get() :
+ t.length != undefined && (!t.nodeName || jQuery.nodeName(t, "form")) ?
+ t : [t] )
+ );
+ },
+
+ is: function(expr) {
+ return expr ? jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length > 0 : false;
+ },
+
+ hasClass: function(expr) {
+ return this.is("." + expr);
+ },
+
+ val: function( val ) {
+ if ( val == undefined ) {
+ if ( this.length ) {
+ var elem = this[0];
+
+ // We need to handle select boxes special
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(elem, "select") ) {
+ var index = elem.selectedIndex,
+ a = [],
+ options = elem.options,
+ one = elem.type == "select-one";
+
+ // Nothing was selected
+ if ( index < 0 )
+ return null;
+
+ // Loop through all the selected options
+ for ( var i = one ? index : 0, max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; i < max; i++ ) {
+ var option = options[i];
+ if ( option.selected ) {
+ // Get the specifc value for the option
+ var val = jQuery.browser.msie && !option.attributes["value"].specified ? option.text : option.value;
+
+ // We don't need an array for one selects
+ if ( one )
+ return val;
+
+ // Multi-Selects return an array
+ a.push(val);
+ }
+ }
+
+ return a;
+
+ // Everything else, we just grab the value
+ } else
+ return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g, "");
+ }
+ } else
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( val.constructor == Array && /radio|checkbox/.test(this.type) )
+ this.checked = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, val) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.name, val) >= 0);
+ else if ( jQuery.nodeName(this, "select") ) {
+ var tmp = val.constructor == Array ? val : [val];
+
+ jQuery("option", this).each(function(){
+ this.selected = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, tmp) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.text, tmp) >= 0);
+ });
+
+ if ( !tmp.length )
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ } else
+ this.value = val;
+ });
+ },
+
+ html: function( val ) {
+ return val == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? this[0].innerHTML : null ) :
+ this.empty().append( val );
+ },
+
+ replaceWith: function( val ) {
+ return this.after( val ).remove();
+ },
+
+ eq: function(i){
+ return this.slice(i, i+1);
+ },
+
+ slice: function() {
+ return this.pushStack( Array.prototype.slice.apply( this, arguments ) );
+ },
+
+ map: function(fn) {
+ return this.pushStack(jQuery.map( this, function(elem,i){
+ return fn.call( elem, i, elem );
+ }));
+ },
+
+ andSelf: function() {
+ return this.add( this.prevObject );
+ },
+
+ domManip: function(args, table, dir, fn) {
+ var clone = this.length > 1, a;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( !a ) {
+ a = jQuery.clean(args, this.ownerDocument);
+ if ( dir < 0 )
+ a.reverse();
+ }
+
+ var obj = this;
+
+ if ( table && jQuery.nodeName(this, "table") && jQuery.nodeName(a[0], "tr") )
+ obj = this.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0] || this.appendChild(document.createElement("tbody"));
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ var elem = clone ? this.cloneNode(true) : this;
+ if ( !evalScript(0, elem) )
+ fn.call( obj, elem );
+ });
+ });
+ }
+};
+
+function evalScript(i, elem){
+ var script = jQuery.nodeName(elem, "script");
+
+ if ( script ) {
+ if ( elem.src )
+ jQuery.ajax({ url: elem.src, async: false, dataType: "script" });
+ else
+ jQuery.globalEval( elem.text || elem.textContent || elem.innerHTML || "" );
+
+ if ( elem.parentNode )
+ elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);
+
+ } else if ( elem.nodeType == 1 )
+ jQuery("script", elem).each(evalScript);
+
+ return script;
+}
+
+jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
+ // copy reference to target object
+ var target = arguments[0] || {}, a = 1, al = arguments.length, deep = false;
+
+ // Handle a deep copy situation
+ if ( target.constructor == Boolean ) {
+ deep = target;
+ target = arguments[1] || {};
+ }
+
+ // extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
+ if ( al == 1 ) {
+ target = this;
+ a = 0;
+ }
+
+ var prop;
+
+ for ( ; a < al; a++ )
+ // Only deal with non-null/undefined values
+ if ( (prop = arguments[a]) != null )
+ // Extend the base object
+ for ( var i in prop ) {
+ // Prevent never-ending loop
+ if ( target == prop[i] )
+ continue;
+
+ // Recurse if we're merging object values
+ if ( deep && typeof prop[i] == 'object' && target[i] )
+ jQuery.extend( target[i], prop[i] );
+
+ // Don't bring in undefined values
+ else if ( prop[i] != undefined )
+ target[i] = prop[i];
+ }
+
+ // Return the modified object
+ return target;
+};
+
+var expando = "jQuery" + (new Date()).getTime(), uuid = 0, win = {};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ noConflict: function(deep) {
+ window.$ = _$;
+ if ( deep )
+ window.jQuery = _jQuery;
+ return jQuery;
+ },
+
+ // This may seem like some crazy code, but trust me when I say that this
+ // is the only cross-browser way to do this. --John
+ isFunction: function( fn ) {
+ return !!fn && typeof fn != "string" && !fn.nodeName &&
+ fn.constructor != Array && /function/i.test( fn + "" );
+ },
+
+ // check if an element is in a XML document
+ isXMLDoc: function(elem) {
+ return elem.documentElement && !elem.body ||
+ elem.tagName && elem.ownerDocument && !elem.ownerDocument.body;
+ },
+
+ // Evalulates a script in a global context
+ // Evaluates Async. in Safari 2 :-(
+ globalEval: function( data ) {
+ data = jQuery.trim( data );
+ if ( data ) {
+ if ( window.execScript )
+ window.execScript( data );
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // safari doesn't provide a synchronous global eval
+ window.setTimeout( data, 0 );
+ else
+ eval.call( window, data );
+ }
+ },
+
+ nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
+ return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toUpperCase() == name.toUpperCase();
+ },
+
+ cache: {},
+
+ data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // Compute a unique ID for the element
+ if ( !id )
+ id = elem[ expando ] = ++uuid;
+
+ // Only generate the data cache if we're
+ // trying to access or manipulate it
+ if ( name && !jQuery.cache[ id ] )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ] = {};
+
+ // Prevent overriding the named cache with undefined values
+ if ( data != undefined )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] = data;
+
+ // Return the named cache data, or the ID for the element
+ return name ? jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] : id;
+ },
+
+ removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // If we want to remove a specific section of the element's data
+ if ( name ) {
+ if ( jQuery.cache[ id ] ) {
+ // Remove the section of cache data
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ];
+
+ // If we've removed all the data, remove the element's cache
+ name = "";
+ for ( name in jQuery.cache[ id ] ) break;
+ if ( !name )
+ jQuery.removeData( elem );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise, we want to remove all of the element's data
+ } else {
+ // Clean up the element expando
+ try {
+ delete elem[ expando ];
+ } catch(e){
+ // IE has trouble directly removing the expando
+ // but it's ok with using removeAttribute
+ if ( elem.removeAttribute )
+ elem.removeAttribute( expando );
+ }
+
+ // Completely remove the data cache
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ];
+ }
+ },
+
+ // args is for internal usage only
+ each: function( obj, fn, args ) {
+ if ( args ) {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.apply( obj[i], args );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length; i < ol; i++ )
+ if ( fn.apply( obj[i], args ) === false ) break;
+
+ // A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
+ } else {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.call( obj[i], i, obj[i] );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length, val = obj[0];
+ i < ol && fn.call(val,i,val) !== false; val = obj[++i] ){}
+ }
+
+ return obj;
+ },
+
+ prop: function(elem, value, type, index, prop){
+ // Handle executable functions
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) )
+ value = value.call( elem, [index] );
+
+ // exclude the following css properties to add px
+ var exclude = /z-?index|font-?weight|opacity|zoom|line-?height/i;
+
+ // Handle passing in a number to a CSS property
+ return value && value.constructor == Number && type == "curCSS" && !exclude.test(prop) ?
+ value + "px" :
+ value;
+ },
+
+ className: {
+ // internal only, use addClass("class")
+ add: function( elem, c ){
+ jQuery.each( (c || "").split(/\s+/), function(i, cur){
+ if ( !jQuery.className.has( elem.className, cur ) )
+ elem.className += ( elem.className ? " " : "" ) + cur;
+ });
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use removeClass("class")
+ remove: function( elem, c ){
+ elem.className = c != undefined ?
+ jQuery.grep( elem.className.split(/\s+/), function(cur){
+ return !jQuery.className.has( c, cur );
+ }).join(" ") : "";
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use is(".class")
+ has: function( t, c ) {
+ return jQuery.inArray( c, (t.className || t).toString().split(/\s+/) ) > -1;
+ }
+ },
+
+ swap: function(e,o,f) {
+ for ( var i in o ) {
+ e.style["old"+i] = e.style[i];
+ e.style[i] = o[i];
+ }
+ f.apply( e, [] );
+ for ( var i in o )
+ e.style[i] = e.style["old"+i];
+ },
+
+ css: function(e,p) {
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ var old = {}, oHeight, oWidth, d = ["Top","Bottom","Right","Left"];
+
+ jQuery.each( d, function(){
+ old["padding" + this] = 0;
+ old["border" + this + "Width"] = 0;
+ });
+
+ jQuery.swap( e, old, function() {
+ if ( jQuery(e).is(':visible') ) {
+ oHeight = e.offsetHeight;
+ oWidth = e.offsetWidth;
+ } else {
+ e = jQuery(e.cloneNode(true))
+ .find(":radio").removeAttr("checked").end()
+ .css({
+ visibility: "hidden", position: "absolute", display: "block", right: "0", left: "0"
+ }).appendTo(e.parentNode)[0];
+
+ var parPos = jQuery.css(e.parentNode,"position") || "static";
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "relative";
+
+ oHeight = e.clientHeight;
+ oWidth = e.clientWidth;
+
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "static";
+
+ e.parentNode.removeChild(e);
+ }
+ });
+
+ return p == "height" ? oHeight : oWidth;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.curCSS( e, p );
+ },
+
+ curCSS: function(elem, prop, force) {
+ var ret, stack = [], swap = [];
+
+ // A helper method for determining if an element's values are broken
+ function color(a){
+ if ( !jQuery.browser.safari )
+ return false;
+
+ var ret = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(a,null);
+ return !ret || ret.getPropertyValue("color") == "";
+ }
+
+ if (prop == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie) {
+ ret = jQuery.attr(elem.style, "opacity");
+ return ret == "" ? "1" : ret;
+ }
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = styleFloat;
+
+ if (!force && elem.style[prop])
+ ret = elem.style[prop];
+
+ else if (document.defaultView && document.defaultView.getComputedStyle) {
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = "float";
+
+ prop = prop.replace(/([A-Z])/g,"-$1").toLowerCase();
+ var cur = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem, null);
+
+ if ( cur && !color(elem) )
+ ret = cur.getPropertyValue(prop);
+
+ // If the element isn't reporting its values properly in Safari
+ // then some display: none elements are involved
+ else {
+ // Locate all of the parent display: none elements
+ for ( var a = elem; a && color(a); a = a.parentNode )
+ stack.unshift(a);
+
+ // Go through and make them visible, but in reverse
+ // (It would be better if we knew the exact display type that they had)
+ for ( a = 0; a < stack.length; a++ )
+ if ( color(stack[a]) ) {
+ swap[a] = stack[a].style.display;
+ stack[a].style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Since we flip the display style, we have to handle that
+ // one special, otherwise get the value
+ ret = prop == "display" && swap[stack.length-1] != null ?
+ "none" :
+ document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null).getPropertyValue(prop) || "";
+
+ // Finally, revert the display styles back
+ for ( a = 0; a < swap.length; a++ )
+ if ( swap[a] != null )
+ stack[a].style.display = swap[a];
+ }
+
+ if ( prop == "opacity" && ret == "" )
+ ret = "1";
+
+ } else if (elem.currentStyle) {
+ var newProp = prop.replace(/\-(\w)/g,function(m,c){return c.toUpperCase();});
+ ret = elem.currentStyle[prop] || elem.currentStyle[newProp];
+
+ // From the awesome hack by Dean Edwards
+ // http://erik.eae.net/archives/2007/07/27/18.54.15/#comment-102291
+
+ // If we're not dealing with a regular pixel number
+ // but a number that has a weird ending, we need to convert it to pixels
+ if ( !/^\d+(px)?$/i.test(ret) && /^\d/.test(ret) ) {
+ var style = elem.style.left;
+ var runtimeStyle = elem.runtimeStyle.left;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = elem.currentStyle.left;
+ elem.style.left = ret || 0;
+ ret = elem.style.pixelLeft + "px";
+ elem.style.left = style;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = runtimeStyle;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ clean: function(a, doc) {
+ var r = [];
+ doc = doc || document;
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(i,arg){
+ if ( !arg ) return;
+
+ if ( arg.constructor == Number )
+ arg = arg.toString();
+
+ // Convert html string into DOM nodes
+ if ( typeof arg == "string" ) {
+ // Fix "XHTML"-style tags in all browsers
+ arg = arg.replace(/(<(\w+)[^>]*?)\/>/g, function(m, all, tag){
+ return tag.match(/^(abbr|br|col|img|input|link|meta|param|hr|area)$/i)? m : all+"></"+tag+">";
+ });
+
+ // Trim whitespace, otherwise indexOf won't work as expected
+ var s = jQuery.trim(arg).toLowerCase(), div = doc.createElement("div"), tb = [];
+
+ var wrap =
+ // option or optgroup
+ !s.indexOf("<opt") &&
+ [1, "<select>", "</select>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<leg") &&
+ [1, "<fieldset>", "</fieldset>"] ||
+
+ s.match(/^<(thead|tbody|tfoot|colg|cap)/) &&
+ [1, "<table>", "</table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<tr") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ // <thead> matched above
+ (!s.indexOf("<td") || !s.indexOf("<th")) &&
+ [3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<col") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>"] ||
+
+ // IE can't serialize <link> and <script> tags normally
+ jQuery.browser.msie &&
+ [1, "div<div>", "</div>"] ||
+
+ [0,"",""];
+
+ // Go to html and back, then peel off extra wrappers
+ div.innerHTML = wrap[1] + arg + wrap[2];
+
+ // Move to the right depth
+ while ( wrap[0]-- )
+ div = div.lastChild;
+
+ // Remove IE's autoinserted <tbody> from table fragments
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // String was a <table>, *may* have spurious <tbody>
+ if ( !s.indexOf("<table") && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.firstChild && div.firstChild.childNodes;
+
+ // String was a bare <thead> or <tfoot>
+ else if ( wrap[1] == "<table>" && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.childNodes;
+
+ for ( var n = tb.length-1; n >= 0 ; --n )
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(tb[n], "tbody") && !tb[n].childNodes.length )
+ tb[n].parentNode.removeChild(tb[n]);
+
+ // IE completely kills leading whitespace when innerHTML is used
+ if ( /^\s/.test(arg) )
+ div.insertBefore( doc.createTextNode( arg.match(/^\s*/)[0] ), div.firstChild );
+
+ }
+
+ arg = jQuery.makeArray( div.childNodes );
+ }
+
+ if ( 0 === arg.length && (!jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") && !jQuery.nodeName(arg, "select")) )
+ return;
+
+ if ( arg[0] == undefined || jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") || arg.options )
+ r.push( arg );
+ else
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, arg );
+
+ });
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ attr: function(elem, name, value){
+ var fix = jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ? {} : jQuery.props;
+
+ // Safari mis-reports the default selected property of a hidden option
+ // Accessing the parent's selectedIndex property fixes it
+ if ( name == "selected" && jQuery.browser.safari )
+ elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+
+ // Certain attributes only work when accessed via the old DOM 0 way
+ if ( fix[name] ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[fix[name]] = value;
+ return elem[fix[name]];
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.msie && name == "style" )
+ return jQuery.attr( elem.style, "cssText", value );
+
+ else if ( value == undefined && jQuery.browser.msie && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "form") && (name == "action" || name == "method") )
+ return elem.getAttributeNode(name).nodeValue;
+
+ // IE elem.getAttribute passes even for style
+ else if ( elem.tagName ) {
+
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ if ( name == "type" && jQuery.nodeName(elem,"input") && elem.parentNode )
+ throw "type property can't be changed";
+ elem.setAttribute( name, value );
+ }
+
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && /href|src/.test(name) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) )
+ return elem.getAttribute( name, 2 );
+
+ return elem.getAttribute( name );
+
+ // elem is actually elem.style ... set the style
+ } else {
+ // IE actually uses filters for opacity
+ if ( name == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ // IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout
+ // Force it by setting the zoom level
+ elem.zoom = 1;
+
+ // Set the alpha filter to set the opacity
+ elem.filter = (elem.filter || "").replace(/alpha\([^)]*\)/,"") +
+ (parseFloat(value).toString() == "NaN" ? "" : "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")");
+ }
+
+ return elem.filter ?
+ (parseFloat( elem.filter.match(/opacity=([^)]*)/)[1] ) / 100).toString() : "";
+ }
+ name = name.replace(/-([a-z])/ig,function(z,b){return b.toUpperCase();});
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[name] = value;
+ return elem[name];
+ }
+ },
+
+ trim: function(t){
+ return (t||"").replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, "");
+ },
+
+ makeArray: function( a ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ // Need to use typeof to fight Safari childNodes crashes
+ if ( typeof a != "array" )
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ r.push( a[i] );
+ else
+ r = a.slice( 0 );
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ inArray: function( b, a ) {
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ if ( a[i] == b )
+ return i;
+ return -1;
+ },
+
+ merge: function(first, second) {
+ // We have to loop this way because IE & Opera overwrite the length
+ // expando of getElementsByTagName
+
+ // Also, we need to make sure that the correct elements are being returned
+ // (IE returns comment nodes in a '*' query)
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ if ( second[i].nodeType != 8 )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+ } else
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+
+ return first;
+ },
+
+ unique: function(first) {
+ var r = [], done = {};
+
+ try {
+ for ( var i = 0, fl = first.length; i < fl; i++ ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(first[i]);
+ if ( !done[id] ) {
+ done[id] = true;
+ r.push(first[i]);
+ }
+ }
+ } catch(e) {
+ r = first;
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ grep: function(elems, fn, inv) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, only saving the items
+ // that pass the validator function
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ )
+ if ( !inv && fn(elems[i],i) || inv && !fn(elems[i],i) )
+ result.push( elems[i] );
+
+ return result;
+ },
+
+ map: function(elems, fn) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their
+ // new value (or values).
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ ) {
+ var val = fn(elems[i],i);
+
+ if ( val !== null && val != undefined ) {
+ if ( val.constructor != Array ) val = [val];
+ result = result.concat( val );
+ }
+ }
+
+ return result;
+ }
+});
+
+var userAgent = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();
+
+// Figure out what browser is being used
+jQuery.browser = {
+ version: (userAgent.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[\/: ]([\d.]+)/) || [])[1],
+ safari: /webkit/.test(userAgent),
+ opera: /opera/.test(userAgent),
+ msie: /msie/.test(userAgent) && !/opera/.test(userAgent),
+ mozilla: /mozilla/.test(userAgent) && !/(compatible|webkit)/.test(userAgent)
+};
+
+var styleFloat = jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat";
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ // Check to see if the W3C box model is being used
+ boxModel: !jQuery.browser.msie || document.compatMode == "CSS1Compat",
+
+ styleFloat: jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat",
+
+ props: {
+ "for": "htmlFor",
+ "class": "className",
+ "float": styleFloat,
+ cssFloat: styleFloat,
+ styleFloat: styleFloat,
+ innerHTML: "innerHTML",
+ className: "className",
+ value: "value",
+ disabled: "disabled",
+ checked: "checked",
+ readonly: "readOnly",
+ selected: "selected",
+ maxlength: "maxLength"
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ parent: "a.parentNode",
+ parents: "jQuery.dir(a,'parentNode')",
+ next: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'nextSibling')",
+ prev: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'previousSibling')",
+ nextAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'nextSibling')",
+ prevAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'previousSibling')",
+ siblings: "jQuery.sibling(a.parentNode.firstChild,a)",
+ children: "jQuery.sibling(a.firstChild)",
+ contents: "jQuery.nodeName(a,'iframe')?a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document:jQuery.makeArray(a.childNodes)"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(a) {
+ var ret = jQuery.map(this,n);
+ if ( a && typeof a == "string" )
+ ret = jQuery.multiFilter(a,ret);
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.unique(ret) );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ appendTo: "append",
+ prependTo: "prepend",
+ insertBefore: "before",
+ insertAfter: "after",
+ replaceAll: "replaceWith"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(){
+ var a = arguments;
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var j = 0, al = a.length; j < al; j++ )
+ jQuery(a[j])[n]( this );
+ });
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( {
+ removeAttr: function( key ) {
+ jQuery.attr( this, key, "" );
+ this.removeAttribute( key );
+ },
+ addClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.add(this,c);
+ },
+ removeClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.remove(this,c);
+ },
+ toggleClass: function( c ){
+ jQuery.className[ jQuery.className.has(this,c) ? "remove" : "add" ](this, c);
+ },
+ remove: function(a){
+ if ( !a || jQuery.filter( a, [this] ).r.length ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( this );
+ this.parentNode.removeChild( this );
+ }
+ },
+ empty: function() {
+ // Clean up the cache
+ jQuery("*", this).each(function(){ jQuery.removeData(this); });
+
+ while ( this.firstChild )
+ this.removeChild( this.firstChild );
+ }
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function() {
+ return this.each( n, arguments );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( [ "Height", "Width" ], function(i,name){
+ var n = name.toLowerCase();
+
+ jQuery.fn[ n ] = function(h) {
+ return this[0] == window ?
+ jQuery.browser.safari && self["inner" + name] ||
+ jQuery.boxModel && Math.max(document.documentElement["client" + name], document.body["client" + name]) ||
+ document.body["client" + name] :
+
+ this[0] == document ?
+ Math.max( document.body["scroll" + name], document.body["offset" + name] ) :
+
+ h == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? jQuery.css( this[0], n ) : null ) :
+ this.css( n, h.constructor == String ? h : h + "px" );
+ };
+});
+
+var chars = jQuery.browser.safari && parseInt(jQuery.browser.version) < 417 ?
+ "(?:[\\w*_-]|\\\\.)" :
+ "(?:[\\w\u0128-\uFFFF*_-]|\\\\.)",
+ quickChild = new RegExp("^>\\s*(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickID = new RegExp("^(" + chars + "+)(#)(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickClass = new RegExp("^([#.]?)(" + chars + "*)");
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ expr: {
+ "": "m[2]=='*'||jQuery.nodeName(a,m[2])",
+ "#": "a.getAttribute('id')==m[2]",
+ ":": {
+ // Position Checks
+ lt: "i<m[3]-0",
+ gt: "i>m[3]-0",
+ nth: "m[3]-0==i",
+ eq: "m[3]-0==i",
+ first: "i==0",
+ last: "i==r.length-1",
+ even: "i%2==0",
+ odd: "i%2",
+
+ // Child Checks
+ "first-child": "a.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('*')[0]==a",
+ "last-child": "jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,1,'previousSibling')==a",
+ "only-child": "!jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,2,'previousSibling')",
+
+ // Parent Checks
+ parent: "a.firstChild",
+ empty: "!a.firstChild",
+
+ // Text Check
+ contains: "(a.textContent||a.innerText||jQuery(a).text()||'').indexOf(m[3])>=0",
+
+ // Visibility
+ visible: '"hidden"!=a.type&&jQuery.css(a,"display")!="none"&&jQuery.css(a,"visibility")!="hidden"',
+ hidden: '"hidden"==a.type||jQuery.css(a,"display")=="none"||jQuery.css(a,"visibility")=="hidden"',
+
+ // Form attributes
+ enabled: "!a.disabled",
+ disabled: "a.disabled",
+ checked: "a.checked",
+ selected: "a.selected||jQuery.attr(a,'selected')",
+
+ // Form elements
+ text: "'text'==a.type",
+ radio: "'radio'==a.type",
+ checkbox: "'checkbox'==a.type",
+ file: "'file'==a.type",
+ password: "'password'==a.type",
+ submit: "'submit'==a.type",
+ image: "'image'==a.type",
+ reset: "'reset'==a.type",
+ button: '"button"==a.type||jQuery.nodeName(a,"button")',
+ input: "/input|select|textarea|button/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :has()
+ has: "jQuery.find(m[3],a).length",
+
+ // :header
+ header: "/h\\d/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :animated
+ animated: "jQuery.grep(jQuery.timers,function(fn){return a==fn.elem;}).length"
+ }
+ },
+
+ // The regular expressions that power the parsing engine
+ parse: [
+ // Match: [@value='test'], [@foo]
+ /^(\[) *@?([\w-]+) *([!*$^~=]*) *('?"?)(.*?)\4 *\]/,
+
+ // Match: :contains('foo')
+ /^(:)([\w-]+)\("?'?(.*?(\(.*?\))?[^(]*?)"?'?\)/,
+
+ // Match: :even, :last-chlid, #id, .class
+ new RegExp("^([:.#]*)(" + chars + "+)")
+ ],
+
+ multiFilter: function( expr, elems, not ) {
+ var old, cur = [];
+
+ while ( expr && expr != old ) {
+ old = expr;
+ var f = jQuery.filter( expr, elems, not );
+ expr = f.t.replace(/^\s*,\s*/, "" );
+ cur = not ? elems = f.r : jQuery.merge( cur, f.r );
+ }
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ find: function( t, context ) {
+ // Quickly handle non-string expressions
+ if ( typeof t != "string" )
+ return [ t ];
+
+ // Make sure that the context is a DOM Element
+ if ( context && !context.nodeType )
+ context = null;
+
+ // Set the correct context (if none is provided)
+ context = context || document;
+
+ // Initialize the search
+ var ret = [context], done = [], last;
+
+ // Continue while a selector expression exists, and while
+ // we're no longer looping upon ourselves
+ while ( t && last != t ) {
+ var r = [];
+ last = t;
+
+ t = jQuery.trim(t);
+
+ var foundToken = false;
+
+ // An attempt at speeding up child selectors that
+ // point to a specific element tag
+ var re = quickChild;
+ var m = re.exec(t);
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ var nodeName = m[1].toUpperCase();
+
+ // Perform our own iteration and filter
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ )
+ for ( var c = ret[i].firstChild; c; c = c.nextSibling )
+ if ( c.nodeType == 1 && (nodeName == "*" || c.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase()) )
+ r.push( c );
+
+ ret = r;
+ t = t.replace( re, "" );
+ if ( t.indexOf(" ") == 0 ) continue;
+ foundToken = true;
+ } else {
+ re = /^([>+~])\s*(\w*)/i;
+
+ if ( (m = re.exec(t)) != null ) {
+ r = [];
+
+ var nodeName = m[2], merge = {};
+ m = m[1];
+
+ for ( var j = 0, rl = ret.length; j < rl; j++ ) {
+ var n = m == "~" || m == "+" ? ret[j].nextSibling : ret[j].firstChild;
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(n);
+
+ if ( m == "~" && merge[id] ) break;
+
+ if (!nodeName || n.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase() ) {
+ if ( m == "~" ) merge[id] = true;
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ if ( m == "+" ) break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+
+ // And remove the token
+ t = jQuery.trim( t.replace( re, "" ) );
+ foundToken = true;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // See if there's still an expression, and that we haven't already
+ // matched a token
+ if ( t && !foundToken ) {
+ // Handle multiple expressions
+ if ( !t.indexOf(",") ) {
+ // Clean the result set
+ if ( context == ret[0] ) ret.shift();
+
+ // Merge the result sets
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ // Reset the context
+ r = ret = [context];
+
+ // Touch up the selector string
+ t = " " + t.substr(1,t.length);
+
+ } else {
+ // Optimize for the case nodeName#idName
+ var re2 = quickID;
+ var m = re2.exec(t);
+
+ // Re-organize the results, so that they're consistent
+ if ( m ) {
+ m = [ 0, m[2], m[3], m[1] ];
+
+ } else {
+ // Otherwise, do a traditional filter check for
+ // ID, class, and element selectors
+ re2 = quickClass;
+ m = re2.exec(t);
+ }
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+
+ var elem = ret[ret.length-1];
+
+ // Try to do a global search by ID, where we can
+ if ( m[1] == "#" && elem && elem.getElementById && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) {
+ // Optimization for HTML document case
+ var oid = elem.getElementById(m[2]);
+
+ // Do a quick check for the existence of the actual ID attribute
+ // to avoid selecting by the name attribute in IE
+ // also check to insure id is a string to avoid selecting an element with the name of 'id' inside a form
+ if ( (jQuery.browser.msie||jQuery.browser.opera) && oid && typeof oid.id == "string" && oid.id != m[2] )
+ oid = jQuery('[@id="'+m[2]+'"]', elem)[0];
+
+ // Do a quick check for node name (where applicable) so
+ // that div#foo searches will be really fast
+ ret = r = oid && (!m[3] || jQuery.nodeName(oid, m[3])) ? [oid] : [];
+ } else {
+ // We need to find all descendant elements
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ ) {
+ // Grab the tag name being searched for
+ var tag = m[1] == "#" && m[3] ? m[3] : m[1] != "" || m[0] == "" ? "*" : m[2];
+
+ // Handle IE7 being really dumb about <object>s
+ if ( tag == "*" && ret[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() == "object" )
+ tag = "param";
+
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, ret[i].getElementsByTagName( tag ));
+ }
+
+ // It's faster to filter by class and be done with it
+ if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter( r, m[2] );
+
+ // Same with ID filtering
+ if ( m[1] == "#" ) {
+ var tmp = [];
+
+ // Try to find the element with the ID
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ )
+ if ( r[i].getAttribute("id") == m[2] ) {
+ tmp = [ r[i] ];
+ break;
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+ }
+
+ t = t.replace( re2, "" );
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ // If a selector string still exists
+ if ( t ) {
+ // Attempt to filter it
+ var val = jQuery.filter(t,r);
+ ret = r = val.r;
+ t = jQuery.trim(val.t);
+ }
+ }
+
+ // An error occurred with the selector;
+ // just return an empty set instead
+ if ( t )
+ ret = [];
+
+ // Remove the root context
+ if ( ret && context == ret[0] )
+ ret.shift();
+
+ // And combine the results
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ return done;
+ },
+
+ classFilter: function(r,m,not){
+ m = " " + m + " ";
+ var tmp = [];
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ ) {
+ var pass = (" " + r[i].className + " ").indexOf( m ) >= 0;
+ if ( !not && pass || not && !pass )
+ tmp.push( r[i] );
+ }
+ return tmp;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t,r,not) {
+ var last;
+
+ // Look for common filter expressions
+ while ( t && t != last ) {
+ last = t;
+
+ var p = jQuery.parse, m;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; p[i]; i++ ) {
+ m = p[i].exec( t );
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ // Remove what we just matched
+ t = t.substring( m[0].length );
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( !m )
+ break;
+
+ // :not() is a special case that can be optimized by
+ // keeping it out of the expression list
+ if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "not" )
+ r = jQuery.filter(m[3], r, true).r;
+
+ // We can get a big speed boost by filtering by class here
+ else if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter(r, m[2], not);
+
+ else if ( m[1] == "[" ) {
+ var tmp = [], type = m[3];
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var a = r[i], z = a[ jQuery.props[m[2]] || m[2] ];
+
+ if ( z == null || /href|src|selected/.test(m[2]) )
+ z = jQuery.attr(a,m[2]) || '';
+
+ if ( (type == "" && !!z ||
+ type == "=" && z == m[5] ||
+ type == "!=" && z != m[5] ||
+ type == "^=" && z && !z.indexOf(m[5]) ||
+ type == "$=" && z.substr(z.length - m[5].length) == m[5] ||
+ (type == "*=" || type == "~=") && z.indexOf(m[5]) >= 0) ^ not )
+ tmp.push( a );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // We can get a speed boost by handling nth-child here
+ } else if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "nth-child" ) {
+ var merge = {}, tmp = [],
+ test = /(\d*)n\+?(\d*)/.exec(
+ m[3] == "even" && "2n" || m[3] == "odd" && "2n+1" ||
+ !/\D/.test(m[3]) && "n+" + m[3] || m[3]),
+ first = (test[1] || 1) - 0, last = test[2] - 0;
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var node = r[i], parentNode = node.parentNode, id = jQuery.data(parentNode);
+
+ if ( !merge[id] ) {
+ var c = 1;
+
+ for ( var n = parentNode.firstChild; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 )
+ n.nodeIndex = c++;
+
+ merge[id] = true;
+ }
+
+ var add = false;
+
+ if ( first == 1 ) {
+ if ( last == 0 || node.nodeIndex == last )
+ add = true;
+ } else if ( (node.nodeIndex + last) % first == 0 )
+ add = true;
+
+ if ( add ^ not )
+ tmp.push( node );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // Otherwise, find the expression to execute
+ } else {
+ var f = jQuery.expr[m[1]];
+ if ( typeof f != "string" )
+ f = jQuery.expr[m[1]][m[2]];
+
+ // Build a custom macro to enclose it
+ f = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + f + "}");
+
+ // Execute it against the current filter
+ r = jQuery.grep( r, f, not );
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Return an array of filtered elements (r)
+ // and the modified expression string (t)
+ return { r: r, t: t };
+ },
+
+ dir: function( elem, dir ){
+ var matched = [];
+ var cur = elem[dir];
+ while ( cur && cur != document ) {
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 )
+ matched.push( cur );
+ cur = cur[dir];
+ }
+ return matched;
+ },
+
+ nth: function(cur,result,dir,elem){
+ result = result || 1;
+ var num = 0;
+
+ for ( ; cur; cur = cur[dir] )
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 && ++num == result )
+ break;
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ sibling: function( n, elem ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 && (!elem || n != elem) )
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ }
+});
+/*
+ * A number of helper functions used for managing events.
+ * Many of the ideas behind this code orignated from
+ * Dean Edwards' addEvent library.
+ */
+jQuery.event = {
+
+ // Bind an event to an element
+ // Original by Dean Edwards
+ add: function(element, type, handler, data) {
+ // For whatever reason, IE has trouble passing the window object
+ // around, causing it to be cloned in the process
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && element.setInterval != undefined )
+ element = window;
+
+ // Make sure that the function being executed has a unique ID
+ if ( !handler.guid )
+ handler.guid = this.guid++;
+
+ // if data is passed, bind to handler
+ if( data != undefined ) {
+ // Create temporary function pointer to original handler
+ var fn = handler;
+
+ // Create unique handler function, wrapped around original handler
+ handler = function() {
+ // Pass arguments and context to original handler
+ return fn.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Store data in unique handler
+ handler.data = data;
+
+ // Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
+ handler.guid = fn.guid;
+ }
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ handler.type = parts[1];
+
+ // Init the element's event structure
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events") || jQuery.data(element, "events", {});
+
+ var handle = jQuery.data(element, "handle", function(){
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Handle the second event of a trigger and when
+ // an event is called after a page has unloaded
+ if ( typeof jQuery == "undefined" || jQuery.event.triggered )
+ return val;
+
+ val = jQuery.event.handle.apply(element, arguments);
+
+ return val;
+ });
+
+ // Get the current list of functions bound to this event
+ var handlers = events[type];
+
+ // Init the event handler queue
+ if (!handlers) {
+ handlers = events[type] = {};
+
+ // And bind the global event handler to the element
+ if (element.addEventListener)
+ element.addEventListener(type, handle, false);
+ else
+ element.attachEvent("on" + type, handle);
+ }
+
+ // Add the function to the element's handler list
+ handlers[handler.guid] = handler;
+
+ // Keep track of which events have been used, for global triggering
+ this.global[type] = true;
+ },
+
+ guid: 1,
+ global: {},
+
+ // Detach an event or set of events from an element
+ remove: function(element, type, handler) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events"), ret, index;
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ if ( typeof type == "string" ) {
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ }
+
+ if ( events ) {
+ // type is actually an event object here
+ if ( type && type.type ) {
+ handler = type.handler;
+ type = type.type;
+ }
+
+ if ( !type ) {
+ for ( type in events )
+ this.remove( element, type );
+
+ } else if ( events[type] ) {
+ // remove the given handler for the given type
+ if ( handler )
+ delete events[type][handler.guid];
+
+ // remove all handlers for the given type
+ else
+ for ( handler in events[type] )
+ // Handle the removal of namespaced events
+ if ( !parts[1] || events[type][handler].type == parts[1] )
+ delete events[type][handler];
+
+ // remove generic event handler if no more handlers exist
+ for ( ret in events[type] ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ if (element.removeEventListener)
+ element.removeEventListener(type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"), false);
+ else
+ element.detachEvent("on" + type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"));
+ ret = null;
+ delete events[type];
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Remove the expando if it's no longer used
+ for ( ret in events ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "events" );
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "handle" );
+ }
+ }
+ },
+
+ trigger: function(type, data, element, donative, extra) {
+ // Clone the incoming data, if any
+ data = jQuery.makeArray(data || []);
+
+ // Handle a global trigger
+ if ( !element ) {
+ // Only trigger if we've ever bound an event for it
+ if ( this.global[type] )
+ jQuery("*").add([window, document]).trigger(type, data);
+
+ // Handle triggering a single element
+ } else {
+ var val, ret, fn = jQuery.isFunction( element[ type ] || null ),
+ // Check to see if we need to provide a fake event, or not
+ evt = !data[0] || !data[0].preventDefault;
+
+ // Pass along a fake event
+ if ( evt )
+ data.unshift( this.fix({ type: type, target: element }) );
+
+ // Enforce the right trigger type
+ data[0].type = type;
+
+ // Trigger the event
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( jQuery.data(element, "handle") ) )
+ val = jQuery.data(element, "handle").apply( element, data );
+
+ // Handle triggering native .onfoo handlers
+ if ( !fn && element["on"+type] && element["on"+type].apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Extra functions don't get the custom event object
+ if ( evt )
+ data.shift();
+
+ // Handle triggering of extra function
+ if ( extra && extra.apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Trigger the native events (except for clicks on links)
+ if ( fn && donative !== false && val !== false && !(jQuery.nodeName(element, 'a') && type == "click") ) {
+ this.triggered = true;
+ element[ type ]();
+ }
+
+ this.triggered = false;
+ }
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ handle: function(event) {
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Empty object is for triggered events with no data
+ event = jQuery.event.fix( event || window.event || {} );
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = event.type.split(".");
+ event.type = parts[0];
+
+ var c = jQuery.data(this, "events") && jQuery.data(this, "events")[event.type], args = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments, 1 );
+ args.unshift( event );
+
+ for ( var j in c ) {
+ // Pass in a reference to the handler function itself
+ // So that we can later remove it
+ args[0].handler = c[j];
+ args[0].data = c[j].data;
+
+ // Filter the functions by class
+ if ( !parts[1] || c[j].type == parts[1] ) {
+ var tmp = c[j].apply( this, args );
+
+ if ( val !== false )
+ val = tmp;
+
+ if ( tmp === false ) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ event.stopPropagation();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Clean up added properties in IE to prevent memory leak
+ if (jQuery.browser.msie)
+ event.target = event.preventDefault = event.stopPropagation =
+ event.handler = event.data = null;
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ fix: function(event) {
+ // store a copy of the original event object
+ // and clone to set read-only properties
+ var originalEvent = event;
+ event = jQuery.extend({}, originalEvent);
+
+ // add preventDefault and stopPropagation since
+ // they will not work on the clone
+ event.preventDefault = function() {
+ // if preventDefault exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.preventDefault)
+ originalEvent.preventDefault();
+ // otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false (IE)
+ originalEvent.returnValue = false;
+ };
+ event.stopPropagation = function() {
+ // if stopPropagation exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.stopPropagation)
+ originalEvent.stopPropagation();
+ // otherwise set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true (IE)
+ originalEvent.cancelBubble = true;
+ };
+
+ // Fix target property, if necessary
+ if ( !event.target && event.srcElement )
+ event.target = event.srcElement;
+
+ // check if target is a textnode (safari)
+ if (jQuery.browser.safari && event.target.nodeType == 3)
+ event.target = originalEvent.target.parentNode;
+
+ // Add relatedTarget, if necessary
+ if ( !event.relatedTarget && event.fromElement )
+ event.relatedTarget = event.fromElement == event.target ? event.toElement : event.fromElement;
+
+ // Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available
+ if ( event.pageX == null && event.clientX != null ) {
+ var e = document.documentElement, b = document.body;
+ event.pageX = event.clientX + (e && e.scrollLeft || b.scrollLeft || 0);
+ event.pageY = event.clientY + (e && e.scrollTop || b.scrollTop || 0);
+ }
+
+ // Add which for key events
+ if ( !event.which && (event.charCode || event.keyCode) )
+ event.which = event.charCode || event.keyCode;
+
+ // Add metaKey to non-Mac browsers (use ctrl for PC's and Meta for Macs)
+ if ( !event.metaKey && event.ctrlKey )
+ event.metaKey = event.ctrlKey;
+
+ // Add which for click: 1 == left; 2 == middle; 3 == right
+ // Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it
+ if ( !event.which && event.button )
+ event.which = (event.button & 1 ? 1 : ( event.button & 2 ? 3 : ( event.button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ));
+
+ return event;
+ }
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ bind: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return type == "unload" ? this.one(type, data, fn) : this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, fn || data, fn && data );
+ });
+ },
+
+ one: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, function(event) {
+ jQuery(this).unbind(event);
+ return (fn || data).apply( this, arguments);
+ }, fn && data);
+ });
+ },
+
+ unbind: function( type, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.remove( this, type, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ trigger: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this, true, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ triggerHandler: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this[0], false, fn );
+ },
+
+ toggle: function() {
+ // Save reference to arguments for access in closure
+ var a = arguments;
+
+ return this.click(function(e) {
+ // Figure out which function to execute
+ this.lastToggle = 0 == this.lastToggle ? 1 : 0;
+
+ // Make sure that clicks stop
+ e.preventDefault();
+
+ // and execute the function
+ return a[this.lastToggle].apply( this, [e] ) || false;
+ });
+ },
+
+ hover: function(f,g) {
+
+ // A private function for handling mouse 'hovering'
+ function handleHover(e) {
+ // Check if mouse(over|out) are still within the same parent element
+ var p = e.relatedTarget;
+
+ // Traverse up the tree
+ while ( p && p != this ) try { p = p.parentNode; } catch(e) { p = this; };
+
+ // If we actually just moused on to a sub-element, ignore it
+ if ( p == this ) return false;
+
+ // Execute the right function
+ return (e.type == "mouseover" ? f : g).apply(this, [e]);
+ }
+
+ // Bind the function to the two event listeners
+ return this.mouseover(handleHover).mouseout(handleHover);
+ },
+
+ ready: function(f) {
+ // Attach the listeners
+ bindReady();
+
+ // If the DOM is already ready
+ if ( jQuery.isReady )
+ // Execute the function immediately
+ f.apply( document, [jQuery] );
+
+ // Otherwise, remember the function for later
+ else
+ // Add the function to the wait list
+ jQuery.readyList.push( function() { return f.apply(this, [jQuery]); } );
+
+ return this;
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ /*
+ * All the code that makes DOM Ready work nicely.
+ */
+ isReady: false,
+ readyList: [],
+
+ // Handle when the DOM is ready
+ ready: function() {
+ // Make sure that the DOM is not already loaded
+ if ( !jQuery.isReady ) {
+ // Remember that the DOM is ready
+ jQuery.isReady = true;
+
+ // If there are functions bound, to execute
+ if ( jQuery.readyList ) {
+ // Execute all of them
+ jQuery.each( jQuery.readyList, function(){
+ this.apply( document );
+ });
+
+ // Reset the list of functions
+ jQuery.readyList = null;
+ }
+ // Remove event listener to avoid memory leak
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // Remove script element used by IE hack
+ if( !window.frames.length ) // don't remove if frames are present (#1187)
+ jQuery(window).load(function(){ jQuery("#__ie_init").remove(); });
+ }
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each( ("blur,focus,load,resize,scroll,unload,click,dblclick," +
+ "mousedown,mouseup,mousemove,mouseover,mouseout,change,select," +
+ "submit,keydown,keypress,keyup,error").split(","), function(i,o){
+
+ // Handle event binding
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return f ? this.bind(o, f) : this.trigger(o);
+ };
+});
+
+var readyBound = false;
+
+function bindReady(){
+ if ( readyBound ) return;
+ readyBound = true;
+
+ // If Mozilla is used
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ // Use the handy event callback
+ document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // If IE is used, use the excellent hack by Matthias Miller
+ // http://www.outofhanwell.com/blog/index.php?title=the_window_onload_problem_revisited
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // Only works if you document.write() it
+ document.write("<scr" + "ipt id=__ie_init defer=true " +
+ "src=//:><\/script>");
+
+ // Use the defer script hack
+ var script = document.getElementById("__ie_init");
+
+ // script does not exist if jQuery is loaded dynamically
+ if ( script )
+ script.onreadystatechange = function() {
+ if ( this.readyState != "complete" ) return;
+ jQuery.ready();
+ };
+
+ // Clear from memory
+ script = null;
+
+ // If Safari is used
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // Continually check to see if the document.readyState is valid
+ jQuery.safariTimer = setInterval(function(){
+ // loaded and complete are both valid states
+ if ( document.readyState == "loaded" ||
+ document.readyState == "complete" ) {
+
+ // If either one are found, remove the timer
+ clearInterval( jQuery.safariTimer );
+ jQuery.safariTimer = null;
+
+ // and execute any waiting functions
+ jQuery.ready();
+ }
+ }, 10);
+
+ // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+ jQuery.event.add( window, "load", jQuery.ready );
+}
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ load: function( url, params, callback ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( url ) )
+ return this.bind("load", url);
+
+ var off = url.indexOf(" ");
+ if ( off >= 0 ) {
+ var selector = url.slice(off, url.length);
+ url = url.slice(0, off);
+ }
+
+ callback = callback || function(){};
+
+ // Default to a GET request
+ var type = "GET";
+
+ // If the second parameter was provided
+ if ( params )
+ // If it's a function
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
+ // We assume that it's the callback
+ callback = params;
+ params = null;
+
+ // Otherwise, build a param string
+ } else {
+ params = jQuery.param( params );
+ type = "POST";
+ }
+
+ var self = this;
+
+ // Request the remote document
+ jQuery.ajax({
+ url: url,
+ type: type,
+ data: params,
+ complete: function(res, status){
+ // If successful, inject the HTML into all the matched elements
+ if ( status == "success" || status == "notmodified" )
+ // See if a selector was specified
+ self.html( selector ?
+ // Create a dummy div to hold the results
+ jQuery("<div/>")
+ // inject the contents of the document in, removing the scripts
+ // to avoid any 'Permission Denied' errors in IE
+ .append(res.responseText.replace(/<script(.|\s)*?\/script>/g, ""))
+
+ // Locate the specified elements
+ .find(selector) :
+
+ // If not, just inject the full result
+ res.responseText );
+
+ // Add delay to account for Safari's delay in globalEval
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ self.each( callback, [res.responseText, status, res] );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ });
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ serialize: function() {
+ return jQuery.param(this.serializeArray());
+ },
+ serializeArray: function() {
+ return this.map(function(){
+ return jQuery.nodeName(this, "form") ?
+ jQuery.makeArray(this.elements) : this;
+ })
+ .filter(function(){
+ return this.name && !this.disabled &&
+ (this.checked || /select|textarea/i.test(this.nodeName) ||
+ /text|hidden|password/i.test(this.type));
+ })
+ .map(function(i, elem){
+ var val = jQuery(this).val();
+ return val == null ? null :
+ val.constructor == Array ?
+ jQuery.map( val, function(val, i){
+ return {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }) :
+ {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }).get();
+ }
+});
+
+// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
+jQuery.each( "ajaxStart,ajaxStop,ajaxComplete,ajaxError,ajaxSuccess,ajaxSend".split(","), function(i,o){
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return this.bind(o, f);
+ };
+});
+
+var jsc = (new Date).getTime();
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ get: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ // shift arguments if data argument was ommited
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = null;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "GET",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ getScript: function( url, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, null, callback, "script");
+ },
+
+ getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, data, callback, "json");
+ },
+
+ post: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = {};
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "POST",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ ajaxSetup: function( settings ) {
+ jQuery.extend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, settings );
+ },
+
+ ajaxSettings: {
+ global: true,
+ type: "GET",
+ timeout: 0,
+ contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+ processData: true,
+ async: true,
+ data: null
+ },
+
+ // Last-Modified header cache for next request
+ lastModified: {},
+
+ ajax: function( s ) {
+ var jsonp, jsre = /=(\?|%3F)/g, status, data;
+
+ // Extend the settings, but re-extend 's' so that it can be
+ // checked again later (in the test suite, specifically)
+ s = jQuery.extend(true, s, jQuery.extend(true, {}, jQuery.ajaxSettings, s));
+
+ // convert data if not already a string
+ if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data != "string" )
+ s.data = jQuery.param(s.data);
+
+ // Handle JSONP Parameter Callbacks
+ if ( s.dataType == "jsonp" ) {
+ if ( s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ if ( !s.url.match(jsre) )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ } else if ( !s.data || !s.data.match(jsre) )
+ s.data = (s.data ? s.data + "&" : "") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ s.dataType = "json";
+ }
+
+ // Build temporary JSONP function
+ if ( s.dataType == "json" && (s.data && s.data.match(jsre) || s.url.match(jsre)) ) {
+ jsonp = "jsonp" + jsc++;
+
+ // Replace the =? sequence both in the query string and the data
+ if ( s.data )
+ s.data = s.data.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+ s.url = s.url.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+
+ // We need to make sure
+ // that a JSONP style response is executed properly
+ s.dataType = "script";
+
+ // Handle JSONP-style loading
+ window[ jsonp ] = function(tmp){
+ data = tmp;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ // Garbage collect
+ window[ jsonp ] = undefined;
+ try{ delete window[ jsonp ]; } catch(e){}
+ };
+ }
+
+ if ( s.dataType == "script" && s.cache == null )
+ s.cache = false;
+
+ if ( s.cache === false && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + "_=" + (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ // If data is available, append data to url for get requests
+ if ( s.data && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + s.data;
+
+ // IE likes to send both get and post data, prevent this
+ s.data = null;
+ }
+
+ // Watch for a new set of requests
+ if ( s.global && ! jQuery.active++ )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" );
+
+ // If we're requesting a remote document
+ // and trying to load JSON or Script
+ if ( !s.url.indexOf("http") && s.dataType == "script" ) {
+ var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
+ var script = document.createElement("script");
+ script.src = s.url;
+
+ // Handle Script loading
+ if ( !jsonp && (s.success || s.complete) ) {
+ var done = false;
+
+ // Attach handlers for all browsers
+ script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function(){
+ if ( !done && (!this.readyState ||
+ this.readyState == "loaded" || this.readyState == "complete") ) {
+ done = true;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ head.removeChild( script );
+ }
+ };
+ }
+
+ head.appendChild(script);
+
+ // We handle everything using the script element injection
+ return;
+ }
+
+ var requestDone = false;
+
+ // Create the request object; Microsoft failed to properly
+ // implement the XMLHttpRequest in IE7, so we use the ActiveXObject when it is available
+ var xml = window.ActiveXObject ? new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") : new XMLHttpRequest();
+
+ // Open the socket
+ xml.open(s.type, s.url, s.async);
+
+ // Set the correct header, if data is being sent
+ if ( s.data )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", s.contentType);
+
+ // Set the If-Modified-Since header, if ifModified mode.
+ if ( s.ifModified )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] || "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT" );
+
+ // Set header so the called script knows that it's an XMLHttpRequest
+ xml.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest");
+
+ // Allow custom headers/mimetypes
+ if ( s.beforeSend )
+ s.beforeSend(xml);
+
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xml, s]);
+
+ // Wait for a response to come back
+ var onreadystatechange = function(isTimeout){
+ // The transfer is complete and the data is available, or the request timed out
+ if ( !requestDone && xml && (xml.readyState == 4 || isTimeout == "timeout") ) {
+ requestDone = true;
+
+ // clear poll interval
+ if (ival) {
+ clearInterval(ival);
+ ival = null;
+ }
+
+ status = isTimeout == "timeout" && "timeout" ||
+ !jQuery.httpSuccess( xml ) && "error" ||
+ s.ifModified && jQuery.httpNotModified( xml, s.url ) && "notmodified" ||
+ "success";
+
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Watch for, and catch, XML document parse errors
+ try {
+ // process the data (runs the xml through httpData regardless of callback)
+ data = jQuery.httpData( xml, s.dataType );
+ } catch(e) {
+ status = "parsererror";
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Make sure that the request was successful or notmodified
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Cache Last-Modified header, if ifModified mode.
+ var modRes;
+ try {
+ modRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+ } catch(e) {} // swallow exception thrown by FF if header is not available
+
+ if ( s.ifModified && modRes )
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] = modRes;
+
+ // JSONP handles its own success callback
+ if ( !jsonp )
+ success();
+ } else
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, status);
+
+ // Fire the complete handlers
+ complete();
+
+ // Stop memory leaks
+ if ( s.async )
+ xml = null;
+ }
+ };
+
+ if ( s.async ) {
+ // don't attach the handler to the request, just poll it instead
+ var ival = setInterval(onreadystatechange, 13);
+
+ // Timeout checker
+ if ( s.timeout > 0 )
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ // Check to see if the request is still happening
+ if ( xml ) {
+ // Cancel the request
+ xml.abort();
+
+ if( !requestDone )
+ onreadystatechange( "timeout" );
+ }
+ }, s.timeout);
+ }
+
+ // Send the data
+ try {
+ xml.send(s.data);
+ } catch(e) {
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, null, e);
+ }
+
+ // firefox 1.5 doesn't fire statechange for sync requests
+ if ( !s.async )
+ onreadystatechange();
+
+ // return XMLHttpRequest to allow aborting the request etc.
+ return xml;
+
+ function success(){
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it and pass it the data
+ if ( s.success )
+ s.success( data, status );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxSuccess", [xml, s] );
+ }
+
+ function complete(){
+ // Process result
+ if ( s.complete )
+ s.complete(xml, status);
+
+ // The request was completed
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [xml, s] );
+
+ // Handle the global AJAX counter
+ if ( s.global && ! --jQuery.active )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" );
+ }
+ },
+
+ handleError: function( s, xml, status, e ) {
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it
+ if ( s.error ) s.error( xml, status, e );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxError", [xml, s, e] );
+ },
+
+ // Counter for holding the number of active queries
+ active: 0,
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest was successful or not
+ httpSuccess: function( r ) {
+ try {
+ return !r.status && location.protocol == "file:" ||
+ ( r.status >= 200 && r.status < 300 ) || r.status == 304 ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && r.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest returns NotModified
+ httpNotModified: function( xml, url ) {
+ try {
+ var xmlRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+
+ // Firefox always returns 200. check Last-Modified date
+ return xml.status == 304 || xmlRes == jQuery.lastModified[url] ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && xml.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ httpData: function( r, type ) {
+ var ct = r.getResponseHeader("content-type");
+ var xml = type == "xml" || !type && ct && ct.indexOf("xml") >= 0;
+ var data = xml ? r.responseXML : r.responseText;
+
+ if ( xml && data.documentElement.tagName == "parsererror" )
+ throw "parsererror";
+
+ // If the type is "script", eval it in global context
+ if ( type == "script" )
+ jQuery.globalEval( data );
+
+ // Get the JavaScript object, if JSON is used.
+ if ( type == "json" )
+ data = eval("(" + data + ")");
+
+ return data;
+ },
+
+ // Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
+ // key/values into a query string
+ param: function( a ) {
+ var s = [];
+
+ // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array
+ // of form elements
+ if ( a.constructor == Array || a.jquery )
+ // Serialize the form elements
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(this.name) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this.value ) );
+ });
+
+ // Otherwise, assume that it's an object of key/value pairs
+ else
+ // Serialize the key/values
+ for ( var j in a )
+ // If the value is an array then the key names need to be repeated
+ if ( a[j] && a[j].constructor == Array )
+ jQuery.each( a[j], function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this ) );
+ });
+ else
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( a[j] ) );
+
+ // Return the resulting serialization
+ return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g, "+");
+ }
+
+});
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ show: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "show", width: "show", opacity: "show"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){
+ this.style.display = this.oldblock ? this.oldblock : "";
+ if ( jQuery.css(this,"display") == "none" )
+ this.style.display = "block";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ hide: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "hide", width: "hide", opacity: "hide"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":visible").each(function(){
+ this.oldblock = this.oldblock || jQuery.css(this,"display");
+ if ( this.oldblock == "none" )
+ this.oldblock = "block";
+ this.style.display = "none";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ // Save the old toggle function
+ _toggle: jQuery.fn.toggle,
+
+ toggle: function( fn, fn2 ){
+ return jQuery.isFunction(fn) && jQuery.isFunction(fn2) ?
+ this._toggle( fn, fn2 ) :
+ fn ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "toggle", width: "toggle", opacity: "toggle"
+ }, fn, fn2) :
+ this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this)[ jQuery(this).is(":hidden") ? "show" : "hide" ]();
+ });
+ },
+
+ slideDown: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideUp: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideToggle: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "toggle"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeIn: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeOut: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeTo: function(speed,to,callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: to}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
+ var opt = jQuery.speed(speed, easing, callback);
+
+ return this[ opt.queue === false ? "each" : "queue" ](function(){
+ opt = jQuery.extend({}, opt);
+ var hidden = jQuery(this).is(":hidden"), self = this;
+
+ for ( var p in prop ) {
+ if ( prop[p] == "hide" && hidden || prop[p] == "show" && !hidden )
+ return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete) && opt.complete.apply(this);
+
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ // Store display property
+ opt.display = jQuery.css(this, "display");
+
+ // Make sure that nothing sneaks out
+ opt.overflow = this.style.overflow;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( opt.overflow != null )
+ this.style.overflow = "hidden";
+
+ opt.curAnim = jQuery.extend({}, prop);
+
+ jQuery.each( prop, function(name, val){
+ var e = new jQuery.fx( self, opt, name );
+
+ if ( /toggle|show|hide/.test(val) )
+ e[ val == "toggle" ? hidden ? "show" : "hide" : val ]( prop );
+ else {
+ var parts = val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),
+ start = e.cur(true) || 0;
+
+ if ( parts ) {
+ var end = parseFloat(parts[2]),
+ unit = parts[3] || "px";
+
+ // We need to compute starting value
+ if ( unit != "px" ) {
+ self.style[ name ] = (end || 1) + unit;
+ start = ((end || 1) / e.cur(true)) * start;
+ self.style[ name ] = start + unit;
+ }
+
+ // If a +=/-= token was provided, we're doing a relative animation
+ if ( parts[1] )
+ end = ((parts[1] == "-=" ? -1 : 1) * end) + start;
+
+ e.custom( start, end, unit );
+ } else
+ e.custom( start, val, "" );
+ }
+ });
+
+ // For JS strict compliance
+ return true;
+ });
+ },
+
+ queue: function(type, fn){
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction(type) ) {
+ fn = type;
+ type = "fx";
+ }
+
+ if ( !type || (typeof type == "string" && !fn) )
+ return queue( this[0], type );
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( fn.constructor == Array )
+ queue(this, type, fn);
+ else {
+ queue(this, type).push( fn );
+
+ if ( queue(this, type).length == 1 )
+ fn.apply(this);
+ }
+ });
+ },
+
+ stop: function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( timers[i].elem == this )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+ }).dequeue();
+ }
+
+});
+
+var queue = function( elem, type, array ) {
+ if ( !elem )
+ return;
+
+ var q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue" );
+
+ if ( !q || array )
+ q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue",
+ array ? jQuery.makeArray(array) : [] );
+
+ return q;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.dequeue = function(type){
+ type = type || "fx";
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ var q = queue(this, type);
+
+ q.shift();
+
+ if ( q.length )
+ q[0].apply( this );
+ });
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+ speed: function(speed, easing, fn) {
+ var opt = speed && speed.constructor == Object ? speed : {
+ complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
+ jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
+ duration: speed,
+ easing: fn && easing || easing && easing.constructor != Function && easing
+ };
+
+ opt.duration = (opt.duration && opt.duration.constructor == Number ?
+ opt.duration :
+ { slow: 600, fast: 200 }[opt.duration]) || 400;
+
+ // Queueing
+ opt.old = opt.complete;
+ opt.complete = function(){
+ jQuery(this).dequeue();
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) )
+ opt.old.apply( this );
+ };
+
+ return opt;
+ },
+
+ easing: {
+ linear: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return firstNum + diff * p;
+ },
+ swing: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return ((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2) + 0.5) * diff + firstNum;
+ }
+ },
+
+ timers: [],
+
+ fx: function( elem, options, prop ){
+ this.options = options;
+ this.elem = elem;
+ this.prop = prop;
+
+ if ( !options.orig )
+ options.orig = {};
+ }
+
+});
+
+jQuery.fx.prototype = {
+
+ // Simple function for setting a style value
+ update: function(){
+ if ( this.options.step )
+ this.options.step.apply( this.elem, [ this.now, this ] );
+
+ (jQuery.fx.step[this.prop] || jQuery.fx.step._default)( this );
+
+ // Set display property to block for height/width animations
+ if ( this.prop == "height" || this.prop == "width" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ },
+
+ // Get the current size
+ cur: function(force){
+ if ( this.elem[this.prop] != null && this.elem.style[this.prop] == null )
+ return this.elem[ this.prop ];
+
+ var r = parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem, this.prop, force));
+ return r && r > -10000 ? r : parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem, this.prop)) || 0;
+ },
+
+ // Start an animation from one number to another
+ custom: function(from, to, unit){
+ this.startTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+ this.start = from;
+ this.end = to;
+ this.unit = unit || this.unit || "px";
+ this.now = this.start;
+ this.pos = this.state = 0;
+ this.update();
+
+ var self = this;
+ function t(){
+ return self.step();
+ }
+
+ t.elem = this.elem;
+
+ jQuery.timers.push(t);
+
+ if ( jQuery.timers.length == 1 ) {
+ var timer = setInterval(function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( !timers[i]() )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+
+ if ( !timers.length )
+ clearInterval( timer );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'show' function
+ show: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.show = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(0, this.cur());
+
+ // Make sure that we start at a small width/height to avoid any
+ // flash of content
+ if ( this.prop == "width" || this.prop == "height" )
+ this.elem.style[this.prop] = "1px";
+
+ // Start by showing the element
+ jQuery(this.elem).show();
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'hide' function
+ hide: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.hide = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(this.cur(), 0);
+ },
+
+ // Each step of an animation
+ step: function(){
+ var t = (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ if ( t > this.options.duration + this.startTime ) {
+ this.now = this.end;
+ this.pos = this.state = 1;
+ this.update();
+
+ this.options.curAnim[ this.prop ] = true;
+
+ var done = true;
+ for ( var i in this.options.curAnim )
+ if ( this.options.curAnim[i] !== true )
+ done = false;
+
+ if ( done ) {
+ if ( this.options.display != null ) {
+ // Reset the overflow
+ this.elem.style.overflow = this.options.overflow;
+
+ // Reset the display
+ this.elem.style.display = this.options.display;
+ if ( jQuery.css(this.elem, "display") == "none" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Hide the element if the "hide" operation was done
+ if ( this.options.hide )
+ this.elem.style.display = "none";
+
+ // Reset the properties, if the item has been hidden or shown
+ if ( this.options.hide || this.options.show )
+ for ( var p in this.options.curAnim )
+ jQuery.attr(this.elem.style, p, this.options.orig[p]);
+ }
+
+ // If a callback was provided, execute it
+ if ( done && jQuery.isFunction( this.options.complete ) )
+ // Execute the complete function
+ this.options.complete.apply( this.elem );
+
+ return false;
+ } else {
+ var n = t - this.startTime;
+ this.state = n / this.options.duration;
+
+ // Perform the easing function, defaults to swing
+ this.pos = jQuery.easing[this.options.easing || (jQuery.easing.swing ? "swing" : "linear")](this.state, n, 0, 1, this.options.duration);
+ this.now = this.start + ((this.end - this.start) * this.pos);
+
+ // Perform the next step of the animation
+ this.update();
+ }
+
+ return true;
+ }
+
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.step = {
+ scrollLeft: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollLeft = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ scrollTop: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollTop = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ opacity: function(fx){
+ jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style, "opacity", fx.now);
+ },
+
+ _default: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.style[ fx.prop ] = fx.now + fx.unit;
+ }
+};
+// The Offset Method
+// Originally By Brandon Aaron, part of the Dimension Plugin
+// http://jquery.com/plugins/project/dimensions
+jQuery.fn.offset = function() {
+ var left = 0, top = 0, elem = this[0], results;
+
+ if ( elem ) with ( jQuery.browser ) {
+ var absolute = jQuery.css(elem, "position") == "absolute",
+ parent = elem.parentNode,
+ offsetParent = elem.offsetParent,
+ doc = elem.ownerDocument,
+ safari2 = safari && parseInt(version) < 522;
+
+ // Use getBoundingClientRect if available
+ if ( elem.getBoundingClientRect ) {
+ box = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+ // Add the document scroll offsets
+ add(
+ box.left + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft, doc.body.scrollLeft),
+ box.top + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop, doc.body.scrollTop)
+ );
+
+ // IE adds the HTML element's border, by default it is medium which is 2px
+ // IE 6 and IE 7 quirks mode the border width is overwritable by the following css html { border: 0; }
+ // IE 7 standards mode, the border is always 2px
+ if ( msie ) {
+ var border = jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");
+ border = (border == "medium" || jQuery.boxModel && parseInt(version) >= 7) && 2 || border;
+ add( -border, -border );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise loop through the offsetParents and parentNodes
+ } else {
+
+ // Initial element offsets
+ add( elem.offsetLeft, elem.offsetTop );
+
+ // Get parent offsets
+ while ( offsetParent ) {
+ // Add offsetParent offsets
+ add( offsetParent.offsetLeft, offsetParent.offsetTop );
+
+ // Mozilla and Safari > 2 does not include the border on offset parents
+ // However Mozilla adds the border for table cells
+ if ( mozilla && /^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName) || !safari2 )
+ border( offsetParent );
+
+ // Safari <= 2 doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && !absolute && jQuery.css(offsetParent, "position") == "absolute" )
+ absolute = true;
+
+ // Get next offsetParent
+ offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
+ }
+
+ // Get parent scroll offsets
+ while ( parent.tagName && !/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName) ) {
+ // Work around opera inline/table scrollLeft/Top bug
+ if ( !/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent, "display")) )
+ // Subtract parent scroll offsets
+ add( -parent.scrollLeft, -parent.scrollTop );
+
+ // Mozilla does not add the border for a parent that has overflow != visible
+ if ( mozilla && jQuery.css(parent, "overflow") != "visible" )
+ border( parent );
+
+ // Get next parent
+ parent = parent.parentNode;
+ }
+
+ // Safari doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && absolute )
+ add( -doc.body.offsetLeft, -doc.body.offsetTop );
+ }
+
+ // Return an object with top and left properties
+ results = { top: top, left: left };
+ }
+
+ return results;
+
+ function border(elem) {
+ add( jQuery.css(elem, "borderLeftWidth"), jQuery.css(elem, "borderTopWidth") );
+ }
+
+ function add(l, t) {
+ left += parseInt(l) || 0;
+ top += parseInt(t) || 0;
+ }
+};
+})();
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/jquery-min.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+(function(){if(typeof jQuery!="undefined")var _jQuery=jQuery;var jQuery=window.jQuery=function(selector,context){return this instanceof jQuery?this.init(selector,context):new jQuery(selector,context);};if(typeof $!="undefined")var _$=$;window.$=jQuery;var quickExpr=/^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;jQuery.fn=jQuery.prototype={init:function(selector,context){selector=selector||document;if(typeof selector=="string"){var m=quickExpr.exec(selector);if(m&&(m[1]||!context)){if(m[1])selector=jQuery.clean([m[1]],context);else{var tmp=document.getElementById(m[3]);if(tmp)if(tmp.id!=m[3])return jQuery().find(selector);else{this[0]=tmp;this.length=1;return this;}else
+selector=[];}}else
+return new jQuery(context).find(selector);}else if(jQuery.isFunction(selector))return new jQuery(document)[jQuery.fn.ready?"ready":"load"](selector);return this.setArray(selector.constructor==Array&&selector||(selector.jquery||selector.length&&selector!=window&&!selector.nodeType&&selector[0]!=undefined&&selector[0].nodeType)&&jQuery.makeArray(selector)||[selector]);},jquery:"1.2.1",size:function(){return this.length;},length:0,get:function(num){return num==undefined?jQuery.makeArray(this):this[num];},pushStack:function(a){var ret=jQuery(a);ret.prevObject=this;return ret;},setArray:function(a){this.length=0;Array.prototype.push.apply(this,a);return this;},each:function(fn,args){return jQuery.each(this,fn,args);},index:function(obj){var pos=-1;this.each(function(i){if(this==obj)pos=i;});return pos;},attr:function(key,value,type){var obj=key;if(key.constructor==String)if(value==undefined)return this.length&&jQuery[type||"attr"](this[0],key)||undefined;else{obj={};obj[key]=value;}return this.each(function(index){for(var prop in obj)jQuery.attr(type?this.style:this,prop,jQuery.prop(this,obj[prop],type,index,prop));});},css:function(key,value){return this.attr(key,value,"curCSS");},text:function(e){if(typeof e!="object"&&e!=null)return this.empty().append(document.createTextNode(e));var t="";jQuery.each(e||this,function(){jQuery.each(this.childNodes,function(){if(this.nodeType!=8)t+=this.nodeType!=1?this.nodeValue:jQuery.fn.text([this]);});});return t;},wrapAll:function(html){if(this[0])jQuery(html,this[0].ownerDocument).clone().insertBefore(this[0]).map(function(){var elem=this;while(elem.firstChild)elem=elem.firstChild;return elem;}).append(this);return this;},wrapInner:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);});},wrap:function(html){return this.each(function(){jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);});},append:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,1,function(a){this.appendChild(a);});},prepend:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,true,-1,function(a){this.insertBefore(a,this.firstChild);});},before:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this);});},after:function(){return this.domManip(arguments,false,-1,function(a){this.parentNode.insertBefore(a,this.nextSibling);});},end:function(){return this.prevObject||jQuery([]);},find:function(t){var data=jQuery.map(this,function(a){return jQuery.find(t,a);});return this.pushStack(/[^+>] [^+>]/.test(t)||t.indexOf("..")>-1?jQuery.unique(data):data);},clone:function(events){var ret=this.map(function(){return this.outerHTML?jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0]:this.cloneNode(true);});var clone=ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){if(this[expando]!=undefined)this[expando]=null;});if(events===true)this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i){var events=jQuery.data(this,"events");for(var type in events)for(var handler in events[type])jQuery.event.add(clone[i],type,events[type][handler],events[type][handler].data);});return ret;},filter:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.isFunction(t)&&jQuery.grep(this,function(el,index){return t.apply(el,[index]);})||jQuery.multiFilter(t,this));},not:function(t){return this.pushStack(t.constructor==String&&jQuery.multiFilter(t,this,true)||jQuery.grep(this,function(a){return(t.constructor==Array||t.jquery)?jQuery.inArray(a,t)<0:a!=t;}));},add:function(t){return this.pushStack(jQuery.merge(this.get(),t.constructor==String?jQuery(t).get():t.length!=undefined&&(!t.nodeName||jQuery.nodeName(t,"form"))?t:[t]));},is:function(expr){return expr?jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length>0:false;},hasClass:function(expr){return this.is("."+expr);},val:function(val){if(val==undefined){if(this.length){var elem=this[0];if(jQuery.nodeName(elem,"select")){var index=elem.selectedIndex,a=[],options=elem.options,one=elem.type=="select-one";if(index<0)return null;for(var i=one?index:0,max=one?index+1:options.length;i<max;i++){var option=options[i];if(option.selected){var val=jQuery.browser.msie&&!option.attributes["value"].specified?option.text:option.value;if(one)return val;a.push(val);}}return a;}else
+return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g,"");}}else
+return this.each(function(){if(val.constructor==Array&&/radio|checkbox/.test(this.type))this.checked=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,val)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.name,val)>=0);else if(jQuery.nodeName(this,"select")){var tmp=val.constructor==Array?val:[val];jQuery("option",this).each(function(){this.selected=(jQuery.inArray(this.value,tmp)>=0||jQuery.inArray(this.text,tmp)>=0);});if(!tmp.length)this.selectedIndex=-1;}else
+this.value=val;});},html:function(val){return val==undefined?(this.length?this[0].innerHTML:null):this.empty().append(val);},replaceWith:function(val){return this.after(val).remove();},eq:function(i){return this.slice(i,i+1);},slice:function(){return this.pushStack(Array.prototype.slice.apply(this,arguments));},map:function(fn){return this.pushStack(jQuery.map(this,function(elem,i){return fn.call(elem,i,elem);}));},andSelf:function(){return this.add(this.prevObject);},domManip:function(args,table,dir,fn){var clone=this.length>1,a;return this.each(function(){if(!a){a=jQuery.clean(args,this.ownerDocument);if(dir<0)a.reverse();}var obj=this;if(table&&jQuery.nodeName(this,"table")&&jQuery.nodeName(a[0],"tr"))obj=this.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0]||this.appendChild(document.createElement("tbody"));jQuery.each(a,function(){var elem=clone?this.cloneNode(true):this;if(!evalScript(0,elem))fn.call(obj,elem);});});}};function evalScript(i,elem){var script=jQuery.nodeName(elem,"script");if(script){if(elem.src)jQuery.ajax({url:elem.src,async:false,dataType:"script"});else
+jQuery.globalEval(elem.text||elem.textContent||elem.innerHTML||"");if(elem.parentNode)elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);}else if(elem.nodeType==1)jQuery("script",elem).each(evalScript);return script;}jQuery.extend=jQuery.fn.extend=function(){var target=arguments[0]||{},a=1,al=arguments.length,deep=false;if(target.constructor==Boolean){deep=target;target=arguments[1]||{};}if(al==1){target=this;a=0;}var prop;for(;a<al;a++)if((prop=arguments[a])!=null)for(var i in prop){if(target==prop[i])continue;if(deep&&typeof prop[i]=='object'&&target[i])jQuery.extend(target[i],prop[i]);else if(prop[i]!=undefined)target[i]=prop[i];}return target;};var expando="jQuery"+(new Date()).getTime(),uuid=0,win={};jQuery.extend({noConflict:function(deep){window.$=_$;if(deep)window.jQuery=_jQuery;return jQuery;},isFunction:function(fn){return!!fn&&typeof fn!="string"&&!fn.nodeName&&fn.constructor!=Array&&/function/i.test(fn+"");},isXMLDoc:function(elem){return elem.documentElement&&!elem.body||elem.tagName&&elem.ownerDocument&&!elem.ownerDocument.body;},globalEval:function(data){data=jQuery.trim(data);if(data){if(window.execScript)window.execScript(data);else if(jQuery.browser.safari)window.setTimeout(data,0);else
+eval.call(window,data);}},nodeName:function(elem,name){return elem.nodeName&&elem.nodeName.toUpperCase()==name.toUpperCase();},cache:{},data:function(elem,name,data){elem=elem==window?win:elem;var id=elem[expando];if(!id)id=elem[expando]=++uuid;if(name&&!jQuery.cache[id])jQuery.cache[id]={};if(data!=undefined)jQuery.cache[id][name]=data;return name?jQuery.cache[id][name]:id;},removeData:function(elem,name){elem=elem==window?win:elem;var id=elem[expando];if(name){if(jQuery.cache[id]){delete jQuery.cache[id][name];name="";for(name in jQuery.cache[id])break;if(!name)jQuery.removeData(elem);}}else{try{delete elem[expando];}catch(e){if(elem.removeAttribute)elem.removeAttribute(expando);}delete jQuery.cache[id];}},each:function(obj,fn,args){if(args){if(obj.length==undefined)for(var i in obj)fn.apply(obj[i],args);else
+for(var i=0,ol=obj.length;i<ol;i++)if(fn.apply(obj[i],args)===false)break;}else{if(obj.length==undefined)for(var i in obj)fn.call(obj[i],i,obj[i]);else
+for(var i=0,ol=obj.length,val=obj[0];i<ol&&fn.call(val,i,val)!==false;val=obj[++i]){}}return obj;},prop:function(elem,value,type,index,prop){if(jQuery.isFunction(value))value=value.call(elem,[index]);var exclude=/z-?index|font-?weight|opacity|zoom|line-?height/i;return value&&value.constructor==Number&&type=="curCSS"&&!exclude.test(prop)?value+"px":value;},className:{add:function(elem,c){jQuery.each((c||"").split(/\s+/),function(i,cur){if(!jQuery.className.has(elem.className,cur))elem.className+=(elem.className?" ":"")+cur;});},remove:function(elem,c){elem.className=c!=undefined?jQuery.grep(elem.className.split(/\s+/),function(cur){return!jQuery.className.has(c,cur);}).join(" "):"";},has:function(t,c){return jQuery.inArray(c,(t.className||t).toString().split(/\s+/))>-1;}},swap:function(e,o,f){for(var i in o){e.style["old"+i]=e.style[i];e.style[i]=o[i];}f.apply(e,[]);for(var i in o)e.style[i]=e.style["old"+i];},css:function(e,p){if(p=="height"||p=="width"){var old={},oHeight,oWidth,d=["Top","Bottom","Right","Left"];jQuery.each(d,function(){old["padding"+this]=0;old["border"+this+"Width"]=0;});jQuery.swap(e,old,function(){if(jQuery(e).is(':visible')){oHeight=e.offsetHeight;oWidth=e.offsetWidth;}else{e=jQuery(e.cloneNode(true)).find(":radio").removeAttr("checked").end().css({visibility:"hidden",position:"absolute",display:"block",right:"0",left:"0"}).appendTo(e.parentNode)[0];var parPos=jQuery.css(e.parentNode,"position")||"static";if(parPos=="static")e.parentNode.style.position="relative";oHeight=e.clientHeight;oWidth=e.clientWidth;if(parPos=="static")e.parentNode.style.position="static";e.parentNode.removeChild(e);}});return p=="height"?oHeight:oWidth;}return jQuery.curCSS(e,p);},curCSS:function(elem,prop,force){var ret,stack=[],swap=[];function color(a){if(!jQuery.browser.safari)return false;var ret=document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(a,null);return!ret||ret.getPropertyValue("color")=="";}if(prop=="opacity"&&jQuery.browser.msie){ret=jQuery.attr(elem.style,"opacity");return ret==""?"1":ret;}if(prop.match(/float/i))prop=styleFloat;if(!force&&elem.style[prop])ret=elem.style[prop];else if(document.defaultView&&document.defaultView.getComputedStyle){if(prop.match(/float/i))prop="float";prop=prop.replace(/([A-Z])/g,"-$1").toLowerCase();var cur=document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null);if(cur&&!color(elem))ret=cur.getPropertyValue(prop);else{for(var a=elem;a&&color(a);a=a.parentNode)stack.unshift(a);for(a=0;a<stack.length;a++)if(color(stack[a])){swap[a]=stack[a].style.display;stack[a].style.display="block";}ret=prop=="display"&&swap[stack.length-1]!=null?"none":document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null).getPropertyValue(prop)||"";for(a=0;a<swap.length;a++)if(swap[a]!=null)stack[a].style.display=swap[a];}if(prop=="opacity"&&ret=="")ret="1";}else if(elem.currentStyle){var newProp=prop.replace(/\-(\w)/g,function(m,c){return c.toUpperCase();});ret=elem.currentStyle[prop]||elem.currentStyle[newProp];if(!/^\d+(px)?$/i.test(ret)&&/^\d/.test(ret)){var style=elem.style.left;var runtimeStyle=elem.runtimeStyle.left;elem.runtimeStyle.left=elem.currentStyle.left;elem.style.left=ret||0;ret=elem.style.pixelLeft+"px";elem.style.left=style;elem.runtimeStyle.left=runtimeStyle;}}return ret;},clean:function(a,doc){var r=[];doc=doc||document;jQuery.each(a,function(i,arg){if(!arg)return;if(arg.constructor==Number)arg=arg.toString();if(typeof arg=="string"){arg=arg.replace(/(<(\w+)[^>]*?)\/>/g,function(m,all,tag){return tag.match(/^(abbr|br|col|img|input|link|meta|param|hr|area)$/i)?m:all+"></"+tag+">";});var s=jQuery.trim(arg).toLowerCase(),div=doc.createElement("div"),tb=[];var wrap=!s.indexOf("<opt")&&[1,"<select>","</select>"]||!s.indexOf("<leg")&&[1,"<fieldset>","</fieldset>"]||s.match(/^<(thead|tbody|tfoot|colg|cap)/)&&[1,"<table>","</table>"]||!s.indexOf("<tr")&&[2,"<table><tbody>","</tbody></table>"]||(!s.indexOf("<td")||!s.indexOf("<th"))&&[3,"<table><tbody><tr>","</tr></tbody></table>"]||!s.indexOf("<col")&&[2,"<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>","</colgroup></table>"]||jQuery.browser.msie&&[1,"div<div>","</div>"]||[0,"",""];div.innerHTML=wrap[1]+arg+wrap[2];while(wrap[0]--)div=div.lastChild;if(jQuery.browser.msie){if(!s.indexOf("<table")&&s.indexOf("<tbody")<0)tb=div.firstChild&&div.firstChild.childNodes;else if(wrap[1]=="<table>"&&s.indexOf("<tbody")<0)tb=div.childNodes;for(var n=tb.length-1;n>=0;--n)if(jQuery.nodeName(tb[n],"tbody")&&!tb[n].childNodes.length)tb[n].parentNode.removeChild(tb[n]);if(/^\s/.test(arg))div.insertBefore(doc.createTextNode(arg.match(/^\s*/)[0]),div.firstChild);}arg=jQuery.makeArray(div.childNodes);}if(0===arg.length&&(!jQuery.nodeName(arg,"form")&&!jQuery.nodeName(arg,"select")))return;if(arg[0]==undefined||jQuery.nodeName(arg,"form")||arg.options)r.push(arg);else
+r=jQuery.merge(r,arg);});return r;},attr:function(elem,name,value){var fix=jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem)?{}:jQuery.props;if(name=="selected"&&jQuery.browser.safari)elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;if(fix[name]){if(value!=undefined)elem[fix[name]]=value;return elem[fix[name]];}else if(jQuery.browser.msie&&name=="style")return jQuery.attr(elem.style,"cssText",value);else if(value==undefined&&jQuery.browser.msie&&jQuery.nodeName(elem,"form")&&(name=="action"||name=="method"))return elem.getAttributeNode(name).nodeValue;else if(elem.tagName){if(value!=undefined){if(name=="type"&&jQuery.nodeName(elem,"input")&&elem.parentNode)throw"type property can't be changed";elem.setAttribute(name,value);}if(jQuery.browser.msie&&/href|src/.test(name)&&!jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem))return elem.getAttribute(name,2);return elem.getAttribute(name);}else{if(name=="opacity"&&jQuery.browser.msie){if(value!=undefined){elem.zoom=1;elem.filter=(elem.filter||"").replace(/alpha\([^)]*\)/,"")+(parseFloat(value).toString()=="NaN"?"":"alpha(opacity="+value*100+")");}return elem.filter?(parseFloat(elem.filter.match(/opacity=([^)]*)/)[1])/100).toString():"";}name=name.replace(/-([a-z])/ig,function(z,b){return b.toUpperCase();});if(value!=undefined)elem[name]=value;return elem[name];}},trim:function(t){return(t||"").replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g,"");},makeArray:function(a){var r=[];if(typeof a!="array")for(var i=0,al=a.length;i<al;i++)r.push(a[i]);else
+r=a.slice(0);return r;},inArray:function(b,a){for(var i=0,al=a.length;i<al;i++)if(a[i]==b)return i;return-1;},merge:function(first,second){if(jQuery.browser.msie){for(var i=0;second[i];i++)if(second[i].nodeType!=8)first.push(second[i]);}else
+for(var i=0;second[i];i++)first.push(second[i]);return first;},unique:function(first){var r=[],done={};try{for(var i=0,fl=first.length;i<fl;i++){var id=jQuery.data(first[i]);if(!done[id]){done[id]=true;r.push(first[i]);}}}catch(e){r=first;}return r;},grep:function(elems,fn,inv){if(typeof fn=="string")fn=eval("false||function(a,i){return "+fn+"}");var result=[];for(var i=0,el=elems.length;i<el;i++)if(!inv&&fn(elems[i],i)||inv&&!fn(elems[i],i))result.push(elems[i]);return result;},map:function(elems,fn){if(typeof fn=="string")fn=eval("false||function(a){return "+fn+"}");var result=[];for(var i=0,el=elems.length;i<el;i++){var val=fn(elems[i],i);if(val!==null&&val!=undefined){if(val.constructor!=Array)val=[val];result=result.concat(val);}}return result;}});var userAgent=navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();jQuery.browser={version:(userAgent.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[\/: ]([\d.]+)/)||[])[1],safari:/webkit/.test(userAgent),opera:/opera/.test(userAgent),msie:/msie/.test(userAgent)&&!/opera/.test(userAgent),mozilla:/mozilla/.test(userAgent)&&!/(compatible|webkit)/.test(userAgent)};var 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+s.push(encodeURIComponent(j)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[j]));return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g,"+");}});jQuery.fn.extend({show:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"show",width:"show",opacity:"show"},speed,callback):this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){this.style.display=this.oldblock?this.oldblock:"";if(jQuery.css(this,"display")=="none")this.style.display="block";}).end();},hide:function(speed,callback){return speed?this.animate({height:"hide",width:"hide",opacity:"hide"},speed,callback):this.filter(":visible").each(function(){this.oldblock=this.oldblock||jQuery.css(this,"display");if(this.oldblock=="none")this.oldblock="block";this.style.display="none";}).end();},_toggle:jQuery.fn.toggle,toggle:function(fn,fn2){return jQuery.isFunction(fn)&&jQuery.isFunction(fn2)?this._toggle(fn,fn2):fn?this.animate({height:"toggle",width:"toggle",opacity:"toggle"},fn,fn2):this.each(function(){jQuery(this)[jQuery(this).is(":hidden")?"show":"hide"]();});},slideDown:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"show"},speed,callback);},slideUp:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"hide"},speed,callback);},slideToggle:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({height:"toggle"},speed,callback);},fadeIn:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"show"},speed,callback);},fadeOut:function(speed,callback){return this.animate({opacity:"hide"},speed,callback);},fadeTo:function(speed,to,callback){return this.animate({opacity:to},speed,callback);},animate:function(prop,speed,easing,callback){var opt=jQuery.speed(speed,easing,callback);return this[opt.queue===false?"each":"queue"](function(){opt=jQuery.extend({},opt);var hidden=jQuery(this).is(":hidden"),self=this;for(var p in prop){if(prop[p]=="hide"&&hidden||prop[p]=="show"&&!hidden)return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete)&&opt.complete.apply(this);if(p=="height"||p=="width"){opt.display=jQuery.css(this,"display");opt.overflow=this.style.overflow;}}if(opt.overflow!=null)this.style.overflow="hidden";opt.curAnim=jQuery.extend({},prop);jQuery.each(prop,function(name,val){var e=new jQuery.fx(self,opt,name);if(/toggle|show|hide/.test(val))e[val=="toggle"?hidden?"show":"hide":val](prop);else{var parts=val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),start=e.cur(true)||0;if(parts){var end=parseFloat(parts[2]),unit=parts[3]||"px";if(unit!="px"){self.style[name]=(end||1)+unit;start=((end||1)/e.cur(true))*start;self.style[name]=start+unit;}if(parts[1])end=((parts[1]=="-="?-1:1)*end)+start;e.custom(start,end,unit);}else
+e.custom(start,val,"");}});return true;});},queue:function(type,fn){if(jQuery.isFunction(type)){fn=type;type="fx";}if(!type||(typeof type=="string"&&!fn))return queue(this[0],type);return this.each(function(){if(fn.constructor==Array)queue(this,type,fn);else{queue(this,type).push(fn);if(queue(this,type).length==1)fn.apply(this);}});},stop:function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;return this.each(function(){for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(timers[i].elem==this)timers.splice(i--,1);}).dequeue();}});var queue=function(elem,type,array){if(!elem)return;var q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue");if(!q||array)q=jQuery.data(elem,type+"queue",array?jQuery.makeArray(array):[]);return q;};jQuery.fn.dequeue=function(type){type=type||"fx";return this.each(function(){var q=queue(this,type);q.shift();if(q.length)q[0].apply(this);});};jQuery.extend({speed:function(speed,easing,fn){var opt=speed&&speed.constructor==Object?speed:{complete:fn||!fn&&easing||jQuery.isFunction(speed)&&speed,duration:speed,easing:fn&&easing||easing&&easing.constructor!=Function&&easing};opt.duration=(opt.duration&&opt.duration.constructor==Number?opt.duration:{slow:600,fast:200}[opt.duration])||400;opt.old=opt.complete;opt.complete=function(){jQuery(this).dequeue();if(jQuery.isFunction(opt.old))opt.old.apply(this);};return opt;},easing:{linear:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return firstNum+diff*p;},swing:function(p,n,firstNum,diff){return((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2)+0.5)*diff+firstNum;}},timers:[],fx:function(elem,options,prop){this.options=options;this.elem=elem;this.prop=prop;if(!options.orig)options.orig={};}});jQuery.fx.prototype={update:function(){if(this.options.step)this.options.step.apply(this.elem,[this.now,this]);(jQuery.fx.step[this.prop]||jQuery.fx.step._default)(this);if(this.prop=="height"||this.prop=="width")this.elem.style.display="block";},cur:function(force){if(this.elem[this.prop]!=null&&this.elem.style[this.prop]==null)return this.elem[this.prop];var r=parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem,this.prop,force));return r&&r>-10000?r:parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem,this.prop))||0;},custom:function(from,to,unit){this.startTime=(new Date()).getTime();this.start=from;this.end=to;this.unit=unit||this.unit||"px";this.now=this.start;this.pos=this.state=0;this.update();var self=this;function t(){return self.step();}t.elem=this.elem;jQuery.timers.push(t);if(jQuery.timers.length==1){var timer=setInterval(function(){var timers=jQuery.timers;for(var i=0;i<timers.length;i++)if(!timers[i]())timers.splice(i--,1);if(!timers.length)clearInterval(timer);},13);}},show:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.show=true;this.custom(0,this.cur());if(this.prop=="width"||this.prop=="height")this.elem.style[this.prop]="1px";jQuery(this.elem).show();},hide:function(){this.options.orig[this.prop]=jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,this.prop);this.options.hide=true;this.custom(this.cur(),0);},step:function(){var t=(new Date()).getTime();if(t>this.options.duration+this.startTime){this.now=this.end;this.pos=this.state=1;this.update();this.options.curAnim[this.prop]=true;var done=true;for(var i in this.options.curAnim)if(this.options.curAnim[i]!==true)done=false;if(done){if(this.options.display!=null){this.elem.style.overflow=this.options.overflow;this.elem.style.display=this.options.display;if(jQuery.css(this.elem,"display")=="none")this.elem.style.display="block";}if(this.options.hide)this.elem.style.display="none";if(this.options.hide||this.options.show)for(var p in this.options.curAnim)jQuery.attr(this.elem.style,p,this.options.orig[p]);}if(done&&jQuery.isFunction(this.options.complete))this.options.complete.apply(this.elem);return false;}else{var n=t-this.startTime;this.state=n/this.options.duration;this.pos=jQuery.easing[this.options.easing||(jQuery.easing.swing?"swing":"linear")](this.state,n,0,1,this.options.duration);this.now=this.start+((this.end-this.start)*this.pos);this.update();}return true;}};jQuery.fx.step={scrollLeft:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollLeft=fx.now;},scrollTop:function(fx){fx.elem.scrollTop=fx.now;},opacity:function(fx){jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style,"opacity",fx.now);},_default:function(fx){fx.elem.style[fx.prop]=fx.now+fx.unit;}};jQuery.fn.offset=function(){var left=0,top=0,elem=this[0],results;if(elem)with(jQuery.browser){var absolute=jQuery.css(elem,"position")=="absolute",parent=elem.parentNode,offsetParent=elem.offsetParent,doc=elem.ownerDocument,safari2=safari&&parseInt(version)<522;if(elem.getBoundingClientRect){box=elem.getBoundingClientRect();add(box.left+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft,doc.body.scrollLeft),box.top+Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop,doc.body.scrollTop));if(msie){var border=jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");border=(border=="medium"||jQuery.boxModel&&parseInt(version)>=7)&&2||border;add(-border,-border);}}else{add(elem.offsetLeft,elem.offsetTop);while(offsetParent){add(offsetParent.offsetLeft,offsetParent.offsetTop);if(mozilla&&/^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName)||!safari2)border(offsetParent);if(safari2&&!absolute&&jQuery.css(offsetParent,"position")=="absolute")absolute=true;offsetParent=offsetParent.offsetParent;}while(parent.tagName&&!/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName)){if(!/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent,"display")))add(-parent.scrollLeft,-parent.scrollTop);if(mozilla&&jQuery.css(parent,"overflow")!="visible")border(parent);parent=parent.parentNode;}if(safari2&&absolute)add(-doc.body.offsetLeft,-doc.body.offsetTop);}results={top:top,left:left};}return results;function border(elem){add(jQuery.css(elem,"borderLeftWidth"),jQuery.css(elem,"borderTopWidth"));}function add(l,t){left+=parseInt(l)||0;top+=parseInt(t)||0;}};})();
\ No newline at end of file
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/jquery.js Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,2992 @@
+(function(){
+/*
+ * jQuery 1.2.1 - New Wave Javascript
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2007 John Resig (jquery.com)
+ * Dual licensed under the MIT (MIT-LICENSE.txt)
+ * and GPL (GPL-LICENSE.txt) licenses.
+ *
+ * $Date: 2007-09-16 23:42:06 -0400 (Sun, 16 Sep 2007) $
+ * $Rev: 3353 $
+ */
+
+// Map over jQuery in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof jQuery != "undefined" )
+ var _jQuery = jQuery;
+
+var jQuery = window.jQuery = function(selector, context) {
+ // If the context is a namespace object, return a new object
+ return this instanceof jQuery ?
+ this.init(selector, context) :
+ new jQuery(selector, context);
+};
+
+// Map over the $ in case of overwrite
+if ( typeof $ != "undefined" )
+ var _$ = $;
+
+// Map the jQuery namespace to the '$' one
+window.$ = jQuery;
+
+var quickExpr = /^[^<]*(<(.|\s)+>)[^>]*$|^#(\w+)$/;
+
+jQuery.fn = jQuery.prototype = {
+ init: function(selector, context) {
+ // Make sure that a selection was provided
+ selector = selector || document;
+
+ // Handle HTML strings
+ if ( typeof selector == "string" ) {
+ var m = quickExpr.exec(selector);
+ if ( m && (m[1] || !context) ) {
+ // HANDLE: $(html) -> $(array)
+ if ( m[1] )
+ selector = jQuery.clean( [ m[1] ], context );
+
+ // HANDLE: $("#id")
+ else {
+ var tmp = document.getElementById( m[3] );
+ if ( tmp )
+ // Handle the case where IE and Opera return items
+ // by name instead of ID
+ if ( tmp.id != m[3] )
+ return jQuery().find( selector );
+ else {
+ this[0] = tmp;
+ this.length = 1;
+ return this;
+ }
+ else
+ selector = [];
+ }
+
+ // HANDLE: $(expr)
+ } else
+ return new jQuery( context ).find( selector );
+
+ // HANDLE: $(function)
+ // Shortcut for document ready
+ } else if ( jQuery.isFunction(selector) )
+ return new jQuery(document)[ jQuery.fn.ready ? "ready" : "load" ]( selector );
+
+ return this.setArray(
+ // HANDLE: $(array)
+ selector.constructor == Array && selector ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(arraylike)
+ // Watch for when an array-like object is passed as the selector
+ (selector.jquery || selector.length && selector != window && !selector.nodeType && selector[0] != undefined && selector[0].nodeType) && jQuery.makeArray( selector ) ||
+
+ // HANDLE: $(*)
+ [ selector ] );
+ },
+
+ jquery: "1.2.1",
+
+ size: function() {
+ return this.length;
+ },
+
+ length: 0,
+
+ get: function( num ) {
+ return num == undefined ?
+
+ // Return a 'clean' array
+ jQuery.makeArray( this ) :
+
+ // Return just the object
+ this[num];
+ },
+
+ pushStack: function( a ) {
+ var ret = jQuery(a);
+ ret.prevObject = this;
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ setArray: function( a ) {
+ this.length = 0;
+ Array.prototype.push.apply( this, a );
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ each: function( fn, args ) {
+ return jQuery.each( this, fn, args );
+ },
+
+ index: function( obj ) {
+ var pos = -1;
+ this.each(function(i){
+ if ( this == obj ) pos = i;
+ });
+ return pos;
+ },
+
+ attr: function( key, value, type ) {
+ var obj = key;
+
+ // Look for the case where we're accessing a style value
+ if ( key.constructor == String )
+ if ( value == undefined )
+ return this.length && jQuery[ type || "attr" ]( this[0], key ) || undefined;
+ else {
+ obj = {};
+ obj[ key ] = value;
+ }
+
+ // Check to see if we're setting style values
+ return this.each(function(index){
+ // Set all the styles
+ for ( var prop in obj )
+ jQuery.attr(
+ type ? this.style : this,
+ prop, jQuery.prop(this, obj[prop], type, index, prop)
+ );
+ });
+ },
+
+ css: function( key, value ) {
+ return this.attr( key, value, "curCSS" );
+ },
+
+ text: function(e) {
+ if ( typeof e != "object" && e != null )
+ return this.empty().append( document.createTextNode( e ) );
+
+ var t = "";
+ jQuery.each( e || this, function(){
+ jQuery.each( this.childNodes, function(){
+ if ( this.nodeType != 8 )
+ t += this.nodeType != 1 ?
+ this.nodeValue : jQuery.fn.text([ this ]);
+ });
+ });
+ return t;
+ },
+
+ wrapAll: function(html) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ // The elements to wrap the target around
+ jQuery(html, this[0].ownerDocument)
+ .clone()
+ .insertBefore(this[0])
+ .map(function(){
+ var elem = this;
+ while ( elem.firstChild )
+ elem = elem.firstChild;
+ return elem;
+ })
+ .append(this);
+
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ wrapInner: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).contents().wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ wrap: function(html) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this).wrapAll(html);
+ });
+ },
+
+ append: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, 1, function(a){
+ this.appendChild( a );
+ });
+ },
+
+ prepend: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, true, -1, function(a){
+ this.insertBefore( a, this.firstChild );
+ });
+ },
+
+ before: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, 1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this );
+ });
+ },
+
+ after: function() {
+ return this.domManip(arguments, false, -1, function(a){
+ this.parentNode.insertBefore( a, this.nextSibling );
+ });
+ },
+
+ end: function() {
+ return this.prevObject || jQuery([]);
+ },
+
+ find: function(t) {
+ var data = jQuery.map(this, function(a){ return jQuery.find(t,a); });
+ return this.pushStack( /[^+>] [^+>]/.test( t ) || t.indexOf("..") > -1 ?
+ jQuery.unique( data ) : data );
+ },
+
+ clone: function(events) {
+ // Do the clone
+ var ret = this.map(function(){
+ return this.outerHTML ? jQuery(this.outerHTML)[0] : this.cloneNode(true);
+ });
+
+ // Need to set the expando to null on the cloned set if it exists
+ // removeData doesn't work here, IE removes it from the original as well
+ // this is primarily for IE but the data expando shouldn't be copied over in any browser
+ var clone = ret.find("*").andSelf().each(function(){
+ if ( this[ expando ] != undefined )
+ this[ expando ] = null;
+ });
+
+ // Copy the events from the original to the clone
+ if (events === true)
+ this.find("*").andSelf().each(function(i) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(this, "events");
+ for ( var type in events )
+ for ( var handler in events[type] )
+ jQuery.event.add(clone[i], type, events[type][handler], events[type][handler].data);
+ });
+
+ // Return the cloned set
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ jQuery.isFunction( t ) &&
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(el, index){
+ return t.apply(el, [index]);
+ }) ||
+
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t,this) );
+ },
+
+ not: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack(
+ t.constructor == String &&
+ jQuery.multiFilter(t, this, true) ||
+
+ jQuery.grep(this, function(a) {
+ return ( t.constructor == Array || t.jquery )
+ ? jQuery.inArray( a, t ) < 0
+ : a != t;
+ })
+ );
+ },
+
+ add: function(t) {
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.merge(
+ this.get(),
+ t.constructor == String ?
+ jQuery(t).get() :
+ t.length != undefined && (!t.nodeName || jQuery.nodeName(t, "form")) ?
+ t : [t] )
+ );
+ },
+
+ is: function(expr) {
+ return expr ? jQuery.multiFilter(expr,this).length > 0 : false;
+ },
+
+ hasClass: function(expr) {
+ return this.is("." + expr);
+ },
+
+ val: function( val ) {
+ if ( val == undefined ) {
+ if ( this.length ) {
+ var elem = this[0];
+
+ // We need to handle select boxes special
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(elem, "select") ) {
+ var index = elem.selectedIndex,
+ a = [],
+ options = elem.options,
+ one = elem.type == "select-one";
+
+ // Nothing was selected
+ if ( index < 0 )
+ return null;
+
+ // Loop through all the selected options
+ for ( var i = one ? index : 0, max = one ? index + 1 : options.length; i < max; i++ ) {
+ var option = options[i];
+ if ( option.selected ) {
+ // Get the specifc value for the option
+ var val = jQuery.browser.msie && !option.attributes["value"].specified ? option.text : option.value;
+
+ // We don't need an array for one selects
+ if ( one )
+ return val;
+
+ // Multi-Selects return an array
+ a.push(val);
+ }
+ }
+
+ return a;
+
+ // Everything else, we just grab the value
+ } else
+ return this[0].value.replace(/\r/g, "");
+ }
+ } else
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( val.constructor == Array && /radio|checkbox/.test(this.type) )
+ this.checked = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, val) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.name, val) >= 0);
+ else if ( jQuery.nodeName(this, "select") ) {
+ var tmp = val.constructor == Array ? val : [val];
+
+ jQuery("option", this).each(function(){
+ this.selected = (jQuery.inArray(this.value, tmp) >= 0 ||
+ jQuery.inArray(this.text, tmp) >= 0);
+ });
+
+ if ( !tmp.length )
+ this.selectedIndex = -1;
+ } else
+ this.value = val;
+ });
+ },
+
+ html: function( val ) {
+ return val == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? this[0].innerHTML : null ) :
+ this.empty().append( val );
+ },
+
+ replaceWith: function( val ) {
+ return this.after( val ).remove();
+ },
+
+ eq: function(i){
+ return this.slice(i, i+1);
+ },
+
+ slice: function() {
+ return this.pushStack( Array.prototype.slice.apply( this, arguments ) );
+ },
+
+ map: function(fn) {
+ return this.pushStack(jQuery.map( this, function(elem,i){
+ return fn.call( elem, i, elem );
+ }));
+ },
+
+ andSelf: function() {
+ return this.add( this.prevObject );
+ },
+
+ domManip: function(args, table, dir, fn) {
+ var clone = this.length > 1, a;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( !a ) {
+ a = jQuery.clean(args, this.ownerDocument);
+ if ( dir < 0 )
+ a.reverse();
+ }
+
+ var obj = this;
+
+ if ( table && jQuery.nodeName(this, "table") && jQuery.nodeName(a[0], "tr") )
+ obj = this.getElementsByTagName("tbody")[0] || this.appendChild(document.createElement("tbody"));
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ var elem = clone ? this.cloneNode(true) : this;
+ if ( !evalScript(0, elem) )
+ fn.call( obj, elem );
+ });
+ });
+ }
+};
+
+function evalScript(i, elem){
+ var script = jQuery.nodeName(elem, "script");
+
+ if ( script ) {
+ if ( elem.src )
+ jQuery.ajax({ url: elem.src, async: false, dataType: "script" });
+ else
+ jQuery.globalEval( elem.text || elem.textContent || elem.innerHTML || "" );
+
+ if ( elem.parentNode )
+ elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem);
+
+ } else if ( elem.nodeType == 1 )
+ jQuery("script", elem).each(evalScript);
+
+ return script;
+}
+
+jQuery.extend = jQuery.fn.extend = function() {
+ // copy reference to target object
+ var target = arguments[0] || {}, a = 1, al = arguments.length, deep = false;
+
+ // Handle a deep copy situation
+ if ( target.constructor == Boolean ) {
+ deep = target;
+ target = arguments[1] || {};
+ }
+
+ // extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
+ if ( al == 1 ) {
+ target = this;
+ a = 0;
+ }
+
+ var prop;
+
+ for ( ; a < al; a++ )
+ // Only deal with non-null/undefined values
+ if ( (prop = arguments[a]) != null )
+ // Extend the base object
+ for ( var i in prop ) {
+ // Prevent never-ending loop
+ if ( target == prop[i] )
+ continue;
+
+ // Recurse if we're merging object values
+ if ( deep && typeof prop[i] == 'object' && target[i] )
+ jQuery.extend( target[i], prop[i] );
+
+ // Don't bring in undefined values
+ else if ( prop[i] != undefined )
+ target[i] = prop[i];
+ }
+
+ // Return the modified object
+ return target;
+};
+
+var expando = "jQuery" + (new Date()).getTime(), uuid = 0, win = {};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ noConflict: function(deep) {
+ window.$ = _$;
+ if ( deep )
+ window.jQuery = _jQuery;
+ return jQuery;
+ },
+
+ // This may seem like some crazy code, but trust me when I say that this
+ // is the only cross-browser way to do this. --John
+ isFunction: function( fn ) {
+ return !!fn && typeof fn != "string" && !fn.nodeName &&
+ fn.constructor != Array && /function/i.test( fn + "" );
+ },
+
+ // check if an element is in a XML document
+ isXMLDoc: function(elem) {
+ return elem.documentElement && !elem.body ||
+ elem.tagName && elem.ownerDocument && !elem.ownerDocument.body;
+ },
+
+ // Evalulates a script in a global context
+ // Evaluates Async. in Safari 2 :-(
+ globalEval: function( data ) {
+ data = jQuery.trim( data );
+ if ( data ) {
+ if ( window.execScript )
+ window.execScript( data );
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // safari doesn't provide a synchronous global eval
+ window.setTimeout( data, 0 );
+ else
+ eval.call( window, data );
+ }
+ },
+
+ nodeName: function( elem, name ) {
+ return elem.nodeName && elem.nodeName.toUpperCase() == name.toUpperCase();
+ },
+
+ cache: {},
+
+ data: function( elem, name, data ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // Compute a unique ID for the element
+ if ( !id )
+ id = elem[ expando ] = ++uuid;
+
+ // Only generate the data cache if we're
+ // trying to access or manipulate it
+ if ( name && !jQuery.cache[ id ] )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ] = {};
+
+ // Prevent overriding the named cache with undefined values
+ if ( data != undefined )
+ jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] = data;
+
+ // Return the named cache data, or the ID for the element
+ return name ? jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ] : id;
+ },
+
+ removeData: function( elem, name ) {
+ elem = elem == window ? win : elem;
+
+ var id = elem[ expando ];
+
+ // If we want to remove a specific section of the element's data
+ if ( name ) {
+ if ( jQuery.cache[ id ] ) {
+ // Remove the section of cache data
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ][ name ];
+
+ // If we've removed all the data, remove the element's cache
+ name = "";
+ for ( name in jQuery.cache[ id ] ) break;
+ if ( !name )
+ jQuery.removeData( elem );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise, we want to remove all of the element's data
+ } else {
+ // Clean up the element expando
+ try {
+ delete elem[ expando ];
+ } catch(e){
+ // IE has trouble directly removing the expando
+ // but it's ok with using removeAttribute
+ if ( elem.removeAttribute )
+ elem.removeAttribute( expando );
+ }
+
+ // Completely remove the data cache
+ delete jQuery.cache[ id ];
+ }
+ },
+
+ // args is for internal usage only
+ each: function( obj, fn, args ) {
+ if ( args ) {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.apply( obj[i], args );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length; i < ol; i++ )
+ if ( fn.apply( obj[i], args ) === false ) break;
+
+ // A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
+ } else {
+ if ( obj.length == undefined )
+ for ( var i in obj )
+ fn.call( obj[i], i, obj[i] );
+ else
+ for ( var i = 0, ol = obj.length, val = obj[0];
+ i < ol && fn.call(val,i,val) !== false; val = obj[++i] ){}
+ }
+
+ return obj;
+ },
+
+ prop: function(elem, value, type, index, prop){
+ // Handle executable functions
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( value ) )
+ value = value.call( elem, [index] );
+
+ // exclude the following css properties to add px
+ var exclude = /z-?index|font-?weight|opacity|zoom|line-?height/i;
+
+ // Handle passing in a number to a CSS property
+ return value && value.constructor == Number && type == "curCSS" && !exclude.test(prop) ?
+ value + "px" :
+ value;
+ },
+
+ className: {
+ // internal only, use addClass("class")
+ add: function( elem, c ){
+ jQuery.each( (c || "").split(/\s+/), function(i, cur){
+ if ( !jQuery.className.has( elem.className, cur ) )
+ elem.className += ( elem.className ? " " : "" ) + cur;
+ });
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use removeClass("class")
+ remove: function( elem, c ){
+ elem.className = c != undefined ?
+ jQuery.grep( elem.className.split(/\s+/), function(cur){
+ return !jQuery.className.has( c, cur );
+ }).join(" ") : "";
+ },
+
+ // internal only, use is(".class")
+ has: function( t, c ) {
+ return jQuery.inArray( c, (t.className || t).toString().split(/\s+/) ) > -1;
+ }
+ },
+
+ swap: function(e,o,f) {
+ for ( var i in o ) {
+ e.style["old"+i] = e.style[i];
+ e.style[i] = o[i];
+ }
+ f.apply( e, [] );
+ for ( var i in o )
+ e.style[i] = e.style["old"+i];
+ },
+
+ css: function(e,p) {
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ var old = {}, oHeight, oWidth, d = ["Top","Bottom","Right","Left"];
+
+ jQuery.each( d, function(){
+ old["padding" + this] = 0;
+ old["border" + this + "Width"] = 0;
+ });
+
+ jQuery.swap( e, old, function() {
+ if ( jQuery(e).is(':visible') ) {
+ oHeight = e.offsetHeight;
+ oWidth = e.offsetWidth;
+ } else {
+ e = jQuery(e.cloneNode(true))
+ .find(":radio").removeAttr("checked").end()
+ .css({
+ visibility: "hidden", position: "absolute", display: "block", right: "0", left: "0"
+ }).appendTo(e.parentNode)[0];
+
+ var parPos = jQuery.css(e.parentNode,"position") || "static";
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "relative";
+
+ oHeight = e.clientHeight;
+ oWidth = e.clientWidth;
+
+ if ( parPos == "static" )
+ e.parentNode.style.position = "static";
+
+ e.parentNode.removeChild(e);
+ }
+ });
+
+ return p == "height" ? oHeight : oWidth;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.curCSS( e, p );
+ },
+
+ curCSS: function(elem, prop, force) {
+ var ret, stack = [], swap = [];
+
+ // A helper method for determining if an element's values are broken
+ function color(a){
+ if ( !jQuery.browser.safari )
+ return false;
+
+ var ret = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(a,null);
+ return !ret || ret.getPropertyValue("color") == "";
+ }
+
+ if (prop == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie) {
+ ret = jQuery.attr(elem.style, "opacity");
+ return ret == "" ? "1" : ret;
+ }
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = styleFloat;
+
+ if (!force && elem.style[prop])
+ ret = elem.style[prop];
+
+ else if (document.defaultView && document.defaultView.getComputedStyle) {
+
+ if (prop.match(/float/i))
+ prop = "float";
+
+ prop = prop.replace(/([A-Z])/g,"-$1").toLowerCase();
+ var cur = document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem, null);
+
+ if ( cur && !color(elem) )
+ ret = cur.getPropertyValue(prop);
+
+ // If the element isn't reporting its values properly in Safari
+ // then some display: none elements are involved
+ else {
+ // Locate all of the parent display: none elements
+ for ( var a = elem; a && color(a); a = a.parentNode )
+ stack.unshift(a);
+
+ // Go through and make them visible, but in reverse
+ // (It would be better if we knew the exact display type that they had)
+ for ( a = 0; a < stack.length; a++ )
+ if ( color(stack[a]) ) {
+ swap[a] = stack[a].style.display;
+ stack[a].style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Since we flip the display style, we have to handle that
+ // one special, otherwise get the value
+ ret = prop == "display" && swap[stack.length-1] != null ?
+ "none" :
+ document.defaultView.getComputedStyle(elem,null).getPropertyValue(prop) || "";
+
+ // Finally, revert the display styles back
+ for ( a = 0; a < swap.length; a++ )
+ if ( swap[a] != null )
+ stack[a].style.display = swap[a];
+ }
+
+ if ( prop == "opacity" && ret == "" )
+ ret = "1";
+
+ } else if (elem.currentStyle) {
+ var newProp = prop.replace(/\-(\w)/g,function(m,c){return c.toUpperCase();});
+ ret = elem.currentStyle[prop] || elem.currentStyle[newProp];
+
+ // From the awesome hack by Dean Edwards
+ // http://erik.eae.net/archives/2007/07/27/18.54.15/#comment-102291
+
+ // If we're not dealing with a regular pixel number
+ // but a number that has a weird ending, we need to convert it to pixels
+ if ( !/^\d+(px)?$/i.test(ret) && /^\d/.test(ret) ) {
+ var style = elem.style.left;
+ var runtimeStyle = elem.runtimeStyle.left;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = elem.currentStyle.left;
+ elem.style.left = ret || 0;
+ ret = elem.style.pixelLeft + "px";
+ elem.style.left = style;
+ elem.runtimeStyle.left = runtimeStyle;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return ret;
+ },
+
+ clean: function(a, doc) {
+ var r = [];
+ doc = doc || document;
+
+ jQuery.each( a, function(i,arg){
+ if ( !arg ) return;
+
+ if ( arg.constructor == Number )
+ arg = arg.toString();
+
+ // Convert html string into DOM nodes
+ if ( typeof arg == "string" ) {
+ // Fix "XHTML"-style tags in all browsers
+ arg = arg.replace(/(<(\w+)[^>]*?)\/>/g, function(m, all, tag){
+ return tag.match(/^(abbr|br|col|img|input|link|meta|param|hr|area)$/i)? m : all+"></"+tag+">";
+ });
+
+ // Trim whitespace, otherwise indexOf won't work as expected
+ var s = jQuery.trim(arg).toLowerCase(), div = doc.createElement("div"), tb = [];
+
+ var wrap =
+ // option or optgroup
+ !s.indexOf("<opt") &&
+ [1, "<select>", "</select>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<leg") &&
+ [1, "<fieldset>", "</fieldset>"] ||
+
+ s.match(/^<(thead|tbody|tfoot|colg|cap)/) &&
+ [1, "<table>", "</table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<tr") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody>", "</tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ // <thead> matched above
+ (!s.indexOf("<td") || !s.indexOf("<th")) &&
+ [3, "<table><tbody><tr>", "</tr></tbody></table>"] ||
+
+ !s.indexOf("<col") &&
+ [2, "<table><tbody></tbody><colgroup>", "</colgroup></table>"] ||
+
+ // IE can't serialize <link> and <script> tags normally
+ jQuery.browser.msie &&
+ [1, "div<div>", "</div>"] ||
+
+ [0,"",""];
+
+ // Go to html and back, then peel off extra wrappers
+ div.innerHTML = wrap[1] + arg + wrap[2];
+
+ // Move to the right depth
+ while ( wrap[0]-- )
+ div = div.lastChild;
+
+ // Remove IE's autoinserted <tbody> from table fragments
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // String was a <table>, *may* have spurious <tbody>
+ if ( !s.indexOf("<table") && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.firstChild && div.firstChild.childNodes;
+
+ // String was a bare <thead> or <tfoot>
+ else if ( wrap[1] == "<table>" && s.indexOf("<tbody") < 0 )
+ tb = div.childNodes;
+
+ for ( var n = tb.length-1; n >= 0 ; --n )
+ if ( jQuery.nodeName(tb[n], "tbody") && !tb[n].childNodes.length )
+ tb[n].parentNode.removeChild(tb[n]);
+
+ // IE completely kills leading whitespace when innerHTML is used
+ if ( /^\s/.test(arg) )
+ div.insertBefore( doc.createTextNode( arg.match(/^\s*/)[0] ), div.firstChild );
+
+ }
+
+ arg = jQuery.makeArray( div.childNodes );
+ }
+
+ if ( 0 === arg.length && (!jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") && !jQuery.nodeName(arg, "select")) )
+ return;
+
+ if ( arg[0] == undefined || jQuery.nodeName(arg, "form") || arg.options )
+ r.push( arg );
+ else
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, arg );
+
+ });
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ attr: function(elem, name, value){
+ var fix = jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ? {} : jQuery.props;
+
+ // Safari mis-reports the default selected property of a hidden option
+ // Accessing the parent's selectedIndex property fixes it
+ if ( name == "selected" && jQuery.browser.safari )
+ elem.parentNode.selectedIndex;
+
+ // Certain attributes only work when accessed via the old DOM 0 way
+ if ( fix[name] ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[fix[name]] = value;
+ return elem[fix[name]];
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.msie && name == "style" )
+ return jQuery.attr( elem.style, "cssText", value );
+
+ else if ( value == undefined && jQuery.browser.msie && jQuery.nodeName(elem, "form") && (name == "action" || name == "method") )
+ return elem.getAttributeNode(name).nodeValue;
+
+ // IE elem.getAttribute passes even for style
+ else if ( elem.tagName ) {
+
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ if ( name == "type" && jQuery.nodeName(elem,"input") && elem.parentNode )
+ throw "type property can't be changed";
+ elem.setAttribute( name, value );
+ }
+
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && /href|src/.test(name) && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) )
+ return elem.getAttribute( name, 2 );
+
+ return elem.getAttribute( name );
+
+ // elem is actually elem.style ... set the style
+ } else {
+ // IE actually uses filters for opacity
+ if ( name == "opacity" && jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ if ( value != undefined ) {
+ // IE has trouble with opacity if it does not have layout
+ // Force it by setting the zoom level
+ elem.zoom = 1;
+
+ // Set the alpha filter to set the opacity
+ elem.filter = (elem.filter || "").replace(/alpha\([^)]*\)/,"") +
+ (parseFloat(value).toString() == "NaN" ? "" : "alpha(opacity=" + value * 100 + ")");
+ }
+
+ return elem.filter ?
+ (parseFloat( elem.filter.match(/opacity=([^)]*)/)[1] ) / 100).toString() : "";
+ }
+ name = name.replace(/-([a-z])/ig,function(z,b){return b.toUpperCase();});
+ if ( value != undefined ) elem[name] = value;
+ return elem[name];
+ }
+ },
+
+ trim: function(t){
+ return (t||"").replace(/^\s+|\s+$/g, "");
+ },
+
+ makeArray: function( a ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ // Need to use typeof to fight Safari childNodes crashes
+ if ( typeof a != "array" )
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ r.push( a[i] );
+ else
+ r = a.slice( 0 );
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ inArray: function( b, a ) {
+ for ( var i = 0, al = a.length; i < al; i++ )
+ if ( a[i] == b )
+ return i;
+ return -1;
+ },
+
+ merge: function(first, second) {
+ // We have to loop this way because IE & Opera overwrite the length
+ // expando of getElementsByTagName
+
+ // Also, we need to make sure that the correct elements are being returned
+ // (IE returns comment nodes in a '*' query)
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ if ( second[i].nodeType != 8 )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+ } else
+ for ( var i = 0; second[i]; i++ )
+ first.push(second[i]);
+
+ return first;
+ },
+
+ unique: function(first) {
+ var r = [], done = {};
+
+ try {
+ for ( var i = 0, fl = first.length; i < fl; i++ ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(first[i]);
+ if ( !done[id] ) {
+ done[id] = true;
+ r.push(first[i]);
+ }
+ }
+ } catch(e) {
+ r = first;
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ },
+
+ grep: function(elems, fn, inv) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, only saving the items
+ // that pass the validator function
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ )
+ if ( !inv && fn(elems[i],i) || inv && !fn(elems[i],i) )
+ result.push( elems[i] );
+
+ return result;
+ },
+
+ map: function(elems, fn) {
+ // If a string is passed in for the function, make a function
+ // for it (a handy shortcut)
+ if ( typeof fn == "string" )
+ fn = eval("false||function(a){return " + fn + "}");
+
+ var result = [];
+
+ // Go through the array, translating each of the items to their
+ // new value (or values).
+ for ( var i = 0, el = elems.length; i < el; i++ ) {
+ var val = fn(elems[i],i);
+
+ if ( val !== null && val != undefined ) {
+ if ( val.constructor != Array ) val = [val];
+ result = result.concat( val );
+ }
+ }
+
+ return result;
+ }
+});
+
+var userAgent = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();
+
+// Figure out what browser is being used
+jQuery.browser = {
+ version: (userAgent.match(/.+(?:rv|it|ra|ie)[\/: ]([\d.]+)/) || [])[1],
+ safari: /webkit/.test(userAgent),
+ opera: /opera/.test(userAgent),
+ msie: /msie/.test(userAgent) && !/opera/.test(userAgent),
+ mozilla: /mozilla/.test(userAgent) && !/(compatible|webkit)/.test(userAgent)
+};
+
+var styleFloat = jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat";
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ // Check to see if the W3C box model is being used
+ boxModel: !jQuery.browser.msie || document.compatMode == "CSS1Compat",
+
+ styleFloat: jQuery.browser.msie ? "styleFloat" : "cssFloat",
+
+ props: {
+ "for": "htmlFor",
+ "class": "className",
+ "float": styleFloat,
+ cssFloat: styleFloat,
+ styleFloat: styleFloat,
+ innerHTML: "innerHTML",
+ className: "className",
+ value: "value",
+ disabled: "disabled",
+ checked: "checked",
+ readonly: "readOnly",
+ selected: "selected",
+ maxlength: "maxLength"
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ parent: "a.parentNode",
+ parents: "jQuery.dir(a,'parentNode')",
+ next: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'nextSibling')",
+ prev: "jQuery.nth(a,2,'previousSibling')",
+ nextAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'nextSibling')",
+ prevAll: "jQuery.dir(a,'previousSibling')",
+ siblings: "jQuery.sibling(a.parentNode.firstChild,a)",
+ children: "jQuery.sibling(a.firstChild)",
+ contents: "jQuery.nodeName(a,'iframe')?a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document:jQuery.makeArray(a.childNodes)"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(a) {
+ var ret = jQuery.map(this,n);
+ if ( a && typeof a == "string" )
+ ret = jQuery.multiFilter(a,ret);
+ return this.pushStack( jQuery.unique(ret) );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each({
+ appendTo: "append",
+ prependTo: "prepend",
+ insertBefore: "before",
+ insertAfter: "after",
+ replaceAll: "replaceWith"
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function(){
+ var a = arguments;
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var j = 0, al = a.length; j < al; j++ )
+ jQuery(a[j])[n]( this );
+ });
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( {
+ removeAttr: function( key ) {
+ jQuery.attr( this, key, "" );
+ this.removeAttribute( key );
+ },
+ addClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.add(this,c);
+ },
+ removeClass: function(c){
+ jQuery.className.remove(this,c);
+ },
+ toggleClass: function( c ){
+ jQuery.className[ jQuery.className.has(this,c) ? "remove" : "add" ](this, c);
+ },
+ remove: function(a){
+ if ( !a || jQuery.filter( a, [this] ).r.length ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( this );
+ this.parentNode.removeChild( this );
+ }
+ },
+ empty: function() {
+ // Clean up the cache
+ jQuery("*", this).each(function(){ jQuery.removeData(this); });
+
+ while ( this.firstChild )
+ this.removeChild( this.firstChild );
+ }
+}, function(i,n){
+ jQuery.fn[ i ] = function() {
+ return this.each( n, arguments );
+ };
+});
+
+jQuery.each( [ "Height", "Width" ], function(i,name){
+ var n = name.toLowerCase();
+
+ jQuery.fn[ n ] = function(h) {
+ return this[0] == window ?
+ jQuery.browser.safari && self["inner" + name] ||
+ jQuery.boxModel && Math.max(document.documentElement["client" + name], document.body["client" + name]) ||
+ document.body["client" + name] :
+
+ this[0] == document ?
+ Math.max( document.body["scroll" + name], document.body["offset" + name] ) :
+
+ h == undefined ?
+ ( this.length ? jQuery.css( this[0], n ) : null ) :
+ this.css( n, h.constructor == String ? h : h + "px" );
+ };
+});
+
+var chars = jQuery.browser.safari && parseInt(jQuery.browser.version) < 417 ?
+ "(?:[\\w*_-]|\\\\.)" :
+ "(?:[\\w\u0128-\uFFFF*_-]|\\\\.)",
+ quickChild = new RegExp("^>\\s*(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickID = new RegExp("^(" + chars + "+)(#)(" + chars + "+)"),
+ quickClass = new RegExp("^([#.]?)(" + chars + "*)");
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ expr: {
+ "": "m[2]=='*'||jQuery.nodeName(a,m[2])",
+ "#": "a.getAttribute('id')==m[2]",
+ ":": {
+ // Position Checks
+ lt: "i<m[3]-0",
+ gt: "i>m[3]-0",
+ nth: "m[3]-0==i",
+ eq: "m[3]-0==i",
+ first: "i==0",
+ last: "i==r.length-1",
+ even: "i%2==0",
+ odd: "i%2",
+
+ // Child Checks
+ "first-child": "a.parentNode.getElementsByTagName('*')[0]==a",
+ "last-child": "jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,1,'previousSibling')==a",
+ "only-child": "!jQuery.nth(a.parentNode.lastChild,2,'previousSibling')",
+
+ // Parent Checks
+ parent: "a.firstChild",
+ empty: "!a.firstChild",
+
+ // Text Check
+ contains: "(a.textContent||a.innerText||jQuery(a).text()||'').indexOf(m[3])>=0",
+
+ // Visibility
+ visible: '"hidden"!=a.type&&jQuery.css(a,"display")!="none"&&jQuery.css(a,"visibility")!="hidden"',
+ hidden: '"hidden"==a.type||jQuery.css(a,"display")=="none"||jQuery.css(a,"visibility")=="hidden"',
+
+ // Form attributes
+ enabled: "!a.disabled",
+ disabled: "a.disabled",
+ checked: "a.checked",
+ selected: "a.selected||jQuery.attr(a,'selected')",
+
+ // Form elements
+ text: "'text'==a.type",
+ radio: "'radio'==a.type",
+ checkbox: "'checkbox'==a.type",
+ file: "'file'==a.type",
+ password: "'password'==a.type",
+ submit: "'submit'==a.type",
+ image: "'image'==a.type",
+ reset: "'reset'==a.type",
+ button: '"button"==a.type||jQuery.nodeName(a,"button")',
+ input: "/input|select|textarea|button/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :has()
+ has: "jQuery.find(m[3],a).length",
+
+ // :header
+ header: "/h\\d/i.test(a.nodeName)",
+
+ // :animated
+ animated: "jQuery.grep(jQuery.timers,function(fn){return a==fn.elem;}).length"
+ }
+ },
+
+ // The regular expressions that power the parsing engine
+ parse: [
+ // Match: [@value='test'], [@foo]
+ /^(\[) *@?([\w-]+) *([!*$^~=]*) *('?"?)(.*?)\4 *\]/,
+
+ // Match: :contains('foo')
+ /^(:)([\w-]+)\("?'?(.*?(\(.*?\))?[^(]*?)"?'?\)/,
+
+ // Match: :even, :last-chlid, #id, .class
+ new RegExp("^([:.#]*)(" + chars + "+)")
+ ],
+
+ multiFilter: function( expr, elems, not ) {
+ var old, cur = [];
+
+ while ( expr && expr != old ) {
+ old = expr;
+ var f = jQuery.filter( expr, elems, not );
+ expr = f.t.replace(/^\s*,\s*/, "" );
+ cur = not ? elems = f.r : jQuery.merge( cur, f.r );
+ }
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ find: function( t, context ) {
+ // Quickly handle non-string expressions
+ if ( typeof t != "string" )
+ return [ t ];
+
+ // Make sure that the context is a DOM Element
+ if ( context && !context.nodeType )
+ context = null;
+
+ // Set the correct context (if none is provided)
+ context = context || document;
+
+ // Initialize the search
+ var ret = [context], done = [], last;
+
+ // Continue while a selector expression exists, and while
+ // we're no longer looping upon ourselves
+ while ( t && last != t ) {
+ var r = [];
+ last = t;
+
+ t = jQuery.trim(t);
+
+ var foundToken = false;
+
+ // An attempt at speeding up child selectors that
+ // point to a specific element tag
+ var re = quickChild;
+ var m = re.exec(t);
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ var nodeName = m[1].toUpperCase();
+
+ // Perform our own iteration and filter
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ )
+ for ( var c = ret[i].firstChild; c; c = c.nextSibling )
+ if ( c.nodeType == 1 && (nodeName == "*" || c.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase()) )
+ r.push( c );
+
+ ret = r;
+ t = t.replace( re, "" );
+ if ( t.indexOf(" ") == 0 ) continue;
+ foundToken = true;
+ } else {
+ re = /^([>+~])\s*(\w*)/i;
+
+ if ( (m = re.exec(t)) != null ) {
+ r = [];
+
+ var nodeName = m[2], merge = {};
+ m = m[1];
+
+ for ( var j = 0, rl = ret.length; j < rl; j++ ) {
+ var n = m == "~" || m == "+" ? ret[j].nextSibling : ret[j].firstChild;
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 ) {
+ var id = jQuery.data(n);
+
+ if ( m == "~" && merge[id] ) break;
+
+ if (!nodeName || n.nodeName.toUpperCase() == nodeName.toUpperCase() ) {
+ if ( m == "~" ) merge[id] = true;
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ if ( m == "+" ) break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+
+ // And remove the token
+ t = jQuery.trim( t.replace( re, "" ) );
+ foundToken = true;
+ }
+ }
+
+ // See if there's still an expression, and that we haven't already
+ // matched a token
+ if ( t && !foundToken ) {
+ // Handle multiple expressions
+ if ( !t.indexOf(",") ) {
+ // Clean the result set
+ if ( context == ret[0] ) ret.shift();
+
+ // Merge the result sets
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ // Reset the context
+ r = ret = [context];
+
+ // Touch up the selector string
+ t = " " + t.substr(1,t.length);
+
+ } else {
+ // Optimize for the case nodeName#idName
+ var re2 = quickID;
+ var m = re2.exec(t);
+
+ // Re-organize the results, so that they're consistent
+ if ( m ) {
+ m = [ 0, m[2], m[3], m[1] ];
+
+ } else {
+ // Otherwise, do a traditional filter check for
+ // ID, class, and element selectors
+ re2 = quickClass;
+ m = re2.exec(t);
+ }
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+
+ var elem = ret[ret.length-1];
+
+ // Try to do a global search by ID, where we can
+ if ( m[1] == "#" && elem && elem.getElementById && !jQuery.isXMLDoc(elem) ) {
+ // Optimization for HTML document case
+ var oid = elem.getElementById(m[2]);
+
+ // Do a quick check for the existence of the actual ID attribute
+ // to avoid selecting by the name attribute in IE
+ // also check to insure id is a string to avoid selecting an element with the name of 'id' inside a form
+ if ( (jQuery.browser.msie||jQuery.browser.opera) && oid && typeof oid.id == "string" && oid.id != m[2] )
+ oid = jQuery('[@id="'+m[2]+'"]', elem)[0];
+
+ // Do a quick check for node name (where applicable) so
+ // that div#foo searches will be really fast
+ ret = r = oid && (!m[3] || jQuery.nodeName(oid, m[3])) ? [oid] : [];
+ } else {
+ // We need to find all descendant elements
+ for ( var i = 0; ret[i]; i++ ) {
+ // Grab the tag name being searched for
+ var tag = m[1] == "#" && m[3] ? m[3] : m[1] != "" || m[0] == "" ? "*" : m[2];
+
+ // Handle IE7 being really dumb about <object>s
+ if ( tag == "*" && ret[i].nodeName.toLowerCase() == "object" )
+ tag = "param";
+
+ r = jQuery.merge( r, ret[i].getElementsByTagName( tag ));
+ }
+
+ // It's faster to filter by class and be done with it
+ if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter( r, m[2] );
+
+ // Same with ID filtering
+ if ( m[1] == "#" ) {
+ var tmp = [];
+
+ // Try to find the element with the ID
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ )
+ if ( r[i].getAttribute("id") == m[2] ) {
+ tmp = [ r[i] ];
+ break;
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+ }
+
+ ret = r;
+ }
+
+ t = t.replace( re2, "" );
+ }
+
+ }
+
+ // If a selector string still exists
+ if ( t ) {
+ // Attempt to filter it
+ var val = jQuery.filter(t,r);
+ ret = r = val.r;
+ t = jQuery.trim(val.t);
+ }
+ }
+
+ // An error occurred with the selector;
+ // just return an empty set instead
+ if ( t )
+ ret = [];
+
+ // Remove the root context
+ if ( ret && context == ret[0] )
+ ret.shift();
+
+ // And combine the results
+ done = jQuery.merge( done, ret );
+
+ return done;
+ },
+
+ classFilter: function(r,m,not){
+ m = " " + m + " ";
+ var tmp = [];
+ for ( var i = 0; r[i]; i++ ) {
+ var pass = (" " + r[i].className + " ").indexOf( m ) >= 0;
+ if ( !not && pass || not && !pass )
+ tmp.push( r[i] );
+ }
+ return tmp;
+ },
+
+ filter: function(t,r,not) {
+ var last;
+
+ // Look for common filter expressions
+ while ( t && t != last ) {
+ last = t;
+
+ var p = jQuery.parse, m;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; p[i]; i++ ) {
+ m = p[i].exec( t );
+
+ if ( m ) {
+ // Remove what we just matched
+ t = t.substring( m[0].length );
+
+ m[2] = m[2].replace(/\\/g, "");
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( !m )
+ break;
+
+ // :not() is a special case that can be optimized by
+ // keeping it out of the expression list
+ if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "not" )
+ r = jQuery.filter(m[3], r, true).r;
+
+ // We can get a big speed boost by filtering by class here
+ else if ( m[1] == "." )
+ r = jQuery.classFilter(r, m[2], not);
+
+ else if ( m[1] == "[" ) {
+ var tmp = [], type = m[3];
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var a = r[i], z = a[ jQuery.props[m[2]] || m[2] ];
+
+ if ( z == null || /href|src|selected/.test(m[2]) )
+ z = jQuery.attr(a,m[2]) || '';
+
+ if ( (type == "" && !!z ||
+ type == "=" && z == m[5] ||
+ type == "!=" && z != m[5] ||
+ type == "^=" && z && !z.indexOf(m[5]) ||
+ type == "$=" && z.substr(z.length - m[5].length) == m[5] ||
+ (type == "*=" || type == "~=") && z.indexOf(m[5]) >= 0) ^ not )
+ tmp.push( a );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // We can get a speed boost by handling nth-child here
+ } else if ( m[1] == ":" && m[2] == "nth-child" ) {
+ var merge = {}, tmp = [],
+ test = /(\d*)n\+?(\d*)/.exec(
+ m[3] == "even" && "2n" || m[3] == "odd" && "2n+1" ||
+ !/\D/.test(m[3]) && "n+" + m[3] || m[3]),
+ first = (test[1] || 1) - 0, last = test[2] - 0;
+
+ for ( var i = 0, rl = r.length; i < rl; i++ ) {
+ var node = r[i], parentNode = node.parentNode, id = jQuery.data(parentNode);
+
+ if ( !merge[id] ) {
+ var c = 1;
+
+ for ( var n = parentNode.firstChild; n; n = n.nextSibling )
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 )
+ n.nodeIndex = c++;
+
+ merge[id] = true;
+ }
+
+ var add = false;
+
+ if ( first == 1 ) {
+ if ( last == 0 || node.nodeIndex == last )
+ add = true;
+ } else if ( (node.nodeIndex + last) % first == 0 )
+ add = true;
+
+ if ( add ^ not )
+ tmp.push( node );
+ }
+
+ r = tmp;
+
+ // Otherwise, find the expression to execute
+ } else {
+ var f = jQuery.expr[m[1]];
+ if ( typeof f != "string" )
+ f = jQuery.expr[m[1]][m[2]];
+
+ // Build a custom macro to enclose it
+ f = eval("false||function(a,i){return " + f + "}");
+
+ // Execute it against the current filter
+ r = jQuery.grep( r, f, not );
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Return an array of filtered elements (r)
+ // and the modified expression string (t)
+ return { r: r, t: t };
+ },
+
+ dir: function( elem, dir ){
+ var matched = [];
+ var cur = elem[dir];
+ while ( cur && cur != document ) {
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 )
+ matched.push( cur );
+ cur = cur[dir];
+ }
+ return matched;
+ },
+
+ nth: function(cur,result,dir,elem){
+ result = result || 1;
+ var num = 0;
+
+ for ( ; cur; cur = cur[dir] )
+ if ( cur.nodeType == 1 && ++num == result )
+ break;
+
+ return cur;
+ },
+
+ sibling: function( n, elem ) {
+ var r = [];
+
+ for ( ; n; n = n.nextSibling ) {
+ if ( n.nodeType == 1 && (!elem || n != elem) )
+ r.push( n );
+ }
+
+ return r;
+ }
+});
+/*
+ * A number of helper functions used for managing events.
+ * Many of the ideas behind this code orignated from
+ * Dean Edwards' addEvent library.
+ */
+jQuery.event = {
+
+ // Bind an event to an element
+ // Original by Dean Edwards
+ add: function(element, type, handler, data) {
+ // For whatever reason, IE has trouble passing the window object
+ // around, causing it to be cloned in the process
+ if ( jQuery.browser.msie && element.setInterval != undefined )
+ element = window;
+
+ // Make sure that the function being executed has a unique ID
+ if ( !handler.guid )
+ handler.guid = this.guid++;
+
+ // if data is passed, bind to handler
+ if( data != undefined ) {
+ // Create temporary function pointer to original handler
+ var fn = handler;
+
+ // Create unique handler function, wrapped around original handler
+ handler = function() {
+ // Pass arguments and context to original handler
+ return fn.apply(this, arguments);
+ };
+
+ // Store data in unique handler
+ handler.data = data;
+
+ // Set the guid of unique handler to the same of original handler, so it can be removed
+ handler.guid = fn.guid;
+ }
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ handler.type = parts[1];
+
+ // Init the element's event structure
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events") || jQuery.data(element, "events", {});
+
+ var handle = jQuery.data(element, "handle", function(){
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Handle the second event of a trigger and when
+ // an event is called after a page has unloaded
+ if ( typeof jQuery == "undefined" || jQuery.event.triggered )
+ return val;
+
+ val = jQuery.event.handle.apply(element, arguments);
+
+ return val;
+ });
+
+ // Get the current list of functions bound to this event
+ var handlers = events[type];
+
+ // Init the event handler queue
+ if (!handlers) {
+ handlers = events[type] = {};
+
+ // And bind the global event handler to the element
+ if (element.addEventListener)
+ element.addEventListener(type, handle, false);
+ else
+ element.attachEvent("on" + type, handle);
+ }
+
+ // Add the function to the element's handler list
+ handlers[handler.guid] = handler;
+
+ // Keep track of which events have been used, for global triggering
+ this.global[type] = true;
+ },
+
+ guid: 1,
+ global: {},
+
+ // Detach an event or set of events from an element
+ remove: function(element, type, handler) {
+ var events = jQuery.data(element, "events"), ret, index;
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ if ( typeof type == "string" ) {
+ var parts = type.split(".");
+ type = parts[0];
+ }
+
+ if ( events ) {
+ // type is actually an event object here
+ if ( type && type.type ) {
+ handler = type.handler;
+ type = type.type;
+ }
+
+ if ( !type ) {
+ for ( type in events )
+ this.remove( element, type );
+
+ } else if ( events[type] ) {
+ // remove the given handler for the given type
+ if ( handler )
+ delete events[type][handler.guid];
+
+ // remove all handlers for the given type
+ else
+ for ( handler in events[type] )
+ // Handle the removal of namespaced events
+ if ( !parts[1] || events[type][handler].type == parts[1] )
+ delete events[type][handler];
+
+ // remove generic event handler if no more handlers exist
+ for ( ret in events[type] ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ if (element.removeEventListener)
+ element.removeEventListener(type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"), false);
+ else
+ element.detachEvent("on" + type, jQuery.data(element, "handle"));
+ ret = null;
+ delete events[type];
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Remove the expando if it's no longer used
+ for ( ret in events ) break;
+ if ( !ret ) {
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "events" );
+ jQuery.removeData( element, "handle" );
+ }
+ }
+ },
+
+ trigger: function(type, data, element, donative, extra) {
+ // Clone the incoming data, if any
+ data = jQuery.makeArray(data || []);
+
+ // Handle a global trigger
+ if ( !element ) {
+ // Only trigger if we've ever bound an event for it
+ if ( this.global[type] )
+ jQuery("*").add([window, document]).trigger(type, data);
+
+ // Handle triggering a single element
+ } else {
+ var val, ret, fn = jQuery.isFunction( element[ type ] || null ),
+ // Check to see if we need to provide a fake event, or not
+ evt = !data[0] || !data[0].preventDefault;
+
+ // Pass along a fake event
+ if ( evt )
+ data.unshift( this.fix({ type: type, target: element }) );
+
+ // Enforce the right trigger type
+ data[0].type = type;
+
+ // Trigger the event
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( jQuery.data(element, "handle") ) )
+ val = jQuery.data(element, "handle").apply( element, data );
+
+ // Handle triggering native .onfoo handlers
+ if ( !fn && element["on"+type] && element["on"+type].apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Extra functions don't get the custom event object
+ if ( evt )
+ data.shift();
+
+ // Handle triggering of extra function
+ if ( extra && extra.apply( element, data ) === false )
+ val = false;
+
+ // Trigger the native events (except for clicks on links)
+ if ( fn && donative !== false && val !== false && !(jQuery.nodeName(element, 'a') && type == "click") ) {
+ this.triggered = true;
+ element[ type ]();
+ }
+
+ this.triggered = false;
+ }
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ handle: function(event) {
+ // returned undefined or false
+ var val;
+
+ // Empty object is for triggered events with no data
+ event = jQuery.event.fix( event || window.event || {} );
+
+ // Namespaced event handlers
+ var parts = event.type.split(".");
+ event.type = parts[0];
+
+ var c = jQuery.data(this, "events") && jQuery.data(this, "events")[event.type], args = Array.prototype.slice.call( arguments, 1 );
+ args.unshift( event );
+
+ for ( var j in c ) {
+ // Pass in a reference to the handler function itself
+ // So that we can later remove it
+ args[0].handler = c[j];
+ args[0].data = c[j].data;
+
+ // Filter the functions by class
+ if ( !parts[1] || c[j].type == parts[1] ) {
+ var tmp = c[j].apply( this, args );
+
+ if ( val !== false )
+ val = tmp;
+
+ if ( tmp === false ) {
+ event.preventDefault();
+ event.stopPropagation();
+ }
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Clean up added properties in IE to prevent memory leak
+ if (jQuery.browser.msie)
+ event.target = event.preventDefault = event.stopPropagation =
+ event.handler = event.data = null;
+
+ return val;
+ },
+
+ fix: function(event) {
+ // store a copy of the original event object
+ // and clone to set read-only properties
+ var originalEvent = event;
+ event = jQuery.extend({}, originalEvent);
+
+ // add preventDefault and stopPropagation since
+ // they will not work on the clone
+ event.preventDefault = function() {
+ // if preventDefault exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.preventDefault)
+ originalEvent.preventDefault();
+ // otherwise set the returnValue property of the original event to false (IE)
+ originalEvent.returnValue = false;
+ };
+ event.stopPropagation = function() {
+ // if stopPropagation exists run it on the original event
+ if (originalEvent.stopPropagation)
+ originalEvent.stopPropagation();
+ // otherwise set the cancelBubble property of the original event to true (IE)
+ originalEvent.cancelBubble = true;
+ };
+
+ // Fix target property, if necessary
+ if ( !event.target && event.srcElement )
+ event.target = event.srcElement;
+
+ // check if target is a textnode (safari)
+ if (jQuery.browser.safari && event.target.nodeType == 3)
+ event.target = originalEvent.target.parentNode;
+
+ // Add relatedTarget, if necessary
+ if ( !event.relatedTarget && event.fromElement )
+ event.relatedTarget = event.fromElement == event.target ? event.toElement : event.fromElement;
+
+ // Calculate pageX/Y if missing and clientX/Y available
+ if ( event.pageX == null && event.clientX != null ) {
+ var e = document.documentElement, b = document.body;
+ event.pageX = event.clientX + (e && e.scrollLeft || b.scrollLeft || 0);
+ event.pageY = event.clientY + (e && e.scrollTop || b.scrollTop || 0);
+ }
+
+ // Add which for key events
+ if ( !event.which && (event.charCode || event.keyCode) )
+ event.which = event.charCode || event.keyCode;
+
+ // Add metaKey to non-Mac browsers (use ctrl for PC's and Meta for Macs)
+ if ( !event.metaKey && event.ctrlKey )
+ event.metaKey = event.ctrlKey;
+
+ // Add which for click: 1 == left; 2 == middle; 3 == right
+ // Note: button is not normalized, so don't use it
+ if ( !event.which && event.button )
+ event.which = (event.button & 1 ? 1 : ( event.button & 2 ? 3 : ( event.button & 4 ? 2 : 0 ) ));
+
+ return event;
+ }
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ bind: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return type == "unload" ? this.one(type, data, fn) : this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, fn || data, fn && data );
+ });
+ },
+
+ one: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.add( this, type, function(event) {
+ jQuery(this).unbind(event);
+ return (fn || data).apply( this, arguments);
+ }, fn && data);
+ });
+ },
+
+ unbind: function( type, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.remove( this, type, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ trigger: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ return this.each(function(){
+ jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this, true, fn );
+ });
+ },
+
+ triggerHandler: function( type, data, fn ) {
+ if ( this[0] )
+ return jQuery.event.trigger( type, data, this[0], false, fn );
+ },
+
+ toggle: function() {
+ // Save reference to arguments for access in closure
+ var a = arguments;
+
+ return this.click(function(e) {
+ // Figure out which function to execute
+ this.lastToggle = 0 == this.lastToggle ? 1 : 0;
+
+ // Make sure that clicks stop
+ e.preventDefault();
+
+ // and execute the function
+ return a[this.lastToggle].apply( this, [e] ) || false;
+ });
+ },
+
+ hover: function(f,g) {
+
+ // A private function for handling mouse 'hovering'
+ function handleHover(e) {
+ // Check if mouse(over|out) are still within the same parent element
+ var p = e.relatedTarget;
+
+ // Traverse up the tree
+ while ( p && p != this ) try { p = p.parentNode; } catch(e) { p = this; };
+
+ // If we actually just moused on to a sub-element, ignore it
+ if ( p == this ) return false;
+
+ // Execute the right function
+ return (e.type == "mouseover" ? f : g).apply(this, [e]);
+ }
+
+ // Bind the function to the two event listeners
+ return this.mouseover(handleHover).mouseout(handleHover);
+ },
+
+ ready: function(f) {
+ // Attach the listeners
+ bindReady();
+
+ // If the DOM is already ready
+ if ( jQuery.isReady )
+ // Execute the function immediately
+ f.apply( document, [jQuery] );
+
+ // Otherwise, remember the function for later
+ else
+ // Add the function to the wait list
+ jQuery.readyList.push( function() { return f.apply(this, [jQuery]); } );
+
+ return this;
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ /*
+ * All the code that makes DOM Ready work nicely.
+ */
+ isReady: false,
+ readyList: [],
+
+ // Handle when the DOM is ready
+ ready: function() {
+ // Make sure that the DOM is not already loaded
+ if ( !jQuery.isReady ) {
+ // Remember that the DOM is ready
+ jQuery.isReady = true;
+
+ // If there are functions bound, to execute
+ if ( jQuery.readyList ) {
+ // Execute all of them
+ jQuery.each( jQuery.readyList, function(){
+ this.apply( document );
+ });
+
+ // Reset the list of functions
+ jQuery.readyList = null;
+ }
+ // Remove event listener to avoid memory leak
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ document.removeEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // Remove script element used by IE hack
+ if( !window.frames.length ) // don't remove if frames are present (#1187)
+ jQuery(window).load(function(){ jQuery("#__ie_init").remove(); });
+ }
+ }
+});
+
+jQuery.each( ("blur,focus,load,resize,scroll,unload,click,dblclick," +
+ "mousedown,mouseup,mousemove,mouseover,mouseout,change,select," +
+ "submit,keydown,keypress,keyup,error").split(","), function(i,o){
+
+ // Handle event binding
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return f ? this.bind(o, f) : this.trigger(o);
+ };
+});
+
+var readyBound = false;
+
+function bindReady(){
+ if ( readyBound ) return;
+ readyBound = true;
+
+ // If Mozilla is used
+ if ( jQuery.browser.mozilla || jQuery.browser.opera )
+ // Use the handy event callback
+ document.addEventListener( "DOMContentLoaded", jQuery.ready, false );
+
+ // If IE is used, use the excellent hack by Matthias Miller
+ // http://www.outofhanwell.com/blog/index.php?title=the_window_onload_problem_revisited
+ else if ( jQuery.browser.msie ) {
+
+ // Only works if you document.write() it
+ document.write("<scr" + "ipt id=__ie_init defer=true " +
+ "src=//:><\/script>");
+
+ // Use the defer script hack
+ var script = document.getElementById("__ie_init");
+
+ // script does not exist if jQuery is loaded dynamically
+ if ( script )
+ script.onreadystatechange = function() {
+ if ( this.readyState != "complete" ) return;
+ jQuery.ready();
+ };
+
+ // Clear from memory
+ script = null;
+
+ // If Safari is used
+ } else if ( jQuery.browser.safari )
+ // Continually check to see if the document.readyState is valid
+ jQuery.safariTimer = setInterval(function(){
+ // loaded and complete are both valid states
+ if ( document.readyState == "loaded" ||
+ document.readyState == "complete" ) {
+
+ // If either one are found, remove the timer
+ clearInterval( jQuery.safariTimer );
+ jQuery.safariTimer = null;
+
+ // and execute any waiting functions
+ jQuery.ready();
+ }
+ }, 10);
+
+ // A fallback to window.onload, that will always work
+ jQuery.event.add( window, "load", jQuery.ready );
+}
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ load: function( url, params, callback ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( url ) )
+ return this.bind("load", url);
+
+ var off = url.indexOf(" ");
+ if ( off >= 0 ) {
+ var selector = url.slice(off, url.length);
+ url = url.slice(0, off);
+ }
+
+ callback = callback || function(){};
+
+ // Default to a GET request
+ var type = "GET";
+
+ // If the second parameter was provided
+ if ( params )
+ // If it's a function
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( params ) ) {
+ // We assume that it's the callback
+ callback = params;
+ params = null;
+
+ // Otherwise, build a param string
+ } else {
+ params = jQuery.param( params );
+ type = "POST";
+ }
+
+ var self = this;
+
+ // Request the remote document
+ jQuery.ajax({
+ url: url,
+ type: type,
+ data: params,
+ complete: function(res, status){
+ // If successful, inject the HTML into all the matched elements
+ if ( status == "success" || status == "notmodified" )
+ // See if a selector was specified
+ self.html( selector ?
+ // Create a dummy div to hold the results
+ jQuery("<div/>")
+ // inject the contents of the document in, removing the scripts
+ // to avoid any 'Permission Denied' errors in IE
+ .append(res.responseText.replace(/<script(.|\s)*?\/script>/g, ""))
+
+ // Locate the specified elements
+ .find(selector) :
+
+ // If not, just inject the full result
+ res.responseText );
+
+ // Add delay to account for Safari's delay in globalEval
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ self.each( callback, [res.responseText, status, res] );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ });
+ return this;
+ },
+
+ serialize: function() {
+ return jQuery.param(this.serializeArray());
+ },
+ serializeArray: function() {
+ return this.map(function(){
+ return jQuery.nodeName(this, "form") ?
+ jQuery.makeArray(this.elements) : this;
+ })
+ .filter(function(){
+ return this.name && !this.disabled &&
+ (this.checked || /select|textarea/i.test(this.nodeName) ||
+ /text|hidden|password/i.test(this.type));
+ })
+ .map(function(i, elem){
+ var val = jQuery(this).val();
+ return val == null ? null :
+ val.constructor == Array ?
+ jQuery.map( val, function(val, i){
+ return {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }) :
+ {name: elem.name, value: val};
+ }).get();
+ }
+});
+
+// Attach a bunch of functions for handling common AJAX events
+jQuery.each( "ajaxStart,ajaxStop,ajaxComplete,ajaxError,ajaxSuccess,ajaxSend".split(","), function(i,o){
+ jQuery.fn[o] = function(f){
+ return this.bind(o, f);
+ };
+});
+
+var jsc = (new Date).getTime();
+
+jQuery.extend({
+ get: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ // shift arguments if data argument was ommited
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = null;
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "GET",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ getScript: function( url, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, null, callback, "script");
+ },
+
+ getJSON: function( url, data, callback ) {
+ return jQuery.get(url, data, callback, "json");
+ },
+
+ post: function( url, data, callback, type ) {
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( data ) ) {
+ callback = data;
+ data = {};
+ }
+
+ return jQuery.ajax({
+ type: "POST",
+ url: url,
+ data: data,
+ success: callback,
+ dataType: type
+ });
+ },
+
+ ajaxSetup: function( settings ) {
+ jQuery.extend( jQuery.ajaxSettings, settings );
+ },
+
+ ajaxSettings: {
+ global: true,
+ type: "GET",
+ timeout: 0,
+ contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
+ processData: true,
+ async: true,
+ data: null
+ },
+
+ // Last-Modified header cache for next request
+ lastModified: {},
+
+ ajax: function( s ) {
+ var jsonp, jsre = /=(\?|%3F)/g, status, data;
+
+ // Extend the settings, but re-extend 's' so that it can be
+ // checked again later (in the test suite, specifically)
+ s = jQuery.extend(true, s, jQuery.extend(true, {}, jQuery.ajaxSettings, s));
+
+ // convert data if not already a string
+ if ( s.data && s.processData && typeof s.data != "string" )
+ s.data = jQuery.param(s.data);
+
+ // Handle JSONP Parameter Callbacks
+ if ( s.dataType == "jsonp" ) {
+ if ( s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ if ( !s.url.match(jsre) )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ } else if ( !s.data || !s.data.match(jsre) )
+ s.data = (s.data ? s.data + "&" : "") + (s.jsonp || "callback") + "=?";
+ s.dataType = "json";
+ }
+
+ // Build temporary JSONP function
+ if ( s.dataType == "json" && (s.data && s.data.match(jsre) || s.url.match(jsre)) ) {
+ jsonp = "jsonp" + jsc++;
+
+ // Replace the =? sequence both in the query string and the data
+ if ( s.data )
+ s.data = s.data.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+ s.url = s.url.replace(jsre, "=" + jsonp);
+
+ // We need to make sure
+ // that a JSONP style response is executed properly
+ s.dataType = "script";
+
+ // Handle JSONP-style loading
+ window[ jsonp ] = function(tmp){
+ data = tmp;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ // Garbage collect
+ window[ jsonp ] = undefined;
+ try{ delete window[ jsonp ]; } catch(e){}
+ };
+ }
+
+ if ( s.dataType == "script" && s.cache == null )
+ s.cache = false;
+
+ if ( s.cache === false && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" )
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + "_=" + (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ // If data is available, append data to url for get requests
+ if ( s.data && s.type.toLowerCase() == "get" ) {
+ s.url += (s.url.match(/\?/) ? "&" : "?") + s.data;
+
+ // IE likes to send both get and post data, prevent this
+ s.data = null;
+ }
+
+ // Watch for a new set of requests
+ if ( s.global && ! jQuery.active++ )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStart" );
+
+ // If we're requesting a remote document
+ // and trying to load JSON or Script
+ if ( !s.url.indexOf("http") && s.dataType == "script" ) {
+ var head = document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0];
+ var script = document.createElement("script");
+ script.src = s.url;
+
+ // Handle Script loading
+ if ( !jsonp && (s.success || s.complete) ) {
+ var done = false;
+
+ // Attach handlers for all browsers
+ script.onload = script.onreadystatechange = function(){
+ if ( !done && (!this.readyState ||
+ this.readyState == "loaded" || this.readyState == "complete") ) {
+ done = true;
+ success();
+ complete();
+ head.removeChild( script );
+ }
+ };
+ }
+
+ head.appendChild(script);
+
+ // We handle everything using the script element injection
+ return;
+ }
+
+ var requestDone = false;
+
+ // Create the request object; Microsoft failed to properly
+ // implement the XMLHttpRequest in IE7, so we use the ActiveXObject when it is available
+ var xml = window.ActiveXObject ? new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP") : new XMLHttpRequest();
+
+ // Open the socket
+ xml.open(s.type, s.url, s.async);
+
+ // Set the correct header, if data is being sent
+ if ( s.data )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", s.contentType);
+
+ // Set the If-Modified-Since header, if ifModified mode.
+ if ( s.ifModified )
+ xml.setRequestHeader("If-Modified-Since",
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] || "Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT" );
+
+ // Set header so the called script knows that it's an XMLHttpRequest
+ xml.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With", "XMLHttpRequest");
+
+ // Allow custom headers/mimetypes
+ if ( s.beforeSend )
+ s.beforeSend(xml);
+
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger("ajaxSend", [xml, s]);
+
+ // Wait for a response to come back
+ var onreadystatechange = function(isTimeout){
+ // The transfer is complete and the data is available, or the request timed out
+ if ( !requestDone && xml && (xml.readyState == 4 || isTimeout == "timeout") ) {
+ requestDone = true;
+
+ // clear poll interval
+ if (ival) {
+ clearInterval(ival);
+ ival = null;
+ }
+
+ status = isTimeout == "timeout" && "timeout" ||
+ !jQuery.httpSuccess( xml ) && "error" ||
+ s.ifModified && jQuery.httpNotModified( xml, s.url ) && "notmodified" ||
+ "success";
+
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Watch for, and catch, XML document parse errors
+ try {
+ // process the data (runs the xml through httpData regardless of callback)
+ data = jQuery.httpData( xml, s.dataType );
+ } catch(e) {
+ status = "parsererror";
+ }
+ }
+
+ // Make sure that the request was successful or notmodified
+ if ( status == "success" ) {
+ // Cache Last-Modified header, if ifModified mode.
+ var modRes;
+ try {
+ modRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+ } catch(e) {} // swallow exception thrown by FF if header is not available
+
+ if ( s.ifModified && modRes )
+ jQuery.lastModified[s.url] = modRes;
+
+ // JSONP handles its own success callback
+ if ( !jsonp )
+ success();
+ } else
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, status);
+
+ // Fire the complete handlers
+ complete();
+
+ // Stop memory leaks
+ if ( s.async )
+ xml = null;
+ }
+ };
+
+ if ( s.async ) {
+ // don't attach the handler to the request, just poll it instead
+ var ival = setInterval(onreadystatechange, 13);
+
+ // Timeout checker
+ if ( s.timeout > 0 )
+ setTimeout(function(){
+ // Check to see if the request is still happening
+ if ( xml ) {
+ // Cancel the request
+ xml.abort();
+
+ if( !requestDone )
+ onreadystatechange( "timeout" );
+ }
+ }, s.timeout);
+ }
+
+ // Send the data
+ try {
+ xml.send(s.data);
+ } catch(e) {
+ jQuery.handleError(s, xml, null, e);
+ }
+
+ // firefox 1.5 doesn't fire statechange for sync requests
+ if ( !s.async )
+ onreadystatechange();
+
+ // return XMLHttpRequest to allow aborting the request etc.
+ return xml;
+
+ function success(){
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it and pass it the data
+ if ( s.success )
+ s.success( data, status );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxSuccess", [xml, s] );
+ }
+
+ function complete(){
+ // Process result
+ if ( s.complete )
+ s.complete(xml, status);
+
+ // The request was completed
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxComplete", [xml, s] );
+
+ // Handle the global AJAX counter
+ if ( s.global && ! --jQuery.active )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxStop" );
+ }
+ },
+
+ handleError: function( s, xml, status, e ) {
+ // If a local callback was specified, fire it
+ if ( s.error ) s.error( xml, status, e );
+
+ // Fire the global callback
+ if ( s.global )
+ jQuery.event.trigger( "ajaxError", [xml, s, e] );
+ },
+
+ // Counter for holding the number of active queries
+ active: 0,
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest was successful or not
+ httpSuccess: function( r ) {
+ try {
+ return !r.status && location.protocol == "file:" ||
+ ( r.status >= 200 && r.status < 300 ) || r.status == 304 ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && r.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ // Determines if an XMLHttpRequest returns NotModified
+ httpNotModified: function( xml, url ) {
+ try {
+ var xmlRes = xml.getResponseHeader("Last-Modified");
+
+ // Firefox always returns 200. check Last-Modified date
+ return xml.status == 304 || xmlRes == jQuery.lastModified[url] ||
+ jQuery.browser.safari && xml.status == undefined;
+ } catch(e){}
+ return false;
+ },
+
+ httpData: function( r, type ) {
+ var ct = r.getResponseHeader("content-type");
+ var xml = type == "xml" || !type && ct && ct.indexOf("xml") >= 0;
+ var data = xml ? r.responseXML : r.responseText;
+
+ if ( xml && data.documentElement.tagName == "parsererror" )
+ throw "parsererror";
+
+ // If the type is "script", eval it in global context
+ if ( type == "script" )
+ jQuery.globalEval( data );
+
+ // Get the JavaScript object, if JSON is used.
+ if ( type == "json" )
+ data = eval("(" + data + ")");
+
+ return data;
+ },
+
+ // Serialize an array of form elements or a set of
+ // key/values into a query string
+ param: function( a ) {
+ var s = [];
+
+ // If an array was passed in, assume that it is an array
+ // of form elements
+ if ( a.constructor == Array || a.jquery )
+ // Serialize the form elements
+ jQuery.each( a, function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(this.name) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this.value ) );
+ });
+
+ // Otherwise, assume that it's an object of key/value pairs
+ else
+ // Serialize the key/values
+ for ( var j in a )
+ // If the value is an array then the key names need to be repeated
+ if ( a[j] && a[j].constructor == Array )
+ jQuery.each( a[j], function(){
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( this ) );
+ });
+ else
+ s.push( encodeURIComponent(j) + "=" + encodeURIComponent( a[j] ) );
+
+ // Return the resulting serialization
+ return s.join("&").replace(/%20/g, "+");
+ }
+
+});
+jQuery.fn.extend({
+ show: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "show", width: "show", opacity: "show"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":hidden").each(function(){
+ this.style.display = this.oldblock ? this.oldblock : "";
+ if ( jQuery.css(this,"display") == "none" )
+ this.style.display = "block";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ hide: function(speed,callback){
+ return speed ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "hide", width: "hide", opacity: "hide"
+ }, speed, callback) :
+
+ this.filter(":visible").each(function(){
+ this.oldblock = this.oldblock || jQuery.css(this,"display");
+ if ( this.oldblock == "none" )
+ this.oldblock = "block";
+ this.style.display = "none";
+ }).end();
+ },
+
+ // Save the old toggle function
+ _toggle: jQuery.fn.toggle,
+
+ toggle: function( fn, fn2 ){
+ return jQuery.isFunction(fn) && jQuery.isFunction(fn2) ?
+ this._toggle( fn, fn2 ) :
+ fn ?
+ this.animate({
+ height: "toggle", width: "toggle", opacity: "toggle"
+ }, fn, fn2) :
+ this.each(function(){
+ jQuery(this)[ jQuery(this).is(":hidden") ? "show" : "hide" ]();
+ });
+ },
+
+ slideDown: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideUp: function(speed,callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ slideToggle: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({height: "toggle"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeIn: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "show"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeOut: function(speed, callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: "hide"}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ fadeTo: function(speed,to,callback){
+ return this.animate({opacity: to}, speed, callback);
+ },
+
+ animate: function( prop, speed, easing, callback ) {
+ var opt = jQuery.speed(speed, easing, callback);
+
+ return this[ opt.queue === false ? "each" : "queue" ](function(){
+ opt = jQuery.extend({}, opt);
+ var hidden = jQuery(this).is(":hidden"), self = this;
+
+ for ( var p in prop ) {
+ if ( prop[p] == "hide" && hidden || prop[p] == "show" && !hidden )
+ return jQuery.isFunction(opt.complete) && opt.complete.apply(this);
+
+ if ( p == "height" || p == "width" ) {
+ // Store display property
+ opt.display = jQuery.css(this, "display");
+
+ // Make sure that nothing sneaks out
+ opt.overflow = this.style.overflow;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if ( opt.overflow != null )
+ this.style.overflow = "hidden";
+
+ opt.curAnim = jQuery.extend({}, prop);
+
+ jQuery.each( prop, function(name, val){
+ var e = new jQuery.fx( self, opt, name );
+
+ if ( /toggle|show|hide/.test(val) )
+ e[ val == "toggle" ? hidden ? "show" : "hide" : val ]( prop );
+ else {
+ var parts = val.toString().match(/^([+-]=)?([\d+-.]+)(.*)$/),
+ start = e.cur(true) || 0;
+
+ if ( parts ) {
+ var end = parseFloat(parts[2]),
+ unit = parts[3] || "px";
+
+ // We need to compute starting value
+ if ( unit != "px" ) {
+ self.style[ name ] = (end || 1) + unit;
+ start = ((end || 1) / e.cur(true)) * start;
+ self.style[ name ] = start + unit;
+ }
+
+ // If a +=/-= token was provided, we're doing a relative animation
+ if ( parts[1] )
+ end = ((parts[1] == "-=" ? -1 : 1) * end) + start;
+
+ e.custom( start, end, unit );
+ } else
+ e.custom( start, val, "" );
+ }
+ });
+
+ // For JS strict compliance
+ return true;
+ });
+ },
+
+ queue: function(type, fn){
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction(type) ) {
+ fn = type;
+ type = "fx";
+ }
+
+ if ( !type || (typeof type == "string" && !fn) )
+ return queue( this[0], type );
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ if ( fn.constructor == Array )
+ queue(this, type, fn);
+ else {
+ queue(this, type).push( fn );
+
+ if ( queue(this, type).length == 1 )
+ fn.apply(this);
+ }
+ });
+ },
+
+ stop: function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( timers[i].elem == this )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+ }).dequeue();
+ }
+
+});
+
+var queue = function( elem, type, array ) {
+ if ( !elem )
+ return;
+
+ var q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue" );
+
+ if ( !q || array )
+ q = jQuery.data( elem, type + "queue",
+ array ? jQuery.makeArray(array) : [] );
+
+ return q;
+};
+
+jQuery.fn.dequeue = function(type){
+ type = type || "fx";
+
+ return this.each(function(){
+ var q = queue(this, type);
+
+ q.shift();
+
+ if ( q.length )
+ q[0].apply( this );
+ });
+};
+
+jQuery.extend({
+
+ speed: function(speed, easing, fn) {
+ var opt = speed && speed.constructor == Object ? speed : {
+ complete: fn || !fn && easing ||
+ jQuery.isFunction( speed ) && speed,
+ duration: speed,
+ easing: fn && easing || easing && easing.constructor != Function && easing
+ };
+
+ opt.duration = (opt.duration && opt.duration.constructor == Number ?
+ opt.duration :
+ { slow: 600, fast: 200 }[opt.duration]) || 400;
+
+ // Queueing
+ opt.old = opt.complete;
+ opt.complete = function(){
+ jQuery(this).dequeue();
+ if ( jQuery.isFunction( opt.old ) )
+ opt.old.apply( this );
+ };
+
+ return opt;
+ },
+
+ easing: {
+ linear: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return firstNum + diff * p;
+ },
+ swing: function( p, n, firstNum, diff ) {
+ return ((-Math.cos(p*Math.PI)/2) + 0.5) * diff + firstNum;
+ }
+ },
+
+ timers: [],
+
+ fx: function( elem, options, prop ){
+ this.options = options;
+ this.elem = elem;
+ this.prop = prop;
+
+ if ( !options.orig )
+ options.orig = {};
+ }
+
+});
+
+jQuery.fx.prototype = {
+
+ // Simple function for setting a style value
+ update: function(){
+ if ( this.options.step )
+ this.options.step.apply( this.elem, [ this.now, this ] );
+
+ (jQuery.fx.step[this.prop] || jQuery.fx.step._default)( this );
+
+ // Set display property to block for height/width animations
+ if ( this.prop == "height" || this.prop == "width" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ },
+
+ // Get the current size
+ cur: function(force){
+ if ( this.elem[this.prop] != null && this.elem.style[this.prop] == null )
+ return this.elem[ this.prop ];
+
+ var r = parseFloat(jQuery.curCSS(this.elem, this.prop, force));
+ return r && r > -10000 ? r : parseFloat(jQuery.css(this.elem, this.prop)) || 0;
+ },
+
+ // Start an animation from one number to another
+ custom: function(from, to, unit){
+ this.startTime = (new Date()).getTime();
+ this.start = from;
+ this.end = to;
+ this.unit = unit || this.unit || "px";
+ this.now = this.start;
+ this.pos = this.state = 0;
+ this.update();
+
+ var self = this;
+ function t(){
+ return self.step();
+ }
+
+ t.elem = this.elem;
+
+ jQuery.timers.push(t);
+
+ if ( jQuery.timers.length == 1 ) {
+ var timer = setInterval(function(){
+ var timers = jQuery.timers;
+
+ for ( var i = 0; i < timers.length; i++ )
+ if ( !timers[i]() )
+ timers.splice(i--, 1);
+
+ if ( !timers.length )
+ clearInterval( timer );
+ }, 13);
+ }
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'show' function
+ show: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.show = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(0, this.cur());
+
+ // Make sure that we start at a small width/height to avoid any
+ // flash of content
+ if ( this.prop == "width" || this.prop == "height" )
+ this.elem.style[this.prop] = "1px";
+
+ // Start by showing the element
+ jQuery(this.elem).show();
+ },
+
+ // Simple 'hide' function
+ hide: function(){
+ // Remember where we started, so that we can go back to it later
+ this.options.orig[this.prop] = jQuery.attr( this.elem.style, this.prop );
+ this.options.hide = true;
+
+ // Begin the animation
+ this.custom(this.cur(), 0);
+ },
+
+ // Each step of an animation
+ step: function(){
+ var t = (new Date()).getTime();
+
+ if ( t > this.options.duration + this.startTime ) {
+ this.now = this.end;
+ this.pos = this.state = 1;
+ this.update();
+
+ this.options.curAnim[ this.prop ] = true;
+
+ var done = true;
+ for ( var i in this.options.curAnim )
+ if ( this.options.curAnim[i] !== true )
+ done = false;
+
+ if ( done ) {
+ if ( this.options.display != null ) {
+ // Reset the overflow
+ this.elem.style.overflow = this.options.overflow;
+
+ // Reset the display
+ this.elem.style.display = this.options.display;
+ if ( jQuery.css(this.elem, "display") == "none" )
+ this.elem.style.display = "block";
+ }
+
+ // Hide the element if the "hide" operation was done
+ if ( this.options.hide )
+ this.elem.style.display = "none";
+
+ // Reset the properties, if the item has been hidden or shown
+ if ( this.options.hide || this.options.show )
+ for ( var p in this.options.curAnim )
+ jQuery.attr(this.elem.style, p, this.options.orig[p]);
+ }
+
+ // If a callback was provided, execute it
+ if ( done && jQuery.isFunction( this.options.complete ) )
+ // Execute the complete function
+ this.options.complete.apply( this.elem );
+
+ return false;
+ } else {
+ var n = t - this.startTime;
+ this.state = n / this.options.duration;
+
+ // Perform the easing function, defaults to swing
+ this.pos = jQuery.easing[this.options.easing || (jQuery.easing.swing ? "swing" : "linear")](this.state, n, 0, 1, this.options.duration);
+ this.now = this.start + ((this.end - this.start) * this.pos);
+
+ // Perform the next step of the animation
+ this.update();
+ }
+
+ return true;
+ }
+
+};
+
+jQuery.fx.step = {
+ scrollLeft: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollLeft = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ scrollTop: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.scrollTop = fx.now;
+ },
+
+ opacity: function(fx){
+ jQuery.attr(fx.elem.style, "opacity", fx.now);
+ },
+
+ _default: function(fx){
+ fx.elem.style[ fx.prop ] = fx.now + fx.unit;
+ }
+};
+// The Offset Method
+// Originally By Brandon Aaron, part of the Dimension Plugin
+// http://jquery.com/plugins/project/dimensions
+jQuery.fn.offset = function() {
+ var left = 0, top = 0, elem = this[0], results;
+
+ if ( elem ) with ( jQuery.browser ) {
+ var absolute = jQuery.css(elem, "position") == "absolute",
+ parent = elem.parentNode,
+ offsetParent = elem.offsetParent,
+ doc = elem.ownerDocument,
+ safari2 = safari && parseInt(version) < 522;
+
+ // Use getBoundingClientRect if available
+ if ( elem.getBoundingClientRect ) {
+ box = elem.getBoundingClientRect();
+
+ // Add the document scroll offsets
+ add(
+ box.left + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollLeft, doc.body.scrollLeft),
+ box.top + Math.max(doc.documentElement.scrollTop, doc.body.scrollTop)
+ );
+
+ // IE adds the HTML element's border, by default it is medium which is 2px
+ // IE 6 and IE 7 quirks mode the border width is overwritable by the following css html { border: 0; }
+ // IE 7 standards mode, the border is always 2px
+ if ( msie ) {
+ var border = jQuery("html").css("borderWidth");
+ border = (border == "medium" || jQuery.boxModel && parseInt(version) >= 7) && 2 || border;
+ add( -border, -border );
+ }
+
+ // Otherwise loop through the offsetParents and parentNodes
+ } else {
+
+ // Initial element offsets
+ add( elem.offsetLeft, elem.offsetTop );
+
+ // Get parent offsets
+ while ( offsetParent ) {
+ // Add offsetParent offsets
+ add( offsetParent.offsetLeft, offsetParent.offsetTop );
+
+ // Mozilla and Safari > 2 does not include the border on offset parents
+ // However Mozilla adds the border for table cells
+ if ( mozilla && /^t[d|h]$/i.test(parent.tagName) || !safari2 )
+ border( offsetParent );
+
+ // Safari <= 2 doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && !absolute && jQuery.css(offsetParent, "position") == "absolute" )
+ absolute = true;
+
+ // Get next offsetParent
+ offsetParent = offsetParent.offsetParent;
+ }
+
+ // Get parent scroll offsets
+ while ( parent.tagName && !/^body|html$/i.test(parent.tagName) ) {
+ // Work around opera inline/table scrollLeft/Top bug
+ if ( !/^inline|table-row.*$/i.test(jQuery.css(parent, "display")) )
+ // Subtract parent scroll offsets
+ add( -parent.scrollLeft, -parent.scrollTop );
+
+ // Mozilla does not add the border for a parent that has overflow != visible
+ if ( mozilla && jQuery.css(parent, "overflow") != "visible" )
+ border( parent );
+
+ // Get next parent
+ parent = parent.parentNode;
+ }
+
+ // Safari doubles body offsets with an absolutely positioned element or parent
+ if ( safari2 && absolute )
+ add( -doc.body.offsetLeft, -doc.body.offsetTop );
+ }
+
+ // Return an object with top and left properties
+ results = { top: top, left: left };
+ }
+
+ return results;
+
+ function border(elem) {
+ add( jQuery.css(elem, "borderLeftWidth"), jQuery.css(elem, "borderTopWidth") );
+ }
+
+ function add(l, t) {
+ left += parseInt(l) || 0;
+ top += parseInt(t) || 0;
+ }
+};
+})();
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/styles.css Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+body {
+ background: #F2F1F0;
+ font-family: verdana,sans-serif;
+}
+
+.navheader, .book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .navfooter, .basetemplate {
+ width: 50em;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+a.commenttoggle:hover, a.commenttoggle:active {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .basetemplate {
+ background: white;
+ padding: 2em;
+}
+
+h1 {
+ margin-top: 1.5em;
+}
+
+span.beta {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ font-style: italic;
+ opacity: 0.4;
+}
+
+h2, h3 {
+ margin-top: 2em;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3 {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+}
+
+h1.booktitle {
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle > a {
+ color: black;
+}
+
+.authors {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ opacity: 0.55;
+ padding-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.note th, div.tip th, div.warning th {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-size: 110%;
+}
+
+div.navheader th, div.navfooter td {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+}
+
+div.navheader th {
+ opacity: 0;
+ font-size: 0;
+}
+
+pre.screen {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/shell.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/source.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting, pre.screen, p.remark {
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ font-size: medium;
+ padding: 1em;
+ background-repeat: no-repeat;
+ background-position: 10px 10px;
+ padding-left: 70px;
+}
+
+strong.command, code, pre, span.type {
+ font-family: monospace;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+strong.userinput > code {
+ font-weight: bolder;
+ color: #303030;
+}
+
+div.toc > p {
+ opacity: 0.35;
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.toc b {
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-size: large;
+}
+
+ul.booktoc {
+ padding-left: 0px;
+ list-style-type: none;
+}
+
+.booktoc > li {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+}
+
+.chapinfo {
+ float: right;
+ color: #a0a0a0;
+}
+
+.unpublished {
+ color: #a0a0a0;
+}
+
+.chapinfo img {
+ vertical-align: -35%;
+ border: 0px;
+}
+
+.zebra_b {
+ background: #f4f4f4;
+}
+
+.book .titlepage {
+ display: none;
+}
+
+.chapter div.toc > dl {
+ display: none;
+}
+
+pre.programlisting, pre.screen, p.remark {
+ overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+p.remark {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/remark.png);
+}
+
+div.warning, p.remark {
+ background-color: #FFEFE8;
+ border-color: #e0a8a0;
+}
+
+span.remark {
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #707070;
+}
+
+.screen {
+ background: #e7ffc7 none repeat scroll 0% 50%;
+ border-color: #94DA3A;
+}
+
+.programlisting {
+ background: #F0F4FF none repeat scroll 0% 50%;
+ border-color: #B4BAEA;
+}
+
+.prompt {
+ color: #448844;
+}
+
+div.note, div.tip {
+ background: #ffffc9;
+ border-color: #B4BAEA;
+}
+
+div.note, div.warning, div.tip {
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ padding: 1em;
+}
+
+.note .title {
+ font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+.comment {
+ font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+div.comment, div.new_comment {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+ margin: 0.5em;
+ margin-left: 2em;
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ border-color: #aaaaff;
+}
+
+div.comment {
+ background: #eeeeff;
+}
+
+div.new_comment {
+ background: #d0d0ff;
+}
+
+.commenttoggle {
+ opacity: 0.35;
+}
+
+.comment_help {
+ font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+.comment_header {
+ opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.comment_id {
+ float: right;
+ opacity: 0.3;
+ font-size: 60%;
+}
+
+.comment_name {
+ font-weight: bolder;
+}
+
+.comment_reviewed {
+ color: darkgreen;
+ margin-left: 1em;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.comment_date {
+ opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.comment_thanks {
+ color: darkblue;
+ margin-left: 1em;
+ font-style: italic;
+ font-weight: bolder;
+}
+
+.comment_error {
+ padding-left: 1em;
+ font-weight: bolder;
+ font-size: 80%;
+ color: darkred;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter {
+ width: 60em;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+ margin-top: 2em;
+ padding: 2em;
+ margin-bottom: 2em;
+ font-size: 80%;
+ color: #727272;
+ border-top: 1px solid grey;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter a {
+ color: #5555ff;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter a:visited {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter img {
+ vertical-align: -45%;
+}
+
+table.equation a.commenttoggle {
+ text-align: right;
+ display: block;
+}
+
+div.comment, div.new_comment, form.comment {
+ text-align: left;
+}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/support/styles/styles.css Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+body {
+ background: #F2F1F0;
+ font-family: verdana,sans-serif;
+}
+
+.navheader, .book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .navfooter, .basetemplate {
+ width: 50em;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+a.commenttoggle:hover, a.commenttoggle:active {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.book, .preface, .chapter, .appendix, .bibliography, .basetemplate {
+ background: white;
+ padding: 2em;
+}
+
+h1 {
+ margin-top: 1.5em;
+}
+
+span.beta {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ font-style: italic;
+ opacity: 0.4;
+}
+
+h2, h3 {
+ margin-top: 2em;
+}
+
+h1, h2, h3 {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ margin-bottom: 0.5em;
+}
+
+h1.booktitle {
+ margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle {
+ text-align: center;
+}
+
+h2.booktitle > a {
+ color: black;
+}
+
+.authors {
+ font-size: 80%;
+ opacity: 0.55;
+ padding-left: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.note th, div.tip th, div.warning th {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-size: 110%;
+}
+
+div.navheader th, div.navfooter td {
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+}
+
+div.navheader th {
+ opacity: 0;
+ font-size: 0;
+}
+
+pre.screen {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/shell.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/source.png);
+}
+
+pre.programlisting, pre.screen, p.remark {
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ font-size: medium;
+ padding: 1em;
+ background-repeat: no-repeat;
+ background-position: 10px 10px;
+ padding-left: 70px;
+}
+
+strong.command, code, pre, span.type {
+ font-family: monospace;
+ font-weight: normal;
+}
+
+strong.userinput > code {
+ font-weight: bolder;
+ color: #303030;
+}
+
+div.toc > p {
+ opacity: 0.35;
+ font-family: georgia,serif;
+ cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+div.toc b {
+ font-weight: normal;
+ font-size: large;
+}
+
+ul.booktoc {
+ padding-left: 0px;
+ list-style-type: none;
+}
+
+.booktoc > li {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+}
+
+.chapinfo {
+ float: right;
+ color: #a0a0a0;
+}
+
+.unpublished {
+ color: #a0a0a0;
+}
+
+.chapinfo img {
+ vertical-align: -35%;
+ border: 0px;
+}
+
+.zebra_b {
+ background: #f4f4f4;
+}
+
+.book .titlepage {
+ display: none;
+}
+
+.chapter div.toc > dl {
+ display: none;
+}
+
+pre.programlisting, pre.screen, p.remark {
+ overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+p.remark {
+ background-image: url(/support/icons/remark.png);
+}
+
+div.warning, p.remark {
+ background-color: #FFEFE8;
+ border-color: #e0a8a0;
+}
+
+span.remark {
+ font-style: normal;
+ color: #707070;
+}
+
+.screen {
+ background: #e7ffc7 none repeat scroll 0% 50%;
+ border-color: #94DA3A;
+}
+
+.programlisting {
+ background: #F0F4FF none repeat scroll 0% 50%;
+ border-color: #B4BAEA;
+}
+
+.prompt {
+ color: #448844;
+}
+
+div.note, div.tip {
+ background: #ffffc9;
+ border-color: #B4BAEA;
+}
+
+div.note, div.warning, div.tip {
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ padding: 1em;
+}
+
+.note .title {
+ font-size: 90%;
+}
+
+.comment {
+ font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+div.comment, div.new_comment {
+ padding: 0.5em;
+ margin: 0.5em;
+ margin-left: 2em;
+ border-style: solid;
+ border-width: 1px;
+ border-color: #aaaaff;
+}
+
+div.comment {
+ background: #eeeeff;
+}
+
+div.new_comment {
+ background: #d0d0ff;
+}
+
+.commenttoggle {
+ opacity: 0.35;
+}
+
+.comment_help {
+ font-size: 80%;
+}
+
+.comment_header {
+ opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.comment_id {
+ float: right;
+ opacity: 0.3;
+ font-size: 60%;
+}
+
+.comment_name {
+ font-weight: bolder;
+}
+
+.comment_reviewed {
+ color: darkgreen;
+ margin-left: 1em;
+ font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.comment_date {
+ opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.comment_thanks {
+ color: darkblue;
+ margin-left: 1em;
+ font-style: italic;
+ font-weight: bolder;
+}
+
+.comment_error {
+ padding-left: 1em;
+ font-weight: bolder;
+ font-size: 80%;
+ color: darkred;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter {
+ width: 60em;
+ margin-left: auto;
+ margin-right: auto;
+ margin-top: 2em;
+ padding: 2em;
+ margin-bottom: 2em;
+ font-size: 80%;
+ color: #727272;
+ border-top: 1px solid grey;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter a {
+ color: #5555ff;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter a:visited {
+ opacity: 0.7;
+}
+
+.hgbookfooter img {
+ vertical-align: -45%;
+}
+
+table.equation a.commenttoggle {
+ text-align: right;
+ display: block;
+}
+
+div.comment, div.new_comment, form.comment {
+ text-align: left;
+}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/texpand.py Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Use Django's template machinery to expand static web pages. First
+# tries the default template path for a particular installation, then
+# looks for templates in the filesystem.
+
+import sys
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook')
+import hgbook
+from django.template import Context, TemplateDoesNotExist
+from django.template.loader import get_template, get_template_from_string
+from django.core.management import setup_environ
+import hgbook.settings as settings
+
+
+setup_environ(settings)
+c = Context()
+
+if len(sys.argv) == 2:
+ in_name = sys.argv[1]
+ out_name = 'stdout'
+ out_fp = sys.stdout
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+ in_name = sys.argv[1]
+ out_name = sys.argv[2]
+ out_fp = None
+else:
+ print >> sys.stderr, 'Usage: %s template-file [output-file]'
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+try:
+ t = get_template(in_name)
+except TemplateDoesNotExist:
+ t = get_template_from_string(open(in_name).read(), name=in_name)
+if out_fp is None:
+ out_fp = open(out_name, 'w')
+out_fp.write(t.render(c))
+out_fp.close()
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/web/texpand.py~ Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Use Django's template machinery to expand static web pages. First
+# tries the default template path for a particular installation, then
+# looks for templates in the filesystem.
+
+import sys
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook')
+from django.template import Context, TemplateDoesNotExist
+from django.template.loader import get_template, get_template_from_string
+from django.core.management import setup_environ
+import hgbook.settings as settings
+
+
+setup_environ(settings)
+c = Context()
+
+if len(sys.argv) == 2:
+ in_name = sys.argv[1]
+ out_name = 'stdout'
+ out_fp = sys.stdout
+elif len(sys.argv) == 3:
+ in_name = sys.argv[1]
+ out_name = sys.argv[2]
+ out_fp = None
+else:
+ print >> sys.stderr, 'Usage: %s template-file [output-file]'
+ sys.exit(1)
+
+try:
+ t = get_template(in_name)
+except TemplateDoesNotExist:
+ t = get_template_from_string(open(in_name).read(), name=in_name)
+if out_fp is None:
+ out_fp = open(out_name, 'w')
+out_fp.write(t.render(c))
+out_fp.close()
