Binary file web/hgbook/.database.sqlite3 has changed

--- a/web/hgbook/comments/p_list.py	Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/p_list.py	Fri Feb 05 23:42:24 2010 +0530
@@ -1,1 +1,1 @@
-p_list= {'ch6oop': ['ch6oop_1', 'ch6oop_2', 'ch6oop_3', 'ch6oop_4', 'ch6oop_5', 'ch6oop_6'], 'ch1Introduction': ['ch1Introduction_1', 'ch1Introduction_2', 'ch1Introduction_3', 'ch1Introduction_4', 'ch1Introduction_5', 'ch1Introduction_6', 'ch1Introduction_7', 'ch1Introduction_8', 'ch1Introduction_9', 'ch1Introduction_a', 'ch1Introduction_b', 'ch1Introduction_c', 'ch1Introduction_d'], 'ch5func': ['ch5func_1', 'ch5func_2', 'ch5func_3', 'ch5func_4', 'ch5func_5', 'ch5func_6', 'ch5func_7', 'ch5func_8', 'ch5func_9', 'ch5func_a', 'ch5func_b', 'ch5func_c', 'ch5func_d', 'ch5func_e', 'ch5func_f', 'ch5func_10', 'ch5func_11', 'ch5func_12', 'ch5func_13', 'ch5func_14', 'ch5func_15', 'ch5func_16', 'ch5func_17', 'ch5func_18', 'ch5func_19', 'ch5func_1a', 'ch5func_1b', 'ch5func_1c', 'ch5func_1d', 'ch5func_1e', 'ch5func_1f'], 'ch3list_tuples': ['ch3list_tuples_1', 'ch3list_tuples_2', 'ch3list_tuples_3', 'ch3list_tuples_4', 'ch3list_tuples_5', 'ch3list_tuples_6', 'ch3list_tuples_7', 'ch3list_tuples_8', 'ch3list_tuples_9', 'ch3list_tuples_a', 'ch3list_tuples_b', 'ch3list_tuples_c', 'ch3list_tuples_d', 'ch3list_tuples_e', 'ch3list_tuples_f', 'ch3list_tuples_10', 'ch3list_tuples_11', 'ch3list_tuples_12', 'ch3list_tuples_13', 'ch3list_tuples_14', 'ch3list_tuples_15', 'ch3list_tuples_16', 'ch3list_tuples_17', 'ch3list_tuples_18', 'ch3list_tuples_19', 'ch3list_tuples_1a', 'ch3list_tuples_1b', 'ch3list_tuples_1c', 'ch3list_tuples_1d', 'ch3list_tuples_1e', 'ch3list_tuples_1f', 'ch3list_tuples_20', 'ch3list_tuples_21', 'ch3list_tuples_22', 'ch3list_tuples_23', 'ch3list_tuples_24', 'ch3list_tuples_25', 'ch3list_tuples_26', 'ch3list_tuples_27', 'ch3list_tuples_28', 'ch3list_tuples_29', 'ch3list_tuples_2a', 'ch3list_tuples_2b', 'ch3list_tuples_2c', 'ch3list_tuples_2d', 'ch3list_tuples_2e', 'ch3list_tuples_2f', 'ch3list_tuples_30', 'ch3list_tuples_31', 'ch3list_tuples_32', 'ch3list_tuples_33', 'ch3list_tuples_34', 'ch3list_tuples_35', 'ch3list_tuples_36', 'ch3list_tuples_37'], 'ch2intro': ['ch2intro_1', 'ch2intro_2', 'ch2intro_3', 'ch2intro_4', 'ch2intro_5', 'ch2intro_6', 'ch2intro_7', 'ch2intro_8', 'ch2intro_9', 'ch2intro_a', 'ch2intro_b', 'ch2intro_c', 'ch2intro_d', 'ch2intro_e', 'ch2intro_f', 'ch2intro_10', 'ch2intro_11', 'ch2intro_12', 'ch2intro_13', 'ch2intro_14', 'ch2intro_15', 'ch2intro_16', 'ch2intro_17', 'ch2intro_18', 'ch2intro_19', 'ch2intro_1a', 'ch2intro_1b', 'ch2intro_1c', 'ch2intro_1d', 'ch2intro_1e', 'ch2intro_1f', 'ch2intro_20', 'ch2intro_21', 'ch2intro_22', 'ch2intro_23', 'ch2intro_24', 'ch2intro_25', 'ch2intro_26', 'ch2intro_27', 'ch2intro_28', 'ch2intro_29', 'ch2intro_2a', 'ch2intro_2b', 'ch2intro_2c', 'ch2intro_2d', 'ch2intro_2e', 'ch2intro_2f', 'ch2intro_30', 'ch2intro_31', 'ch2intro_32', 'ch2intro_33', 'ch2intro_34', 'ch2intro_35', 'ch2intro_36', 'ch2intro_37', 'ch2intro_38', 'ch2intro_39', 'ch2intro_3a', 'ch2intro_3b', 'ch2intro_3c', 'ch2intro_3d', 'ch2intro_3e', 'ch2intro_3f', 'ch2intro_40', 'ch2intro_41', 'ch2intro_42', 'ch2intro_43', 'ch2intro_44', 'ch2intro_45', 'ch2intro_46', 'ch2intro_47', 'ch2intro_48', 'ch2intro_49', 'ch2intro_4a', 'ch2intro_4b', 'ch2intro_4c', 'ch2intro_4d', 'ch2intro_4e', 'ch2intro_4f', 'ch2intro_50', 'ch2intro_51', 'ch2intro_52', 'ch2intro_53', 'ch2intro_54', 'ch2intro_55', 'ch2intro_56', 'ch2intro_57', 'ch2intro_58', 'ch2intro_59', 'ch2intro_5a', 'ch2intro_5b', 'ch2intro_5c', 'ch2intro_5d', 'ch2intro_5e', 'ch2intro_5f', 'ch2intro_60', 'ch2intro_61', 'ch2intro_62', 'ch2intro_63', 'ch2intro_64', 'ch2intro_65', 'ch2intro_66', 'ch2intro_67'], 'ch4strings_dicts': ['ch4strings_dicts_1', 'ch4strings_dicts_2', 'ch4strings_dicts_3', 'ch4strings_dicts_4', 'ch4strings_dicts_5', 'ch4strings_dicts_6', 'ch4strings_dicts_7', 'ch4strings_dicts_8', 'ch4strings_dicts_9', 'ch4strings_dicts_a', 'ch4strings_dicts_b', 'ch4strings_dicts_c', 'ch4strings_dicts_d', 'ch4strings_dicts_e', 'ch4strings_dicts_f', 'ch4strings_dicts_10', 'ch4strings_dicts_11', 'ch4strings_dicts_12', 'ch4strings_dicts_13', 'ch4strings_dicts_14', 'ch4strings_dicts_15', 'ch4strings_dicts_16', 'ch4strings_dicts_17', 'ch4strings_dicts_18', 'ch4strings_dicts_19', 'ch4strings_dicts_1a', 'ch4strings_dicts_1b', 'ch4strings_dicts_1c', 'ch4strings_dicts_1d', 'ch4strings_dicts_1e', 'ch4strings_dicts_1f', 'ch4strings_dicts_20', 'ch4strings_dicts_21', 'ch4strings_dicts_22', 'ch4strings_dicts_23', 'ch4strings_dicts_24', 'ch4strings_dicts_25', 'ch4strings_dicts_26', 'ch4strings_dicts_27', 'ch4strings_dicts_28', 'ch4strings_dicts_29', 'ch4strings_dicts_2a', 'ch4strings_dicts_2b', 'ch4strings_dicts_2c', 'ch4strings_dicts_2d', 'ch4strings_dicts_2e', 'ch4strings_dicts_2f', 'ch4strings_dicts_30'], 'ch11Section_5': ['ch11Section_5_1', 'ch11Section_5_2', 'ch11Section_5_3', 'ch11Section_5_4', 'ch11Section_5_5', 'ch11Section_5_6', 'ch11Section_5_7', 'ch11Section_5_8', 'ch11Section_5_9', 'ch11Section_5_a', 'ch11Section_5_b', 'ch11Section_5_c', 'ch11Section_5_d', 'ch11Section_5_e', 'ch11Section_5_f', 'ch11Section_5_10', 'ch11Section_5_11', 'ch11Section_5_12', 'ch11Section_5_13', 'ch11Section_5_14', 'ch11Section_5_15', 'ch11Section_5_16', 'ch11Section_5_17', 'ch11Section_5_18', 'ch11Section_5_19', 'ch11Section_5_1a', 'ch11Section_5_1b', 'ch11Section_5_1c', 'ch11Section_5_1d', 'ch11Section_5_1e', 'ch11Section_5_1f', 'ch11Section_5_20', 'ch11Section_5_21', 'ch11Section_5_22', 'ch11Section_5_23', 'ch11Section_5_24', 'ch11Section_5_25', 'ch11Section_5_26', 'ch11Section_5_27', 'ch11Section_5_28', 'ch11Section_5_29', 'ch11Section_5_2a', 'ch11Section_5_2b', 'ch11Section_5_2c', 'ch11Section_5_2d', 'ch11Section_5_2e', 'ch11Section_5_2f', 'ch11Section_5_30', 'ch11Section_5_31', 'ch11Section_5_32', 'ch11Section_5_33', 'ch11Section_5_34', 'ch11Section_5_35', 'ch11Section_5_36', 'ch11Section_5_37', 'ch11Section_5_38', 'ch11Section_5_39', 'ch11Section_5_3a', 'ch11Section_5_3b', 'ch11Section_5_3c', 'ch11Section_5_3d', 'ch11Section_5_3e', 'ch11Section_5_3f', 'ch11Section_5_40', 'ch11Section_5_41', 'ch11Section_5_42', 'ch11Section_5_43', 'ch11Section_5_44', 'ch11Section_5_45', 'ch11Section_5_46', 'ch11Section_5_47', 'ch11Section_5_48', 'ch11Section_5_49', 'ch11Section_5_4a', 'ch11Section_5_4b', 'ch11Section_5_4c', 'ch11Section_5_4d', 'ch11Section_5_4e', 'ch11Section_5_4f', 'ch11Section_5_50', 'ch11Section_5_51', 'ch11Section_5_52', 'ch11Section_5_53', 'ch11Section_5_54', 'ch11Section_5_55', 'ch11Section_5_56', 'ch11Section_5_57', 'ch11Section_5_58', 'ch11Section_5_59', 'ch11Section_5_5a', 'ch11Section_5_5b', 'ch11Section_5_5c', 'ch11Section_5_5d', 'ch11Section_5_5e', 'ch11Section_5_5f', 'ch11Section_5_60', 'ch11Section_5_61', 'ch11Section_5_62', 'ch11Section_5_63', 'ch11Section_5_64', 'ch11Section_5_65', 'ch11Section_5_66', 'ch11Section_5_67', 'ch11Section_5_68', 'ch11Section_5_69', 'ch11Section_5_6a', 'ch11Section_5_6b', 'ch11Section_5_6c', 'ch11Section_5_6d', 'ch11Section_5_6e'], 'ch7interim_assessment': [], 'ch8ult_module_plan': ['ch8ult_module_plan_1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_20', 'ch8ult_module_plan_21', 'ch8ult_module_plan_22', 'ch8ult_module_plan_23', 'ch8ult_module_plan_24', 'ch8ult_module_plan_25', 'ch8ult_module_plan_26', 'ch8ult_module_plan_27', 'ch8ult_module_plan_28', 'ch8ult_module_plan_29', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_30', 'ch8ult_module_plan_31', 'ch8ult_module_plan_32', 'ch8ult_module_plan_33', 'ch8ult_module_plan_34', 'ch8ult_module_plan_35', 'ch8ult_module_plan_36', 'ch8ult_module_plan_37', 'ch8ult_module_plan_38', 'ch8ult_module_plan_39', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_40', 'ch8ult_module_plan_41', 'ch8ult_module_plan_42', 'ch8ult_module_plan_43', 'ch8ult_module_plan_44'], 'ch10session4': ['ch10session4_1', 'ch10session4_2', 'ch10session4_3', 'ch10session4_4', 'ch10session4_5', 'ch10session4_6', 'ch10session4_7', 'ch10session4_8', 'ch10session4_9', 'ch10session4_a', 'ch10session4_b', 'ch10session4_c', 'ch10session4_d', 'ch10session4_e', 'ch10session4_f', 'ch10session4_10', 'ch10session4_11', 'ch10session4_12', 'ch10session4_13', 'ch10session4_14', 'ch10session4_15', 'ch10session4_16', 'ch10session4_17', 'ch10session4_18', 'ch10session4_19', 'ch10session4_1a', 'ch10session4_1b', 'ch10session4_1c', 'ch10session4_1d', 'ch10session4_1e', 'ch10session4_1f', 'ch10session4_20', 'ch10session4_21', 'ch10session4_22', 'ch10session4_23', 'ch10session4_24', 'ch10session4_25', 'ch10session4_26', 'ch10session4_27', 'ch10session4_28', 'ch10session4_29', 'ch10session4_2a', 'ch10session4_2b', 'ch10session4_2c', 'ch10session4_2d', 'ch10session4_2e', 'ch10session4_2f', 'ch10session4_30', 'ch10session4_31', 'ch10session4_32', 'ch10session4_33', 'ch10session4_34', 'ch10session4_35', 'ch10session4_36', 'ch10session4_37', 'ch10session4_38', 'ch10session4_39', 'ch10session4_3a', 'ch10session4_3b', 'ch10session4_3c', 'ch10session4_3d', 'ch10session4_3e', 'ch10session4_3f', 'ch10session4_40', 'ch10session4_41', 'ch10session4_42', 'ch10session4_43', 'ch10session4_44', 'ch10session4_45', 'ch10session4_46', 'ch10session4_47', 'ch10session4_48', 'ch10session4_49', 'ch10session4_4a', 'ch10session4_4b', 'ch10session4_4c', 'ch10session4_4d', 'ch10session4_4e', 'ch10session4_4f', 'ch10session4_50', 'ch10session4_51', 'ch10session4_52', 'ch10session4_53', 'ch10session4_54', 'ch10session4_55', 'ch10session4_56', 'ch10session4_57', 'ch10session4_58', 'ch10session4_59', 'ch10session4_5a', 'ch10session4_5b', 'ch10session4_5c', 'ch10session4_5d', 'ch10session4_5e', 'ch10session4_5f', 'ch10session4_60', 'ch10session4_61', 'ch10session4_62', 'ch10session4_63', 'ch10session4_64', 'ch10session4_65', 'ch10session4_66', 'ch10session4_67', 'ch10session4_68', 'ch10session4_69', 'ch10session4_6a', 'ch10session4_6b', 'ch10session4_6c', 'ch10session4_6d', 'ch10session4_6e', 'ch10session4_6f', 'ch10session4_70', 'ch10session4_71', 'ch10session4_72', 'ch10session4_73', 'ch10session4_74', 'ch10session4_75', 'ch10session4_76', 'ch10session4_77', 'ch10session4_78', 'ch10session4_79', 'ch10session4_7a', 'ch10session4_7b', 'ch10session4_7c', 'ch10session4_7d', 'ch10session4_7e', 'ch10session4_7f', 'ch10session4_80', 'ch10session4_81', 'ch10session4_82', 'ch10session4_83', 'ch10session4_84', 'ch10session4_85', 'ch10session4_86', 'ch10session4_87', 'ch10session4_88', 'ch10session4_89', 'ch10session4_8a', 'ch10session4_8b', 'ch10session4_8c', 'ch10session4_8d', 'ch10session4_8e', 'ch10session4_8f', 'ch10session4_90', 'ch10session4_91', 'ch10session4_92', 'ch10session4_93', 'ch10session4_94', 'ch10session4_95', 'ch10session4_96', 'ch10session4_97', 'ch10session4_98', 'ch10session4_99', 'ch10session4_9a', 'ch10session4_9b', 'ch10session4_9c', 'ch10session4_9d', 'ch10session4_9e', 'ch10session4_9f', 'ch10session4_a0', 'ch10session4_a1', 'ch10session4_a2', 'ch10session4_a3', 'ch10session4_a4', 'ch10session4_a5', 'ch10session4_a6', 'ch10session4_a7', 'ch10session4_a8', 'ch10session4_a9', 'ch10session4_aa', 'ch10session4_ab', 'ch10session4_ac', 'ch10session4_ad', 'ch10session4_ae', 'ch10session4_af', 'ch10session4_b0', 'ch10session4_b1', 'ch10session4_b2', 'ch10session4_b3', 'ch10session4_b4', 'ch10session4_b5', 'ch10session4_b6']}
\ No newline at end of file
+p_list= {'ch6oop': ['ch6oop_1', 'ch6oop_2', 'ch6oop_3', 'ch6oop_4', 'ch6oop_5', 'ch6oop_6', 'ch6oop_7', 'ch6oop_8', 'ch6oop_9', 'ch6oop_a', 'ch6oop_b', 'ch6oop_c', 'ch6oop_d', 'ch6oop_e', 'ch6oop_f', 'ch6oop_10', 'ch6oop_11', 'ch6oop_12', 'ch6oop_13', 'ch6oop_14', 'ch6oop_15', 'ch6oop_16', 'ch6oop_17', 'ch6oop_18', 'ch6oop_19', 'ch6oop_1a', 'ch6oop_1b', 'ch6oop_1c', 'ch6oop_1d', 'ch6oop_1e', 'ch6oop_1f', 'ch6oop_20', 'ch6oop_21', 'ch6oop_22', 'ch6oop_23', 'ch6oop_24', 'ch6oop_25', 'ch6oop_26', 'ch6oop_27', 'ch6oop_28', 'ch6oop_29', 'ch6oop_2a', 'ch6oop_2b', 'ch6oop_2c', 'ch6oop_2d', 'ch6oop_2e', 'ch6oop_2f', 'ch6oop_30', 'ch6oop_31', 'ch6oop_32', 'ch6oop_33', 'ch6oop_34', 'ch6oop_35', 'ch6oop_36', 'ch6oop_37', 'ch6oop_38', 'ch6oop_39', 'ch6oop_3a', 'ch6oop_3b', 'ch6oop_3c', 'ch6oop_3d', 'ch6oop_3e', 'ch6oop_3f', 'ch6oop_40', 'ch6oop_41', 'ch6oop_42', 'ch6oop_43', 'ch6oop_44', 'ch6oop_45', 'ch6oop_46', 'ch6oop_47', 'ch6oop_48', 'ch6oop_49', 'ch6oop_4a', 'ch6oop_4b', 'ch6oop_4c', 'ch6oop_4d', 'ch6oop_4e', 'ch6oop_4f', 'ch6oop_50', 'ch6oop_51', 'ch6oop_52', 'ch6oop_53', 'ch6oop_54', 'ch6oop_55', 'ch6oop_56', 'ch6oop_57', 'ch6oop_58', 'ch6oop_59', 'ch6oop_5a', 'ch6oop_5b', 'ch6oop_5c', 'ch6oop_5d', 'ch6oop_5e', 'ch6oop_5f', 'ch6oop_60', 'ch6oop_61', 'ch6oop_62', 'ch6oop_63', 'ch6oop_64', 'ch6oop_65', 'ch6oop_66', 'ch6oop_67', 'ch6oop_68', 'ch6oop_69', 'ch6oop_6a', 'ch6oop_6b', 'ch6oop_6c', 'ch6oop_6d', 'ch6oop_6e', 'ch6oop_6f', 'ch6oop_70', 'ch6oop_71', 'ch6oop_72', 'ch6oop_73', 'ch6oop_74', 'ch6oop_75', 'ch6oop_76', 'ch6oop_77', 'ch6oop_78', 'ch6oop_79', 'ch6oop_7a', 'ch6oop_7b', 'ch6oop_7c', 'ch6oop_7d', 'ch6oop_7e', 'ch6oop_7f', 'ch6oop_80', 'ch6oop_81', 'ch6oop_82', 'ch6oop_83', 'ch6oop_84', 'ch6oop_85', 'ch6oop_86', 'ch6oop_87', 'ch6oop_88', 'ch6oop_89', 'ch6oop_8a', 'ch6oop_8b', 'ch6oop_8c', 'ch6oop_8d', 'ch6oop_8e', 'ch6oop_8f', 'ch6oop_90', 'ch6oop_91', 'ch6oop_92', 'ch6oop_93', 'ch6oop_94', 'ch6oop_95', 'ch6oop_96', 'ch6oop_97', 'ch6oop_98', 'ch6oop_99', 'ch6oop_9a', 'ch6oop_9b', 'ch6oop_9c', 'ch6oop_9d', 'ch6oop_9e', 'ch6oop_9f', 'ch6oop_a0', 'ch6oop_a1', 'ch6oop_a2', 'ch6oop_a3', 'ch6oop_a4', 'ch6oop_a5', 'ch6oop_a6', 'ch6oop_a7', 'ch6oop_a8', 'ch6oop_a9', 'ch6oop_aa', 'ch6oop_ab', 'ch6oop_ac', 'ch6oop_ad', 'ch6oop_ae', 'ch6oop_af', 'ch6oop_b0', 'ch6oop_b1', 'ch6oop_b2', 'ch6oop_b3', 'ch6oop_b4', 'ch6oop_b5', 'ch6oop_b6', 'ch6oop_b7', 'ch6oop_b8', 'ch6oop_b9', 'ch6oop_ba', 'ch6oop_bb', 'ch6oop_bc', 'ch6oop_bd', 'ch6oop_be', 'ch6oop_bf', 'ch6oop_c0', 'ch6oop_c1', 'ch6oop_c2', 'ch6oop_c3', 'ch6oop_c4', 'ch6oop_c5', 'ch6oop_c6', 'ch6oop_c7', 'ch6oop_c8', 'ch6oop_c9', 'ch6oop_ca', 'ch6oop_cb', 'ch6oop_cc', 'ch6oop_cd', 'ch6oop_ce', 'ch6oop_cf', 'ch6oop_d0', 'ch6oop_d1', 'ch6oop_d2', 'ch6oop_d3', 'ch6oop_d4', 'ch6oop_d5', 'ch6oop_d6', 'ch6oop_d7', 'ch6oop_d8', 'ch6oop_d9', 'ch6oop_da', 'ch6oop_db', 'ch6oop_dc', 'ch6oop_dd', 'ch6oop_de', 'ch6oop_df', 'ch6oop_e0', 'ch6oop_e1', 'ch6oop_e2', 'ch6oop_e3', 'ch6oop_e4', 'ch6oop_e5', 'ch6oop_e6', 'ch6oop_e7', 'ch6oop_e8', 'ch6oop_e9', 'ch6oop_ea', 'ch6oop_eb', 'ch6oop_ec', 'ch6oop_ed', 'ch6oop_ee', 'ch6oop_ef', 'ch6oop_f0', 'ch6oop_f1', 'ch6oop_f2', 'ch6oop_f3', 'ch6oop_f4', 'ch6oop_f5', 'ch6oop_f6', 'ch6oop_f7', 'ch6oop_f8', 'ch6oop_f9', 'ch6oop_fa', 'ch6oop_fb', 'ch6oop_fc', 'ch6oop_fd', 'ch6oop_fe', 'ch6oop_ff', 'ch6oop_100', 'ch6oop_101', 'ch6oop_102', 'ch6oop_103', 'ch6oop_104', 'ch6oop_105', 'ch6oop_106', 'ch6oop_107', 'ch6oop_108', 'ch6oop_109', 'ch6oop_10a', 'ch6oop_10b', 'ch6oop_10c', 'ch6oop_10d', 'ch6oop_10e', 'ch6oop_10f', 'ch6oop_110', 'ch6oop_111', 'ch6oop_112', 'ch6oop_113', 'ch6oop_114', 'ch6oop_115', 'ch6oop_116', 'ch6oop_117', 'ch6oop_118', 'ch6oop_119', 'ch6oop_11a', 'ch6oop_11b', 'ch6oop_11c', 'ch6oop_11d', 'ch6oop_11e', 'ch6oop_11f', 'ch6oop_120', 'ch6oop_121', 'ch6oop_122', 'ch6oop_123', 'ch6oop_124', 'ch6oop_125', 'ch6oop_126', 'ch6oop_127', 'ch6oop_128', 'ch6oop_129', 'ch6oop_12a', 'ch6oop_12b', 'ch6oop_12c', 'ch6oop_12d', 'ch6oop_12e', 'ch6oop_12f', 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'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ca', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cb', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ce', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cf', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d1', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d2', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d3', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d4', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d5', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d6', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d7', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d8', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d9', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1da', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1db', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1dc', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1dd', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1de', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1df', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e0', 'ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e1'], 'ch1Introduction': ['ch1Introduction_1', 'ch1Introduction_2', 'ch1Introduction_3', 'ch1Introduction_4', 'ch1Introduction_5', 'ch1Introduction_6', 'ch1Introduction_7', 'ch1Introduction_8', 'ch1Introduction_9', 'ch1Introduction_a', 'ch1Introduction_b', 'ch1Introduction_c', 'ch1Introduction_d', 'ch1Introduction_e', 'ch1Introduction_f', 'ch1Introduction_10', 'ch1Introduction_11', 'ch1Introduction_12', 'ch1Introduction_13', 'ch1Introduction_14', 'ch1Introduction_15', 'ch1Introduction_16', 'ch1Introduction_17', 'ch1Introduction_18', 'ch1Introduction_19', 'ch1Introduction_1a', 'ch1Introduction_1b', 'ch1Introduction_1c', 'ch1Introduction_1d', 'ch1Introduction_1e', 'ch1Introduction_1f', 'ch1Introduction_20', 'ch1Introduction_21', 'ch1Introduction_22', 'ch1Introduction_23', 'ch1Introduction_24', 'ch1Introduction_25', 'ch1Introduction_26', 'ch1Introduction_27', 'ch1Introduction_28', 'ch1Introduction_29', 'ch1Introduction_2a', 'ch1Introduction_2b', 'ch1Introduction_2c', 'ch1Introduction_2d', 'ch1Introduction_2e', 'ch1Introduction_2f', 'ch1Introduction_30', 'ch1Introduction_31', 'ch1Introduction_32', 'ch1Introduction_33', 'ch1Introduction_34', 'ch1Introduction_35', 'ch1Introduction_36', 'ch1Introduction_37', 'ch1Introduction_38', 'ch1Introduction_39', 'ch1Introduction_3a', 'ch1Introduction_3b', 'ch1Introduction_3c', 'ch1Introduction_3d', 'ch1Introduction_3e', 'ch1Introduction_3f', 'ch1Introduction_40', 'ch1Introduction_41', 'ch1Introduction_42', 'ch1Introduction_43', 'ch1Introduction_44', 'ch1Introduction_45', 'ch1Introduction_46', 'ch1Introduction_47', 'ch1Introduction_48', 'ch1Introduction_49', 'ch1Introduction_4a', 'ch1Introduction_4b', 'ch1Introduction_4c', 'ch1Introduction_4d', 'ch1Introduction_4e', 'ch1Introduction_4f', 'ch1Introduction_50', 'ch1Introduction_51', 'ch1Introduction_52', 'ch1Introduction_53', 'ch1Introduction_54', 'ch1Introduction_55', 'ch1Introduction_56', 'ch1Introduction_57', 'ch1Introduction_58', 'ch1Introduction_59', 'ch1Introduction_5a', 'ch1Introduction_5b', 'ch1Introduction_5c', 'ch1Introduction_5d', 'ch1Introduction_5e', 'ch1Introduction_5f', 'ch1Introduction_60', 'ch1Introduction_61', 'ch1Introduction_62', 'ch1Introduction_63', 'ch1Introduction_64', 'ch1Introduction_65', 'ch1Introduction_66', 'ch1Introduction_67', 'ch1Introduction_68', 'ch1Introduction_69', 'ch1Introduction_6a', 'ch1Introduction_6b', 'ch1Introduction_6c', 'ch1Introduction_6d', 'ch1Introduction_6e', 'ch1Introduction_6f', 'ch1Introduction_70', 'ch1Introduction_71', 'ch1Introduction_72', 'ch1Introduction_73', 'ch1Introduction_74', 'ch1Introduction_75', 'ch1Introduction_76', 'ch1Introduction_77', 'ch1Introduction_78', 'ch1Introduction_79', 'ch1Introduction_7a', 'ch1Introduction_7b', 'ch1Introduction_7c', 'ch1Introduction_7d', 'ch1Introduction_7e', 'ch1Introduction_7f', 'ch1Introduction_80', 'ch1Introduction_81', 'ch1Introduction_82', 'ch1Introduction_83', 'ch1Introduction_84', 'ch1Introduction_85', 'ch1Introduction_86', 'ch1Introduction_87', 'ch1Introduction_88', 'ch1Introduction_89', 'ch1Introduction_8a', 'ch1Introduction_8b', 'ch1Introduction_8c', 'ch1Introduction_8d', 'ch1Introduction_8e', 'ch1Introduction_8f', 'ch1Introduction_90', 'ch1Introduction_91', 'ch1Introduction_92', 'ch1Introduction_93', 'ch1Introduction_94', 'ch1Introduction_95', 'ch1Introduction_96', 'ch1Introduction_97', 'ch1Introduction_98', 'ch1Introduction_99', 'ch1Introduction_9a', 'ch1Introduction_9b', 'ch1Introduction_9c', 'ch1Introduction_9d', 'ch1Introduction_9e', 'ch1Introduction_9f', 'ch1Introduction_a0', 'ch1Introduction_a1', 'ch1Introduction_a2', 'ch1Introduction_a3', 'ch1Introduction_a4', 'ch1Introduction_a5', 'ch1Introduction_a6', 'ch1Introduction_a7', 'ch1Introduction_a8', 'ch1Introduction_a9', 'ch1Introduction_aa', 'ch1Introduction_ab', 'ch1Introduction_ac', 'ch1Introduction_ad', 'ch1Introduction_ae', 'ch1Introduction_af', 'ch1Introduction_b0', 'ch1Introduction_b1', 'ch1Introduction_b2', 'ch1Introduction_b3', 'ch1Introduction_b4', 'ch1Introduction_b5', 'ch1Introduction_b6', 'ch1Introduction_b7', 'ch1Introduction_b8', 'ch1Introduction_b9', 'ch1Introduction_ba', 'ch1Introduction_bb', 'ch1Introduction_bc', 'ch1Introduction_bd', 'ch1Introduction_be', 'ch1Introduction_bf', 'ch1Introduction_c0', 'ch1Introduction_c1', 'ch1Introduction_c2', 'ch1Introduction_c3', 'ch1Introduction_c4', 'ch1Introduction_c5', 'ch1Introduction_c6', 'ch1Introduction_c7', 'ch1Introduction_c8', 'ch1Introduction_c9', 'ch1Introduction_ca', 'ch1Introduction_cb', 'ch1Introduction_cc', 'ch1Introduction_cd', 'ch1Introduction_ce', 'ch1Introduction_cf', 'ch1Introduction_d0', 'ch1Introduction_d1', 'ch1Introduction_d2', 'ch1Introduction_d3', 'ch1Introduction_d4', 'ch1Introduction_d5', 'ch1Introduction_d6', 'ch1Introduction_d7', 'ch1Introduction_d8', 'ch1Introduction_d9', 'ch1Introduction_da', 'ch1Introduction_db', 'ch1Introduction_dc', 'ch1Introduction_dd', 'ch1Introduction_de', 'ch1Introduction_df', 'ch1Introduction_e0', 'ch1Introduction_e1', 'ch1Introduction_e2', 'ch1Introduction_e3', 'ch1Introduction_e4', 'ch1Introduction_e5', 'ch1Introduction_e6', 'ch1Introduction_e7', 'ch1Introduction_e8', 'ch1Introduction_e9', 'ch1Introduction_ea', 'ch1Introduction_eb', 'ch1Introduction_ec', 'ch1Introduction_ed', 'ch1Introduction_ee', 'ch1Introduction_ef', 'ch1Introduction_f0', 'ch1Introduction_f1', 'ch1Introduction_f2', 'ch1Introduction_f3', 'ch1Introduction_f4', 'ch1Introduction_f5', 'ch1Introduction_f6', 'ch1Introduction_f7', 'ch1Introduction_f8', 'ch1Introduction_f9', 'ch1Introduction_fa', 'ch1Introduction_fb', 'ch1Introduction_fc', 'ch1Introduction_fd', 'ch1Introduction_fe', 'ch1Introduction_ff', 'ch1Introduction_100', 'ch1Introduction_101', 'ch1Introduction_102', 'ch1Introduction_103', 'ch1Introduction_104', 'ch1Introduction_105', 'ch1Introduction_106', 'ch1Introduction_107', 'ch1Introduction_108', 'ch1Introduction_109', 'ch1Introduction_10a', 'ch1Introduction_10b', 'ch1Introduction_10c', 'ch1Introduction_10d', 'ch1Introduction_10e', 'ch1Introduction_10f', 'ch1Introduction_110', 'ch1Introduction_111', 'ch1Introduction_112', 'ch1Introduction_113', 'ch1Introduction_114', 'ch1Introduction_115', 'ch1Introduction_116', 'ch1Introduction_117', 'ch1Introduction_118', 'ch1Introduction_119', 'ch1Introduction_11a', 'ch1Introduction_11b', 'ch1Introduction_11c', 'ch1Introduction_11d', 'ch1Introduction_11e', 'ch1Introduction_11f', 'ch1Introduction_120', 'ch1Introduction_121', 'ch1Introduction_122', 'ch1Introduction_123', 'ch1Introduction_124', 'ch1Introduction_125', 'ch1Introduction_126', 'ch1Introduction_127', 'ch1Introduction_128', 'ch1Introduction_129', 'ch1Introduction_12a', 'ch1Introduction_12b', 'ch1Introduction_12c', 'ch1Introduction_12d', 'ch1Introduction_12e', 'ch1Introduction_12f', 'ch1Introduction_130', 'ch1Introduction_131', 'ch1Introduction_132', 'ch1Introduction_133', 'ch1Introduction_134', 'ch1Introduction_135', 'ch1Introduction_136', 'ch1Introduction_137', 'ch1Introduction_138', 'ch1Introduction_139', 'ch1Introduction_13a', 'ch1Introduction_13b', 'ch1Introduction_13c', 'ch1Introduction_13d', 'ch1Introduction_13e', 'ch1Introduction_13f', 'ch1Introduction_140', 'ch1Introduction_141', 'ch1Introduction_142', 'ch1Introduction_143', 'ch1Introduction_144', 'ch1Introduction_145', 'ch1Introduction_146', 'ch1Introduction_147', 'ch1Introduction_148', 'ch1Introduction_149', 'ch1Introduction_14a', 'ch1Introduction_14b', 'ch1Introduction_14c', 'ch1Introduction_14d', 'ch1Introduction_14e', 'ch1Introduction_14f', 'ch1Introduction_150', 'ch1Introduction_151', 'ch1Introduction_152', 'ch1Introduction_153', 'ch1Introduction_154', 'ch1Introduction_155', 'ch1Introduction_156', 'ch1Introduction_157', 'ch1Introduction_158', 'ch1Introduction_159', 'ch1Introduction_15a', 'ch1Introduction_15b', 'ch1Introduction_15c', 'ch1Introduction_15d', 'ch1Introduction_15e', 'ch1Introduction_15f', 'ch1Introduction_160', 'ch1Introduction_161', 'ch1Introduction_162', 'ch1Introduction_163', 'ch1Introduction_164', 'ch1Introduction_165', 'ch1Introduction_166', 'ch1Introduction_167', 'ch1Introduction_168', 'ch1Introduction_169', 'ch1Introduction_16a', 'ch1Introduction_16b', 'ch1Introduction_16c', 'ch1Introduction_16d', 'ch1Introduction_16e', 'ch1Introduction_16f', 'ch1Introduction_170', 'ch1Introduction_171', 'ch1Introduction_172', 'ch1Introduction_173', 'ch1Introduction_174', 'ch1Introduction_175', 'ch1Introduction_176', 'ch1Introduction_177', 'ch1Introduction_178', 'ch1Introduction_179', 'ch1Introduction_17a', 'ch1Introduction_17b', 'ch1Introduction_17c', 'ch1Introduction_17d', 'ch1Introduction_17e', 'ch1Introduction_17f', 'ch1Introduction_180', 'ch1Introduction_181', 'ch1Introduction_182', 'ch1Introduction_183', 'ch1Introduction_184', 'ch1Introduction_185', 'ch1Introduction_186', 'ch1Introduction_187', 'ch1Introduction_188', 'ch1Introduction_189', 'ch1Introduction_18a', 'ch1Introduction_18b', 'ch1Introduction_18c', 'ch1Introduction_18d', 'ch1Introduction_18e', 'ch1Introduction_18f', 'ch1Introduction_190', 'ch1Introduction_191', 'ch1Introduction_192', 'ch1Introduction_193', 'ch1Introduction_194', 'ch1Introduction_195', 'ch1Introduction_196', 'ch1Introduction_197', 'ch1Introduction_198', 'ch1Introduction_199', 'ch1Introduction_19a', 'ch1Introduction_19b', 'ch1Introduction_19c', 'ch1Introduction_19d', 'ch1Introduction_19e', 'ch1Introduction_19f', 'ch1Introduction_1a0', 'ch1Introduction_1a1', 'ch1Introduction_1a2', 'ch1Introduction_1a3', 'ch1Introduction_1a4', 'ch1Introduction_1a5', 'ch1Introduction_1a6', 'ch1Introduction_1a7', 'ch1Introduction_1a8', 'ch1Introduction_1a9', 'ch1Introduction_1aa', 'ch1Introduction_1ab', 'ch1Introduction_1ac', 'ch1Introduction_1ad', 'ch1Introduction_1ae', 'ch1Introduction_1af', 'ch1Introduction_1b0', 'ch1Introduction_1b1', 'ch1Introduction_1b2', 'ch1Introduction_1b3', 'ch1Introduction_1b4', 'ch1Introduction_1b5', 'ch1Introduction_1b6', 'ch1Introduction_1b7', 'ch1Introduction_1b8', 'ch1Introduction_1b9', 'ch1Introduction_1ba', 'ch1Introduction_1bb', 'ch1Introduction_1bc', 'ch1Introduction_1bd', 'ch1Introduction_1be', 'ch1Introduction_1bf', 'ch1Introduction_1c0', 'ch1Introduction_1c1', 'ch1Introduction_1c2', 'ch1Introduction_1c3', 'ch1Introduction_1c4', 'ch1Introduction_1c5', 'ch1Introduction_1c6', 'ch1Introduction_1c7', 'ch1Introduction_1c8', 'ch1Introduction_1c9', 'ch1Introduction_1ca', 'ch1Introduction_1cb', 'ch1Introduction_1cc', 'ch1Introduction_1cd', 'ch1Introduction_1ce', 'ch1Introduction_1cf', 'ch1Introduction_1d0', 'ch1Introduction_1d1', 'ch1Introduction_1d2', 'ch1Introduction_1d3', 'ch1Introduction_1d4', 'ch1Introduction_1d5', 'ch1Introduction_1d6', 'ch1Introduction_1d7', 'ch1Introduction_1d8', 'ch1Introduction_1d9', 'ch1Introduction_1da', 'ch1Introduction_1db', 'ch1Introduction_1dc', 'ch1Introduction_1dd', 'ch1Introduction_1de', 'ch1Introduction_1df', 'ch1Introduction_1e0', 'ch1Introduction_1e1'], 'ch5func': ['ch5func_1', 'ch5func_2', 'ch5func_3', 'ch5func_4', 'ch5func_5', 'ch5func_6', 'ch5func_7', 'ch5func_8', 'ch5func_9', 'ch5func_a', 'ch5func_b', 'ch5func_c', 'ch5func_d', 'ch5func_e', 'ch5func_f', 'ch5func_10', 'ch5func_11', 'ch5func_12', 'ch5func_13', 'ch5func_14', 'ch5func_15', 'ch5func_16', 'ch5func_17', 'ch5func_18', 'ch5func_19', 'ch5func_1a', 'ch5func_1b', 'ch5func_1c', 'ch5func_1d', 'ch5func_1e', 'ch5func_1f', 'ch5func_20', 'ch5func_21', 'ch5func_22', 'ch5func_23', 'ch5func_24', 'ch5func_25', 'ch5func_26', 'ch5func_27', 'ch5func_28', 'ch5func_29', 'ch5func_2a', 'ch5func_2b', 'ch5func_2c', 'ch5func_2d', 'ch5func_2e', 'ch5func_2f', 'ch5func_30', 'ch5func_31', 'ch5func_32', 'ch5func_33', 'ch5func_34', 'ch5func_35', 'ch5func_36', 'ch5func_37', 'ch5func_38', 'ch5func_39', 'ch5func_3a', 'ch5func_3b', 'ch5func_3c', 'ch5func_3d', 'ch5func_3e', 'ch5func_3f', 'ch5func_40', 'ch5func_41', 'ch5func_42', 'ch5func_43', 'ch5func_44', 'ch5func_45', 'ch5func_46', 'ch5func_47', 'ch5func_48', 'ch5func_49', 'ch5func_4a', 'ch5func_4b', 'ch5func_4c', 'ch5func_4d', 'ch5func_4e', 'ch5func_4f', 'ch5func_50', 'ch5func_51', 'ch5func_52', 'ch5func_53', 'ch5func_54', 'ch5func_55', 'ch5func_56', 'ch5func_57', 'ch5func_58', 'ch5func_59', 'ch5func_5a', 'ch5func_5b', 'ch5func_5c', 'ch5func_5d', 'ch5func_5e', 'ch5func_5f', 'ch5func_60', 'ch5func_61', 'ch5func_62', 'ch5func_63', 'ch5func_64', 'ch5func_65', 'ch5func_66', 'ch5func_67', 'ch5func_68', 'ch5func_69', 'ch5func_6a', 'ch5func_6b', 'ch5func_6c', 'ch5func_6d', 'ch5func_6e', 'ch5func_6f', 'ch5func_70', 'ch5func_71', 'ch5func_72', 'ch5func_73', 'ch5func_74', 'ch5func_75', 'ch5func_76', 'ch5func_77', 'ch5func_78', 'ch5func_79', 'ch5func_7a', 'ch5func_7b', 'ch5func_7c', 'ch5func_7d', 'ch5func_7e', 'ch5func_7f', 'ch5func_80', 'ch5func_81', 'ch5func_82', 'ch5func_83', 'ch5func_84', 'ch5func_85', 'ch5func_86', 'ch5func_87', 'ch5func_88', 'ch5func_89', 'ch5func_8a', 'ch5func_8b', 'ch5func_8c', 'ch5func_8d', 'ch5func_8e', 'ch5func_8f', 'ch5func_90', 'ch5func_91', 'ch5func_92', 'ch5func_93', 'ch5func_94', 'ch5func_95', 'ch5func_96', 'ch5func_97', 'ch5func_98', 'ch5func_99', 'ch5func_9a', 'ch5func_9b', 'ch5func_9c', 'ch5func_9d', 'ch5func_9e', 'ch5func_9f', 'ch5func_a0', 'ch5func_a1', 'ch5func_a2', 'ch5func_a3', 'ch5func_a4', 'ch5func_a5', 'ch5func_a6', 'ch5func_a7', 'ch5func_a8', 'ch5func_a9', 'ch5func_aa', 'ch5func_ab', 'ch5func_ac', 'ch5func_ad', 'ch5func_ae', 'ch5func_af', 'ch5func_b0', 'ch5func_b1', 'ch5func_b2', 'ch5func_b3', 'ch5func_b4', 'ch5func_b5', 'ch5func_b6', 'ch5func_b7', 'ch5func_b8', 'ch5func_b9', 'ch5func_ba', 'ch5func_bb', 'ch5func_bc', 'ch5func_bd', 'ch5func_be', 'ch5func_bf', 'ch5func_c0', 'ch5func_c1', 'ch5func_c2', 'ch5func_c3', 'ch5func_c4', 'ch5func_c5', 'ch5func_c6', 'ch5func_c7', 'ch5func_c8', 'ch5func_c9', 'ch5func_ca', 'ch5func_cb', 'ch5func_cc', 'ch5func_cd', 'ch5func_ce', 'ch5func_cf', 'ch5func_d0', 'ch5func_d1', 'ch5func_d2', 'ch5func_d3', 'ch5func_d4', 'ch5func_d5', 'ch5func_d6', 'ch5func_d7', 'ch5func_d8', 'ch5func_d9', 'ch5func_da', 'ch5func_db', 'ch5func_dc', 'ch5func_dd', 'ch5func_de', 'ch5func_df', 'ch5func_e0', 'ch5func_e1', 'ch5func_e2', 'ch5func_e3', 'ch5func_e4', 'ch5func_e5', 'ch5func_e6', 'ch5func_e7', 'ch5func_e8', 'ch5func_e9', 'ch5func_ea', 'ch5func_eb', 'ch5func_ec', 'ch5func_ed', 'ch5func_ee', 'ch5func_ef', 'ch5func_f0', 'ch5func_f1', 'ch5func_f2', 'ch5func_f3', 'ch5func_f4', 'ch5func_f5', 'ch5func_f6', 'ch5func_f7', 'ch5func_f8', 'ch5func_f9', 'ch5func_fa', 'ch5func_fb', 'ch5func_fc', 'ch5func_fd', 'ch5func_fe', 'ch5func_ff', 'ch5func_100', 'ch5func_101', 'ch5func_102', 'ch5func_103', 'ch5func_104', 'ch5func_105', 'ch5func_106', 'ch5func_107', 'ch5func_108', 'ch5func_109', 'ch5func_10a', 'ch5func_10b', 'ch5func_10c', 'ch5func_10d', 'ch5func_10e', 'ch5func_10f', 'ch5func_110', 'ch5func_111', 'ch5func_112', 'ch5func_113', 'ch5func_114', 'ch5func_115', 'ch5func_116', 'ch5func_117', 'ch5func_118', 'ch5func_119', 'ch5func_11a', 'ch5func_11b', 'ch5func_11c', 'ch5func_11d', 'ch5func_11e', 'ch5func_11f', 'ch5func_120', 'ch5func_121', 'ch5func_122', 'ch5func_123', 'ch5func_124', 'ch5func_125', 'ch5func_126', 'ch5func_127', 'ch5func_128', 'ch5func_129', 'ch5func_12a', 'ch5func_12b', 'ch5func_12c', 'ch5func_12d', 'ch5func_12e', 'ch5func_12f', 'ch5func_130', 'ch5func_131', 'ch5func_132', 'ch5func_133', 'ch5func_134', 'ch5func_135', 'ch5func_136', 'ch5func_137', 'ch5func_138', 'ch5func_139', 'ch5func_13a', 'ch5func_13b', 'ch5func_13c', 'ch5func_13d', 'ch5func_13e', 'ch5func_13f', 'ch5func_140', 'ch5func_141', 'ch5func_142', 'ch5func_143', 'ch5func_144', 'ch5func_145', 'ch5func_146', 'ch5func_147', 'ch5func_148', 'ch5func_149', 'ch5func_14a', 'ch5func_14b', 'ch5func_14c', 'ch5func_14d', 'ch5func_14e', 'ch5func_14f', 'ch5func_150', 'ch5func_151', 'ch5func_152', 'ch5func_153', 'ch5func_154', 'ch5func_155', 'ch5func_156', 'ch5func_157', 'ch5func_158', 'ch5func_159', 'ch5func_15a', 'ch5func_15b', 'ch5func_15c', 'ch5func_15d', 'ch5func_15e', 'ch5func_15f', 'ch5func_160', 'ch5func_161', 'ch5func_162', 'ch5func_163', 'ch5func_164', 'ch5func_165', 'ch5func_166', 'ch5func_167', 'ch5func_168', 'ch5func_169', 'ch5func_16a', 'ch5func_16b', 'ch5func_16c', 'ch5func_16d', 'ch5func_16e', 'ch5func_16f', 'ch5func_170', 'ch5func_171', 'ch5func_172', 'ch5func_173', 'ch5func_174', 'ch5func_175', 'ch5func_176', 'ch5func_177', 'ch5func_178', 'ch5func_179', 'ch5func_17a', 'ch5func_17b', 'ch5func_17c', 'ch5func_17d', 'ch5func_17e', 'ch5func_17f', 'ch5func_180', 'ch5func_181', 'ch5func_182', 'ch5func_183', 'ch5func_184', 'ch5func_185', 'ch5func_186', 'ch5func_187', 'ch5func_188', 'ch5func_189', 'ch5func_18a', 'ch5func_18b', 'ch5func_18c', 'ch5func_18d', 'ch5func_18e', 'ch5func_18f', 'ch5func_190', 'ch5func_191', 'ch5func_192', 'ch5func_193', 'ch5func_194', 'ch5func_195', 'ch5func_196', 'ch5func_197', 'ch5func_198', 'ch5func_199', 'ch5func_19a', 'ch5func_19b', 'ch5func_19c', 'ch5func_19d', 'ch5func_19e', 'ch5func_19f', 'ch5func_1a0', 'ch5func_1a1', 'ch5func_1a2', 'ch5func_1a3', 'ch5func_1a4', 'ch5func_1a5', 'ch5func_1a6', 'ch5func_1a7', 'ch5func_1a8', 'ch5func_1a9', 'ch5func_1aa', 'ch5func_1ab', 'ch5func_1ac', 'ch5func_1ad', 'ch5func_1ae', 'ch5func_1af', 'ch5func_1b0', 'ch5func_1b1', 'ch5func_1b2', 'ch5func_1b3', 'ch5func_1b4', 'ch5func_1b5', 'ch5func_1b6', 'ch5func_1b7', 'ch5func_1b8', 'ch5func_1b9', 'ch5func_1ba', 'ch5func_1bb', 'ch5func_1bc', 'ch5func_1bd', 'ch5func_1be', 'ch5func_1bf', 'ch5func_1c0', 'ch5func_1c1', 'ch5func_1c2', 'ch5func_1c3', 'ch5func_1c4', 'ch5func_1c5', 'ch5func_1c6', 'ch5func_1c7', 'ch5func_1c8', 'ch5func_1c9', 'ch5func_1ca', 'ch5func_1cb', 'ch5func_1cc', 'ch5func_1cd', 'ch5func_1ce', 'ch5func_1cf', 'ch5func_1d0', 'ch5func_1d1', 'ch5func_1d2', 'ch5func_1d3', 'ch5func_1d4', 'ch5func_1d5', 'ch5func_1d6', 'ch5func_1d7', 'ch5func_1d8', 'ch5func_1d9', 'ch5func_1da', 'ch5func_1db', 'ch5func_1dc', 'ch5func_1dd', 'ch5func_1de', 'ch5func_1df', 'ch5func_1e0', 'ch5func_1e1'], 'ch3list_tuples': ['ch3list_tuples_1', 'ch3list_tuples_2', 'ch3list_tuples_3', 'ch3list_tuples_4', 'ch3list_tuples_5', 'ch3list_tuples_6', 'ch3list_tuples_7', 'ch3list_tuples_8', 'ch3list_tuples_9', 'ch3list_tuples_a', 'ch3list_tuples_b', 'ch3list_tuples_c', 'ch3list_tuples_d', 'ch3list_tuples_e', 'ch3list_tuples_f', 'ch3list_tuples_10', 'ch3list_tuples_11', 'ch3list_tuples_12', 'ch3list_tuples_13', 'ch3list_tuples_14', 'ch3list_tuples_15', 'ch3list_tuples_16', 'ch3list_tuples_17', 'ch3list_tuples_18', 'ch3list_tuples_19', 'ch3list_tuples_1a', 'ch3list_tuples_1b', 'ch3list_tuples_1c', 'ch3list_tuples_1d', 'ch3list_tuples_1e', 'ch3list_tuples_1f', 'ch3list_tuples_20', 'ch3list_tuples_21', 'ch3list_tuples_22', 'ch3list_tuples_23', 'ch3list_tuples_24', 'ch3list_tuples_25', 'ch3list_tuples_26', 'ch3list_tuples_27', 'ch3list_tuples_28', 'ch3list_tuples_29', 'ch3list_tuples_2a', 'ch3list_tuples_2b', 'ch3list_tuples_2c', 'ch3list_tuples_2d', 'ch3list_tuples_2e', 'ch3list_tuples_2f', 'ch3list_tuples_30', 'ch3list_tuples_31', 'ch3list_tuples_32', 'ch3list_tuples_33', 'ch3list_tuples_34', 'ch3list_tuples_35', 'ch3list_tuples_36', 'ch3list_tuples_37', 'ch3list_tuples_38', 'ch3list_tuples_39', 'ch3list_tuples_3a', 'ch3list_tuples_3b', 'ch3list_tuples_3c', 'ch3list_tuples_3d', 'ch3list_tuples_3e', 'ch3list_tuples_3f', 'ch3list_tuples_40', 'ch3list_tuples_41', 'ch3list_tuples_42', 'ch3list_tuples_43', 'ch3list_tuples_44', 'ch3list_tuples_45', 'ch3list_tuples_46', 'ch3list_tuples_47', 'ch3list_tuples_48', 'ch3list_tuples_49', 'ch3list_tuples_4a', 'ch3list_tuples_4b', 'ch3list_tuples_4c', 'ch3list_tuples_4d', 'ch3list_tuples_4e', 'ch3list_tuples_4f', 'ch3list_tuples_50', 'ch3list_tuples_51', 'ch3list_tuples_52', 'ch3list_tuples_53', 'ch3list_tuples_54', 'ch3list_tuples_55', 'ch3list_tuples_56', 'ch3list_tuples_57', 'ch3list_tuples_58', 'ch3list_tuples_59', 'ch3list_tuples_5a', 'ch3list_tuples_5b', 'ch3list_tuples_5c', 'ch3list_tuples_5d', 'ch3list_tuples_5e', 'ch3list_tuples_5f', 'ch3list_tuples_60', 'ch3list_tuples_61', 'ch3list_tuples_62', 'ch3list_tuples_63', 'ch3list_tuples_64', 'ch3list_tuples_65', 'ch3list_tuples_66', 'ch3list_tuples_67', 'ch3list_tuples_68', 'ch3list_tuples_69', 'ch3list_tuples_6a', 'ch3list_tuples_6b', 'ch3list_tuples_6c', 'ch3list_tuples_6d', 'ch3list_tuples_6e', 'ch3list_tuples_6f', 'ch3list_tuples_70', 'ch3list_tuples_71', 'ch3list_tuples_72', 'ch3list_tuples_73', 'ch3list_tuples_74', 'ch3list_tuples_75', 'ch3list_tuples_76', 'ch3list_tuples_77', 'ch3list_tuples_78', 'ch3list_tuples_79', 'ch3list_tuples_7a', 'ch3list_tuples_7b', 'ch3list_tuples_7c', 'ch3list_tuples_7d', 'ch3list_tuples_7e', 'ch3list_tuples_7f', 'ch3list_tuples_80', 'ch3list_tuples_81', 'ch3list_tuples_82', 'ch3list_tuples_83', 'ch3list_tuples_84', 'ch3list_tuples_85', 'ch3list_tuples_86', 'ch3list_tuples_87', 'ch3list_tuples_88', 'ch3list_tuples_89', 'ch3list_tuples_8a', 'ch3list_tuples_8b', 'ch3list_tuples_8c', 'ch3list_tuples_8d', 'ch3list_tuples_8e', 'ch3list_tuples_8f', 'ch3list_tuples_90', 'ch3list_tuples_91', 'ch3list_tuples_92', 'ch3list_tuples_93', 'ch3list_tuples_94', 'ch3list_tuples_95', 'ch3list_tuples_96', 'ch3list_tuples_97', 'ch3list_tuples_98', 'ch3list_tuples_99', 'ch3list_tuples_9a', 'ch3list_tuples_9b', 'ch3list_tuples_9c', 'ch3list_tuples_9d', 'ch3list_tuples_9e', 'ch3list_tuples_9f', 'ch3list_tuples_a0', 'ch3list_tuples_a1', 'ch3list_tuples_a2', 'ch3list_tuples_a3', 'ch3list_tuples_a4', 'ch3list_tuples_a5', 'ch3list_tuples_a6', 'ch3list_tuples_a7', 'ch3list_tuples_a8', 'ch3list_tuples_a9', 'ch3list_tuples_aa', 'ch3list_tuples_ab', 'ch3list_tuples_ac', 'ch3list_tuples_ad', 'ch3list_tuples_ae', 'ch3list_tuples_af', 'ch3list_tuples_b0', 'ch3list_tuples_b1', 'ch3list_tuples_b2', 'ch3list_tuples_b3', 'ch3list_tuples_b4', 'ch3list_tuples_b5', 'ch3list_tuples_b6', 'ch3list_tuples_b7', 'ch3list_tuples_b8', 'ch3list_tuples_b9', 'ch3list_tuples_ba', 'ch3list_tuples_bb', 'ch3list_tuples_bc', 'ch3list_tuples_bd', 'ch3list_tuples_be', 'ch3list_tuples_bf', 'ch3list_tuples_c0', 'ch3list_tuples_c1', 'ch3list_tuples_c2', 'ch3list_tuples_c3', 'ch3list_tuples_c4', 'ch3list_tuples_c5', 'ch3list_tuples_c6', 'ch3list_tuples_c7', 'ch3list_tuples_c8', 'ch3list_tuples_c9', 'ch3list_tuples_ca', 'ch3list_tuples_cb', 'ch3list_tuples_cc', 'ch3list_tuples_cd', 'ch3list_tuples_ce', 'ch3list_tuples_cf', 'ch3list_tuples_d0', 'ch3list_tuples_d1', 'ch3list_tuples_d2', 'ch3list_tuples_d3', 'ch3list_tuples_d4', 'ch3list_tuples_d5', 'ch3list_tuples_d6', 'ch3list_tuples_d7', 'ch3list_tuples_d8', 'ch3list_tuples_d9', 'ch3list_tuples_da', 'ch3list_tuples_db', 'ch3list_tuples_dc', 'ch3list_tuples_dd', 'ch3list_tuples_de', 'ch3list_tuples_df', 'ch3list_tuples_e0', 'ch3list_tuples_e1', 'ch3list_tuples_e2', 'ch3list_tuples_e3', 'ch3list_tuples_e4', 'ch3list_tuples_e5', 'ch3list_tuples_e6', 'ch3list_tuples_e7', 'ch3list_tuples_e8', 'ch3list_tuples_e9', 'ch3list_tuples_ea', 'ch3list_tuples_eb', 'ch3list_tuples_ec', 'ch3list_tuples_ed', 'ch3list_tuples_ee', 'ch3list_tuples_ef', 'ch3list_tuples_f0', 'ch3list_tuples_f1', 'ch3list_tuples_f2', 'ch3list_tuples_f3', 'ch3list_tuples_f4', 'ch3list_tuples_f5', 'ch3list_tuples_f6', 'ch3list_tuples_f7', 'ch3list_tuples_f8', 'ch3list_tuples_f9', 'ch3list_tuples_fa', 'ch3list_tuples_fb', 'ch3list_tuples_fc', 'ch3list_tuples_fd', 'ch3list_tuples_fe', 'ch3list_tuples_ff', 'ch3list_tuples_100', 'ch3list_tuples_101', 'ch3list_tuples_102', 'ch3list_tuples_103', 'ch3list_tuples_104', 'ch3list_tuples_105', 'ch3list_tuples_106', 'ch3list_tuples_107', 'ch3list_tuples_108', 'ch3list_tuples_109', 'ch3list_tuples_10a', 'ch3list_tuples_10b', 'ch3list_tuples_10c', 'ch3list_tuples_10d', 'ch3list_tuples_10e', 'ch3list_tuples_10f', 'ch3list_tuples_110', 'ch3list_tuples_111', 'ch3list_tuples_112', 'ch3list_tuples_113', 'ch3list_tuples_114', 'ch3list_tuples_115', 'ch3list_tuples_116', 'ch3list_tuples_117', 'ch3list_tuples_118', 'ch3list_tuples_119', 'ch3list_tuples_11a', 'ch3list_tuples_11b', 'ch3list_tuples_11c', 'ch3list_tuples_11d', 'ch3list_tuples_11e', 'ch3list_tuples_11f', 'ch3list_tuples_120', 'ch3list_tuples_121', 'ch3list_tuples_122', 'ch3list_tuples_123', 'ch3list_tuples_124', 'ch3list_tuples_125', 'ch3list_tuples_126', 'ch3list_tuples_127', 'ch3list_tuples_128', 'ch3list_tuples_129', 'ch3list_tuples_12a', 'ch3list_tuples_12b', 'ch3list_tuples_12c', 'ch3list_tuples_12d', 'ch3list_tuples_12e', 'ch3list_tuples_12f', 'ch3list_tuples_130', 'ch3list_tuples_131', 'ch3list_tuples_132', 'ch3list_tuples_133', 'ch3list_tuples_134', 'ch3list_tuples_135', 'ch3list_tuples_136', 'ch3list_tuples_137', 'ch3list_tuples_138', 'ch3list_tuples_139', 'ch3list_tuples_13a', 'ch3list_tuples_13b', 'ch3list_tuples_13c', 'ch3list_tuples_13d', 'ch3list_tuples_13e', 'ch3list_tuples_13f', 'ch3list_tuples_140', 'ch3list_tuples_141', 'ch3list_tuples_142', 'ch3list_tuples_143', 'ch3list_tuples_144', 'ch3list_tuples_145', 'ch3list_tuples_146', 'ch3list_tuples_147', 'ch3list_tuples_148', 'ch3list_tuples_149', 'ch3list_tuples_14a', 'ch3list_tuples_14b', 'ch3list_tuples_14c', 'ch3list_tuples_14d', 'ch3list_tuples_14e', 'ch3list_tuples_14f', 'ch3list_tuples_150', 'ch3list_tuples_151', 'ch3list_tuples_152', 'ch3list_tuples_153', 'ch3list_tuples_154', 'ch3list_tuples_155', 'ch3list_tuples_156', 'ch3list_tuples_157', 'ch3list_tuples_158', 'ch3list_tuples_159', 'ch3list_tuples_15a', 'ch3list_tuples_15b', 'ch3list_tuples_15c', 'ch3list_tuples_15d', 'ch3list_tuples_15e', 'ch3list_tuples_15f', 'ch3list_tuples_160', 'ch3list_tuples_161', 'ch3list_tuples_162', 'ch3list_tuples_163', 'ch3list_tuples_164', 'ch3list_tuples_165', 'ch3list_tuples_166', 'ch3list_tuples_167', 'ch3list_tuples_168', 'ch3list_tuples_169', 'ch3list_tuples_16a', 'ch3list_tuples_16b', 'ch3list_tuples_16c', 'ch3list_tuples_16d', 'ch3list_tuples_16e', 'ch3list_tuples_16f', 'ch3list_tuples_170', 'ch3list_tuples_171', 'ch3list_tuples_172', 'ch3list_tuples_173', 'ch3list_tuples_174', 'ch3list_tuples_175', 'ch3list_tuples_176', 'ch3list_tuples_177', 'ch3list_tuples_178', 'ch3list_tuples_179', 'ch3list_tuples_17a', 'ch3list_tuples_17b', 'ch3list_tuples_17c', 'ch3list_tuples_17d', 'ch3list_tuples_17e', 'ch3list_tuples_17f', 'ch3list_tuples_180', 'ch3list_tuples_181', 'ch3list_tuples_182', 'ch3list_tuples_183', 'ch3list_tuples_184', 'ch3list_tuples_185', 'ch3list_tuples_186', 'ch3list_tuples_187', 'ch3list_tuples_188', 'ch3list_tuples_189', 'ch3list_tuples_18a', 'ch3list_tuples_18b', 'ch3list_tuples_18c', 'ch3list_tuples_18d', 'ch3list_tuples_18e', 'ch3list_tuples_18f', 'ch3list_tuples_190', 'ch3list_tuples_191', 'ch3list_tuples_192', 'ch3list_tuples_193', 'ch3list_tuples_194', 'ch3list_tuples_195', 'ch3list_tuples_196', 'ch3list_tuples_197', 'ch3list_tuples_198', 'ch3list_tuples_199', 'ch3list_tuples_19a', 'ch3list_tuples_19b', 'ch3list_tuples_19c', 'ch3list_tuples_19d', 'ch3list_tuples_19e', 'ch3list_tuples_19f', 'ch3list_tuples_1a0', 'ch3list_tuples_1a1', 'ch3list_tuples_1a2', 'ch3list_tuples_1a3', 'ch3list_tuples_1a4', 'ch3list_tuples_1a5', 'ch3list_tuples_1a6', 'ch3list_tuples_1a7', 'ch3list_tuples_1a8', 'ch3list_tuples_1a9', 'ch3list_tuples_1aa', 'ch3list_tuples_1ab', 'ch3list_tuples_1ac', 'ch3list_tuples_1ad', 'ch3list_tuples_1ae', 'ch3list_tuples_1af', 'ch3list_tuples_1b0', 'ch3list_tuples_1b1', 'ch3list_tuples_1b2', 'ch3list_tuples_1b3', 'ch3list_tuples_1b4', 'ch3list_tuples_1b5', 'ch3list_tuples_1b6', 'ch3list_tuples_1b7', 'ch3list_tuples_1b8', 'ch3list_tuples_1b9', 'ch3list_tuples_1ba', 'ch3list_tuples_1bb', 'ch3list_tuples_1bc', 'ch3list_tuples_1bd', 'ch3list_tuples_1be', 'ch3list_tuples_1bf', 'ch3list_tuples_1c0', 'ch3list_tuples_1c1', 'ch3list_tuples_1c2', 'ch3list_tuples_1c3', 'ch3list_tuples_1c4', 'ch3list_tuples_1c5', 'ch3list_tuples_1c6', 'ch3list_tuples_1c7', 'ch3list_tuples_1c8', 'ch3list_tuples_1c9', 'ch3list_tuples_1ca', 'ch3list_tuples_1cb', 'ch3list_tuples_1cc', 'ch3list_tuples_1cd', 'ch3list_tuples_1ce', 'ch3list_tuples_1cf', 'ch3list_tuples_1d0', 'ch3list_tuples_1d1', 'ch3list_tuples_1d2', 'ch3list_tuples_1d3', 'ch3list_tuples_1d4', 'ch3list_tuples_1d5', 'ch3list_tuples_1d6', 'ch3list_tuples_1d7', 'ch3list_tuples_1d8', 'ch3list_tuples_1d9', 'ch3list_tuples_1da', 'ch3list_tuples_1db', 'ch3list_tuples_1dc', 'ch3list_tuples_1dd', 'ch3list_tuples_1de', 'ch3list_tuples_1df', 'ch3list_tuples_1e0', 'ch3list_tuples_1e1'], 'ch2intro': ['ch2intro_1', 'ch2intro_2', 'ch2intro_3', 'ch2intro_4', 'ch2intro_5', 'ch2intro_6', 'ch2intro_7', 'ch2intro_8', 'ch2intro_9', 'ch2intro_a', 'ch2intro_b', 'ch2intro_c', 'ch2intro_d', 'ch2intro_e', 'ch2intro_f', 'ch2intro_10', 'ch2intro_11', 'ch2intro_12', 'ch2intro_13', 'ch2intro_14', 'ch2intro_15', 'ch2intro_16', 'ch2intro_17', 'ch2intro_18', 'ch2intro_19', 'ch2intro_1a', 'ch2intro_1b', 'ch2intro_1c', 'ch2intro_1d', 'ch2intro_1e', 'ch2intro_1f', 'ch2intro_20', 'ch2intro_21', 'ch2intro_22', 'ch2intro_23', 'ch2intro_24', 'ch2intro_25', 'ch2intro_26', 'ch2intro_27', 'ch2intro_28', 'ch2intro_29', 'ch2intro_2a', 'ch2intro_2b', 'ch2intro_2c', 'ch2intro_2d', 'ch2intro_2e', 'ch2intro_2f', 'ch2intro_30', 'ch2intro_31', 'ch2intro_32', 'ch2intro_33', 'ch2intro_34', 'ch2intro_35', 'ch2intro_36', 'ch2intro_37', 'ch2intro_38', 'ch2intro_39', 'ch2intro_3a', 'ch2intro_3b', 'ch2intro_3c', 'ch2intro_3d', 'ch2intro_3e', 'ch2intro_3f', 'ch2intro_40', 'ch2intro_41', 'ch2intro_42', 'ch2intro_43', 'ch2intro_44', 'ch2intro_45', 'ch2intro_46', 'ch2intro_47', 'ch2intro_48', 'ch2intro_49', 'ch2intro_4a', 'ch2intro_4b', 'ch2intro_4c', 'ch2intro_4d', 'ch2intro_4e', 'ch2intro_4f', 'ch2intro_50', 'ch2intro_51', 'ch2intro_52', 'ch2intro_53', 'ch2intro_54', 'ch2intro_55', 'ch2intro_56', 'ch2intro_57', 'ch2intro_58', 'ch2intro_59', 'ch2intro_5a', 'ch2intro_5b', 'ch2intro_5c', 'ch2intro_5d', 'ch2intro_5e', 'ch2intro_5f', 'ch2intro_60', 'ch2intro_61', 'ch2intro_62', 'ch2intro_63', 'ch2intro_64', 'ch2intro_65', 'ch2intro_66', 'ch2intro_67', 'ch2intro_68', 'ch2intro_69', 'ch2intro_6a', 'ch2intro_6b', 'ch2intro_6c', 'ch2intro_6d', 'ch2intro_6e', 'ch2intro_6f', 'ch2intro_70', 'ch2intro_71', 'ch2intro_72', 'ch2intro_73', 'ch2intro_74', 'ch2intro_75', 'ch2intro_76', 'ch2intro_77', 'ch2intro_78', 'ch2intro_79', 'ch2intro_7a', 'ch2intro_7b', 'ch2intro_7c', 'ch2intro_7d', 'ch2intro_7e', 'ch2intro_7f', 'ch2intro_80', 'ch2intro_81', 'ch2intro_82', 'ch2intro_83', 'ch2intro_84', 'ch2intro_85', 'ch2intro_86', 'ch2intro_87', 'ch2intro_88', 'ch2intro_89', 'ch2intro_8a', 'ch2intro_8b', 'ch2intro_8c', 'ch2intro_8d', 'ch2intro_8e', 'ch2intro_8f', 'ch2intro_90', 'ch2intro_91', 'ch2intro_92', 'ch2intro_93', 'ch2intro_94', 'ch2intro_95', 'ch2intro_96', 'ch2intro_97', 'ch2intro_98', 'ch2intro_99', 'ch2intro_9a', 'ch2intro_9b', 'ch2intro_9c', 'ch2intro_9d', 'ch2intro_9e', 'ch2intro_9f', 'ch2intro_a0', 'ch2intro_a1', 'ch2intro_a2', 'ch2intro_a3', 'ch2intro_a4', 'ch2intro_a5', 'ch2intro_a6', 'ch2intro_a7', 'ch2intro_a8', 'ch2intro_a9', 'ch2intro_aa', 'ch2intro_ab', 'ch2intro_ac', 'ch2intro_ad', 'ch2intro_ae', 'ch2intro_af', 'ch2intro_b0', 'ch2intro_b1', 'ch2intro_b2', 'ch2intro_b3', 'ch2intro_b4', 'ch2intro_b5', 'ch2intro_b6', 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'ch7interim_assessment_66', 'ch7interim_assessment_67', 'ch7interim_assessment_68', 'ch7interim_assessment_69', 'ch7interim_assessment_6a', 'ch7interim_assessment_6b', 'ch7interim_assessment_6c', 'ch7interim_assessment_6d', 'ch7interim_assessment_6e', 'ch7interim_assessment_6f', 'ch7interim_assessment_70', 'ch7interim_assessment_71', 'ch7interim_assessment_72', 'ch7interim_assessment_73', 'ch7interim_assessment_74', 'ch7interim_assessment_75', 'ch7interim_assessment_76', 'ch7interim_assessment_77', 'ch7interim_assessment_78', 'ch7interim_assessment_79', 'ch7interim_assessment_7a', 'ch7interim_assessment_7b', 'ch7interim_assessment_7c', 'ch7interim_assessment_7d', 'ch7interim_assessment_7e', 'ch7interim_assessment_7f', 'ch7interim_assessment_80', 'ch7interim_assessment_81', 'ch7interim_assessment_82', 'ch7interim_assessment_83', 'ch7interim_assessment_84', 'ch7interim_assessment_85', 'ch7interim_assessment_86', 'ch7interim_assessment_87', 'ch7interim_assessment_88', 'ch7interim_assessment_89', 'ch7interim_assessment_8a', 'ch7interim_assessment_8b', 'ch7interim_assessment_8c', 'ch7interim_assessment_8d', 'ch7interim_assessment_8e', 'ch7interim_assessment_8f', 'ch7interim_assessment_90', 'ch7interim_assessment_91', 'ch7interim_assessment_92', 'ch7interim_assessment_93', 'ch7interim_assessment_94', 'ch7interim_assessment_95', 'ch7interim_assessment_96', 'ch7interim_assessment_97', 'ch7interim_assessment_98', 'ch7interim_assessment_99', 'ch7interim_assessment_9a', 'ch7interim_assessment_9b', 'ch7interim_assessment_9c', 'ch7interim_assessment_9d', 'ch7interim_assessment_9e', 'ch7interim_assessment_9f', 'ch7interim_assessment_a0', 'ch7interim_assessment_a1', 'ch7interim_assessment_a2', 'ch7interim_assessment_a3', 'ch7interim_assessment_a4', 'ch7interim_assessment_a5', 'ch7interim_assessment_a6', 'ch7interim_assessment_a7', 'ch7interim_assessment_a8', 'ch7interim_assessment_a9', 'ch7interim_assessment_aa', 'ch7interim_assessment_ab', 'ch7interim_assessment_ac', 'ch7interim_assessment_ad', 'ch7interim_assessment_ae', 'ch7interim_assessment_af', 'ch7interim_assessment_b0', 'ch7interim_assessment_b1', 'ch7interim_assessment_b2', 'ch7interim_assessment_b3', 'ch7interim_assessment_b4', 'ch7interim_assessment_b5', 'ch7interim_assessment_b6', 'ch7interim_assessment_b7', 'ch7interim_assessment_b8', 'ch7interim_assessment_b9', 'ch7interim_assessment_ba', 'ch7interim_assessment_bb', 'ch7interim_assessment_bc', 'ch7interim_assessment_bd', 'ch7interim_assessment_be', 'ch7interim_assessment_bf', 'ch7interim_assessment_c0', 'ch7interim_assessment_c1', 'ch7interim_assessment_c2', 'ch7interim_assessment_c3', 'ch7interim_assessment_c4', 'ch7interim_assessment_c5', 'ch7interim_assessment_c6', 'ch7interim_assessment_c7', 'ch7interim_assessment_c8', 'ch7interim_assessment_c9', 'ch7interim_assessment_ca', 'ch7interim_assessment_cb', 'ch7interim_assessment_cc', 'ch7interim_assessment_cd', 'ch7interim_assessment_ce', 'ch7interim_assessment_cf', 'ch7interim_assessment_d0', 'ch7interim_assessment_d1', 'ch7interim_assessment_d2', 'ch7interim_assessment_d3', 'ch7interim_assessment_d4', 'ch7interim_assessment_d5', 'ch7interim_assessment_d6', 'ch7interim_assessment_d7', 'ch7interim_assessment_d8', 'ch7interim_assessment_d9', 'ch7interim_assessment_da', 'ch7interim_assessment_db', 'ch7interim_assessment_dc', 'ch7interim_assessment_dd', 'ch7interim_assessment_de', 'ch7interim_assessment_df', 'ch7interim_assessment_e0', 'ch7interim_assessment_e1', 'ch7interim_assessment_e2', 'ch7interim_assessment_e3', 'ch7interim_assessment_e4', 'ch7interim_assessment_e5', 'ch7interim_assessment_e6', 'ch7interim_assessment_e7', 'ch7interim_assessment_e8', 'ch7interim_assessment_e9', 'ch7interim_assessment_ea', 'ch7interim_assessment_eb', 'ch7interim_assessment_ec', 'ch7interim_assessment_ed', 'ch7interim_assessment_ee', 'ch7interim_assessment_ef', 'ch7interim_assessment_f0', 'ch7interim_assessment_f1', 'ch7interim_assessment_f2', 'ch7interim_assessment_f3', 'ch7interim_assessment_f4', 'ch7interim_assessment_f5', 'ch7interim_assessment_f6', 'ch7interim_assessment_f7', 'ch7interim_assessment_f8', 'ch7interim_assessment_f9', 'ch7interim_assessment_fa', 'ch7interim_assessment_fb', 'ch7interim_assessment_fc', 'ch7interim_assessment_fd', 'ch7interim_assessment_fe', 'ch7interim_assessment_ff', 'ch7interim_assessment_100', 'ch7interim_assessment_101', 'ch7interim_assessment_102', 'ch7interim_assessment_103', 'ch7interim_assessment_104', 'ch7interim_assessment_105', 'ch7interim_assessment_106', 'ch7interim_assessment_107', 'ch7interim_assessment_108', 'ch7interim_assessment_109', 'ch7interim_assessment_10a', 'ch7interim_assessment_10b', 'ch7interim_assessment_10c', 'ch7interim_assessment_10d', 'ch7interim_assessment_10e', 'ch7interim_assessment_10f', 'ch7interim_assessment_110', 'ch7interim_assessment_111', 'ch7interim_assessment_112', 'ch7interim_assessment_113', 'ch7interim_assessment_114', 'ch7interim_assessment_115', 'ch7interim_assessment_116', 'ch7interim_assessment_117', 'ch7interim_assessment_118', 'ch7interim_assessment_119', 'ch7interim_assessment_11a', 'ch7interim_assessment_11b', 'ch7interim_assessment_11c', 'ch7interim_assessment_11d', 'ch7interim_assessment_11e', 'ch7interim_assessment_11f', 'ch7interim_assessment_120', 'ch7interim_assessment_121', 'ch7interim_assessment_122', 'ch7interim_assessment_123', 'ch7interim_assessment_124', 'ch7interim_assessment_125', 'ch7interim_assessment_126', 'ch7interim_assessment_127', 'ch7interim_assessment_128', 'ch7interim_assessment_129', 'ch7interim_assessment_12a', 'ch7interim_assessment_12b', 'ch7interim_assessment_12c', 'ch7interim_assessment_12d', 'ch7interim_assessment_12e', 'ch7interim_assessment_12f', 'ch7interim_assessment_130', 'ch7interim_assessment_131', 'ch7interim_assessment_132', 'ch7interim_assessment_133', 'ch7interim_assessment_134', 'ch7interim_assessment_135', 'ch7interim_assessment_136', 'ch7interim_assessment_137', 'ch7interim_assessment_138', 'ch7interim_assessment_139', 'ch7interim_assessment_13a', 'ch7interim_assessment_13b', 'ch7interim_assessment_13c', 'ch7interim_assessment_13d', 'ch7interim_assessment_13e', 'ch7interim_assessment_13f', 'ch7interim_assessment_140', 'ch7interim_assessment_141', 'ch7interim_assessment_142', 'ch7interim_assessment_143', 'ch7interim_assessment_144', 'ch7interim_assessment_145', 'ch7interim_assessment_146', 'ch7interim_assessment_147', 'ch7interim_assessment_148', 'ch7interim_assessment_149', 'ch7interim_assessment_14a', 'ch7interim_assessment_14b', 'ch7interim_assessment_14c', 'ch7interim_assessment_14d', 'ch7interim_assessment_14e', 'ch7interim_assessment_14f', 'ch7interim_assessment_150', 'ch7interim_assessment_151', 'ch7interim_assessment_152', 'ch7interim_assessment_153', 'ch7interim_assessment_154', 'ch7interim_assessment_155', 'ch7interim_assessment_156', 'ch7interim_assessment_157', 'ch7interim_assessment_158', 'ch7interim_assessment_159', 'ch7interim_assessment_15a', 'ch7interim_assessment_15b', 'ch7interim_assessment_15c', 'ch7interim_assessment_15d', 'ch7interim_assessment_15e', 'ch7interim_assessment_15f', 'ch7interim_assessment_160', 'ch7interim_assessment_161', 'ch7interim_assessment_162', 'ch7interim_assessment_163', 'ch7interim_assessment_164', 'ch7interim_assessment_165', 'ch7interim_assessment_166', 'ch7interim_assessment_167', 'ch7interim_assessment_168', 'ch7interim_assessment_169', 'ch7interim_assessment_16a', 'ch7interim_assessment_16b', 'ch7interim_assessment_16c', 'ch7interim_assessment_16d', 'ch7interim_assessment_16e', 'ch7interim_assessment_16f', 'ch7interim_assessment_170', 'ch7interim_assessment_171', 'ch7interim_assessment_172', 'ch7interim_assessment_173', 'ch7interim_assessment_174', 'ch7interim_assessment_175', 'ch7interim_assessment_176', 'ch7interim_assessment_177', 'ch7interim_assessment_178', 'ch7interim_assessment_179', 'ch7interim_assessment_17a', 'ch7interim_assessment_17b', 'ch7interim_assessment_17c', 'ch7interim_assessment_17d', 'ch7interim_assessment_17e', 'ch7interim_assessment_17f', 'ch7interim_assessment_180', 'ch7interim_assessment_181', 'ch7interim_assessment_182', 'ch7interim_assessment_183', 'ch7interim_assessment_184', 'ch7interim_assessment_185', 'ch7interim_assessment_186', 'ch7interim_assessment_187', 'ch7interim_assessment_188', 'ch7interim_assessment_189', 'ch7interim_assessment_18a', 'ch7interim_assessment_18b', 'ch7interim_assessment_18c', 'ch7interim_assessment_18d', 'ch7interim_assessment_18e', 'ch7interim_assessment_18f', 'ch7interim_assessment_190', 'ch7interim_assessment_191', 'ch7interim_assessment_192', 'ch7interim_assessment_193', 'ch7interim_assessment_194', 'ch7interim_assessment_195', 'ch7interim_assessment_196', 'ch7interim_assessment_197', 'ch7interim_assessment_198', 'ch7interim_assessment_199', 'ch7interim_assessment_19a', 'ch7interim_assessment_19b', 'ch7interim_assessment_19c', 'ch7interim_assessment_19d', 'ch7interim_assessment_19e', 'ch7interim_assessment_19f', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a0', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a1', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a2', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a3', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a4', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a5', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a6', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a7', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a8', 'ch7interim_assessment_1a9', 'ch7interim_assessment_1aa', 'ch7interim_assessment_1ab', 'ch7interim_assessment_1ac', 'ch7interim_assessment_1ad', 'ch7interim_assessment_1ae', 'ch7interim_assessment_1af', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b0', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b1', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b2', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b3', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b4', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b5', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b6', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b7', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b8', 'ch7interim_assessment_1b9', 'ch7interim_assessment_1ba', 'ch7interim_assessment_1bb', 'ch7interim_assessment_1bc', 'ch7interim_assessment_1bd', 'ch7interim_assessment_1be', 'ch7interim_assessment_1bf', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c0', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c1', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c2', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c3', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c4', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c5', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c6', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c7', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c8', 'ch7interim_assessment_1c9', 'ch7interim_assessment_1ca', 'ch7interim_assessment_1cb', 'ch7interim_assessment_1cc', 'ch7interim_assessment_1cd', 'ch7interim_assessment_1ce', 'ch7interim_assessment_1cf', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d0', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d1', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d2', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d3', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d4', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d5', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d6', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d7', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d8', 'ch7interim_assessment_1d9', 'ch7interim_assessment_1da', 'ch7interim_assessment_1db', 'ch7interim_assessment_1dc', 'ch7interim_assessment_1dd', 'ch7interim_assessment_1de', 'ch7interim_assessment_1df', 'ch7interim_assessment_1e0', 'ch7interim_assessment_1e1'], 'ch8ult_module_plan': ['ch8ult_module_plan_1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_20', 'ch8ult_module_plan_21', 'ch8ult_module_plan_22', 'ch8ult_module_plan_23', 'ch8ult_module_plan_24', 'ch8ult_module_plan_25', 'ch8ult_module_plan_26', 'ch8ult_module_plan_27', 'ch8ult_module_plan_28', 'ch8ult_module_plan_29', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_2f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_30', 'ch8ult_module_plan_31', 'ch8ult_module_plan_32', 'ch8ult_module_plan_33', 'ch8ult_module_plan_34', 'ch8ult_module_plan_35', 'ch8ult_module_plan_36', 'ch8ult_module_plan_37', 'ch8ult_module_plan_38', 'ch8ult_module_plan_39', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_3f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_40', 'ch8ult_module_plan_41', 'ch8ult_module_plan_42', 'ch8ult_module_plan_43', 'ch8ult_module_plan_44', 'ch8ult_module_plan_45', 'ch8ult_module_plan_46', 'ch8ult_module_plan_47', 'ch8ult_module_plan_48', 'ch8ult_module_plan_49', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_4f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_50', 'ch8ult_module_plan_51', 'ch8ult_module_plan_52', 'ch8ult_module_plan_53', 'ch8ult_module_plan_54', 'ch8ult_module_plan_55', 'ch8ult_module_plan_56', 'ch8ult_module_plan_57', 'ch8ult_module_plan_58', 'ch8ult_module_plan_59', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_5f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_60', 'ch8ult_module_plan_61', 'ch8ult_module_plan_62', 'ch8ult_module_plan_63', 'ch8ult_module_plan_64', 'ch8ult_module_plan_65', 'ch8ult_module_plan_66', 'ch8ult_module_plan_67', 'ch8ult_module_plan_68', 'ch8ult_module_plan_69', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_6f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_70', 'ch8ult_module_plan_71', 'ch8ult_module_plan_72', 'ch8ult_module_plan_73', 'ch8ult_module_plan_74', 'ch8ult_module_plan_75', 'ch8ult_module_plan_76', 'ch8ult_module_plan_77', 'ch8ult_module_plan_78', 'ch8ult_module_plan_79', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_7f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_80', 'ch8ult_module_plan_81', 'ch8ult_module_plan_82', 'ch8ult_module_plan_83', 'ch8ult_module_plan_84', 'ch8ult_module_plan_85', 'ch8ult_module_plan_86', 'ch8ult_module_plan_87', 'ch8ult_module_plan_88', 'ch8ult_module_plan_89', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_8f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_90', 'ch8ult_module_plan_91', 'ch8ult_module_plan_92', 'ch8ult_module_plan_93', 'ch8ult_module_plan_94', 'ch8ult_module_plan_95', 'ch8ult_module_plan_96', 'ch8ult_module_plan_97', 'ch8ult_module_plan_98', 'ch8ult_module_plan_99', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_9f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_a9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_aa', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ab', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ac', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ad', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ae', 'ch8ult_module_plan_af', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_b9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ba', 'ch8ult_module_plan_bb', 'ch8ult_module_plan_bc', 'ch8ult_module_plan_bd', 'ch8ult_module_plan_be', 'ch8ult_module_plan_bf', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_c9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ca', 'ch8ult_module_plan_cb', 'ch8ult_module_plan_cc', 'ch8ult_module_plan_cd', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ce', 'ch8ult_module_plan_cf', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_d9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_da', 'ch8ult_module_plan_db', 'ch8ult_module_plan_dc', 'ch8ult_module_plan_dd', 'ch8ult_module_plan_de', 'ch8ult_module_plan_df', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_e9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ea', 'ch8ult_module_plan_eb', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ec', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ed', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ee', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ef', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_f9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_fa', 'ch8ult_module_plan_fb', 'ch8ult_module_plan_fc', 'ch8ult_module_plan_fd', 'ch8ult_module_plan_fe', 'ch8ult_module_plan_ff', 'ch8ult_module_plan_100', 'ch8ult_module_plan_101', 'ch8ult_module_plan_102', 'ch8ult_module_plan_103', 'ch8ult_module_plan_104', 'ch8ult_module_plan_105', 'ch8ult_module_plan_106', 'ch8ult_module_plan_107', 'ch8ult_module_plan_108', 'ch8ult_module_plan_109', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_10f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_110', 'ch8ult_module_plan_111', 'ch8ult_module_plan_112', 'ch8ult_module_plan_113', 'ch8ult_module_plan_114', 'ch8ult_module_plan_115', 'ch8ult_module_plan_116', 'ch8ult_module_plan_117', 'ch8ult_module_plan_118', 'ch8ult_module_plan_119', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_11f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_120', 'ch8ult_module_plan_121', 'ch8ult_module_plan_122', 'ch8ult_module_plan_123', 'ch8ult_module_plan_124', 'ch8ult_module_plan_125', 'ch8ult_module_plan_126', 'ch8ult_module_plan_127', 'ch8ult_module_plan_128', 'ch8ult_module_plan_129', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_12f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_130', 'ch8ult_module_plan_131', 'ch8ult_module_plan_132', 'ch8ult_module_plan_133', 'ch8ult_module_plan_134', 'ch8ult_module_plan_135', 'ch8ult_module_plan_136', 'ch8ult_module_plan_137', 'ch8ult_module_plan_138', 'ch8ult_module_plan_139', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_13f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_140', 'ch8ult_module_plan_141', 'ch8ult_module_plan_142', 'ch8ult_module_plan_143', 'ch8ult_module_plan_144', 'ch8ult_module_plan_145', 'ch8ult_module_plan_146', 'ch8ult_module_plan_147', 'ch8ult_module_plan_148', 'ch8ult_module_plan_149', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_14f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_150', 'ch8ult_module_plan_151', 'ch8ult_module_plan_152', 'ch8ult_module_plan_153', 'ch8ult_module_plan_154', 'ch8ult_module_plan_155', 'ch8ult_module_plan_156', 'ch8ult_module_plan_157', 'ch8ult_module_plan_158', 'ch8ult_module_plan_159', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_15f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_160', 'ch8ult_module_plan_161', 'ch8ult_module_plan_162', 'ch8ult_module_plan_163', 'ch8ult_module_plan_164', 'ch8ult_module_plan_165', 'ch8ult_module_plan_166', 'ch8ult_module_plan_167', 'ch8ult_module_plan_168', 'ch8ult_module_plan_169', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_16f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_170', 'ch8ult_module_plan_171', 'ch8ult_module_plan_172', 'ch8ult_module_plan_173', 'ch8ult_module_plan_174', 'ch8ult_module_plan_175', 'ch8ult_module_plan_176', 'ch8ult_module_plan_177', 'ch8ult_module_plan_178', 'ch8ult_module_plan_179', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_17f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_180', 'ch8ult_module_plan_181', 'ch8ult_module_plan_182', 'ch8ult_module_plan_183', 'ch8ult_module_plan_184', 'ch8ult_module_plan_185', 'ch8ult_module_plan_186', 'ch8ult_module_plan_187', 'ch8ult_module_plan_188', 'ch8ult_module_plan_189', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_18f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_190', 'ch8ult_module_plan_191', 'ch8ult_module_plan_192', 'ch8ult_module_plan_193', 'ch8ult_module_plan_194', 'ch8ult_module_plan_195', 'ch8ult_module_plan_196', 'ch8ult_module_plan_197', 'ch8ult_module_plan_198', 'ch8ult_module_plan_199', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19a', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19b', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19c', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19d', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19e', 'ch8ult_module_plan_19f', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1a9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1aa', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1ab', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1ac', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1ad', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1ae', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1af', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1b9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1ba', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1bb', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1bc', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1bd', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1be', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1bf', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1c9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1ca', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1cb', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1cc', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1cd', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1ce', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1cf', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d1', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d2', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d3', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d4', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d5', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d6', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d7', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d8', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1d9', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1da', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1db', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1dc', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1dd', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1de', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1df', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1e0', 'ch8ult_module_plan_1e1'], 'ch10session4': ['ch10session4_1', 'ch10session4_2', 'ch10session4_3', 'ch10session4_4', 'ch10session4_5', 'ch10session4_6', 'ch10session4_7', 'ch10session4_8', 'ch10session4_9', 'ch10session4_a', 'ch10session4_b', 'ch10session4_c', 'ch10session4_d', 'ch10session4_e', 'ch10session4_f', 'ch10session4_10', 'ch10session4_11', 'ch10session4_12', 'ch10session4_13', 'ch10session4_14', 'ch10session4_15', 'ch10session4_16', 'ch10session4_17', 'ch10session4_18', 'ch10session4_19', 'ch10session4_1a', 'ch10session4_1b', 'ch10session4_1c', 'ch10session4_1d', 'ch10session4_1e', 'ch10session4_1f', 'ch10session4_20', 'ch10session4_21', 'ch10session4_22', 'ch10session4_23', 'ch10session4_24', 'ch10session4_25', 'ch10session4_26', 'ch10session4_27', 'ch10session4_28', 'ch10session4_29', 'ch10session4_2a', 'ch10session4_2b', 'ch10session4_2c', 'ch10session4_2d', 'ch10session4_2e', 'ch10session4_2f', 'ch10session4_30', 'ch10session4_31', 'ch10session4_32', 'ch10session4_33', 'ch10session4_34', 'ch10session4_35', 'ch10session4_36', 'ch10session4_37', 'ch10session4_38', 'ch10session4_39', 'ch10session4_3a', 'ch10session4_3b', 'ch10session4_3c', 'ch10session4_3d', 'ch10session4_3e', 'ch10session4_3f', 'ch10session4_40', 'ch10session4_41', 'ch10session4_42', 'ch10session4_43', 'ch10session4_44', 'ch10session4_45', 'ch10session4_46', 'ch10session4_47', 'ch10session4_48', 'ch10session4_49', 'ch10session4_4a', 'ch10session4_4b', 'ch10session4_4c', 'ch10session4_4d', 'ch10session4_4e', 'ch10session4_4f', 'ch10session4_50', 'ch10session4_51', 'ch10session4_52', 'ch10session4_53', 'ch10session4_54', 'ch10session4_55', 'ch10session4_56', 'ch10session4_57', 'ch10session4_58', 'ch10session4_59', 'ch10session4_5a', 'ch10session4_5b', 'ch10session4_5c', 'ch10session4_5d', 'ch10session4_5e', 'ch10session4_5f', 'ch10session4_60', 'ch10session4_61', 'ch10session4_62', 'ch10session4_63', 'ch10session4_64', 'ch10session4_65', 'ch10session4_66', 'ch10session4_67', 'ch10session4_68', 'ch10session4_69', 'ch10session4_6a', 'ch10session4_6b', 'ch10session4_6c', 'ch10session4_6d', 'ch10session4_6e', 'ch10session4_6f', 'ch10session4_70', 'ch10session4_71', 'ch10session4_72', 'ch10session4_73', 'ch10session4_74', 'ch10session4_75', 'ch10session4_76', 'ch10session4_77', 'ch10session4_78', 'ch10session4_79', 'ch10session4_7a', 'ch10session4_7b', 'ch10session4_7c', 'ch10session4_7d', 'ch10session4_7e', 'ch10session4_7f', 'ch10session4_80', 'ch10session4_81', 'ch10session4_82', 'ch10session4_83', 'ch10session4_84', 'ch10session4_85', 'ch10session4_86', 'ch10session4_87', 'ch10session4_88', 'ch10session4_89', 'ch10session4_8a', 'ch10session4_8b', 'ch10session4_8c', 'ch10session4_8d', 'ch10session4_8e', 'ch10session4_8f', 'ch10session4_90', 'ch10session4_91', 'ch10session4_92', 'ch10session4_93', 'ch10session4_94', 'ch10session4_95', 'ch10session4_96', 'ch10session4_97', 'ch10session4_98', 'ch10session4_99', 'ch10session4_9a', 'ch10session4_9b', 'ch10session4_9c', 'ch10session4_9d', 'ch10session4_9e', 'ch10session4_9f', 'ch10session4_a0', 'ch10session4_a1', 'ch10session4_a2', 'ch10session4_a3', 'ch10session4_a4', 'ch10session4_a5', 'ch10session4_a6', 'ch10session4_a7', 'ch10session4_a8', 'ch10session4_a9', 'ch10session4_aa', 'ch10session4_ab', 'ch10session4_ac', 'ch10session4_ad', 'ch10session4_ae', 'ch10session4_af', 'ch10session4_b0', 'ch10session4_b1', 'ch10session4_b2', 'ch10session4_b3', 'ch10session4_b4', 'ch10session4_b5', 'ch10session4_b6', 'ch10session4_b7', 'ch10session4_b8', 'ch10session4_b9', 'ch10session4_ba', 'ch10session4_bb', 'ch10session4_bc', 'ch10session4_bd', 'ch10session4_be', 'ch10session4_bf', 'ch10session4_c0', 'ch10session4_c1', 'ch10session4_c2', 'ch10session4_c3', 'ch10session4_c4', 'ch10session4_c5', 'ch10session4_c6', 'ch10session4_c7', 'ch10session4_c8', 'ch10session4_c9', 'ch10session4_ca', 'ch10session4_cb', 'ch10session4_cc', 'ch10session4_cd', 'ch10session4_ce', 'ch10session4_cf', 'ch10session4_d0', 'ch10session4_d1', 'ch10session4_d2', 'ch10session4_d3', 'ch10session4_d4', 'ch10session4_d5', 'ch10session4_d6', 'ch10session4_d7', 'ch10session4_d8', 'ch10session4_d9', 'ch10session4_da', 'ch10session4_db', 'ch10session4_dc', 'ch10session4_dd', 'ch10session4_de', 'ch10session4_df', 'ch10session4_e0', 'ch10session4_e1', 'ch10session4_e2', 'ch10session4_e3', 'ch10session4_e4', 'ch10session4_e5', 'ch10session4_e6', 'ch10session4_e7', 'ch10session4_e8', 'ch10session4_e9', 'ch10session4_ea', 'ch10session4_eb', 'ch10session4_ec', 'ch10session4_ed', 'ch10session4_ee', 'ch10session4_ef', 'ch10session4_f0', 'ch10session4_f1', 'ch10session4_f2', 'ch10session4_f3', 'ch10session4_f4', 'ch10session4_f5', 'ch10session4_f6', 'ch10session4_f7', 'ch10session4_f8', 'ch10session4_f9', 'ch10session4_fa', 'ch10session4_fb', 'ch10session4_fc', 'ch10session4_fd', 'ch10session4_fe', 'ch10session4_ff', 'ch10session4_100', 'ch10session4_101', 'ch10session4_102', 'ch10session4_103', 'ch10session4_104', 'ch10session4_105', 'ch10session4_106', 'ch10session4_107', 'ch10session4_108', 'ch10session4_109', 'ch10session4_10a', 'ch10session4_10b', 'ch10session4_10c', 'ch10session4_10d', 'ch10session4_10e', 'ch10session4_10f', 'ch10session4_110', 'ch10session4_111', 'ch10session4_112', 'ch10session4_113', 'ch10session4_114', 'ch10session4_115', 'ch10session4_116', 'ch10session4_117', 'ch10session4_118', 'ch10session4_119', 'ch10session4_11a', 'ch10session4_11b', 'ch10session4_11c', 'ch10session4_11d', 'ch10session4_11e', 'ch10session4_11f', 'ch10session4_120', 'ch10session4_121', 'ch10session4_122', 'ch10session4_123', 'ch10session4_124', 'ch10session4_125', 'ch10session4_126', 'ch10session4_127', 'ch10session4_128', 'ch10session4_129', 'ch10session4_12a', 'ch10session4_12b', 'ch10session4_12c', 'ch10session4_12d', 'ch10session4_12e', 'ch10session4_12f', 'ch10session4_130', 'ch10session4_131', 'ch10session4_132', 'ch10session4_133', 'ch10session4_134', 'ch10session4_135', 'ch10session4_136', 'ch10session4_137', 'ch10session4_138', 'ch10session4_139', 'ch10session4_13a', 'ch10session4_13b', 'ch10session4_13c', 'ch10session4_13d', 'ch10session4_13e', 'ch10session4_13f', 'ch10session4_140', 'ch10session4_141', 'ch10session4_142', 'ch10session4_143', 'ch10session4_144', 'ch10session4_145', 'ch10session4_146', 'ch10session4_147', 'ch10session4_148', 'ch10session4_149', 'ch10session4_14a', 'ch10session4_14b', 'ch10session4_14c', 'ch10session4_14d', 'ch10session4_14e', 'ch10session4_14f', 'ch10session4_150', 'ch10session4_151', 'ch10session4_152', 'ch10session4_153', 'ch10session4_154', 'ch10session4_155', 'ch10session4_156', 'ch10session4_157', 'ch10session4_158', 'ch10session4_159', 'ch10session4_15a', 'ch10session4_15b', 'ch10session4_15c', 'ch10session4_15d', 'ch10session4_15e', 'ch10session4_15f', 'ch10session4_160', 'ch10session4_161', 'ch10session4_162', 'ch10session4_163', 'ch10session4_164', 'ch10session4_165', 'ch10session4_166', 'ch10session4_167', 'ch10session4_168', 'ch10session4_169', 'ch10session4_16a', 'ch10session4_16b', 'ch10session4_16c', 'ch10session4_16d', 'ch10session4_16e', 'ch10session4_16f', 'ch10session4_170', 'ch10session4_171', 'ch10session4_172', 'ch10session4_173', 'ch10session4_174', 'ch10session4_175', 'ch10session4_176', 'ch10session4_177', 'ch10session4_178', 'ch10session4_179', 'ch10session4_17a', 'ch10session4_17b', 'ch10session4_17c', 'ch10session4_17d', 'ch10session4_17e', 'ch10session4_17f', 'ch10session4_180', 'ch10session4_181', 'ch10session4_182', 'ch10session4_183', 'ch10session4_184', 'ch10session4_185', 'ch10session4_186', 'ch10session4_187', 'ch10session4_188', 'ch10session4_189', 'ch10session4_18a', 'ch10session4_18b', 'ch10session4_18c', 'ch10session4_18d', 'ch10session4_18e', 'ch10session4_18f', 'ch10session4_190', 'ch10session4_191', 'ch10session4_192', 'ch10session4_193', 'ch10session4_194', 'ch10session4_195', 'ch10session4_196', 'ch10session4_197', 'ch10session4_198', 'ch10session4_199', 'ch10session4_19a', 'ch10session4_19b', 'ch10session4_19c', 'ch10session4_19d', 'ch10session4_19e', 'ch10session4_19f', 'ch10session4_1a0', 'ch10session4_1a1', 'ch10session4_1a2', 'ch10session4_1a3', 'ch10session4_1a4', 'ch10session4_1a5', 'ch10session4_1a6', 'ch10session4_1a7', 'ch10session4_1a8', 'ch10session4_1a9', 'ch10session4_1aa', 'ch10session4_1ab', 'ch10session4_1ac', 'ch10session4_1ad', 'ch10session4_1ae', 'ch10session4_1af', 'ch10session4_1b0', 'ch10session4_1b1', 'ch10session4_1b2', 'ch10session4_1b3', 'ch10session4_1b4', 'ch10session4_1b5', 'ch10session4_1b6', 'ch10session4_1b7', 'ch10session4_1b8', 'ch10session4_1b9', 'ch10session4_1ba', 'ch10session4_1bb', 'ch10session4_1bc', 'ch10session4_1bd', 'ch10session4_1be', 'ch10session4_1bf', 'ch10session4_1c0', 'ch10session4_1c1', 'ch10session4_1c2', 'ch10session4_1c3', 'ch10session4_1c4', 'ch10session4_1c5', 'ch10session4_1c6', 'ch10session4_1c7', 'ch10session4_1c8', 'ch10session4_1c9', 'ch10session4_1ca', 'ch10session4_1cb', 'ch10session4_1cc', 'ch10session4_1cd', 'ch10session4_1ce', 'ch10session4_1cf', 'ch10session4_1d0', 'ch10session4_1d1', 'ch10session4_1d2', 'ch10session4_1d3', 'ch10session4_1d4', 'ch10session4_1d5', 'ch10session4_1d6', 'ch10session4_1d7', 'ch10session4_1d8', 'ch10session4_1d9', 'ch10session4_1da', 'ch10session4_1db', 'ch10session4_1dc', 'ch10session4_1dd', 'ch10session4_1de', 'ch10session4_1df', 'ch10session4_1e0', 'ch10session4_1e1']}
\ No newline at end of file

Binary file web/hgbook/comments/p_list.pyc has changed

--- a/web/hgbook/comments/views.py	Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/views.py	Fri Feb 05 23:42:24 2010 +0530
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from p_list import *
 from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
 import glob
-html_folder='/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/html/'
+html_folder='/home/amit/SEES-hacks/web/html/'
 
 def sort_dict(dict):
 	new_dict = {}
@@ -49,7 +49,9 @@
 
 def index(request):
 	html_files = glob.glob(html_folder+'ch*.html')
-#	print >> sys.stderr , html_files	
+	print >> sys.stderr ,html_files	
+	print >> sys.stderr ,"just checking whether i got here"	
+	print >> sys.stderr , html_files	
 	html_files.sort()
 	link_list=['/review/html/'+a.split('/')[-1] for a in html_files]
 #	print >> sys.stderr , html_files        
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@
 		title_list.append(title_str)
 	
 	resp_dict=zip(link_list,title_list)
-	
+	print >>sys.stderr ,resp_dict
 	return render_to_response('index.html', {'resp_dict': resp_dict })
 
 

Binary file web/hgbook/comments/views.pyc has changed

--- a/web/hgbook/comments/views.py~	Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
+++ b/web/hgbook/comments/views.py~	Fri Feb 05 23:42:24 2010 +0530
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from p_list import *
 from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup
 import glob
-html_folder='/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/html/'
+html_folder='/home/amit/SEES-hacks/web/html'
 
 def sort_dict(dict):
 	new_dict = {}
@@ -49,9 +49,11 @@
 
 def index(request):
 	html_files = glob.glob(html_folder+'ch*.html')
-#	print >> sys.stderr , html_files	
+	print >> sys.stderr ,html_files	
+	print >> sys.stderr ,"just checking whether i got here"	
+	print >> sys.stderr , html_files	
 	html_files.sort()
-	link_list=['/review/html/'+a.split('/')[-1] for a in html_file]
+	link_list=['/review/html/'+a.split('/')[-1] for a in html_files]
 #	print >> sys.stderr , html_files        
 	title_list=[]
 	for html_file in html_files:
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@
 		title_list.append(title_str)
 	
 	resp_dict=zip(link_list,title_list)
-	
+	print >>sys.stderr ,resp_dict
 	return render_to_response('index.html', {'resp_dict': resp_dict })
 
 

--- a/web/hgbook/run.wsgi	Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
+++ b/web/hgbook/run.wsgi	Fri Feb 05 23:42:24 2010 +0530
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import os
 import sys
 import django
-sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web')
-sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook/comments')
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/SEES-hacks/web')
+sys.path.append('/home/amit/SEES-hacks/web/hgbook/comments')
 os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'hgbook.settings'
 import django.core.handlers.wsgi
 application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()

--- a/web/hgbook/run.wsgi~	Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
+++ b/web/hgbook/run.wsgi~	Fri Feb 05 23:42:24 2010 +0530
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web')
 sys.path.append('/home/amit/hgbook-alqua/web/hgbook/comments')
 os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'hgbook.settings'
+import django.core.handlers.wsgi
 application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()
 
 

--- a/web/html/abc.html~	Mon Jan 25 18:56:45 2010 +0530
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,530 +0,0 @@
-<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
-<title>Chapter 9. Finding and fixing mistakes</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
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-<div class="navheader">
-<table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
-<tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</th></tr>
-<tr>
-<td width="20%" align="left">
-<a accesskey="p" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">Prev</a> </td>
-<th width="60%" align="center"> </th>
-<td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="migrating-to-mercurial.html">Next</a>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="chapter" title="Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="chap:hgext"></a>Chapter 14. Adding functionality with extensions</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:inotify">14.1. Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:extdiff">14.2. Flexible diff support with the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3071699">14.2.1. Defining command aliases</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:transplant">14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the <code class="literal">transplant</code> extension</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:patchbomb">14.4. Send changes via email with the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#id3072184">14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<p><a name="x_4fe"></a>While the core of Mercurial is quite complete from a
-    functionality standpoint, it's deliberately shorn of fancy
-    features.  This approach of preserving simplicity keeps the
-    software easy to deal with for both maintainers and users.</p>
-<p><a name="x_4ff"></a>However, Mercurial doesn't box you in with an inflexible
-    command set: you can add features to it as
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>extensions</em></span> (sometimes known as
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>plugins</em></span>).  We've already discussed a few of
-    these extensions in earlier chapters.</p>
-<p id="x_546"><a name="x_546"></a>When you provide a directory name, Mercurial will interpret
-      this as “<span class="quote">operate on every file in this directory and its
-	subdirectories</span>”. Mercurial traverses the files and
-      subdirectories in a directory in alphabetical order.  When it
-      encounters a subdirectory, it will traverse that subdirectory
-      before continuing with the current directory.</p>
-
-
-
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_500"></a><a class="xref" href="a-tour-of-mercurial-merging-work.html#sec:tour-merge:fetch" title="3.3. Simplifying the pull-merge-commit sequence">Section 3.3, “Simplifying the pull-merge-commit sequence”</a>
-	covers the <code class="literal">fetch</code> extension;
-	this combines pulling new changes and merging them with local
-	changes into a single command, <span class="command"><strong>fetch</strong></span>.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_501"></a>In <a class="xref" href="handling-repository-events-with-hooks.html" title="Chapter 10. Handling repository events with hooks">Chapter 10, <i>Handling repository events with hooks</i></a>, we covered
-	several extensions that are useful for hook-related
-	functionality: <code class="literal">acl</code> adds
-	access control lists; <code class="literal">bugzilla</code> adds integration with the
-	Bugzilla bug tracking system; and <code class="literal">notify</code> sends notification emails on
-	new changes.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_502"></a>The Mercurial Queues patch management extension is
-	so invaluable that it merits two chapters and an appendix all
-	to itself. <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html" title="Chapter 12. Managing change with Mercurial Queues">Chapter 12, <i>Managing change with Mercurial Queues</i></a> covers the
-	basics; <a class="xref" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html" title="Chapter 13. Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues">Chapter 13, <i>Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues</i></a> discusses advanced topics;
-	and <a class="xref" href="mercurial-queues-reference.html" title="Appendix B. Mercurial Queues reference">Appendix B, <i>Mercurial Queues reference</i></a> goes into detail on
-	each
-	command.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<p><a name="x_503"></a>In this chapter, we'll cover some of the other extensions that
-    are available for Mercurial, and briefly touch on some of the
-    machinery you'll need to know about if you want to write an
-    extension of your own.</p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_504"></a>In <a class="xref" href="adding-functionality-with-extensions.html#sec:hgext:inotify" title="14.1. Improve performance with the inotify extension">Section 14.1, “Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension”</a>,
-	we'll discuss the possibility of <span class="emphasis"><em>huge</em></span>
-	performance improvements using the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension.</p></li></ul></div>
-<div class="sect1" title="14.1. Improve performance with the inotify extension">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="sec:hgext:inotify"></a>14.1. Improve performance with the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_505"></a>Are you interested in having some of the most common
-      Mercurial operations run as much as a hundred times faster?
-      Read on!</p>
-<p><a name="x_506"></a>Mercurial has great performance under normal circumstances.
-      For example, when you run the <span class="command"><strong>hg
-	status</strong></span> command, Mercurial has to scan almost every
-      directory and file in your repository so that it can display
-      file status.  Many other Mercurial commands need to do the same
-      work behind the scenes; for example, the <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> command uses the status
-      machinery to avoid doing an expensive comparison operation on
-      files that obviously haven't changed.</p>
-<p><a name="x_507"></a>Because obtaining file status is crucial to good
-      performance, the authors of Mercurial have optimised this code
-      to within an inch of its life.  However, there's no avoiding the
-      fact that when you run <span class="command"><strong>hg
-	status</strong></span>, Mercurial is going to have to perform at
-      least one expensive system call for each managed file to
-      determine whether it's changed since the last time Mercurial
-      checked.  For a sufficiently large repository, this can take a
-      long time.</p>
-<p><a name="x_508"></a>To put a number on the magnitude of this effect, I created a
-      repository containing 150,000 managed files.  I timed <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span> as taking ten seconds to
-      run, even when <span class="emphasis"><em>none</em></span> of those files had been
-      modified.</p>
-<p><a name="x_509"></a>Many modern operating systems contain a file notification
-      facility. If a program signs up to an appropriate service, the
-      operating system will notify it every time a file of interest is
-      created, modified, or deleted.  On Linux systems, the kernel
-      component that does this is called
-      <code class="literal">inotify</code>.</p>
-<p><a name="x_50a"></a>Mercurial's <code class="literal">inotify</code>
-      extension talks to the kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code>
-      component to optimise <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span>
-      commands.  The extension has two components.  A daemon sits in
-      the background and receives notifications from the
-      <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem.  It also listens for
-      connections from a regular Mercurial command.  The extension
-      modifies Mercurial's behavior so that instead of scanning the
-      filesystem, it queries the daemon.  Since the daemon has perfect
-      information about the state of the repository, it can respond
-      with a result instantaneously, avoiding the need to scan every
-      directory and file in the repository.</p>
-<p><a name="x_50b"></a>Recall the ten seconds that I measured plain Mercurial as
-      taking to run <span class="command"><strong>hg status</strong></span> on a
-      150,000 file repository.  With the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension enabled, the time
-      dropped to 0.1 seconds, a factor of <span class="emphasis"><em>one
-	hundred</em></span> faster.</p>
-<p><a name="x_50c"></a>Before we continue, please pay attention to some
-      caveats.</p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_50d"></a>The <code class="literal">inotify</code>
-	  extension is Linux-specific.  Because it interfaces directly
-	  to the Linux kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem,
-	  it does not work on other operating systems.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_50e"></a>It should work on any Linux distribution that
-	  was released after early 2005.  Older distributions are
-	  likely to have a kernel that lacks
-	  <code class="literal">inotify</code>, or a version of
-	  <code class="literal">glibc</code> that does not have the necessary
-	  interfacing support.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_50f"></a>Not all filesystems are suitable for use with
-	  the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension.
-	  Network filesystems such as NFS are a non-starter, for
-	  example, particularly if you're running Mercurial on several
-	  systems, all mounting the same network filesystem.  The
-	  kernel's <code class="literal">inotify</code> system has no way of
-	  knowing about changes made on another system.  Most local
-	  filesystems (e.g. ext3, XFS, ReiserFS) should work
-	  fine.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<p><a name="x_510"></a>The <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is
-      not yet shipped with Mercurial as of May 2007, so it's a little
-      more involved to set up than other extensions.  But the
-      performance improvement is worth it!</p>
-<p><a name="x_511"></a>The extension currently comes in two parts: a set of patches
-      to the Mercurial source code, and a library of Python bindings
-      to the <code class="literal">inotify</code> subsystem.</p>
-<div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
-<tr>
-<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="figs/note.png"></td>
-<th align="left">Note</th>
-</tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a name="x_512"></a>  There are <span class="emphasis"><em>two</em></span> Python
-	<code class="literal">inotify</code> binding libraries.  One of them is
-	called <code class="literal">pyinotify</code>, and is packaged by some
-	Linux distributions as <code class="literal">python-inotify</code>.
-	This is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> the one you'll need, as it is
-	too buggy and inefficient to be practical.</p></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-<p><a name="x_513"></a>To get going, it's best to already have a functioning copy
-      of Mercurial installed.</p>
-<div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><table border="0" summary="Note">
-<tr>
-<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="figs/note.png"></td>
-<th align="left">Note</th>
-</tr>
-<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><a name="x_514"></a>  If you follow the instructions below, you'll be
-	<span class="emphasis"><em>replacing</em></span> and overwriting any existing
-	installation of Mercurial that you might already have, using
-	the latest <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">bleeding edge</span>”</span> Mercurial code. Don't
-	say you weren't warned!</p></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<li class="listitem">
-<p><a name="x_515"></a>Clone the Python <code class="literal">inotify</code>
-	  binding repository.  Build and install it.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/python/inotify
-cd inotify
-python setup.py build --force
-sudo python setup.py install --skip-build</pre>
-</li>
-<li class="listitem">
-<p><a name="x_516"></a>Clone the <code class="filename">crew</code> Mercurial repository.
-	  Clone the <code class="literal">inotify</code> patch
-	  repository so that Mercurial Queues will be able to apply
-	  patches to your cope of the <code class="filename">crew</code> repository.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">hg clone http://hg.intevation.org/mercurial/crew
-hg clone crew inotify
-hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/mercurial/patches/inotify inotify/.hg/patches</pre>
-</li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_517"></a>Make sure that you have the Mercurial Queues
-	  extension, <code class="literal">mq</code>, enabled.  If
-	  you've never used MQ, read <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html#sec:mq:start" title="12.5. Getting started with Mercurial Queues">Section 12.5, “Getting started with Mercurial Queues”</a> to get started
-	  quickly.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem">
-<p><a name="x_518"></a>Go into the <code class="filename">inotify</code> repo, and apply all
-	  of the <code class="literal">inotify</code> patches
-	  using the <code class="option">hg
-	    -a</code> option to the <span class="command"><strong>qpush</strong></span> command.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">cd inotify
-hg qpush -a</pre>
-</li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_519"></a>  If you get an error message from <span class="command"><strong>qpush</strong></span>, you should not continue.
-	  Instead, ask for help.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem">
-<p><a name="x_51a"></a>Build and install the patched version of
-	  Mercurial.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">python setup.py build --force
-sudo python setup.py install --skip-build</pre>
-</li>
-</ol></div>
-<p><a name="x_51b"></a>Once you've build a suitably patched version of Mercurial,
-      all you need to do to enable the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is add an entry to
-      your <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">[extensions] inotify =</pre>
-<p><a name="x_51c"></a>When the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension
-      is enabled, Mercurial will automatically and transparently start
-      the status daemon the first time you run a command that needs
-      status in a repository.  It runs one status daemon per
-      repository.</p>
-<p><a name="x_51d"></a>The status daemon is started silently, and runs in the
-      background.  If you look at a list of running processes after
-      you've enabled the <code class="literal">inotify</code>
-      extension and run a few commands in different repositories,
-      you'll thus see a few <code class="literal">hg</code> processes sitting
-      around, waiting for updates from the kernel and queries from
-      Mercurial.</p>
-<p><a name="x_51e"></a>The first time you run a Mercurial command in a repository
-      when you have the <code class="literal">inotify</code>
-      extension enabled, it will run with about the same performance
-      as a normal Mercurial command.  This is because the status
-      daemon needs to perform a normal status scan so that it has a
-      baseline against which to apply later updates from the kernel.
-      However, <span class="emphasis"><em>every</em></span> subsequent command that does
-      any kind of status check should be noticeably faster on
-      repositories of even fairly modest size.  Better yet, the bigger
-      your repository is, the greater a performance advantage you'll
-      see.  The <code class="literal">inotify</code> daemon makes
-      status operations almost instantaneous on repositories of all
-      sizes!</p>
-<p><a name="x_51f"></a>If you like, you can manually start a status daemon using
-      the <span class="command"><strong>inserve</strong></span> command.
-      This gives you slightly finer control over how the daemon ought
-      to run.  This command will of course only be available when the
-      <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension is
-      enabled.</p>
-<p><a name="x_520"></a>When you're using the <code class="literal">inotify</code> extension, you should notice
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>no difference at all</em></span> in Mercurial's
-      behavior, with the sole exception of status-related commands
-      running a whole lot faster than they used to.  You should
-      specifically expect that commands will not print different
-      output; neither should they give different results. If either of
-      these situations occurs, please report a bug.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1" title="14.2. Flexible diff support with the extdiff extension">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="sec:hgext:extdiff"></a>14.2. Flexible diff support with the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_521"></a>Mercurial's built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg
-	diff</strong></span> command outputs plaintext unified diffs.</p>
-<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg diff</code></strong>
-diff -r 80997726a0ea myfile
---- a/myfile	Wed Jan 06 06:50:18 2010 +0000
-+++ b/myfile	Wed Jan 06 06:50:18 2010 +0000
-@@ -1,1 +1,2 @@
- The first line.
-+The second line.
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_522"></a>If you would like to use an external tool to display
-      modifications, you'll want to use the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension.  This will let you
-      use, for example, a graphical diff tool.</p>
-<p><a name="x_523"></a>The <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension is
-      bundled with Mercurial, so it's easy to set up.  In the <code class="literal">extensions</code> section of your
-      <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>, simply add a
-      one-line entry to enable the extension.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">[extensions]
-extdiff =</pre>
-<p><a name="x_524"></a>This introduces a command named <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span>, which by default uses
-      your system's <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> command to generate a
-      unified diff in the same form as the built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> command.</p>
-<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg extdiff</code></strong>
---- a.80997726a0ea/myfile	2010-01-06 06:50:18.613674526 +0000
-+++ /tmp/extdiffNErQlu/a/myfile	2010-01-06 06:50:18.437687076 +0000
-@@ -1 +1,2 @@
- The first line.
-+The second line.
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_525"></a>The result won't be exactly the same as with the built-in
-      <span class="command"><strong>hg diff</strong></span> variations, because the
-      output of <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> varies from one system to
-      another, even when passed the same options.</p>
-<p><a name="x_526"></a>As the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">making snapshot</code></span>”</span>
-      lines of output above imply, the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command works by
-      creating two snapshots of your source tree.  The first snapshot
-      is of the source revision; the second, of the target revision or
-      working directory.  The <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command generates
-      these snapshots in a temporary directory, passes the name of
-      each directory to an external diff viewer, then deletes the
-      temporary directory.  For efficiency, it only snapshots the
-      directories and files that have changed between the two
-      revisions.</p>
-<p><a name="x_527"></a>Snapshot directory names have the same base name as your
-      repository. If your repository path is <code class="filename">/quux/bar/foo</code>, then <code class="filename">foo</code> will be the name of each
-      snapshot directory.  Each snapshot directory name has its
-      changeset ID appended, if appropriate.  If a snapshot is of
-      revision <code class="literal">a631aca1083f</code>, the directory will be
-      named <code class="filename">foo.a631aca1083f</code>.
-      A snapshot of the working directory won't have a changeset ID
-      appended, so it would just be <code class="filename">foo</code> in this example.  To see what
-      this looks like in practice, look again at the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> example above.  Notice
-      that the diff has the snapshot directory names embedded in its
-      header.</p>
-<p><a name="x_528"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command
-      accepts two important options. The <code class="option">hg -p</code> option
-      lets you choose a program to view differences with, instead of
-      <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span>.  With the <code class="option">hg -o</code> option,
-      you can change the options that <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> passes to the program
-      (by default, these options are
-      <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">-Npru</code></span>”</span>, which only make sense
-      if you're running <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span>).  In other respects,
-      the <span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command
-      acts similarly to the built-in <span class="command"><strong>hg
-	diff</strong></span> command: you use the same option names, syntax,
-      and arguments to specify the revisions you want, the files you
-      want, and so on.</p>
-<p><a name="x_529"></a>As an example, here's how to run the normal system
-      <span class="command"><strong>diff</strong></span> command, getting it to generate context
-      diffs (using the <code class="option">-c</code> option)
-      instead of unified diffs, and five lines of context instead of
-      the default three (passing <code class="literal">5</code> as the argument
-      to the <code class="option">-C</code> option).</p>
-<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>hg extdiff -o -NprcC5</code></strong>
-*** a.80997726a0ea/myfile	Wed Jan  6 06:50:18 2010
---- /tmp/extdiffNErQlu/a/myfile	Wed Jan  6 06:50:18 2010
-***************
-*** 1 ****
---- 1,2 ----
-  The first line.
-+ The second line.
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_52a"></a>Launching a visual diff tool is just as easy.  Here's how to
-      launch the <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span> viewer.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">hg extdiff -p kdiff3 -o</pre>
-<p><a name="x_52b"></a>If your diff viewing command can't deal with directories,
-      you can easily work around this with a little scripting.  For an
-      example of such scripting in action with the <code class="literal">mq</code> extension and the
-      <span class="command"><strong>interdiff</strong></span> command, see <a class="xref" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html#mq-collab:tips:interdiff" title="13.9.2. Viewing the history of a patch">Section 13.9.2, “Viewing the history of a patch”</a>.</p>
-<div class="sect2" title="14.2.1. Defining command aliases">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="id3071699"></a>14.2.1. Defining command aliases</h3></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_52c"></a>It can be cumbersome to remember the options to both the
-	<span class="command"><strong>extdiff</strong></span> command and
-	the diff viewer you want to use, so the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension lets you define
-	<span class="emphasis"><em>new</em></span> commands that will invoke your diff
-	viewer with exactly the right options.</p>
-<p><a name="x_52d"></a>All you need to do is edit your <code class="filename">~/.hgrc</code>, and add a section named
-	<code class="literal">extdiff</code>.  Inside this
-	section, you can define multiple commands.  Here's how to add
-	a <code class="literal">kdiff3</code> command.  Once you've defined
-	this, you can type <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg kdiff3</code></span>”</span>
-	and the <code class="literal">extdiff</code> extension
-	will run <span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span> for you.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
-cmd.kdiff3 =</pre>
-<p><a name="x_52e"></a>If you leave the right hand side of the definition empty,
-	as above, the <code class="literal">extdiff</code>
-	extension uses the name of the command you defined as the name
-	of the external program to run.  But these names don't have to
-	be the same.  Here, we define a command named
-	<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg wibble</code></span>”</span>, which runs
-	<span class="command"><strong>kdiff3</strong></span>.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
- cmd.wibble = kdiff3</pre>
-<p><a name="x_52f"></a>You can also specify the default options that you want to
-	invoke your diff viewing program with.  The prefix to use is
-	<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">opts.</code></span>”</span>, followed by the name
-	of the command to which the options apply.  This example
-	defines a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">hg vimdiff</code></span>”</span> command
-	that runs the <span class="command"><strong>vim</strong></span> editor's
-	<code class="literal">DirDiff</code> extension.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">[extdiff]
- cmd.vimdiff = vim
-opts.vimdiff = -f '+next' '+execute "DirDiff" argv(0) argv(1)'</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1" title="14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the transplant extension">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="sec:hgext:transplant"></a>14.3. Cherrypicking changes with the <code class="literal">transplant</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_530"></a>Need to have a long chat with Brendan about this.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect1" title="14.4. Send changes via email with the patchbomb extension">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="sec:hgext:patchbomb"></a>14.4. Send changes via email with the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_531"></a>Many projects have a culture of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">change
-	review</span>”</span>, in which people send their modifications to a
-      mailing list for others to read and comment on before they
-      commit the final version to a shared repository.  Some projects
-      have people who act as gatekeepers; they apply changes from
-      other people to a repository to which those others don't have
-      access.</p>
-<p><a name="x_532"></a>Mercurial makes it easy to send changes over email for
-      review or application, via its <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension.  The extension is
-      so named because changes are formatted as patches, and it's usual
-      to send one changeset per email message.  Sending a long series
-      of changes by email is thus much like <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">bombing</span>”</span> the
-      recipient's inbox, hence <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">patchbomb</span>”</span>.</p>
-<p><a name="x_533"></a>As usual, the basic configuration of the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension takes just one or
-      two lines in your <code class="filename">
-	/.hgrc</code>.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">[extensions]
-patchbomb =</pre>
-<p><a name="x_534"></a>Once you've enabled the extension, you will have a new
-      command available, named <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span>.</p>
-<p><a name="x_535"></a>The safest and best way to invoke the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command is to
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>always</em></span> run it first with the <code class="option">hg -n</code> option.
-      This will show you what the command <span class="emphasis"><em>would</em></span>
-      send, without actually sending anything.  Once you've had a
-      quick glance over the changes and verified that you are sending
-      the right ones, you can rerun the same command, with the <code class="option">hg -n</code> option
-      removed.</p>
-<p><a name="x_536"></a>The <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command
-      accepts the same kind of revision syntax as every other
-      Mercurial command.  For example, this command will send every
-      revision between 7 and <code class="literal">tip</code>, inclusive.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">hg email -n 7:tip</pre>
-<p><a name="x_537"></a>You can also specify a <span class="emphasis"><em>repository</em></span> to
-      compare with.  If you provide a repository but no revisions, the
-      <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will
-      send all revisions in the local repository that are not present
-      in the remote repository.  If you additionally specify revisions
-      or a branch name (the latter using the <code class="option">hg -b</code> option),
-      this will constrain the revisions sent.</p>
-<p><a name="x_538"></a>It's perfectly safe to run the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command without the
-      names of the people you want to send to: if you do this, it will
-      just prompt you for those values interactively.  (If you're
-      using a Linux or Unix-like system, you should have enhanced
-      <code class="literal">readline</code>-style editing capabilities when
-      entering those headers, too, which is useful.)</p>
-<p><a name="x_539"></a>When you are sending just one revision, the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will by
-      default use the first line of the changeset description as the
-      subject of the single email message it sends.</p>
-<p><a name="x_53a"></a>If you send multiple revisions, the <span class="command"><strong>email</strong></span> command will usually
-      send one message per changeset.  It will preface the series with
-      an introductory message, in which you should describe the
-      purpose of the series of changes you're sending.</p>
-<div class="sect2" title="14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="id3072184"></a>14.4.1. Changing the behavior of patchbombs</h3></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_53b"></a>Not every project has exactly the same conventions for
-	sending changes in email; the <code class="literal">patchbomb</code> extension tries to
-	accommodate a number of variations through command line
-	options.</p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53c"></a>You can write a subject for the introductory
-	    message on the command line using the <code class="option">hg -s</code>
-	    option.  This takes one argument, the text of the subject
-	    to use.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53d"></a>To change the email address from which the
-	    messages originate, use the <code class="option">hg -f</code>
-	    option.  This takes one argument, the email address to
-	    use.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53e"></a>The default behavior is to send unified diffs
-	    (see <a class="xref" href="managing-change-with-mercurial-queues.html#sec:mq:patch" title="12.4. Understanding patches">Section 12.4, “Understanding patches”</a> for a
-	    description of the
-	    format), one per message.  You can send a binary bundle
-	    instead with the <code class="option">hg -b</code>
-	    option.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_53f"></a>Unified diffs are normally prefaced with a
-	    metadata header.  You can omit this, and send unadorned
-	    diffs, with the <code class="option">hg
-	      --plain</code> option.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_540"></a>Diffs are normally sent <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">inline</span>”</span>,
-	    in the same body part as the description of a patch.  This
-	    makes it easiest for the largest number of readers to
-	    quote and respond to parts of a diff, as some mail clients
-	    will only quote the first MIME body part in a message. If
-	    you'd prefer to send the description and the diff in
-	    separate body parts, use the <code class="option">hg -a</code>
-	    option.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_541"></a>Instead of sending mail messages, you can
-	    write them to an <code class="literal">mbox</code>-format mail
-	    folder using the <code class="option">hg -m</code>
-	    option.  That option takes one argument, the name of the
-	    file to write to.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p><a name="x_542"></a>If you would like to add a
-	    <span class="command"><strong>diffstat</strong></span>-format summary to each patch,
-	    and one to the introductory message, use the <code class="option">hg -d</code>
-	    option.  The <span class="command"><strong>diffstat</strong></span> command displays
-	    a table containing the name of each file patched, the
-	    number of lines affected, and a histogram showing how much
-	    each file is modified.  This gives readers a qualitative
-	    glance at how complex a patch is.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="navfooter">
-<hr>
-<table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer">
-<tr>
-<td width="40%" align="left">
-<a accesskey="p" href="advanced-uses-of-mercurial-queues.html">Prev</a> </td>
-<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
-<td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="migrating-to-mercurial.html">Next</a>
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 13. Advanced uses of Mercurial Queues </td>
-<td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td>
-<td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A. Migrating to Mercurial</td>
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-<div class="titlepage">
-<div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="id2496165"></a>Functional Approach</h2></div></div>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#default-arguments">1. Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#keyword-arguments">2. Keyword Arguments</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#parameter-packing-and-unpacking">3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#nested-functions-and-scopes">4. Nested Functions and Scopes</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#map-reduce-and-filter-functions">5. map, reduce and filter functions</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="ar01.html#list-comprehensions">5.1. List Comprehensions</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<p id="x_74b"><a name="x_74b"></a>
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Functions</em></span> allow us to enclose a set of statements and call the function again and again instead of repeating the group of statements everytime. Functions also allow us to isolate a piece of code from all the other code and provides the convenience of not polluting the global variables.
-  </p>
-<p id="x_74c"><a name="x_74c"></a>
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> in python is defined with the keyword 
-    <span class="strong"><strong>def</strong></span> followed by the name of the function, in turn followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the list of parameters to the function. The definition line ends with a ':'. The definition line is followed by the body of the function intended by one block. The 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> must return a value:
-  </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
-  fact = 1
-  for i in range(2, n):
-    fact *= i
-
-  return fact
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_74d"></a>The code snippet above defines a function with the name factorial, takes the number for which the factorial must be computed, computes the factorial and returns the value.</p>
-<p><a name="x_74e"></a>A 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Function</em></span> once defined can be used or called anywhere else in the program. We call a fucntion with its name followed by a pair of parenthesis which encloses the arguments to the function.
-  </p>
-<p><a name="x_74f"></a>The value that function returns can be assigned to a variable. Let's call the above function and store the factorial in a variable:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">fact5 = factorial(5)
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_750"></a>The value of fact5 will now be 120, which is the factorial of 5. Note that we passed 5 as the argument to the function.</p>
-<p><a name="x_751"></a>It may be necessary to document what the function does, for each of the function to help the person who reads our code to understand it better. In order to do this Python allows the first line of the function body to be a string. This string is called as 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Documentation String</em></span> or 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>docstring</em></span>. 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> prove to be very handy since there are number of tools which can pull out all the docstrings from Python functions and generate the documentation automatically from it. 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>docstrings</em></span> for functions can be written as follows:
-  </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def factorial(n):
-  'Returns the factorial for the number n.'
-  fact = 1
-  for i in range(2, n):
-    fact *= i
-
-  return fact
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_752"></a>An important point to note at this point is that, a function can return any Python value or a Python object, which also includes a 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span>. A 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuple</em></span> is just a collection of values and those values themselves can be of any other valid Python datatypes, including 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>, 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>, 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> among other things. So effectively, if a function can return a tuple, it can return any number of values through a tuple
-  </p>
-<p><a name="x_753"></a>Let us write a small function to swap two values:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def swap(a, b):
-  return b, a
-
-c, d = swap(a, b)
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_754"></a>Function scope --------------- The variables used inside the function are confined to the function's scope and doesn't pollute the variables of the same name outside the scope of the function. Also the arguments passed to the function are passed by-value if it is of basic Python data type:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def cant_change(n):
-  n = 10
-
-n = 5
-cant_change(n)
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_755"></a>Upon running this code, what do you think would have happened to value of n which was assigned 5 before the function call? If you have already tried out that snippet on the interpreter you already know that the value of n is not changed. This is true of any immutable types of Python like 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Numbers</em></span>, 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Strings</em></span> and 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Tuples</em></span>. But when you pass mutable objects like 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> and 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Dictionaries</em></span> the values are manipulated even outside the function:
-  </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; def can_change(n):
-...   n[1] = James
-...
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; name = ['Mr.', 'Steve', 'Gosling']
-&gt;&gt;&gt; can_change(name)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; name
-['Mr.', 'James', 'Gosling']
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_756"></a>If nothing is returned by the function explicitly, Python takes care to return None when the funnction is called.</p>
-<div class="section" title="1. Default Arguments">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="default-arguments"></a>1. Default Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_757"></a>There may be situations where we need to allow the functions to take the arguments optionally. Python allows us to define function this way by providing a facility called 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Default Arguments</em></span>. For example, we need to write a function that returns a list of fibonacci numbers. Since our function cannot generate an infinite list of fibonacci numbers, we need to specify the number of elements that the fibonacci sequence must contain. Suppose, additionally, we want to the function to return 10 numbers in the sequence if no option is specified we can define the function as follows:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def fib(n=10):
-  fib_list = [0, 1]
-  for i in range(n - 2):
-    next = fib_list[-2] + fib_list[-1]
-    fib_list.append(next)
-  return fib_list
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_758"></a>When we call this function, we can optionally specify the value for the parameter n, during the call as an argument. Calling with no argument and argument with n=5 returns the following fibonacci sequences:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">fib()
-[0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]
-fib(5)
-[0, 1, 1, 2, 3]
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="2. Keyword Arguments">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="keyword-arguments"></a>2. Keyword Arguments</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_759"></a>When a function takes a large number of arguments, it may be difficult to remember the order of the parameters in the function definition or it may be necessary to pass values to only certain parameters since others take the default value. In either of these cases, Python provides the facility of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in the function definition. This is known as 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword Arguments</em></span>.
-    </p>
-<p><a name="x_75a"></a>In a function call, 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be used for each argument, in the following fashion:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">argument_name=argument_value
-Also denoted as: keyword=argument
-
-def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):
-  print "%s, %s!" % (greetings, name)
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_75b"></a>This function can be called in one of the following ways. It is important to note that no restriction is imposed in the order in which 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> can be specified. Also note, that we have combined 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> with 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Default arguments</em></span> in this example, however it is not necessary:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">wish(name='Guido', greetings='Hey')
-wish(greetings='Hey', name='Guido')
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_75c"></a>Calling functions by specifying arguments in the order of parameters specified in the function definition is called as 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span>, as opposed to 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>. It is possible to use both 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> and 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span> in a single function call. But Python doesn't allow us to bungle up both of them. The arguments to the function, in the call, must always start with 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Positional arguments</em></span> which is in turn followed by 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Keyword arguments</em></span>:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def my_func(x, y, z, u, v, w):
-  # initialize variables.
-  ...
-  # do some stuff 
-  ...
-  # return the value
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_75d"></a>It is valid to call the above functions in the following ways:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, 30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
-my_func(10, 20, 30, 1.0, 2.0, w=3.0)
-my_func(10, 20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
-my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, w=3.0)
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_75e"></a>Following lists some of the invalid calls:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">my_func(10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
-my_func(x=10, 20, z=30, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
-my_func(x=10, y=20, z=30, u=1.0, v=2.0, 3.0)
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="parameter-packing-and-unpacking"></a>3. Parameter Packing and Unpacking</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_75f"></a>The positional arguments passed to a function can be collected in a tuple parameter and keyword arguments can be collected in a dictionary. Since keyword arguments must always be the last set of arguments passed to a function, the keyword dictionary parameter must be the last parameter. The function definition must include a list explicit parameters, followed by tuple paramter collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a *****, for collecting positional parameters, in turn followed by the dictionary collecting parameter, whose name is preceded by a ****** :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, *args, **name):
-  """Structure of *args*
-  (age, email-id)
-  Structure of *name*
-  {
-      'first': First Name
-      'middle': Middle Name
-      'last': Last Name
-  }
-  """
-
-  print "Title: %s" % (title)
-  print "Full name: %(first)s %(middle)s %(last)s" % name
-  print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % args
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_760"></a>The above function can be called as. Note, the order of keyword parameters can be interchanged:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; print_report('Employee Report', 29, 'johny@example.com', first='Johny',
-                 last='Charles', middle='Douglas')
-Title: Employee Report
-Full name: Johny Douglas Charles
-Age: 29
-Email-ID: johny@example.com
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_761"></a>The reverse of this can also be achieved by using a very identical syntax while calling the function. A tuple or a dictionary can be passed as arguments in place of a list of *Positional arguments* or *Keyword arguments* respectively using ***** or ****** :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def print_report(title, age, email, first, middle, last):
-  print "Title: %s" % (title)
-  print "Full name: %s %s %s" % (first, middle, last)
-  print "Age: %d\nEmail-ID: %s" % (age, email)
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; args = (29, 'johny@example.com')
-&gt;&gt;&gt; name = {
-        'first': 'Johny',
-        'middle': 'Charles',
-        'last': 'Douglas'
-        }
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print_report('Employee Report', *args, **name)
-Title: Employee Report
-Full name: Johny Charles Douglas
-Age: 29
-Email-ID: johny@example.com
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4. Nested Functions and Scopes">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="nested-functions-and-scopes"></a>4. Nested Functions and Scopes</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_762"></a>Python allows nesting one function inside another. This style of programming turns out to be extremely flexible and powerful features when we use 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Python decorators</em></span>. We will not talk about decorators is beyond the scope of this course. If you are interested in knowing more about 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>decorator programming</em></span> in Python you are suggested to read:
-    </p>
-<div class="literallayout"><p><br>
-      <a class="ulink" href="http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar" target="_top">http://avinashv.net/2008/04/python-decorators-syntactic-sugar</a>/<br>
-      <a class="ulink" href="http://personalpages.tds.net" target="_top">http://personalpages.tds.net</a>/~kent37/kk/00001.html<br>
-    </p></div>
-<p><a name="x_763"></a>However, the following is an example for nested functions in Python:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def outer():
-  print "Outer..."
-  def inner():
-    print "Inner..."
-  print "Outer..."
-  inner()
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; outer()
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5. map, reduce and filter functions">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="map-reduce-and-filter-functions"></a>5. map, reduce and filter functions</h2></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_764"></a>Python provides several built-in functions for convenience. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span>, 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>reduce()</strong></span> and 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>filter()</strong></span> functions prove to be very useful with sequences like 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>.
-    </p>
-<p><a name="x_765"></a>The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> (
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments: 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> and a 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span> argument. The 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> argument must be the name of the function which in turn takes a single argument, the individual element of the 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function calls 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns a list of values, where each value is the value returned by each call to 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>. 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function allows to pass more than one sequence. In this case, the first argument, 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> must take as many arguments as the number of sequences passed. This function is called with each corresponding element in the each of the sequences, or 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>None</strong></span> if one of the sequence is exhausted:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def square(x):
-  return x*x
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; map(square, [1, 2, 3, 4])
-[1, 4, 9, 16]
-
-def mul(x, y):
-  return x*y
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; map(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4], [6, 7, 8, 9])
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_766"></a>The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> (
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>map()</strong></span> function. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>filter</strong></span> function calls 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span>, for each item in the sequence and returns all the elements in the sequence for which 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function(item)</em></span> returned True:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def even(x):
-  if x % 2:
-    return True
-  else:
-    return False
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; filter(even, range(1, 10))
-[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_767"></a>The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> (
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span>, 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>sequence</em></span>) function takes two arguments, similar to 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>map</strong></span> function, however multiple sequences are not allowed. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>reduce</strong></span> function calls 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with first two consecutive elements in the sequence, obtains the result, calls 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>function</em></span> with the result and the subsequent element in the sequence and so on until the end of the list and returns the final result:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">def mul(x, y):
-  return x*y
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; reduce(mul, [1, 2, 3, 4])
-24
-
-</pre>
-<div class="section" title="5.1. List Comprehensions">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="list-comprehensions"></a>5.1. List Comprehensions</h3></div></div></div>
-<p><a name="x_768"></a>List Comprehension is a convenvience utility provided by Python. It is a syntatic sugar to create 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span>. Using 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> one can create 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> from other type of sequential data structures or other 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Lists</em></span> itself. The syntax of 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>List Comprehensions</em></span> consists of a square brackets to indicate the result is a 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>List</em></span> within which we include at least one 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>for</strong></span> clause and multiple 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> clauses. It will be more clear with an example:
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; num = [1, 2, 3]
-&gt;&gt;&gt; sq = [x*x for x in num]
-&gt;&gt;&gt; sq
-[1, 4, 9]
-&gt;&gt;&gt; all_num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
-&gt;&gt;&gt; even = [x for x in all_num if x%2 == 0]
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_769"></a>The syntax used here is very clear from the way it is written. It can be translated into english as, "for each element x in the list all_num, if remainder of x divided by 2 is 0, add x to the list."</p>
-</div>
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-<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap_intro">
-<div class="article" title="Basic Python">
-<div class="titlepage">
-<div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="id2988867"></a>Basic Python</h2></div></div>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-python-interpreter">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-interactive-interpreter">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter">2.2. 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
-      </a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#editing-and-running-a-python-file">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#numbers">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#variables">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#strings">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#boolean">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-while-loop">5. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-if-conditional">6. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#raw_input">7.       <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-method">8. 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
-    </a></span></dt>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<p id="x_38"></a>This document is intended to be handed out at the end of the workshop. It has been designed for Engineering students who are Python beginners and have basic programming skills. The focus is on basic numerics and plotting using Python.</p>
-<p id="x_39"></a>The system requirements:</p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3a"></a>Python - version 2.5.x or newer.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3b"></a>IPython</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_3c"></a>Text editor - scite, vim, emacs or whatever you are comfortable with.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<div class="section" title="1. Introduction">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="introduction"></a>1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_3d"></a>The Python programming language was created by a dutch named Guido van Rossum. The idea of Python was conceived in December 1989. The name Python has nothing to do with the reptilian, but its been named after the 70s comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus", since it happens to be Guido's favourite TV series.</p>
-<p id="x_3e"></a>Current stable version of Python is 2.6.x, although Python 3.0 is also the stable version, it is not backwards compatible with the previous versions and is hence not entirely popular at the moment. This material will focus on the 2.6.x series.</p>
-<p id="x_3f"></a>Python is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License (PSF License) which is GPL compatible Free Software license (excepting license version 1.6 and 2.0) It is a no strings attached license, which means the source code is free to modify and redistribute.</p>
-<p id="x_40"></a>The Python docs define Python as "Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics." A more detailed summary can be found at 
-      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html</a>. Python is a language that has been designed to help the programmer concentrate on solving the problem at hand and not worry about the programming language idiosyncrasies.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_41"></a>Python is a highly cross platform compatible language on account of it being an interpreted language. It is highly scalable and hence has been adapted to run on the Nokia 60 series phones. Python has been designed to be readable and easy to use</p>
-<p id="x_42"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Resources available for reference</strong></span>
-    </p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_43"></a>Web: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org" target="_top">http://www.python.org</a>
-        </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_44"></a>Doc: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc</a>
-        </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_45"></a>Free Tutorials: 
-          <span class="emphasis"><em> Official Python Tutorial: 
-            <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html" target="_top">http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html</a> 
-          </em></span> Byte of Python: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://www.byteofpython.info" target="_top">http://www.byteofpython.info</a>/ * Dive into Python: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://diveintopython.org" target="_top">http://diveintopython.org</a>/
-        </p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<p id="x_46"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Advantages of Python - Why Python??</strong></span>
-    </p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_47"></a>Python has been designed for readability and ease of use. Its been designed in  such a fashion that it imposes readability on the programmer. Python does away with the braces and the semicolons and instead implements code blocks based on indentation, thus enhancing readability.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_48"></a>Python is a high level, interpreted, modular and object oriented language. Python performs memory management on its own, thus the programmer need not bother about allocating and deallocating memory to variables. Python provides extensibility by providing modules which can be easily imported similar to headers in C and packages in Java. Python is object oriented and hence provides all the object oriented characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_49"></a>Python offers a highly powerful interactive programming interface in the form of the 'Interactive Interpreter' which will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_4a"></a>Python provides a rich standard library and an extensive set of modules. The  power of Python modules can be seen in this slightly exaggerated cartoon 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://xkcd.com/353" target="_top">http://xkcd.com/353</a>/
-        </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_4b"></a>Python interfaces well with most other programming languages such as C, C++  and FORTRAN.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<p id="x_4c"></a>Although, Python has one setback. Python is not fast as some of the compiled languages like C or C++. Yet, the amount of flexibility and power more than make up for this setback.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="2. The Python Interpreter">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="the-python-interpreter"></a>2. The Python Interpreter</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="2.1. The Interactive Interpreter">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="the-interactive-interpreter"></a>2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_4d"></a>Typing 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>python</em></span> at the shell prompt on any standard Unix/Gnu-Linux system and hitting the enter key fires up the Python 'Interactive Interpreter'. The Python interpreter is one of the most integral features of Python. The prompt obtained when the interactive interpreter is similar to what is shown below. The exact appearance might differ based on the version of Python being used. The 
-        <code class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> thing shown is the python prompt. When something is typed at the prompt and the enter key is hit, the python interpreter interprets the command entered and performs the appropriate action. All the examples presented in this document are to be tried hands on, on the interactive interpreter.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct  5 2008, 19:24:49) 
-[GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
-Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_4e"></a>Lets try with an example, type 
-        <code class="literal">print 'Hello, World!'</code> at the prompt and hit the enter key.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; print 'Hello, World!'
-Hello, World!
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_4f"></a>This example was quite straight forward, and thus we have written our first line of Python code. Now let us try typing something arbitrary at the prompt. For example:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; arbit word
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1
-    arbit word
-            ^
-SyntaxError: invalid syntax
-&gt;&gt;&gt;
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_50"></a>The interpreter gave an error message saying that 'arbit word' was invalid syntax which is valid. The interpreter is an amazing tool when learning to program in Python. The interpreter provides a help function that provides the necessary documentation regarding all Python syntax, constructs, modules and objects. Typing 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>help()</em></span> at the prompt gives the following output:
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; help()
-
-Welcome to Python 2.5!  This is the online help utility.
-
-If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
-the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
-
-Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
-Python programs and using Python modules.  To quit this help utility and
-return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
-
-To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
-"keywords", or "topics".  Each module also comes with a one-line summary
-of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
-such as "spam", type "modules spam".
-
-help&gt; 
-
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_51"></a>As mentioned in the output, entering the name of any module, keyword or topic will provide the documentation and help regarding the same through the online help utility. Pressing 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Ctrl+d</em></span> exits the help prompt and returns to the python prompt.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_52"></a>Let us now try a few examples at the python interpreter.</p>
-<p id="x_53"></a>Eg 1:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; print 'Hello, python!'
-Hello, python!
-&gt;&gt;&gt;
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_54"></a>Eg 2:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; print 4321*567890
-2453852690
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_55"></a>Eg 3:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; 4321*567890
-2453852690L
-&gt;&gt;&gt;
-
-</pre>
-<pre class="programlisting">Note: Notice the 'L' at the end of the output. The 'L' signifies that the
-output of the operation is of type *long*. It was absent in the previous
-example because we used the print statement. This is because *print* formats
-the output before displaying.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_56"></a>Eg 4:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; big = 12345678901234567890 ** 3
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print big
-1881676372353657772490265749424677022198701224860897069000
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<pre class="programlisting">This example is to show that unlike in C or C++ there is no limit on the
-value of an integer.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_57"></a>Try this on the interactive interpreter: 
-        <code class="literal">import this</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_58"></a>
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Hint: The output gives an idea of Power of Python</em></span>
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="2.2.  ipython - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter"></a>2.2. 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
-      </h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_59"></a>The power and the importance of the interactive interpreter was the highlight of the previous section. This section provides insight into the enhanced interpreter with more advanced set of features called 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>. Entering 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> at the shell prompt fires up the interactive interpreter.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ ipython
-Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct  5 2008, 19:24:49) 
-Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
-
-IPython 0.8.4 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
-?         -&gt; Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
-%quickref -&gt; Quick reference.
-help      -&gt; Python's own help system.
-object?   -&gt; Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
-
-In [1]: 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_5a"></a>This is the output obtained upon firing ipython. The exact appearance may change based on the Python version installed. The following are some of the various features provided by 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>:
-      </p>
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term"></span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p></p>
-<p id="x_5b"></a>Suggestions - ipython provides suggestions of the possible methods and operations available for the given python object.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<p id="x_5c"></a>Eg 5:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">In [4]: a = 6
-
-In [5]: a.
-a.__abs__           a.__divmod__        a.__index__         a.__neg__          a.__rand__          a.__rmod__          a.__rxor__
-a.__add__           a.__doc__           a.__init__          a.__new__          a.__rdiv__          a.__rmul__          a.__setattr__
-a.__and__           a.__float__         a.__int__           a.__nonzero__      a.__rdivmod__       a.__ror__           a.__str__
-a.__class__         a.__floordiv__      a.__invert__        a.__oct__          a.__reduce__        a.__rpow__          a.__sub__
-a.__cmp__           a.__getattribute__  a.__long__          a.__or__           a.__reduce_ex__     a.__rrshift__       a.__truediv__
-a.__coerce__        a.__getnewargs__    a.__lshift__        a.__pos__          a.__repr__          a.__rshift__        a.__xor__
-a.__delattr__       a.__hash__          a.__mod__           a.__pow__          a.__rfloordiv__     a.__rsub__          
-a.__div__           a.__hex__           a.__mul__           a.__radd__         a.__rlshift__       a.__rtruediv__      
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_5d"></a>In this example, we initialized 'a' (a variable - a concept that will be discussed in the subsequent sections.) to 6. In the next line when the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>tab</em></span> key is pressed after typing '
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>a.</em></span>' ipython displays the set of all possible methods that are applicable on the object 'a' (an integer in this context). Ipython provides many such datatype specific features which will be presented in the further sections as and when the datatypes are introduced.
-      </p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="3. Editing and running a python file">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="editing-and-running-a-python-file"></a>3. Editing and running a python file</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_5e"></a>The previous sections focused on the use of the interpreter to run python code. While the interpeter is an excellent tool to test simple solutions and experiment with small code snippets, its main disadvantage is that everything written in the interpreter is lost once its quit. Most of the times a program is used by people other than the author. So the programs have to be available in some form suitable for distribution, and hence they are written in files. This section will focus on editing and running python files. Start by opening a text editor ( it is recommended you choose one from the list at the top of this page ). In the editor type down python code and save the file with an extension 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>.py</strong></span> (python files have an extension of .py). Once done with the editing, save the file and exit the editor.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_5f"></a>Let us look at a simple example of calculating the gcd of 2 numbers using Python:</p>
-<p id="x_60"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Creating the first python script(file)</strong></span> :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ emacs gcd.py
-  def gcd(x,y):
-    if x % y == 0:
-      return y
-    return gcd(y, x%y)
-
-  print gcd(72, 92)
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_61"></a>To run the script, open the shell prompt, navigate to the directory that contains the python file and run 
-      <code class="literal">python &lt;filename.py&gt;</code> at the prompt ( in this case filename is gcd.py )
-    </p>
-<p id="x_62"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Running the python script</strong></span> :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ python gcd.py
-4
-$ 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_63"></a>Another method to run a python script would be to include the line</p>
-<p id="x_64"></a>
-      <code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/python</code>
-    </p>
-<p id="x_65"></a>at the beginning of the python file and then make the file executable by</p>
-<p id="x_66"></a>$ chmod a+x 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
-    </p>
-<p id="x_67"></a>Once this is done, the script can be run as a standalone program as follows:</p>
-<p id="x_68"></a>$ ./
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
-    </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python"></a>4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_69"></a>Python provides the following set of basic datatypes.</p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6a"></a>Numbers: int, float, long, complex</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6b"></a>Strings</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_6c"></a>Boolean</p></li>
-</ul></div></blockquote></div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1. Numbers">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="numbers"></a>4.1. Numbers</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_6d"></a>Numbers were introduced in the examples presented in the interactive interpreter section. Numbers include types as mentioned earlier viz., int (integers), float (floating point numbers), long (large integers), complex (complex numbers with real and imaginary parts). Python is not a strongly typed language, which means the type of a variable need not mentioned during its initialization. Let us look at a few examples.</p>
-<p id="x_6e"></a>Eg 6:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1 #here a is an integer variable
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_6f"></a>Eg 7:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; lng = 122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #here lng is a variable of type long
-&gt;&gt;&gt; lng
-122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999L #notice the trailing 'L'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print lng
-122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #notice the absence of the trailing 'L'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; lng+1
-122333444455555666666777777788888889000000000L
-
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_70"></a>Long numbers are the same as integers in almost all aspects. They can be used in operations just like integers and along with integers without any distinction. The only distinction comes during type checking (which is not a healthy practice). Long numbers are tucked with a trailing 'L' just to signify that they are long. Notice that in the example just lng at the prompt displays the value of the variable with the 'L' whereas 
-        <code class="literal">print lng</code> displays without the 'L'. This is because print formats the output before printing. Also in the example, notice that adding an integer to a long does not give any errors and the result is as expected. So for all practical purposes longs can be treated as ints.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_71"></a>Eg 8:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; fl = 3.14159 #fl is a float variable
-&gt;&gt;&gt; e = 1.234e-4 #e is also a float variable, specified in the exponential form
-&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; b = 2
-&gt;&gt;&gt; a/b #integer division
-0
-&gt;&gt;&gt; a/fl #floating point division
-0.31831015504887655
-&gt;&gt;&gt; e/fl
-3.9279473133031364e-05
-
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_72"></a>Floating point numbers, simply called floats are real numbers with a decimal point. The example above shows the initialization of a float variable. Shown also in this example is the difference between integer division and floating point division. 'a' and 'b' here are integer variables and hence the division gives 0 as the quotient. When either of the operands is a float, the operation is a floating point division, and the result is also a float as illustrated.</p>
-<p id="x_73"></a>Eg 9:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; cplx = 3 + 4j #cplx is a complex variable
-&gt;&gt;&gt; cplx
-(3+4j)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print cplx.real #prints the real part of the complex number
-3.0
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print cplx.imag #prints the imaginary part of the complex number
-4.0
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print cplx*fl  #multiplies the real and imag parts of the complex number with the multiplier
-(9.42477+12.56636j)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; abs(cplx) #returns the absolute value of the complex number
-5.0
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_74"></a>Python provides a datatype for complex numbers. Complex numbers are initialized as shown in the example above. The 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span> and 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>imag</em></span> operators return the real and imaginary parts of the complex number as shown. The 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>abs()</em></span> returns the absolute value of the complex number.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.2. Variables">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="variables"></a>4.2. Variables</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_75"></a>Variables are just names that represent a value. Variables have already been introduced in the various examples from the previous sections. Certain rules about using variables:</p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_76"></a>Variables have to be initialized or assigned a value before being used.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_77"></a>Variable names can consist of letters, digits and 
-              <a class="link" href="">underscores</a> .
-            </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_78"></a>Variable names cannot begin with digits, but can contain digits in them.</p></li>
-</ul></div></blockquote></div>
-<p id="x_79"></a>In reference to the previous section examples, 'a', 'b', 'lng', 'fl', 'e' and 'cplx' are all variables of various datatypes.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">Note: Python is not a strongly typed language and hence an integer variable can at a
-later stage be used as a float variable as well.
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.3. Strings">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="strings"></a>4.3. Strings</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_7a"></a>Strings are one of the essential data structures of any programming language. The 
-        <code class="literal">print "Hello, World!"</code> program was introduced in the earlier section, and the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>"Hello, World!"</em></span> in the print statement is a string. A string is basically a set of characters. Strings can be represented in various ways shown below:
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">s = 'this is a string'              # a string variable can be represented using single quotes
-s = 'This one has "quotes" inside!' # The string can have quotes inside it as shown
-s = "I have 'single-quotes' inside!"
-l = "A string spanning many lines\
-one more line\
-yet another"                        # a string can span more than a single line.
-t = """A triple quoted string does  # another way of representing multiline strings.
-not need to be escaped at the end and
-"can have nested quotes" etc."""
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_7b"></a>Try the following on the interpreter: 
-        <code class="literal">s = 'this is a string with 'quotes' of similar kind'</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_7c"></a>
-        <span class="strong"><strong>Exercise: How to use single quotes within single quotes in a string as shown in the above example without getting an error?</strong></span>
-      </p>
-<div class="section" title="4.3.1. String operations">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="string-operations"></a>4.3.1. String operations</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_7d"></a>A few basic string operations are presented here.</p>
-<p id="x_7e"></a>
-          <span class="strong"><strong>String concatenation</strong></span> String concatenation is done by simple addition of two strings.
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 'Hello'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; y = ' Python'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x+y
-Hello Python
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_7f"></a>          <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; somenum = 13
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x+somenum
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_80"></a>The problem with the above example is that here a string variable and an integer variable are trying to be concantenated. To obtain the desired result from the above example the str(), repr() and the `` can be used.</p>
-<p id="x_81"></a>
-          <span class="strong"><strong>str()</strong></span> simply converts a value to a string in a reasonable form. 
-          <span class="strong"><strong>repr()</strong></span> creates a string that is a representation of the value.
-        </p>
-<p id="x_82"></a>The difference can be seen in the example shown below:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; str(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
-'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; repr(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
-'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_83"></a>It can be observed that the 'L' in the long value shown was omitted by str(), whereas repr() converted that into a string too. An alternative way of using repr(value) is `
-          <code class="literal">value</code>`.
-        </p>
-<p id="x_84"></a>A few more examples:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = "Let's go \nto Pycon"
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x
-Let's go 
-to Pycon
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_85"></a>In the above example, notice that the '\n'(newline) character is formatted and the string is printed on two lines. The strings discussed until now were normal strings. Other than these there are two other types of strings namely, raw strings and unicode strings.</p>
-<p id="x_86"></a>
-          <span class="strong"><strong>Raw strings</strong></span> are strings which are unformatted, that is the backslashes(\) are not parsed and are left as it is in the string. Raw strings are represented with an 'r' at the start of a string. Let us look at an example
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = r"Let's go \nto Pycon"
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x
-Let's go \nto Pycon
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_87"></a>Note: The '\n' is not being parsed into a new line and is left as it is.</p>
-<p id="x_88"></a>
-          <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = r"Let's go to Pycon\"
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_89"></a>          <span class="strong"><strong>Unicode strings</strong></span> are strings where the characters are Unicode characters as opposed to ASCII characters. Unicode strings are represented with a 'u' at the start of the string. Let us look at an example:
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = u"Let's go to Pycon!"
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x
-Let's go to Pycon!
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.4. Boolean">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="boolean"></a>4.4. Boolean</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_8a"></a>Python also provides special Boolean datatype. A boolean variable can assume a value of either 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> (Note the capitalizations).
-      </p>
-<p id="x_8b"></a>Let us look at examples:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; t = True
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f = not t
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print f
-False
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f or t
-True
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f and t
-False
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5. The while loop">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="the-while-loop"></a>5. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_8c"></a>The Python 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop is similar to the C/C++ while loop. The syntax is as follows:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">statement 0
-while condition:
-  statement 1 #while block
-  statement 2 #while block
-statement 3 #outside the while block.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_8d"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 1  
-&gt;&gt;&gt; while x &lt;= 5:
-...   print x
-...   x += 1
-... 
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6. The if conditional">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="the-if-conditional"></a>6. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_8e"></a>The Python 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> block provides the conditional execution of statements. If the condition evaluates as true the block of statements defined under the if block are executed.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_8f"></a>If the first block is not executed on account of the condition not being satisfied, the set of statements in the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>else</strong></span> block are executed.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_90"></a>The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>elif</strong></span> block provides the functionality of evaluation of multiple conditions as shown in the example.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_91"></a>The syntax is as follows:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">if condition :
-    statement_1
-    statement_2
-
-elif condition:
-    statement_3
-    statement_4
-else:
-    statement_5
-    statement_6
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_92"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; n = raw_input("Input a number:")
-&gt;&gt;&gt; if n &lt; 0:
-      print n," is negative"
-      elif n &gt; 0:
-      print n," is positive"
-      else:
-      print n, " is 0"
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.  raw_input()">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="raw_input"></a>7.       <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_93"></a>In the previous example we saw the call to the raw_input() subroutine. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> method is used to take user inputs through the console. Unlike 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> which assumes the data entered by the user as a standard python expression, 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> treats all the input data as raw data and converts everything into a string. To illustrate this let us look at an example.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
-Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
-121
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; input("Enter your name:")
-Enter your name:PythonFreak
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
-  File "&lt;string&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
-NameError: name 'PythonFreak' is not defined
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_94"></a>As shown above the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the data entered is a valid Python expression. In the first call it prompts for an integer input and when entered it accepts the integer as an integer, whereas in the second call, when the string is entered without the quotes, 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the entered data is a valid Python expression and hence it raises and exception saying PythonFreak is not defined.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; input("Enter your name:")
-Enter your name:'PythonFreak'
-'PythonFreak'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_95"></a>Here the name is accepted because its entered as a string (within quotes). But its unreasonable to go on using quotes each time a string is entered. Hence the alternative is to use 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_96"></a>Let us now look at how 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> operates with an example.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; raw_input("Enter your name:")
-Enter your name:PythonFreak
-'PythonFreak'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_97"></a>Observe that the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting it into a string all by itself.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
-Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
-'121'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_98"></a>Observe that 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting the integer 121 also to a string as '121'. Let us look at another example:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
-Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
-&gt;&gt;&gt; pal + 2
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
-TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
-&gt;&gt;&gt; pal
-'121'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_99"></a>Observe here that the variable 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> is a string and hence integer operations cannot be performed on it. Hence the exception is raised.
-    </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8.  int() method">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="int-method"></a>8. 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_9a"></a>Generally for computing purposes, the data used is not strings or raw data but on integers, floats and similar mathematical data structures. The data obtained from 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is raw data in the form of strings. In order to obtain integers from strings we use the method 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span>.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_9b"></a>Let us look at an example.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; intpal = int(pal)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; intpal
-121
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_9c"></a>In the previous example it was observed that 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was a string variable. Here using the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method the string 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was converted to an integer variable.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_9d"></a>
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Try This Yourself:</em></span>
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; stringvar = raw_input("Enter a name:")
-Enter a name:Guido Van Rossum
-&gt;&gt;&gt; stringvar
-'Guido Van Rossum'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; numvar = int(stringvar)
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="navfooter">
-<hr>
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-<td width="20%" align="center"> </td>
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-<td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 1. Introduction </td>
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-<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 1. ">
-<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap_intro">
-<div class="titlepage"></div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2560661">Introduction to the Course</a></span></dt></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="article" title="Introduction to the Course">
-<div class="titlepage">
-<div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="id2560661"></a>Introduction to the Course</h2></div></div>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<p id="x_1"></a>Engineering students use computers for a large number of curricular tasks – mostly computation centred. However, they do not see this as coding or programming tasks and usually are not even aware of the tools and techniques that will help them to handle these tasks better. This results in less than optimal use of their time and resources. This also causes difficulties when it comes tocollaboration and building on other people’s work. This course is intended to train such students in good software practices and tools for producing code and documentation.</p>
-<p id="x_2"></a>After successfully completing the program, the participants will be able to:</p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="-">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_3"></a>understand how software tools work together and how they can be used in tandem to carry out tasks,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_4"></a>use unix command line tools to carry out common (mostly text processing tasks,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_5"></a>to generate professional documents,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_6"></a>use version control effectively – for both code and documents,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_7"></a>automate tasks by writing shell scripts and python scripts,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_8"></a>realise the impact of coding style and readbility on quality,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_9"></a>write mid-sized programs that carry out typical engineering / numerical computations such as those that involve (basic) manipulation of large arrays in an efficient manner,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_a"></a>generate 2D and simple 3D plots,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_b"></a>debug programs using a standardised approach,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_c"></a>understand the importance of tests and the philosophy of Test Driven Development,</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: -"><p id="x_d"></a>write unit tests and improve the quality of code.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-</body>
-</html>

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-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>Basic Python</title>
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-<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap02_basic">
-<div class="article" title="Basic Python">
-<div class="titlepage">
-<div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="id2957059"></a>Basic Python</h2></div></div>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#introduction">1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-python-interpreter">2. The Python Interpreter</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-interactive-interpreter">2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter">2.2. 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
-      </a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#editing-and-running-a-python-file">3. Editing and running a python file</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python">4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#numbers">4.1. Numbers</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#variables">4.2. Variables</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#strings">4.3. Strings</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#boolean">4.4. Boolean</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-while-loop">5. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-if-conditional">6. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#raw_input">7.       <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-method">8. 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
-    </a></span></dt>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<p id="x_197"></a>This document is intended to be handed out at the end of the workshop. It has been designed for Engineering students who are Python beginners and have basic programming skills. The focus is on basic numerics and plotting using Python.</p>
-<p id="x_198"></a>The system requirements:</p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_199"></a>Python - version 2.5.x or newer.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_19a"></a>IPython</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_19b"></a>Text editor - scite, vim, emacs or whatever you are comfortable with.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<div class="section" title="1. Introduction">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="introduction"></a>1. Introduction</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_19c"></a>The Python programming language was created by a dutch named Guido van Rossum. The idea of Python was conceived in December 1989. The name Python has nothing to do with the reptilian, but its been named after the 70s comedy series "Monty Python's Flying Circus", since it happens to be Guido's favourite TV series.</p>
-<p id="x_19d"></a>Current stable version of Python is 2.6.x, although Python 3.0 is also the stable version, it is not backwards compatible with the previous versions and is hence not entirely popular at the moment. This material will focus on the 2.6.x series.</p>
-<p id="x_19e"></a>Python is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License (PSF License) which is GPL compatible Free Software license (excepting license version 1.6 and 2.0) It is a no strings attached license, which means the source code is free to modify and redistribute.</p>
-<p id="x_19f"></a>The Python docs define Python as "Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics." A more detailed summary can be found at 
-      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc/essays/blurb.html</a>. Python is a language that has been designed to help the programmer concentrate on solving the problem at hand and not worry about the programming language idiosyncrasies.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1a0"></a>Python is a highly cross platform compatible language on account of it being an interpreted language. It is highly scalable and hence has been adapted to run on the Nokia 60 series phones. Python has been designed to be readable and easy to use</p>
-<p id="x_1a1"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Resources available for reference</strong></span>
-    </p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a2"></a>Web: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org" target="_top">http://www.python.org</a>
-        </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a3"></a>Doc: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://www.python.org/doc" target="_top">http://www.python.org/doc</a>
-        </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a4"></a>Free Tutorials: 
-          <span class="emphasis"><em> Official Python Tutorial: 
-            <a class="ulink" href="http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html" target="_top">http://docs.python.org/tut/tut.html</a> 
-          </em></span> Byte of Python: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://www.byteofpython.info" target="_top">http://www.byteofpython.info</a>/ * Dive into Python: 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://diveintopython.org" target="_top">http://diveintopython.org</a>/
-        </p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<p id="x_1a5"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Advantages of Python - Why Python??</strong></span>
-    </p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a6"></a>Python has been designed for readability and ease of use. Its been designed in  such a fashion that it imposes readability on the programmer. Python does away with the braces and the semicolons and instead implements code blocks based on indentation, thus enhancing readability.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a7"></a>Python is a high level, interpreted, modular and object oriented language. Python performs memory management on its own, thus the programmer need not bother about allocating and deallocating memory to variables. Python provides extensibility by providing modules which can be easily imported similar to headers in C and packages in Java. Python is object oriented and hence provides all the object oriented characteristics such as inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a8"></a>Python offers a highly powerful interactive programming interface in the form of the 'Interactive Interpreter' which will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1a9"></a>Python provides a rich standard library and an extensive set of modules. The  power of Python modules can be seen in this slightly exaggerated cartoon 
-          <a class="ulink" href="http://xkcd.com/353" target="_top">http://xkcd.com/353</a>/
-        </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1aa"></a>Python interfaces well with most other programming languages such as C, C++  and FORTRAN.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-<p id="x_1ab"></a>Although, Python has one setback. Python is not fast as some of the compiled languages like C or C++. Yet, the amount of flexibility and power more than make up for this setback.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="2. The Python Interpreter">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="the-python-interpreter"></a>2. The Python Interpreter</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="2.1. The Interactive Interpreter">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="the-interactive-interpreter"></a>2.1. The Interactive Interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1ac"></a>Typing 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>python</em></span> at the shell prompt on any standard Unix/Gnu-Linux system and hitting the enter key fires up the Python 'Interactive Interpreter'. The Python interpreter is one of the most integral features of Python. The prompt obtained when the interactive interpreter is similar to what is shown below. The exact appearance might differ based on the version of Python being used. The 
-        <code class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt;</code> thing shown is the python prompt. When something is typed at the prompt and the enter key is hit, the python interpreter interprets the command entered and performs the appropriate action. All the examples presented in this document are to be tried hands on, on the interactive interpreter.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct  5 2008, 19:24:49) 
-[GCC 4.3.2] on linux2
-Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1ad"></a>Lets try with an example, type 
-        <code class="literal">print 'Hello, World!'</code> at the prompt and hit the enter key.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; print 'Hello, World!'
-Hello, World!
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1ae"></a>This example was quite straight forward, and thus we have written our first line of Python code. Now let us try typing something arbitrary at the prompt. For example:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; arbit word
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1
-    arbit word
-            ^
-SyntaxError: invalid syntax
-&gt;&gt;&gt;
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1af"></a>The interpreter gave an error message saying that 'arbit word' was invalid syntax which is valid. The interpreter is an amazing tool when learning to program in Python. The interpreter provides a help function that provides the necessary documentation regarding all Python syntax, constructs, modules and objects. Typing 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>help()</em></span> at the prompt gives the following output:
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; help()
-
-Welcome to Python 2.5!  This is the online help utility.
-
-If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
-the tutorial on the Internet at http://www.python.org/doc/tut/.
-
-Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
-Python programs and using Python modules.  To quit this help utility and
-return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
-
-To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
-"keywords", or "topics".  Each module also comes with a one-line summary
-of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
-such as "spam", type "modules spam".
-
-help&gt; 
-
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1b0"></a>As mentioned in the output, entering the name of any module, keyword or topic will provide the documentation and help regarding the same through the online help utility. Pressing 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Ctrl+d</em></span> exits the help prompt and returns to the python prompt.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_1b1"></a>Let us now try a few examples at the python interpreter.</p>
-<p id="x_1b2"></a>Eg 1:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; print 'Hello, python!'
-Hello, python!
-&gt;&gt;&gt;
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1b3"></a>Eg 2:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; print 4321*567890
-2453852690
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1b4"></a>Eg 3:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; 4321*567890
-2453852690L
-&gt;&gt;&gt;
-
-</pre>
-<pre class="programlisting">Note: Notice the 'L' at the end of the output. The 'L' signifies that the
-output of the operation is of type *long*. It was absent in the previous
-example because we used the print statement. This is because *print* formats
-the output before displaying.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1b5"></a>Eg 4:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; big = 12345678901234567890 ** 3
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print big
-1881676372353657772490265749424677022198701224860897069000
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<pre class="programlisting">This example is to show that unlike in C or C++ there is no limit on the
-value of an integer.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1b6"></a>Try this on the interactive interpreter: 
-        <code class="literal">import this</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_1b7"></a>
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Hint: The output gives an idea of Power of Python</em></span>
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="2.2.  ipython - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="ipython-an-enhanced-interactive-python-interpreter"></a>2.2. 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> - An enhanced interactive Python interpreter
-      </h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1b8"></a>The power and the importance of the interactive interpreter was the highlight of the previous section. This section provides insight into the enhanced interpreter with more advanced set of features called 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>. Entering 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>ipython</em></span> at the shell prompt fires up the interactive interpreter.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ ipython
-Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Oct  5 2008, 19:24:49) 
-Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
-
-IPython 0.8.4 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.
-?         -&gt; Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
-%quickref -&gt; Quick reference.
-help      -&gt; Python's own help system.
-object?   -&gt; Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
-
-In [1]: 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1b9"></a>This is the output obtained upon firing ipython. The exact appearance may change based on the Python version installed. The following are some of the various features provided by 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>ipython</strong></span>:
-      </p>
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term"></span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p></p>
-<p id="x_1ba"></a>Suggestions - ipython provides suggestions of the possible methods and operations available for the given python object.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<p id="x_1bb"></a>Eg 5:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">In [4]: a = 6
-
-In [5]: a.
-a.__abs__           a.__divmod__        a.__index__         a.__neg__          a.__rand__          a.__rmod__          a.__rxor__
-a.__add__           a.__doc__           a.__init__          a.__new__          a.__rdiv__          a.__rmul__          a.__setattr__
-a.__and__           a.__float__         a.__int__           a.__nonzero__      a.__rdivmod__       a.__ror__           a.__str__
-a.__class__         a.__floordiv__      a.__invert__        a.__oct__          a.__reduce__        a.__rpow__          a.__sub__
-a.__cmp__           a.__getattribute__  a.__long__          a.__or__           a.__reduce_ex__     a.__rrshift__       a.__truediv__
-a.__coerce__        a.__getnewargs__    a.__lshift__        a.__pos__          a.__repr__          a.__rshift__        a.__xor__
-a.__delattr__       a.__hash__          a.__mod__           a.__pow__          a.__rfloordiv__     a.__rsub__          
-a.__div__           a.__hex__           a.__mul__           a.__radd__         a.__rlshift__       a.__rtruediv__      
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1bc"></a>In this example, we initialized 'a' (a variable - a concept that will be discussed in the subsequent sections.) to 6. In the next line when the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>tab</em></span> key is pressed after typing '
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>a.</em></span>' ipython displays the set of all possible methods that are applicable on the object 'a' (an integer in this context). Ipython provides many such datatype specific features which will be presented in the further sections as and when the datatypes are introduced.
-      </p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="3. Editing and running a python file">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="editing-and-running-a-python-file"></a>3. Editing and running a python file</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1bd"></a>The previous sections focused on the use of the interpreter to run python code. While the interpeter is an excellent tool to test simple solutions and experiment with small code snippets, its main disadvantage is that everything written in the interpreter is lost once its quit. Most of the times a program is used by people other than the author. So the programs have to be available in some form suitable for distribution, and hence they are written in files. This section will focus on editing and running python files. Start by opening a text editor ( it is recommended you choose one from the list at the top of this page ). In the editor type down python code and save the file with an extension 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>.py</strong></span> (python files have an extension of .py). Once done with the editing, save the file and exit the editor.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1be"></a>Let us look at a simple example of calculating the gcd of 2 numbers using Python:</p>
-<p id="x_1bf"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Creating the first python script(file)</strong></span> :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ emacs gcd.py
-  def gcd(x,y):
-    if x % y == 0:
-      return y
-    return gcd(y, x%y)
-
-  print gcd(72, 92)
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1c0"></a>To run the script, open the shell prompt, navigate to the directory that contains the python file and run 
-      <code class="literal">python &lt;filename.py&gt;</code> at the prompt ( in this case filename is gcd.py )
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1c1"></a>
-      <span class="strong"><strong>Running the python script</strong></span> :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ python gcd.py
-4
-$ 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1c2"></a>Another method to run a python script would be to include the line</p>
-<p id="x_1c3"></a>
-      <code class="literal">#! /usr/bin/python</code>
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1c4"></a>at the beginning of the python file and then make the file executable by</p>
-<p id="x_1c5"></a>$ chmod a+x 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1c6"></a>Once this is done, the script can be run as a standalone program as follows:</p>
-<p id="x_1c7"></a>$ ./
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>filename.py</em></span>
-    </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="basic-datatypes-and-operators-in-python"></a>4. Basic Datatypes and operators in Python</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1c8"></a>Python provides the following set of basic datatypes.</p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1c9"></a>Numbers: int, float, long, complex</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1ca"></a>Strings</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1cb"></a>Boolean</p></li>
-</ul></div></blockquote></div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1. Numbers">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="numbers"></a>4.1. Numbers</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1cc"></a>Numbers were introduced in the examples presented in the interactive interpreter section. Numbers include types as mentioned earlier viz., int (integers), float (floating point numbers), long (large integers), complex (complex numbers with real and imaginary parts). Python is not a strongly typed language, which means the type of a variable need not mentioned during its initialization. Let us look at a few examples.</p>
-<p id="x_1cd"></a>Eg 6:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1 #here a is an integer variable
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1ce"></a>Eg 7:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; lng = 122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #here lng is a variable of type long
-&gt;&gt;&gt; lng
-122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999L #notice the trailing 'L'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print lng
-122333444455555666666777777788888888999999999 #notice the absence of the trailing 'L'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; lng+1
-122333444455555666666777777788888889000000000L
-
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1cf"></a>Long numbers are the same as integers in almost all aspects. They can be used in operations just like integers and along with integers without any distinction. The only distinction comes during type checking (which is not a healthy practice). Long numbers are tucked with a trailing 'L' just to signify that they are long. Notice that in the example just lng at the prompt displays the value of the variable with the 'L' whereas 
-        <code class="literal">print lng</code> displays without the 'L'. This is because print formats the output before printing. Also in the example, notice that adding an integer to a long does not give any errors and the result is as expected. So for all practical purposes longs can be treated as ints.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_1d0"></a>Eg 8:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; fl = 3.14159 #fl is a float variable
-&gt;&gt;&gt; e = 1.234e-4 #e is also a float variable, specified in the exponential form
-&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; b = 2
-&gt;&gt;&gt; a/b #integer division
-0
-&gt;&gt;&gt; a/fl #floating point division
-0.31831015504887655
-&gt;&gt;&gt; e/fl
-3.9279473133031364e-05
-
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1d1"></a>Floating point numbers, simply called floats are real numbers with a decimal point. The example above shows the initialization of a float variable. Shown also in this example is the difference between integer division and floating point division. 'a' and 'b' here are integer variables and hence the division gives 0 as the quotient. When either of the operands is a float, the operation is a floating point division, and the result is also a float as illustrated.</p>
-<p id="x_1d2"></a>Eg 9:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; cplx = 3 + 4j #cplx is a complex variable
-&gt;&gt;&gt; cplx
-(3+4j)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print cplx.real #prints the real part of the complex number
-3.0
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print cplx.imag #prints the imaginary part of the complex number
-4.0
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print cplx*fl  #multiplies the real and imag parts of the complex number with the multiplier
-(9.42477+12.56636j)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; abs(cplx) #returns the absolute value of the complex number
-5.0
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1d3"></a>Python provides a datatype for complex numbers. Complex numbers are initialized as shown in the example above. The 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>real</em></span> and 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>imag</em></span> operators return the real and imaginary parts of the complex number as shown. The 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>abs()</em></span> returns the absolute value of the complex number.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.2. Variables">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="variables"></a>4.2. Variables</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1d4"></a>Variables are just names that represent a value. Variables have already been introduced in the various examples from the previous sections. Certain rules about using variables:</p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1d5"></a>Variables have to be initialized or assigned a value before being used.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1d6"></a>Variable names can consist of letters, digits and 
-              <a class="link" href="#">underscores</a> .
-            </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_1d7"></a>Variable names cannot begin with digits, but can contain digits in them.</p></li>
-</ul></div></blockquote></div>
-<p id="x_1d8"></a>In reference to the previous section examples, 'a', 'b', 'lng', 'fl', 'e' and 'cplx' are all variables of various datatypes.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">Note: Python is not a strongly typed language and hence an integer variable can at a
-later stage be used as a float variable as well.
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.3. Strings">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="strings"></a>4.3. Strings</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1d9"></a>Strings are one of the essential data structures of any programming language. The 
-        <code class="literal">print "Hello, World!"</code> program was introduced in the earlier section, and the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>"Hello, World!"</em></span> in the print statement is a string. A string is basically a set of characters. Strings can be represented in various ways shown below:
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">s = 'this is a string'              # a string variable can be represented using single quotes
-s = 'This one has "quotes" inside!' # The string can have quotes inside it as shown
-s = "I have 'single-quotes' inside!"
-l = "A string spanning many lines\
-one more line\
-yet another"                        # a string can span more than a single line.
-t = """A triple quoted string does  # another way of representing multiline strings.
-not need to be escaped at the end and
-"can have nested quotes" etc."""
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1da"></a>Try the following on the interpreter: 
-        <code class="literal">s = 'this is a string with 'quotes' of similar kind'</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_1db"></a>
-        <span class="strong"><strong>Exercise: How to use single quotes within single quotes in a string as shown in the above example without getting an error?</strong></span>
-      </p>
-<div class="section" title="4.3.1. String operations">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="string-operations"></a>4.3.1. String operations</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1dc"></a>A few basic string operations are presented here.</p>
-<p id="x_1dd"></a>
-          <span class="strong"><strong>String concatenation</strong></span> String concatenation is done by simple addition of two strings.
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 'Hello'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; y = ' Python'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x+y
-Hello Python
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1de"></a>          <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; somenum = 13
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x+somenum
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1df"></a>The problem with the above example is that here a string variable and an integer variable are trying to be concantenated. To obtain the desired result from the above example the str(), repr() and the `` can be used.</p>
-<p id="x_1e0"></a>
-          <span class="strong"><strong>str()</strong></span> simply converts a value to a string in a reasonable form. 
-          <span class="strong"><strong>repr()</strong></span> creates a string that is a representation of the value.
-        </p>
-<p id="x_1e1"></a>The difference can be seen in the example shown below:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; str(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
-'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; repr(1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L)
-'1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000L'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1e2"></a>It can be observed that the 'L' in the long value shown was omitted by str(), whereas repr() converted that into a string too. An alternative way of using repr(value) is `
-          <code class="literal">value</code>`.
-        </p>
-<p id="x_1e3"></a>A few more examples:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = "Let's go \nto Pycon"
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x
-Let's go 
-to Pycon
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1e4"></a>In the above example, notice that the '\n'(newline) character is formatted and the string is printed on two lines. The strings discussed until now were normal strings. Other than these there are two other types of strings namely, raw strings and unicode strings.</p>
-<p id="x_1e5"></a>
-          <span class="strong"><strong>Raw strings</strong></span> are strings which are unformatted, that is the backslashes(\) are not parsed and are left as it is in the string. Raw strings are represented with an 'r' at the start of a string. Let us look at an example
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = r"Let's go \nto Pycon"
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x
-Let's go \nto Pycon
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1e6"></a>Note: The '\n' is not being parsed into a new line and is left as it is.</p>
-<p id="x_1e7"></a>
-          <span class="emphasis"><em>Try this yourself:</em></span>
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = r"Let's go to Pycon\"
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1e8"></a>          <span class="strong"><strong>Unicode strings</strong></span> are strings where the characters are Unicode characters as opposed to ASCII characters. Unicode strings are represented with a 'u' at the start of the string. Let us look at an example:
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = u"Let's go to Pycon!"
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print x
-Let's go to Pycon!
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.4. Boolean">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="boolean"></a>4.4. Boolean</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1e9"></a>Python also provides special Boolean datatype. A boolean variable can assume a value of either 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>True</em></span> or 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>False</em></span> (Note the capitalizations).
-      </p>
-<p id="x_1ea"></a>Let us look at examples:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; t = True
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f = not t
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print f
-False
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f or t
-True
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f and t
-False
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5. The while loop">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="the-while-loop"></a>5. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1eb"></a>The Python 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>while</strong></span> loop is similar to the C/C++ while loop. The syntax is as follows:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">statement 0
-while condition:
-  statement 1 #while block
-  statement 2 #while block
-statement 3 #outside the while block.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1ec"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; x = 1  
-&gt;&gt;&gt; while x &lt;= 5:
-...   print x
-...   x += 1
-... 
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6. The if conditional">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="the-if-conditional"></a>6. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> conditional
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1ed"></a>The Python 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>if</strong></span> block provides the conditional execution of statements. If the condition evaluates as true the block of statements defined under the if block are executed.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1ee"></a>If the first block is not executed on account of the condition not being satisfied, the set of statements in the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>else</strong></span> block are executed.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1ef"></a>The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>elif</strong></span> block provides the functionality of evaluation of multiple conditions as shown in the example.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1f0"></a>The syntax is as follows:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">if condition :
-    statement_1
-    statement_2
-
-elif condition:
-    statement_3
-    statement_4
-else:
-    statement_5
-    statement_6
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1f1"></a>Let us look at an example:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; n = raw_input("Input a number:")
-&gt;&gt;&gt; if n &lt; 0:
-      print n," is negative"
-      elif n &gt; 0:
-      print n," is positive"
-      else:
-      print n, " is 0"
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.  raw_input()">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="raw_input"></a>7.       <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1f2"></a>In the previous example we saw the call to the raw_input() subroutine. The 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> method is used to take user inputs through the console. Unlike 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> which assumes the data entered by the user as a standard python expression, 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> treats all the input data as raw data and converts everything into a string. To illustrate this let us look at an example.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
-Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
-121
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; input("Enter your name:")
-Enter your name:PythonFreak
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
-  File "&lt;string&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
-NameError: name 'PythonFreak' is not defined
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1f3"></a>As shown above the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the data entered is a valid Python expression. In the first call it prompts for an integer input and when entered it accepts the integer as an integer, whereas in the second call, when the string is entered without the quotes, 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>input()</strong></span> assumes that the entered data is a valid Python expression and hence it raises and exception saying PythonFreak is not defined.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; input("Enter your name:")
-Enter your name:'PythonFreak'
-'PythonFreak'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1f4"></a>Here the name is accepted because its entered as a string (within quotes). But its unreasonable to go on using quotes each time a string is entered. Hence the alternative is to use 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span>.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1f5"></a>Let us now look at how 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> operates with an example.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; raw_input("Enter your name:")
-Enter your name:PythonFreak
-'PythonFreak'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1f6"></a>Observe that the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting it into a string all by itself.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
-Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
-'121'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1f7"></a>Observe that 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is converting the integer 121 also to a string as '121'. Let us look at another example:
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; pal = raw_input("Enter a number thats a palindrome:")
-Enter a number thats a palindrome:121
-&gt;&gt;&gt; pal + 2
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
-TypeError: cannot concatenate 'str' and 'int' objects
-&gt;&gt;&gt; pal
-'121'
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1f8"></a>Observe here that the variable 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> is a string and hence integer operations cannot be performed on it. Hence the exception is raised.
-    </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8.  int() method">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="int-method"></a>8. 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1f9"></a>Generally for computing purposes, the data used is not strings or raw data but on integers, floats and similar mathematical data structures. The data obtained from 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>raw_input()</strong></span> is raw data in the form of strings. In order to obtain integers from strings we use the method 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span>.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1fa"></a>Let us look at an example.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; intpal = int(pal)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; intpal
-121
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1fb"></a>In the previous example it was observed that 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was a string variable. Here using the 
-      <span class="strong"><strong>int()</strong></span> method the string 
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>pal</em></span> was converted to an integer variable.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1fc"></a>
-      <span class="emphasis"><em>Try This Yourself:</em></span>
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; stringvar = raw_input("Enter a name:")
-Enter a name:Guido Van Rossum
-&gt;&gt;&gt; stringvar
-'Guido Van Rossum'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; numvar = int(stringvar)
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>

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@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>Classes and Objects</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
-<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
-<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
-</head>
-<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
-<div class="chapter" lang="en" id="chap02_basicoop">
-<div class="article" title="Classes and Objects">
-<div class="titlepage">
-<div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="id2580083"></a>Classes and Objects</h2></div></div>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<p><a name="x_c2"></a>In the previous sections we learnt about functions which provide certain level of abstraction to our code by holding the code which performs one or more specific functionalities. We were able to use this function as many times as we wanted. In addition to functions, Python also higher level of abstractions through 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> can be loosely defined as a collection of a set of data items and a set of methods. The data items can be any valid Python variable or any Python object. Functions enclosed within a class are called as 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>methods</em></span>. If you are thinking if methods are functions why is there a distinction between the two? The answer to this will be given as we walk through the concepts of 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> and 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span> contain the definition for the 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span>. 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Objects</em></span> are instances of 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Classes</em></span>.
-  </p>
-<p><a name="x_c3"></a>A class is defined using the keyword 
-    <span class="strong"><strong>class</strong></span> followed by the class name, in turn followed by a semicolon. The statements that a 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Class</em></span> encloses are written in a new block, i.e on the next indentation level:
-  </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">class Employee:
-  def setName(self, name):
-    self.name = name
-
-  def getName(self):
-    return self.name
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_c4"></a>In the above example, we defined a class with the name Employee. We also defined two methods, setName and getName for this class. It is important to note the differences between the normal Python functions and class methods defined above. Each method of the class must take the same instance of the class(object) from which it was called as the first argument. It is conventionally given the name, 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span>. Note that 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> is only a convention. You can use any other name, but the first argument to the method will always be the same object of the class from which the method was called. The data memebers that belong to the class are called as 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>class attributes</em></span>. 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> are preceded by the object of the class and a dot. In the above example, 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> is a class attribute since it is preceded by the 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object. 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Class attributes</em></span> can be accessed from anywhere within the class.
-  </p>
-<p><a name="x_c5"></a>We can create objects of a class outside the class definition by using the same syntax we use to call a function with no parameters. We can assign this object to a variable:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">emp = Employee()
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_c6"></a>In the above example, we create an object named 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>emp</em></span> of the class 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>Employee</em></span>. All the attributes and methods of the class can be accessed by the object of the class using the standard notation 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>object.attribute</em></span> or 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>object.method()</em></span>. Although the first parameter of a class method is the self object, it must not be passed as an argument when calling the method. The 
-    <span class="emphasis"><em>self</em></span> object is implicitly passed to the method by the Python interpreter. All other arguments passing rules like default arguments, keyword arguments, argument packing and unpacking follow the same rules as those for ordinary Python functions:
-  </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; emp.setName('John')
-&gt;&gt;&gt; name = emp.getName()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print name
-John
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print emp.name
-John
-
-</pre>
-<p><a name="x_c7"></a>If we at all try to access a class attribute before assigning a value to it, i.e before creating it, Python raises the same error as it would raise for the accessing undefined variable:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; emp = Employee()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; emp.name
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "class.py", line 10, in &lt;module&gt;
-    print e.name
-AttributeError: Employee instance has no attribute 'name'
-
-</pre>
-</div></body>
-</html>

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@@ -1,1187 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>Chapter 1. </title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css">
-<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3">
-<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png">
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"></script>
-<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"></script>
-</head>
-<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
-<div class="chapter" id="ch03-session4">
-<div class="titlepage"></div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2404065">More text processing</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#uniq">1. 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code>
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#join">2.       <code class="literal">join</code>
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-a-word-frequency-list">3. Generating a word frequency list</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-editing-and-editors">4. Basic editing and editors</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vim">4.1. vim</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#scite">4.2. SciTE</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#personalizing-your-environment">5. Personalizing your Environment</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bashrc">5.1. .bashrc</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vimrc">5.2. .vimrc</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#subshells-and-source">6. Subshells and 
-      <code class="literal">source</code>
-    </a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="article" title="More text processing">
-<div class="titlepage">
-<div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="id2404065"></a>More text processing</h2></div></div>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#uniq">1. 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code>
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#join">2.       <code class="literal">join</code>
-    </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#generating-a-word-frequency-list">3. Generating a word frequency list</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-editing-and-editors">4. Basic editing and editors</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vim">4.1. vim</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#scite">4.2. SciTE</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#personalizing-your-environment">5. Personalizing your Environment</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bashrc">5.1. .bashrc</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#vimrc">5.2. .vimrc</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#subshells-and-source">6. Subshells and 
-      <code class="literal">source</code>
-    </a></span></dt>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<code class="literal">sort</code><p id="x_e"></a>Let's say we have a file which lists a few of the stalwarts of the open source community and a few details about them, like their "other" name, their homepage address, and what they are well known for or their claim to fame.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
-Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
-Ian Murdock% %Debian
-Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
-Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
-Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
-Larry Wall% %Perl
-
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_f"></a>The sort command enables us to do this in a flash! Just running the sort command with the file name as a parameter sorts the lines of the file alphabetically and prints the output on the terminal. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ sort stalwarts.txt 
-Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
-Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
-Ian Murdock% %Debian
-Larry Wall% %Perl
-Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
-Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
-Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_10"></a>If you wish to sort them reverse alphabetically, you just need to pass the 
-    <code class="literal">-r</code> option. Now, you might want to sort the lines, based on each person's claim to fame or their "other" name. What do we do in that case?
-  </p>
-<p id="x_11"></a>Below is an example that sorts the file based on "other" names. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ sort -t % -k 2,2  stalwarts.txt
-
-Ian Murdock% %Debian
-Larry Wall% %Perl
-Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
-Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
-Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
-Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
-Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_12"></a>Sort command assumes white space to be the default delimiter for columns in each line. The 
-    <code class="literal">-t</code> option specifies the delimiting character, which is 
-    <code class="literal">%</code> in this case.
-  </p>
-<p id="x_13"></a>The 
-    <code class="literal">-k</code> option starts a key at position 2 and ends it at 2, essentially telling the sort command that it should sort based on the 2nd column, which is the other name. 
-    <code class="literal">sort</code> also supports conflict resolution using multiple columns for sorting. You can see that the first three lines have nothing in the "other" names column. We could resolve the conflict by sorting based on the project names (the 3rd column).
-  </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ sort -t % -k 2,2 -k 3,3  stalwarts.txt
-
-Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons
-Ian Murdock% %Debian
-Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel
-Larry Wall% %Perl
-Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python
-Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File
-Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_14"></a>    <code class="literal">sort</code> also has a lot of other options like ignoring case differences, month sort(JAN&lt;FEB&lt;...), merging already sorted files. 
-    <code class="literal">man sort</code> would give you a lot of information.
-  </p>
-<div class="section" title="1.  uniq">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="uniq"></a>1. 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code>
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_15"></a>Suppose we have a list of items, say books, and we wish to obtain a list which names of all the books only once, without any duplicates. We use the 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code> command to achieve this.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">Programming Pearls
-The C Programming Language
-The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-Programming Pearls
-The C Programming Language
-Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-Programming Pearls
-Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-The C Programming Language
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-Programming Pearls
-The Art of Computer Programming
-Introduction to Algorithms
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-Programming Pearls
-Unix Power Tools
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_16"></a>Let us try and get rid of the duplicate lines from this file using the 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code> command.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ uniq items.txt 
-Programming Pearls
-The C Programming Language
-The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-Programming Pearls
-The C Programming Language
-Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-Programming Pearls
-Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-The C Programming Language
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-Programming Pearls
-The Art of Computer Programming
-Introduction to Algorithms
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-Programming Pearls
-Unix Power Tools
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_17"></a>Nothing happens! Why? The 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code> command removes duplicate lines only when they are next to each other. So, we get a sorted file from the original file and work with that file, henceforth.
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ sort items.txt &gt; items-sorted.txt
-$ uniq items-sorted.txt
-Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-Introduction to Algorithms
-Programming Pearls
-Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-The Art of Computer Programming
-The Art of UNIX Programming
-The C Programming Language
-The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-Unix Power Tools
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_18"></a>      <code class="literal">uniq -u</code> command gives the lines which are unique and do not have any duplicates in the file. 
-      <code class="literal">uniq -d</code> outputs only those lines which have duplicates. The 
-      <code class="literal">-c</code> option displays the number of times each line occurs in the file. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ uniq -u items-sorted.txt 
-Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools
-Introduction to Algorithms
-Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs
-The Art of Computer Programming
-The Mythical Man Month: Essays on Software Engineering 
-The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master
-Unix Power Tools
-
-$ uniq -dc items-sorted.txt      
-5 Programming Pearls
-3 The Art of UNIX Programming
-3 The C Programming Language
-
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="2.  join">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="join"></a>2.       <code class="literal">join</code>
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_19"></a>Now suppose we had the file 
-      <code class="literal">stalwarts1.txt</code>, which lists the home pages of all the people listed in 
-      <code class="literal">stalwarts.txt</code>. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">Richard Stallman%http://www.stallman.org
-Eric Raymond%http://www.catb.org/~esr/
-Ian Murdock%http://ianmurdock.com/
-Lawrence Lessig%http://lessig.org
-Linus Torvalds%http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/
-Guido van Rossum%http://www.python.org/~guido/
-Larry Wall%http://www.wall.org/~larry/
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1a"></a>It would be nice to have a single file with the information in both the files. To achieve this we use the 
-      <code class="literal">join</code> command. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ join stalwarts.txt stalwarts1.txt -t %
-Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project%http://www.stallman.org
-Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File%http://www.catb.org/~esr/
-Ian Murdock% %Debian%http://ianmurdock.com/
-Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons%http://lessig.org
-Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel%http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/
-Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python%http://www.python.org/~guido/
-Larry Wall% %Perl%http://www.wall.org/~larry/
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_1b"></a>The 
-      <code class="literal">join</code> command joins the two files, based on the common field present in both the files, which is the name, in this case.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1c"></a>The 
-      <code class="literal">-t</code> option again specifies the delimiting character. Unless that is specified, join assumes that the fields are separated by spaces.
-    </p>
-<p id="x_1d"></a>Note that, for 
-      <code class="literal">join</code> to work, the common field should be in the same order in both the files. If this is not so, you could use 
-      <code class="literal">sort</code>, to sort the files on the common field and then join the files. In the above example, we have the common field to be the first column in both the files. If this is not the case we could use the 
-      <code class="literal">-1</code> and 
-      <code class="literal">-2</code> options to specify the field to be used for joining the files. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ join -2 2 stalwarts.txt stalwarts2.txt -t %
-Richard Stallman%rms%GNU Project%http://www.stallman.org
-Eric Raymond%ESR%Jargon File%http://www.catb.org/~esr/
-Ian Murdock% %Debian%http://ianmurdock.com/
-Lawrence Lessig% %Creative Commons%http://lessig.org
-Linus Torvalds% %Linux Kernel%http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/
-Guido van Rossum%BDFL%Python%http://www.python.org/~guido/
-Larry Wall% %Perl%http://www.wall.org/~larry/
-
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="3. Generating a word frequency list">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="generating-a-word-frequency-list"></a>3. Generating a word frequency list</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_1e"></a>Now, let us use the tools we have learnt to use, to generate a word frequency list of a text file. We shall use the free text of Alice in Wonderland.</p>
-<p id="x_1f"></a>The basic steps to achieve this task would be -</p>
-<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_20"></a>Eliminate the punctuation and spaces from the document.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_21"></a>Generate a list of words.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_22"></a>Count the words.</p></li>
-</ol></div>
-<p id="x_23"></a>We first use 
-      <code class="literal">grep</code> and some elementary 
-      <code class="literal">regex</code> to eliminate the non-alpha-characters. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" alice-in-wonderland.txt
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_24"></a>This outputs all the lines which has any alphabetic characters on it. This isn't of much use, since we haven't done anything with the code. We only require the alphabetic characters, without any of the other junk. 
-      <code class="literal">man grep</code> shows us the 
-      <code class="literal">-o</code> option for outputting only the text which matches the regular expression. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_25"></a>Not very surprisingly, we have all the words, spit out in the form of a list! Now that we have a list of words, it is quite simple to count the occurrences of the words. You would've realized that we can make use of 
-      <code class="literal">sort</code> and 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code> commands. We pipe the output from the 
-      <code class="literal">grep</code> to the 
-      <code class="literal">sort</code> and then pipe it's output to 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code>. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ grep "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt | sort | uniq -c 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_26"></a>Notice that you get the list of all words in the document in the alphabetical order, with it's frequency written next to it. But, you might have observed that Capitalized words and lower case words are being counted as different words. We therefore, replace all the Upper case characters with lower case ones, using the 
-      <code class="literal">tr</code> command. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ grep  "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort | uniq -c 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_27"></a>Now, it would also be nice to have the list ordered in the decreasing order of the frequency of the appearance of the words. We sort the output of the 
-      <code class="literal">uniq</code> command with 
-      <code class="literal">-n</code> and 
-      <code class="literal">-r</code> options, to get the desired output. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ grep  "[A-Za-z]*" -o alice-in-wonderland.txt | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4. Basic editing and editors">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="basic-editing-and-editors"></a>4. Basic editing and editors</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1. vim">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="vim"></a>4.1. vim</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_28"></a>Vim is a very powerful editor. It has a lot of commands, and all of them cannot be explained here. We shall try and look at a few, so that you can find your way around in vim.</p>
-<p id="x_29"></a>To open a file in vim, we pass the filename as a parameter to the 
-        <code class="literal">vim</code> command. If a file with that filename does not exist, a new file is created. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ vim first.txt
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_2a"></a>To start inserting text into the new file that we have opened, we need to press the 
-        <code class="literal">i</code> key. This will take us into the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>insert</em></span> mode from the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> mode. Hitting the 
-        <code class="literal">esc</code> key, will bring us back to the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>command</em></span> mode. There is also another mode of vim, called the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>visual</em></span> mode which will be discussed later in the course.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_2b"></a>In general, it is good to spend as little time as possible in the insert mode and extensively use the command mode to achieve various tasks.</p>
-<p id="x_2c"></a>To save the file, use 
-        <code class="literal">:w</code> in the command mode. From here on, it is understood that we are in the command mode, whenever we are issuing any command to vim.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_2d"></a>To save a file and continue editing, use 
-        <code class="literal">:w FILENAME</code> The file name is optional. If you do not specify a filename, it is saved in the same file that you opened. If a file name different from the one you opened is specified, the text is saved with the new name, but you continue editing the file that you opened. The next time you save it without specifying a name, it gets saved with the name of the file that you initially opened.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_2e"></a>To save file with a new name and continue editing the new file, use 
-        <code class="literal">:saveas FILENAME</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_2f"></a>To save and quit, use 
-        <code class="literal">:wq</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_30"></a>To quit, use 
-        <code class="literal">:q</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_31"></a>To quit without saving, use 
-        <code class="literal">:q!</code>
-      </p>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.1. Moving around">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="moving-around"></a>4.1.1. Moving around</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_32"></a>While you are typing in a file, it is in-convenient to keep moving your fingers from the standard position for typing to the arrow keys. Vim, therefore, provides alternate keys for moving in the document. Note again that, you should be in the command mode, when issuing any commands to vim.</p>
-<p id="x_33"></a>The basic cursor movement can be achieved using the keys, 
-          <code class="literal">h</code> (left), 
-          <code class="literal">l</code> (right), 
-          <code class="literal">k</code> (up) and 
-          <code class="literal">j</code> (down). :
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">^
-k              
-</pre>
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">&lt; h       l &gt;</span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p></p>
-<p id="x_34"></a>j v</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<p id="x_35"></a>Note: Most commands can be prefixed with a number, to repeat the command. For instance, 
-          <code class="literal">10j</code> will move the cursor down 10 lines.
-        </p>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.1.1. Moving within a line">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
-<a name="moving-within-a-line"></a>4.1.1.1. Moving within a line</h5></div></div></div>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="41">
-<col width="10">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                    <p id="x_36"></a>Cursor Movement</p>
-                  </th>
-<th>
-                    <p id="x_37"></a>Command</p>
-                  </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_38"></a>Beginning of line</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_39"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">0</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_3a"></a>First non-space character of line</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_3b"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">^</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_3c"></a>End of line</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_3d"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">$</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_3e"></a>Last non-space character of line</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_3f"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">g_</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.1.2. Moving by words and sentences">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
-<a name="moving-by-words-and-sentences"></a>4.1.1.2. Moving by words and sentences</h5></div></div></div>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="31">
-<col width="10">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                    <p id="x_40"></a>Cursor Movement</p>
-                  </th>
-<th>
-                    <p id="x_41"></a>Command</p>
-                  </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_42"></a>Forward, word beginning</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_43"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">w</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_44"></a>Backward, word beginning</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_45"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">b</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_46"></a>Forward, word end</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_47"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">e</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_48"></a>Backward, word end</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_49"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">ge</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_4a"></a>Forward, sentence beginning</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_4b"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">)</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_4c"></a>Backward, sentence beginning</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_4d"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">(</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_4e"></a>Forward, paragraph beginning</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_4f"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">}</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_50"></a>Backward, paragraph beginning</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_51"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">{</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.1.3. More movement commands">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
-<a name="more-movement-commands"></a>4.1.1.3. More movement commands</h5></div></div></div>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="34">
-<col width="13">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                    <p id="x_52"></a>Cursor Movement</p>
-                  </th>
-<th>
-                    <p id="x_53"></a>Command</p>
-                  </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_54"></a>Forward by a screenful of text</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_55"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">C-f</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_56"></a>Backward by a screenful of text</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_57"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">C-b</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_58"></a>Beginning of the screen</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_59"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">H</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_5a"></a>Middle of the screen</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_5b"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">M</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_5c"></a>End of the screen</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_5d"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">L</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_5e"></a>End of file</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_5f"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">G</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_60"></a>Line number 
-                      <code class="literal">num</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_61"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">[num]G</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_62"></a>Beginning of file</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_63"></a>
-                      <code class="literal">gg</code>
-                    </p>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_64"></a>Next occurrence of the text under the cursor</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                          <code class="literal">*</code>
-                        </span></dt>
-<dd><p></p></dd>
-</dl></div>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                    <p id="x_65"></a>Previous occurrence of the text under the cursor</p>
-                  </td>
-<td>
-                    <div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                          <code class="literal">#</code>
-                        </span></dt>
-<dd><p></p></dd>
-</dl></div>
-                  </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-<p id="x_66"></a>Note: 
-            <code class="literal">C-x</code> is 
-            <code class="literal">Ctrl</code> + 
-            <code class="literal">x</code>
-          </p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.2. The visual mode">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="the-visual-mode"></a>4.1.2. The visual mode</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_67"></a>The visual mode is a special mode that is not present in the original vi editor. It allows us to highlight text and perform actions on it. All the movement commands that have been discussed till now work in the visual mode also. The editing commands that will be discussed in the future work on the visual blocks selected, too.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.3. Editing commands">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="editing-commands"></a>4.1.3. Editing commands</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_68"></a>The editing commands usually take the movements as arguments. A movement is equivalent to a selection in the visual mode. The cursor is assumed to have moved over the text in between the initial and the final points of the movement. The motion or the visual block that's been highlighted can be passed as arguments to the editing commands.</p>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="26">
-<col width="10">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_69"></a>Editing effect</p>
-                </th>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_6a"></a>Command</p>
-                </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_6b"></a>Cutting text</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_6c"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">d</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_6d"></a>Copying/Yanking text</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_6e"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">y</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_6f"></a>Pasting copied/cut text</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_70"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">p</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-<p id="x_71"></a>The cut and copy commands take the motions or visual blocks as arguments and act on them. For instance, if you wish to delete the text from the current text position to the beginning of the next word, type 
-          <code class="literal">dw</code>. If you wish to copy the text from the current position to the end of this sentence, type 
-          <code class="literal">y)</code>.
-        </p>
-<p id="x_72"></a>Apart from the above commands, that take any motion or visual block as an argument, there are additional special commands.</p>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="41">
-<col width="10">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_73"></a>Editing effect</p>
-                </th>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_74"></a>Command</p>
-                </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_75"></a>Cut the character under the cursor</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_76"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">x</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_77"></a>Replace the character under the cursor with 
-                    <code class="literal">a</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                        <code class="literal">ra</code>
-                      </span></dt>
-<dd><p></p></dd>
-</dl></div>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_78"></a>Cut an entire line</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_79"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">dd</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_7a"></a>Copy/yank an entire line</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_7b"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">yy</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-<p id="x_7c"></a>Note: You can prefix numbers to any of the commands, to repeat them.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.4. Undo and Redo">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="undo-and-redo"></a>4.1.4. Undo and Redo</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_7d"></a>You can undo almost anything using 
-          <code class="literal">u</code>.
-        </p>
-<p id="x_7e"></a>To undo the undo command type 
-          <code class="literal">C-r</code>
-        </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.1.5. Searching and Replacing">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="searching-and-replacing"></a>4.1.5. Searching and Replacing</h4></div></div></div>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="42">
-<col width="10">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_7f"></a>Finding</p>
-                </th>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_80"></a>Command</p>
-                </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_81"></a>Next occurrence of 
-                    <code class="literal">text</code>, forward
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_82"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">\text</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_83"></a>Next occurrence of 
-                    <code class="literal">text</code>, backward
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_84"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">?text</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_85"></a>Search again in the same direction</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_86"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">n</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_87"></a>Search again in the opposite direction</p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_88"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">N</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_89"></a>Next occurrence of 
-                    <code class="literal">x</code> in the line
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_8a"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">fx</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_8b"></a>Previous occurrence of 
-                    <code class="literal">x</code> in the line
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_8c"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">Fx</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="40">
-<col width="19">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_8d"></a>Finding and Replacing</p>
-                </th>
-<th>
-                  <p id="x_8e"></a>Command</p>
-                </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_8f"></a>Replace the first instance of 
-                    <code class="literal">old</code> with 
-                    <code class="literal">new</code> in the current line.
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_90"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">:s/old/new</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_91"></a>Replace all instances of 
-                    <code class="literal">old</code> with 
-                    <code class="literal">new</code> in the current line.
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_92"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">:s/old/new/g</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_93"></a>Replace all instances of 
-                    <code class="literal">old</code> with 
-                    <code class="literal">new</code> in the current line, but ask for confirmation each time.
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_94"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">:s/old/new/gc</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_95"></a>Replace the first instance of 
-                    <code class="literal">old</code> with 
-                    <code class="literal">new</code> in the entire file.
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_96"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">:%s/old/new</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_97"></a>Replace all instances of 
-                    <code class="literal">old</code> with 
-                    <code class="literal">new</code> in the entire file.
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_98"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">:%s/old/new/g</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_99"></a>Replace all instances of 
-                    <code class="literal">old</code> with 
-                    <code class="literal">new</code> in the entire file but ask for confirmation each time.
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-<td>
-                  <p id="x_9a"></a>
-                    <code class="literal">:%s/old/new/gc</code>
-                  </p>
-                </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4.2. SciTE">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="scite"></a>4.2. SciTE</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_9b"></a>SciTE is a 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>source code</em></span> editor, that has a feel similar to the commonly used GUI text editors. It has a wide range of features that are extremely useful for a programmer, editing code. Also it aims to keep configuration simple, and the user needs to edit a text file to configure SciTE to his/her liking.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_9c"></a>Opening, Saving, Editing files with SciTE is extremely simple and trivial. Knowledge of using a text editor will suffice.</p>
-<p id="x_9d"></a>SciTE can syntax highlight code in various languages. It also has auto-indentation, code-folding and other such features which are useful when editing code.</p>
-<p id="x_9e"></a>SciTE also gives you the option to (compile and) run your code, from within the editor.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5. Personalizing your Environment">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="personalizing-your-environment"></a>5. Personalizing your Environment</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="5.1. .bashrc">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="bashrc"></a>5.1. .bashrc</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_9f"></a>What would you do, if you want bash to execute a particular command each time you start it up? For instance, say you want the current directory to be your Desktop instead of your home folder, each time bash starts up. How would you achieve this? Bash reads and executes commands in a whole bunch of files called start-up files, when it starts up.</p>
-<p id="x_a0"></a>When bash starts up as an interactive login shell, it reads the files 
-        <code class="literal">/etc/profile</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">~/.bash_profile</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">~/.bash_login</code>, and 
-        <code class="literal">~/.profile</code> in that order.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_a1"></a>When it is a shell that is not a login shell, 
-        <code class="literal">~/.bashrc</code> is read and the commands in it are executed. This can be prevented using the 
-        <code class="literal">--norc</code> option. To force bash to use another file, instead of the 
-        <code class="literal">~/.bashrc</code> file on start-up, the 
-        <code class="literal">--rcfile</code> option may be used.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_a2"></a>Now, you know what you should do, to change the current directory to you Desktop. Just put a 
-        <code class="literal">cd ~/Desktop</code> into your 
-        <code class="literal">~/.bashrc</code> and you are set!
-      </p>
-<p id="x_a3"></a>This example is quite a simple and lame one. The start-up files are used for a lot more complex things than this. You could set (or unset) aliases and a whole bunch of environment variables in the 
-        <code class="literal">.bashrc</code>. We shall look at them, in the next section where we look at environment variables and 
-        <code class="literal">set</code> command.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5.2. .vimrc">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="vimrc"></a>5.2. .vimrc</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_a4"></a>
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> is a file similar to 
-        <code class="literal">.bashrc</code> for vim. It is a start-up file that vim reads and executes, each time it starts up. The options that you would like to be set every time you use vim, are placed in the 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file, so that they are automatically set each time vim starts. The recommended place for having your 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> is also your home directory.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_a5"></a>The file 
-        <code class="literal">/etc/vimrc</code> is the global config file and shouldn't usually be edited. You can instead edit the 
-        <code class="literal">~/.vimrc</code> file that is present in your home folder.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_a6"></a>There are a whole bunch of variables that you could set in the 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file. You can look at all the options available, using the 
-        <code class="literal">:set all</code> command in vim. You could use the 
-        <code class="literal">:help option_name</code> to get more information about the option that you want to set. Once you are comfortable with what you want to set a particular variable to, you could add it to 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code>. You should also look at 
-        <code class="literal">:help vimrc</code> for more info on the 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file. If you already have a 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file, you can edit it from within vim, using 
-        <code class="literal">:e $MYVIMRC</code> command. We shall look at some of the most commonly used options.
-      </p>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="35">
-<col width="84">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                <p id="x_a7"></a>Command</p>
-              </th>
-<th>
-                <p id="x_a8"></a>Vim action</p>
-              </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_a9"></a>
-                  <code class="literal">set nocompatible</code>
-                </p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_aa"></a>Explicitly disable compatibility with vi</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                      <code class="literal">set backspace=indent,eol,start</code>
-                    </span></dt>
-<dd><p></p></dd>
-</dl></div>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_ab"></a>In the insert mode, vim allows the backspace key to delete white spaces at the start of line, line breaks and the character before which insert mode started.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_ac"></a>set autoindent</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_ad"></a>Vim indents a new line with the same indentation of the previous line.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_ae"></a>set backup</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_af"></a>Vim keeps a backup copy of a file when overwriting it.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b0"></a>set history=50</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b1"></a>Vim keeps 50 commands and 50 search patterns in the history.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b2"></a>set ruler</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b3"></a>Displays the current cursor position in the lower right corner of the vim window.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b4"></a>set showcmd</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b5"></a>Displays the incomplete command in the lower right corner.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b6"></a>set incsearch</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_b7"></a>Turns on incremental searching. Displays search results while you type.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-<p id="x_b8"></a>You can see the effect of the changes made to your 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file by restarting vim. If you want to see the changes that you made to your 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file immediately, you could source the file from within vim.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_b9"></a>If the 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file has been sourced when this instance of vim was started, you could just resource the file again:
-      </p>
-<p id="x_ba"></a>:so $MYVIMRC</p>
-<p id="x_bb"></a>If you just created the 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file or it was not sourced when you stared this instance of vim, just replace the 
-        <code class="literal">$MYVIMRC</code> variable above, with the location of the 
-        <code class="literal">.vimrc</code> file that you created/edited.
-      </p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6. Subshells and source">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="subshells-and-source"></a>6. Subshells and 
-      <code class="literal">source</code>
-    </h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_bc"></a>A subshell is just a separate instance of the shell which is a child process of the shell that launches it. Bash creates a subshell in various circumstances. Creation of subshells allows the execution of various processes simultaneously.</p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_bd"></a>When an external command is executed, a new subshell is created. Any built-in commands of bash are executed with int the same shell, and no new subshell is started. When an external command is run, the bash shell copies itself (along with it's environment) creating a subshell and the process is changed to the external command executed. The subshell is a child process of this shell.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_be"></a>Any pipes being used, create a subshell. The commands on the input and output ends of the pipe are run in different subshells.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_bf"></a>You could also, explicitly tell bash to start a subshell by enclosing a list of commands between parentheses. Each of the commands in the list is executed within a single new subshell.</p></li>
-</ul></div></blockquote></div>
-<p id="x_c0"></a>To avoid creating a subshell, when running a shell script, you could use the 
-      <code class="literal">source</code> command. :
-    </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">$ source script.sh
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_c1"></a>This will run the 
-      <code class="literal">script.sh</code> within the present shell without creating a subshell. The 
-      <code class="literal">.</code> command is an alias for the source command. 
-      <code class="literal">. script.sh</code> is therefore equivalent to 
-      <code class="literal">source script.sh</code>.
-    </p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div></body>
-</html>

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-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
-<title>Chapter 1. </title>
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-<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="chapter" id="chap04_handout">
-<div class="titlepage"></div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="article"><a href="#id2325149">LaTeX</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex-latex">1. TeX &amp; LaTeX</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex">1.1. TeX</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">1.2. LaTeX</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#wysiwg-vs-wysiwm">2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hello-world">3. Hello World</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiling-output">3.1. Compiling &amp; Output</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#a-peek-at-the-source">3.2. A peek at the source</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#where-do-we-want-to-go">4. Where do we want to go</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-basics">5. Some Basics</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#spaces">5.1. Spaces</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#line-page-breaks">5.2. Line &amp; Page Breaks</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#paragraphs">5.3. Paragraphs</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#special-characters">5.4. Special Characters</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">5.5. Commands</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#environments">5.6. Environments</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-structural-elements">6. Some Structural Elements</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#documentclass">6.1. 
-        <code class="literal">\documentclass</code>
-      </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parts-chapters-and-sections">6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#top-matter">6.3. Top Matter</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#abstract">6.4. Abstract</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#appendices">6.5. Appendices</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#table-of-contents">6.6. Table of Contents</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#elementary-text-typesetting">7. Elementary Text Typesetting</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#emphasizing">7.1. Emphasizing</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quotation-marks">7.2. Quotation Marks</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dashes-and-hyphens">7.3. Dashes and Hyphens</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#footnotes">7.4. Footnotes</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#flushleft-flushright-and-center">7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#itemize-enumerate-and-description">7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quote-quotation-and-verse">7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#verbatim">7.8. Verbatim</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tables-figures-and-captions">8. Tables, Figures and Captions</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-tabular-environment">8.1. The 
-        <code class="literal">\tabular</code> environment
-      </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-graphics">8.2. Importing Graphics</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#floats">8.3. Floats</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#captions">8.4. Captions</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#list-of-figures-tables">8.5. List of Figures, Tables</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#cross-references">8.6. Cross References</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibliography">9. Bibliography</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#thebibliography-environment">9.1. 
-        <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment
-      </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex">9.2. BibTeX</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#typesetting-math">10. Typesetting Math</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#math-mode">10.1. Math Mode</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#single-equations">10.2. Single Equations</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-elements">10.3. Basic Elements</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#multiple-equations">10.4. Multiple Equations</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#arrays-and-matrices">10.5. Arrays and Matrices</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#miscellaneous-stuff">11. Miscellaneous Stuff</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#presentations">11.1. Presentations</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-code">11.2. Including Code</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-files">11.3. Including files</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#recommended-reading">12. Recommended Reading</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="article" title="LaTeX">
-<div class="titlepage">
-<div><div><h2 class="title">
-<a name="id2325149"></a>LaTeX</h2></div></div>
-<hr>
-</div>
-<div class="toc">
-<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
-<dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex-latex">1. TeX &amp; LaTeX</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tex">1.1. TeX</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#latex">1.2. LaTeX</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#wysiwg-vs-wysiwm">2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#hello-world">3. Hello World</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiling-output">3.1. Compiling &amp; Output</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#a-peek-at-the-source">3.2. A peek at the source</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#where-do-we-want-to-go">4. Where do we want to go</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-basics">5. Some Basics</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#spaces">5.1. Spaces</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#line-page-breaks">5.2. Line &amp; Page Breaks</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#paragraphs">5.3. Paragraphs</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#special-characters">5.4. Special Characters</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#commands">5.5. Commands</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#environments">5.6. Environments</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#some-structural-elements">6. Some Structural Elements</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#documentclass">6.1. 
-        <code class="literal">\documentclass</code>
-      </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#parts-chapters-and-sections">6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#top-matter">6.3. Top Matter</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#abstract">6.4. Abstract</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#appendices">6.5. Appendices</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#table-of-contents">6.6. Table of Contents</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#elementary-text-typesetting">7. Elementary Text Typesetting</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#emphasizing">7.1. Emphasizing</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quotation-marks">7.2. Quotation Marks</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#dashes-and-hyphens">7.3. Dashes and Hyphens</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#footnotes">7.4. Footnotes</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#flushleft-flushright-and-center">7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#itemize-enumerate-and-description">7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#quote-quotation-and-verse">7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#verbatim">7.8. Verbatim</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#tables-figures-and-captions">8. Tables, Figures and Captions</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#the-tabular-environment">8.1. The 
-        <code class="literal">\tabular</code> environment
-      </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#importing-graphics">8.2. Importing Graphics</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#floats">8.3. Floats</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#captions">8.4. Captions</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#list-of-figures-tables">8.5. List of Figures, Tables</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#cross-references">8.6. Cross References</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibliography">9. Bibliography</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#thebibliography-environment">9.1. 
-        <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment
-      </a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#bibtex">9.2. BibTeX</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#typesetting-math">10. Typesetting Math</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#math-mode">10.1. Math Mode</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#single-equations">10.2. Single Equations</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#basic-elements">10.3. Basic Elements</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#multiple-equations">10.4. Multiple Equations</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#arrays-and-matrices">10.5. Arrays and Matrices</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#miscellaneous-stuff">11. Miscellaneous Stuff</a></span></dt>
-<dd><dl>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#presentations">11.1. Presentations</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-code">11.2. Including Code</a></span></dt>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#including-files">11.3. Including files</a></span></dt>
-</dl></dd>
-<dt><span class="section"><a href="#recommended-reading">12. Recommended Reading</a></span></dt>
-</dl>
-</div>Introduction
-  <p id="x_c8"></a>LaTeX is a typesetting program used to produce excellently typeset documents. It is extensively used for producing high quality scientific and mathematical documents. It may also be used for producing other kinds of documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters</p>
-<div class="section" title="1. TeX &amp; LaTeX">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="tex-latex"></a>1. TeX &amp; LaTeX</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="1.1. TeX">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="tex"></a>1.1. TeX</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_c9"></a>TeX is a typesetting system designed by Donald Knuth, the renowned Computer Scientist and Emeritus professor at Stanford University. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style formatting defined, so that content looks as intended.</p>
-<p id="x_ca"></a>It was designed with two goals in mind-</p>
-<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_cb"></a>To allow anybody to produce high-quality books using a reasonable amount of effort.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_cc"></a>To provide a system that would give the exact same results on all computers, now and in the future</p></li>
-</ol></div>
-<p id="x_cd"></a>TeX is well known for it's stability and portability.</p>
-<p id="x_ce"></a>TeX is pronounced as "tech".</p>
-<p id="x_cf"></a>The current version of TeX is 3.1415926 and is converging to π.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="1.2. LaTeX">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="latex"></a>1.2. LaTeX</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_d0"></a>LaTeX was originally written by Leslie Lamport in the early 1980s. It is an extension of TeX, consisting of TeX macros and a program to parse the LaTeX files. It is easier to use than TeX itself, at the same time producing the same quality of output.</p>
-<p id="x_d1"></a>LaTeX is pronounced either as "Lah-tech" or "Lay-tech"</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="wysiwg-vs-wysiwm"></a>2. WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_d2"></a>WYSIWG is an acronym for "What You See Is What You Get". Word processors, are typically WYSIWG tools. LaTeX, TeX or other TeX based tools are not. They are typesetting or text formatting or document description programs. They can be called WYSIWM or "What You See Is What you Mean" systems, since you give a description of how things look, and LaTeX typesets the document for you.</p>
-<p id="x_d3"></a>Here are a few reasons, why you should use LaTeX -</p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d4"></a>LaTeX produces documents with excellent visual quality, especially mathematical and scientific documents.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d5"></a>It does the typesetting to you. Typically, when one works with a word-processor, the user is doing the text formatting or typesetting along with typing out the content. LaTeX allows the user to concentrate on the content leaving aside the typesetting to LaTeX.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d6"></a>It is light on your resources as compared to most of the word processors available today.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d7"></a>It is well known for it's stability and for it's virtually bug free code base.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d8"></a>It encourages users to structure documents by meaning rather than appearance, thereby helping produce well structured documents.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_d9"></a>It uses plain text files as input, which have a lot of well known advantages over binary files. To state a few, they can be opened with any editor on any operating system, they are smaller in size compared to the binaries, can be version controlled and can be processed using widely used text processing utilities.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_da"></a>The output can be generated in more than one formats.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_db"></a>It is free software (free as in freedom) and gratis too.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_dc"></a>It is widely used.</p></li>
-</ul></div></blockquote></div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="3. Hello World">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="hello-world"></a>3. Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_dd"></a>OK, let's get started with our first LaTeX document. Open up your favorite editor and type in the following code.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">%hello.tex - First LaTeX document
-\documentclass{article}
-
-\begin{document}
-  Hello, World!
-\end{document}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_de"></a>Save the file as 
-      <code class="literal">hello.tex</code> and open up a terminal to compile your 
-      <code class="literal">tex</code> file to get the output in a 
-      <code class="literal">pdf</code> format.
-    </p>
-<div class="section" title="3.1. Compiling &amp; Output">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="compiling-output"></a>3.1. Compiling &amp; Output</h3></div></div></div>
-<pre class="programlisting">$pdflatex hello.tex
-
-Output written on hello.pdf (1 page, 5733 bytes).
-Transcript written on hello.log.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_df"></a>Open the 
-        <code class="literal">hello.pdf</code> to see the output as shown.
-      </p>
-<div class="mediaobject"><img src="examples/hello.jpg"></div>
-<p id="x_e0"></a>Note: The command 
-        <code class="literal">latex</code> is often used to get the 
-        <code class="literal">dvi</code> output. But, throughout this course, we shall use pdflatex to compile our documents.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="3.2. A peek at the source">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="a-peek-at-the-source"></a>3.2. A peek at the source</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_e1"></a>
-        <code class="literal">%hello.tex - First LaTeX document</code>
-      </p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e2"></a>This line is a comment. LaTeX ignores this line and it is meant only for the human readers. LaTeX ignores anything after a 
-          <code class="literal">%</code> symbol to the end of the line.
-        </p></blockquote></div>
-<p id="x_e3"></a>
-        <code class="literal">\documentclass{article}</code>
-      </p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e4"></a>This line is a command and sets the 
-          <code class="literal">documentclass</code> of the document to 
-          <code class="literal">article</code>. LaTeX has other classes like 
-          <code class="literal">report</code>, 
-          <code class="literal">book</code>, 
-          <code class="literal">letter</code>, etc. The typesetting of the document varies depending on the 
-          <code class="literal">documentclass</code> of the document.
-        </p></blockquote></div>
-<p id="x_e5"></a>
-        <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code>
-      </p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e6"></a>This line informs LaTeX that this is the beginning of the content of the document.</p></blockquote></div>
-<p id="x_e7"></a>
-        <code class="literal">Hello, World!</code>
-      </p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_e8"></a>This is the actual text displayed in the document.</p></blockquote></div>
-<p id="x_e9"></a>
-        <code class="literal">\end{document}</code>
-      </p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_ea"></a>This line tells LaTeX that the document is complete and LaTeX will simply ignore anything written after this line.</p></blockquote></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="4. Where do we want to go">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="where-do-we-want-to-go"></a>4. Where do we want to go</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_eb"></a>During the course of this session we will learn how to do various things in LaTeX and try to produce the sample document provided.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5. Some Basics">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="some-basics"></a>5. Some Basics</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_ec"></a>Before we get started with creating the document, let's try to understand a few things that would be useful during the course of this session.</p>
-<div class="section" title="5.1. Spaces">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="spaces"></a>5.1. Spaces</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_ed"></a>LaTeX treats multiple empty spaces (or lines) as a single space (or line). An empty line between two lines of text is considered as a change of paragraphs.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5.2. Line &amp; Page Breaks">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="line-page-breaks"></a>5.2. Line &amp; Page Breaks</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_ee"></a>LaTeX usually does the job of breaking up your content into lines and pages, and does it well. But under some circumstances, you might want to instruct LaTeX to break line or start a new page at a particular point.</p>
-<p id="x_ef"></a>
-        <code class="literal">\\</code> or 
-        <code class="literal">\newline</code> command is used to create a new line at the point where the command is issued. Appending 
-        <code class="literal">*</code> to 
-        <code class="literal">\\</code>,  instructs LaTeX to create a new line, without creating a new page at that point.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5.3. Paragraphs">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="paragraphs"></a>5.3. Paragraphs</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_f0"></a>As already mentioned, LaTeX considers an empty line between two lines of text as a new paragraph. 
-        <code class="literal">\par</code> command may also be used to start a newline. It is equivalent to the blank line.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_f1"></a>By default LaTeX indents new paragraphs. If you do not wish to have the paragraph indented, you can use the 
-        <code class="literal">\nointend</code> command at the beginning of the paragraph.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5.4. Special Characters">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="special-characters"></a>5.4. Special Characters</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_f2"></a>LaTeX associates special meaning to the  characters 
-        <code class="literal">~ # $ % ^ &amp; _ { } \</code>.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_f3"></a>To have these characters in the text of your document, you need to prefix a backslash to them. 
-        <code class="literal">\~ \# \% \$ \^ \&amp; \_ \{ \} \textbackslash</code>
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5.5. Commands">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="commands"></a>5.5. Commands</h3></div></div></div>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f4"></a>All LaTeX commands start with a backslash 
-            <code class="literal">\</code>.
-          </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f5"></a>Like the commands in Linux, they are case sensitive.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f6"></a>They usually have a backslash followed by a consisting of letters only. Any character other than letters, like space, numbers or special characters terminate the command.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f7"></a>The commands for producing special characters in the text, is an exception. They contain a backslash followed by a single special character.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f8"></a>Commands may have parameters, which are supplied to them by enclosing them in curly braces 
-            <code class="literal">{ }</code>.
-          </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_f9"></a>They may also have a few optional parameters which are added after the name in square brackets 
-            <code class="literal">[ ]</code>.
-          </p></li>
-</ul></div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="5.6. Environments">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="environments"></a>5.6. Environments</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_fa"></a>Environments are very similar to the commands, except that they effect larger parts of the document. For example, we used the 
-        <code class="literal">document</code> environment in our first LaTeX document.
-      </p>
-<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_fb"></a>They begin with a 
-            <code class="literal">\begin</code> and end with a 
-            <code class="literal">\end</code>
-          </p></li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"><p id="x_fc"></a>In general environments can be nested within each other.</p></li>
-</ul></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6. Some Structural Elements">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="some-structural-elements"></a>6. Some Structural Elements</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="6.1.  \documentclass">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="documentclass"></a>6.1. 
-        <code class="literal">\documentclass</code>
-      </h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_fd"></a>As already stated, the 
-        <code class="literal">documentclass</code> command tells LaTeX, the type of the document that you intend to create. Each class has a few differences in how the content of the document is typeset. We presently have it set to the article class. Let us try changing it to the report class.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_fe"></a>Note that the top matter of the document appears in a different page for the report class.</p>
-<p id="x_ff"></a>Some of the LaTeX classes that you may want to use are, article, proc, report, book, slides, letter.</p>
-<p id="x_100"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">documentclass</code> command also accepts a few optional parameters. For example:
-      </p>
-<p id="x_101"></a>\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside,draft]{report}</p>
-<p id="x_102"></a>
-        <code class="literal">12pt</code> specifies the size of the main font in the document. The relative sizes of the various fonts is maintained, when the font size is changed. If no size is specified, 
-        <code class="literal">10pt</code> is assumed by default.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_103"></a>
-        <code class="literal">a4paper</code> specifies the size of the paper to be used for the document.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_104"></a>
-        <code class="literal">oneside</code> specifies that the document will be printed only on one side of the paper. The 
-        <code class="literal">article</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">report</code> classes are 
-        <code class="literal">oneside</code> by default and the 
-        <code class="literal">book</code> class is 
-        <code class="literal">twoside</code>.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_105"></a>
-        <code class="literal">draft</code> marks the hyphenation and justification problems in the document with a small square in the right hand margin of the document, so that they can be easily spotted.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_106"></a>Note: Everything written in between the 
-        <code class="literal">\documentclass</code> command and the 
-        <code class="literal">\begin{document}</code> command is called the Preamble.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="parts-chapters-and-sections"></a>6.2. Parts, Chapters and Sections</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_107"></a>Often documents are divided into various parts, chapters, sections and subsections. LaTeX provides an intuitive mechanism to include this in your documents. It has various commands like 
-        <code class="literal">part</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">chapter</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">section</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">subsection</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">subsubsection</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">paragraph</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">subparagraph</code>. Note that all these commands are not available in all the document classes. The 
-        <code class="literal">chapter</code> command is available only in books and reports. Also, the 
-        <code class="literal">letter</code> document class does not have any of these commands.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_108"></a>Let us now give our document some structure, using these commands.</p>
-<p id="x_109"></a>Note that you do not need to provide any numbers to the commands. LaTeX automatically takes care of the numbering. Also, you do not need to enclose the text of a block within 
-        <code class="literal">\begin</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">\end</code> commands. LaTeX starts a new block each time it finds a sectioning command. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\section[Short Title]{This is a very long title and the Short Title will appear in the Table of Contents.}
-
-
-</pre>
-<div class="section" title="6.2.1. Section Numbering">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="section-numbering"></a>6.2.1. Section Numbering</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_10a"></a>As already, you don't need to explicitly do any numbering in LaTeX. Parts are numbered using roman numerals; Chapters and sections are numbered using decimal numbers. When the table of contents is inserted into a document, all the numbered headings automatically appear in it.</p>
-<p id="x_10b"></a>By default LaTeX has numbering up 2 levels, i.e, the parts, chapters, sections and subsections are numbered. You can change this by setting the 
-          <code class="literal">secnumdepth</code> counter using the 
-          <code class="literal">\setcounter</code> command. The following command removes numbering of the subsections. Only parts, chapters and sections are numbered. :
-        </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\setcounter{secnumdepth}{1}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_10c"></a>A sectioning command appended with an asterisk gives an unnumbered heading that is not included in the table of contents. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\section*{Introduction}
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6.3. Top Matter">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="top-matter"></a>6.3. Top Matter</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_10d"></a>The information about the document such as it's title, the date, the author(s) information etc, is collectively known as the topmatter. Though there is no command called 
-        <code class="literal">topmatter</code>, the term topmatter is frequently used in LaTeX documentation.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_10e"></a>Let us input the top matter for our document now. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\title{LaTeX - A How-to}
-\author{The FOSSEE Team}
-\date
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_10f"></a>The  commands 
-        <code class="literal">\title</code> and  
-        <code class="literal">\author</code> are self explanatory. The 
-        <code class="literal">\date</code> command automatically puts in today's date into the document. Now let us compile and look at the result.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_110"></a>You would observe that the details do not appear in the document after recompilation. This is because, LaTeX has not been instructed what to do with the top matter information that you have given it. Use the 
-        <code class="literal">\maketitle</code> command within the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter information into the document.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6.4. Abstract">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="abstract"></a>6.4. Abstract</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_111"></a>Lets now place and abstract in the document using the 
-        <code class="literal">abstract</code> environment of LaTeX. The abstract appears in the document after the topmatter but before the main body of the document. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{abstract}
-The abstract abstract.
-\end{abstract}
-
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6.5. Appendices">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="appendices"></a>6.5. Appendices</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_112"></a>LaTeX allows for separate numbering for appendices. 
-        <code class="literal">\appendix</code> command indicates that the sections following are to be included in the appendix. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\appendix
-\chapter{First Appendix}
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="6.6. Table of Contents">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="table-of-contents"></a>6.6. Table of Contents</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_113"></a>Parts, chapters or sections that have been auto numbered by LaTeX automatically appear in the Table of Contents (ToC). 
-        <code class="literal">\tableofcontents</code> command places a the ToC, where the command has been issued.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_114"></a>The counter 
-        <code class="literal">tocdepth</code> specifies the depth up to which headings appear in the ToC. It can be set using the 
-        <code class="literal">\setcounter</code> command as shown below. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_115"></a>Unnumbered sections can be placed in the table of contents using the 
-        <code class="literal">\addcontentsline</code> command as shown below. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\section*{Introduction}
-\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Introduction}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_116"></a>Note: To get the correct entries in your table of contents, you will need to run one extra compilation, each time. This is because, the entries of the table of contents are collected during each compilation of the document and utilized during the next compilation.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7. Elementary Text Typesetting">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="elementary-text-typesetting"></a>7. Elementary Text Typesetting</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="7.1. Emphasizing">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="emphasizing"></a>7.1. Emphasizing</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_117"></a>
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>Italic</em></span> font is generally used to emphasize text. The 
-        <code class="literal">\emph</code> command may be used to achieve this effect in LaTeX. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">This is the \emph{emphasized text}.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_118"></a>If the 
-        <code class="literal">\emph</code> command is nested within another emphasize command, LaTeX emphasized that text using normal fonts. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_119"></a>        <span class="emphasis"><em>This is emphasized text, and</em></span> this is emphasized text with normal font 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>, within</em></span> emphasized text.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.2. Quotation Marks">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="quotation-marks"></a>7.2. Quotation Marks</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_11a"></a>When typing in LaTeX, the double quotation mark 
-        <code class="literal">"</code> character shouldn't be used. The grave accent `
-        <code class="literal">
-          <code class="literal"> character produces the left quote and the apostrophe </code>'
-        </code> character produces the right quote. To obtain double quotes they are, each, used twice. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">`` Here is an example of putting `text' in quotes ''
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.3. Dashes and Hyphens">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="dashes-and-hyphens"></a>7.3. Dashes and Hyphens</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_11b"></a>LaTeX has four dashes of different lengths. Three of them can be produces with different number of consecutive dashes. The short dashes are used for hyphens, slightly longer ones for number ranges and the longest ones for comments. The fourth one is a mathematical symbol, the minus sign. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">The names of these dashes are: `-' hyphen, `--' en-dash, `---' em-dash and `$-$' minus sign.
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_11c"></a>The names for these dashes are: ‘‐’ hyphen, ‘–’ en-dash, ‘—’ em-dash and ‘−’ minus sign.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.4. Footnotes">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="footnotes"></a>7.4. Footnotes</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_11d"></a>With the command:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\footnote{footnote text}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_11e"></a>a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page. Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to. Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period.</p>
-<p id="x_11f"></a>Note: Look at the 
-        <code class="literal">\marginpar</code> command to insert margin notes
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="flushleft-flushright-and-center"></a>7.5. Flushleft, Flushright, and Center</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_120"></a>The environments 
-        <code class="literal">flushleft</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">flushright</code> generate paragraphs that are either left- or right-aligned.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_121"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">center</code> environment generates centered text.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="itemize-enumerate-and-description"></a>7.6. Itemize, Enumerate, and Description</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_122"></a>LaTeX has three different environments for producing lists. Itemize, Enumerate and Description allow you to produce lists of various types in LaTeX.</p>
-<p id="x_123"></a>Itemize is used to produce unnumbered lists. The bullets of the list can be easily changed to use any character. Enumerate environment allows you to produce auto-numbered lists. The description environment, allows you to produce a list of definitions. These environments can be nested within each other, easily.</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{itemize}
-  \item Now we move onto some elementary \emph{Text Typesetting}.
-  \item How do we get \emph{emphasized or italic text}?
-  \item \emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?
-  \item ``Beautiful is better than ugly.''
-\end{itemize}
-
-\begin{description}
-  \item[Description] This list is a description list. 
-  \item[Enumerate] Numbered lists are often useful.
-    \begin{enumerate}
-    \item First
-    \item Second
-    \item Third
-    \item \ldots
-    \end{enumerate}
-  \item[Itemize] The list above this description list is an itemize list.
-\end{description}
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="quote-quotation-and-verse"></a>7.7. Quote, Quotation, and Verse</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_124"></a>LaTeX provides a 
-        <code class="literal">quote</code> environment that can be used for quoting, highlighting important material, etc. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">The Zen of Python
-\begin{quote}
-  The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
-
-  Beautiful is better than ugly.
-  Explicit is better than implicit.
-  Simple is better than complex.
-  Complex is better than complicated.
-  Flat is better than nested.
-  Sparse is better than dense.
-  Readability counts.
-  Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
-  Although practicality beats purity.
-  Errors should never pass silently.
-  Unless explicitly silenced.
-  In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
-  There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
-  Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
-  Now is better than never.
-  Although never is often better than *right* now.
-  If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
-  If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
-  Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
-\end{quote}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_125"></a>LaTeX provides two other similar environments, the quotation and the verse environments.</p>
-<p id="x_126"></a>The quotation environment can be used for longer quotes which have several paragraphs, since it indents the first line of each paragraph.</p>
-<p id="x_127"></a>The verse environment may be used to quote verses or poems, since the line breaks are important in quoting them. The lines are separated using 
-        <code class="literal">\\\\</code> at the end of a line and an empty line after each verse.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="7.8. Verbatim">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="verbatim"></a>7.8. Verbatim</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_128"></a>The verbatim environment allows us to insert pre-formatted text in a LaTeX document. It is useful for inserting code samples within the document. The verbatim text needs to be enclosed between 
-        <code class="literal">\begin{verbatim}</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">\end{verbatim}</code>. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{verbatim}
-from numpy import *
-a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)
-\end{verbatim}
-
-from numpy import *
-a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_129"></a>To insert verbatim text in-line, the 
-        <code class="literal">\verb</code> command can be used. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">The verb command allows placing \verb|verbatim text| in-line. 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_12a"></a>The | is just an example of a delimiter character. You can use any character except letters, * or space.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8. Tables, Figures and Captions">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="tables-figures-and-captions"></a>8. Tables, Figures and Captions</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="8.1. The \tabular environment">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="the-tabular-environment"></a>8.1. The 
-        <code class="literal">\tabular</code> environment
-      </h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_12b"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">tabular</code> environment allows you to typeset tables in LaTeX. 
-        <code class="literal">\begin{tabular}[pos]{col fmt}</code> command can be used to specify the parameters of the table and start creating the table.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_12c"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">pos</code> argument specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text. It can take on the values 
-        <code class="literal">t</code> for top, 
-        <code class="literal">b</code> for bottom, or 
-        <code class="literal">c</code> for center.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_12d"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">col fmt</code> argument specifies the formatting of the columns of the table. You need to explicitly specify the formatting for each of the columns in the table. The 
-        <code class="literal">col fmt</code> argument can take on the following values.
-      </p>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="4">
-<col width="12">
-<col width="37">
-</colgroup>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_12e"></a>
-                  <code class="literal">l</code>
-                </p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_12f"></a>left justified column content</p>
-              </td>
-<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_130"></a>
-                  <code class="literal">r</code>
-                </p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_131"></a>right justified column content</p>
-              </td>
-<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_132"></a>
-                  <code class="literal">c</code>
-                </p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_133"></a>centered column content</p>
-              </td>
-<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                      <code class="literal">*{n}{col}</code>
-                    </span></dt>
-<dd><p></p></dd>
-</dl></div>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_134"></a>produces 
-                  <code class="literal">n</code> columns with the 
-                  <code class="literal">col</code> type of formatting 
-                  <code class="literal">*{3}{c}</code> is the same as {c c c}
-                </p>
-              </td>
-<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_135"></a>``|</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_136"></a>produces a vertical line.</p>
-              </td>
-<td class="auto-generated"> </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-<p id="x_137"></a>Now we look at how to input the actual entries of the tables. Each horizontal row in a table is separated by 
-        <code class="literal">\\</code>. Each column entry of a row is separated by 
-        <code class="literal">&amp;</code>.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_138"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">\hline</code> command allows you to draw horizontal lines between two rows of the table. But it does not allow you do draw partial lines. 
-        <code class="literal">\cline{a-b}</code> draws a horizontal line from column 
-        <code class="literal">a</code> to column 
-        <code class="literal">b</code>. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
-  \hline
-  \verb+l+ &amp; left justified column content\\ 
-  \hline
-  \verb+r+ &amp; right justified column content\\ 
-  \hline
-  \verb+c+ &amp; centered column content\\ 
-  \hline
-  \verb+*{n}{col}+ &amp; produces \verb+n+ columns with the\\
-                 &amp; \verb+col+ type of formatting\\
-  \cline{2-2}
-                 &amp;\verb+*{3}{c}+ is the same as \verb+{c c c}+ \\
-  \hline
-  \verb+|+ &amp; produces a vertical line\\ 
-  \hline
-\end{tabular}
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8.2. Importing Graphics">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="importing-graphics"></a>8.2. Importing Graphics</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_139"></a>To include images in LaTeX, we require to use an additional package known as 
-        <code class="literal">graphicx</code>.  To load a package, we use the 
-        <code class="literal">\usepackage</code> directive in the preamble of the document. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\usepackage{graphicx}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_13a"></a>When compiling with 
-        <code class="literal">pdflatex</code> command,  
-        <span class="strong"><strong>jpg</strong></span>, 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>png</strong></span>, 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>gif</strong></span> and 
-        <span class="strong"><strong>pdf</strong></span> images can be inserted.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\includegraphics[optional arguments]{imagename}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_13b"></a>A few 
-        <code class="literal">optional arguments</code>:
-      </p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-              <code class="literal">width=x</code>, 
-              <code class="literal">height=x</code>
-            </span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p></p>
-<p id="x_13c"></a>If only the height or width is specified, the image is scaled, maintaining the aspect ratio.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                <code class="literal">keepaspectratio</code>
-              </span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p></p>
-<p id="x_13d"></a>This parameter can either be set to true or false. When set to true, the image is scaled according to both width and height, without changing the aspect ratio, so that it does not exceed both the width and the height dimensions.</p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
-<div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                  <code class="literal">scale=x</code>
-                </span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p></p>
-<p id="x_13e"></a>Scale the image by a factor of 
-                    <code class="literal">x</code>. For example, 
-                    <code class="literal">scale=2</code>, will double the image size.
-                  </p>
-</dd>
-</dl></div>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><div class="variablelist"><dl>
-<dt><span class="term">
-                    <code class="literal">angle=x</code>
-                  </span></dt>
-<dd>
-<p></p>
-<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p id="x_13f"></a>This option can be used to rotate the image by 
-                        <code class="literal">x</code> degrees, counter-clockwise.
-                      </p></blockquote></div>
-</dd>
-</dl></div></blockquote></div>
-</blockquote></div>
-</blockquote></div>
-</blockquote></div>
-<pre class="programlisting">\includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8.3. Floats">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="floats"></a>8.3. Floats</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_140"></a>Tables and Figures need to be treated in a special manner, since they cannot be split over pages, and they are referred to as floats in LaTeX.</p>
-<p id="x_141"></a>When there is not enough space on a page, to fit in a table or figure, it is floated over to the next page filling up the current page with text. LaTeX has float environments called table and figure for tables and images, respectively.</p>
-<p id="x_142"></a>Anything enclosed within the table or figure environments will be treated as floats. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{figure}[pos] or 
-\begin{table}[pos]
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_143"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">pos</code> parameter specifies the placement of the float. The possible values it can take are as follows.
-      </p>
-<div class="informaltable"><table border="1">
-<colgroup>
-<col width="12">
-<col width="68">
-</colgroup>
-<thead><tr>
-<th>
-                <p id="x_144"></a>Specifier</p>
-              </th>
-<th>
-                <p id="x_145"></a>Permission</p>
-              </th>
-</tr></thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_146"></a>h</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_147"></a>at approximately the same place where it occurs in the source</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_148"></a>t</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_149"></a>at the top of the page.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_14a"></a>b</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_14b"></a>at the bottom of the page.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_14c"></a>p</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_14d"></a>on a special page for floats only.</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_14e"></a>!</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_14f"></a>Override LaTeX's internal parameters for good positions</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_150"></a>H</p>
-              </td>
-<td>
-                <p id="x_151"></a>nearly equivalent to h!</p>
-              </td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table></div>
-<p id="x_152"></a>Examples:</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{figure}[h]
-\centering
-\includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}
-\end{figure}
-
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8.4. Captions">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="captions"></a>8.4. Captions</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_153"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">\caption{text}</code> command allows you to add captions to images or tables. LaTeX automatically numbers your tables and figures and you need not include numbers in the captions that you write. The caption appears below or on top of the image (or table), depending on whether you place it after or before the 
-        <code class="literal">importgraphics</code> (or 
-        <code class="literal">tabular</code>) command.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_154"></a>\begin{figure}[h] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{lion_orig.png} \caption{CTAN lion drawing by Duane Bibby; thanks to www.ctan.org} \end{figure}</p>
-<p id="x_155"></a>The caption command also, like the section command, has the short caption optional parameter. The short caption will appear in the list of tables or figures.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8.5. List of Figures, Tables">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="list-of-figures-tables"></a>8.5. List of Figures, Tables</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_156"></a>LaTeX can automatically generate a List of Tables or Figures, with the table or figure numbers, the captions and page numbers on which they appear. This can be done using the 
-        <code class="literal">\listoftables</code> or 
-        <code class="literal">listoffigures</code> commands.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_157"></a>Note: Just like table of contents, these lists also require an extra compilation.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="8.6. Cross References">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="cross-references"></a>8.6. Cross References</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_158"></a>LaTeX has a very efficient mechanism of inserting cross-references in documents.</p>
-<p id="x_159"></a>The command 
-        <code class="literal">\label{name}</code> is used to label figures, tables or segments of text. 
-        <code class="literal">\ref{name}</code> refers to the object marked by the 
-        <code class="literal">name</code> by it's numbering (figure, table, section etc.) 
-        <code class="literal">\pageref{name}</code> gives the page number of the object which has been labeled with 
-        <code class="literal">name</code>.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_15a"></a>Note: Cross referencing also requires an extra compilation, like table of contents.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="9. Bibliography">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="bibliography"></a>9. Bibliography</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_15b"></a>Bibliography or references can be added to LaTeX documents in two ways - using the 
-      <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment, or using BibTeX. Let's first look at using the 
-      <code class="literal">\thebibliography</code> environment and then move on to BibTeX.
-    </p>
-<div class="section" title="9.1.  thebibliography environment">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="thebibliography-environment"></a>9.1. 
-        <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment
-      </h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_15c"></a>Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the 
-        <code class="literal">thebibliography</code> environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the bibliography items within the bibliography environment.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_15d"></a>Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command 
-        <code class="literal">\bibitem[label]{name}</code>. The name is used to cite the bibliography item within the document using  
-        <code class="literal">\cite{name}</code>. The label option replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">He used this lion in the illustrations for D Knuth's original TeXbook\cite{DKnuth}, for L Lamport's LaTeX book\cite{LLamport}
-
-\begin{thebibliography}{99}
-  \bibitem{DKnuth} Donald E. Knuth (1984). \emph{The TeXbook} (Computers and Typesetting, Volume A). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
-
-  \bibitem{LLamport} Lamport, Leslie (1994). \emph{LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference}.
-   illustrations by Duane Bibby (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Professional. 
-\end{thebibliography}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_15e"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">99</code> in the example above indicates the maximum width of the label that the references may get. We here assume that the number of Bibliography items will be less than 100. If your document has less than 10 references, you may want to replace 
-        <code class="literal">99</code> with 
-        <code class="literal">9</code>.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="9.2. BibTeX">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="bibtex"></a>9.2. BibTeX</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_15f"></a>The previous section explained the process of listing references at the end of a document and embedding cross references. In this section let us explore the BibTeX environment for keeping track of references.</p>
-<p id="x_160"></a>Using BibTeX is a very convenient method to use, when writing multiple documents in a single area or field. BibTeX allows you to create a database of all your references and use them as and when required.</p>
-<p id="x_161"></a>The BibTeX database is stored in a 
-        <code class="literal">.bib</code> file. The structure of the file is quite simple and an example is shown below. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">@book{Lamport94,
-author    = "Leslie Lamport",
-title     = "A Document Preparation System: User's Guide and Reference",
-publisher = "Addison-Wesley Professional",
-year      = "1994",
-edition    = "second",
-note      = "illustrations by Duane Bibby"
-}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_162"></a>Each bibliography entry starts with a declaration of the type of the reference being mentioned. The reference is in the above example is of the book type. BibTeX has a wide range of reference types, for example, 
-        <code class="literal">article, book, conference, manual, proceedings, unpublished</code>.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_163"></a>The type of reference is followed by a left curly brace, and immediately followed by the citation key. The citation key, 
-        <code class="literal">Lamport94</code> in the example above is used to cite this reference using the command 
-        <code class="literal">\cite{Lamport94}</code>.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_164"></a>This is followed by the relevant fields and their values, listed one by one. Each entry must be followed by a comma to delimit one field from the other.</p>
-<p id="x_165"></a>To get your LaTeX document to use the bibliography database, you just add the following lines to your LaTeX document. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\bibliographystyle{plain}
-\bibliography{LaTeX}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_166"></a>Bibliography styles are files that tell BibTeX how to format the information stored in the 
-        <code class="literal">.bib</code> database file. The style file for this example is 
-        <code class="literal">plain.bst</code>. Note that you do not need to add the 
-        <code class="literal">.bst</code> extension to the filename.  If you wish to achieve a particular style of listing the bibliography items and citing them, you should use an appropriate style file.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_167"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">bibliography</code> command specifies the file that should be used as the database for references. The file used in this example is 
-        <code class="literal">LaTeX.bib</code>
-      </p>
-<div class="section" title="9.2.1. Compiling">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="compiling"></a>9.2.1. Compiling</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_168"></a>Adding BibTeX based references, slightly complicates the process of compiling the document to obtain the desired output. The exact workings of LaTeX and BibTeX will not be explained here. The procedure for obtaining the output (without any explanations) is as follows:</p>
-<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_169"></a>Compile the 
-              <code class="literal">.tex</code> file using 
-              <code class="literal">pdflatex</code> - 
-              <code class="literal">$pdflatex LaTeX(.tex)</code>
-            </p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_16a"></a>Compile the 
-              <code class="literal">.bib</code> file using 
-              <code class="literal">bibtex</code> -  
-              <code class="literal">$bibtex LaTeX(.bib)</code>
-            </p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_16b"></a>Compile the 
-              <code class="literal">.tex</code> file again.
-            </p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_16c"></a>Compile the 
-              <code class="literal">.tex</code> file for one last time!
-            </p></li>
-</ol></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="10. Typesetting Math">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="typesetting-math"></a>10. Typesetting Math</h2></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_16d"></a>It is advisable to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset mathematics in LaTeX. It is a collection of packages and classes for mathematical typesetting.</p>
-<p id="x_16e"></a>We load 
-      <code class="literal">amsmath</code> by issuing the 
-      <code class="literal">\usepackage{amsmath}</code> in the preamble. Through out this section, it is assumed that the 
-      <code class="literal">amsmath</code> package has been loaded.
-    </p>
-<div class="section" title="10.1. Math Mode">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="math-mode"></a>10.1. Math Mode</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_16f"></a>There are a few differences between the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>math mode</em></span> and the 
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>text mode</em></span>:
-      </p>
-<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_170"></a>Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions, or have to be specified with special commands such as 
-            <code class="literal">\</code>, 
-            <code class="literal">\quad</code> or 
-            <code class="literal">\qquad</code>
-          </p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_171"></a>Empty lines are not allowed.</p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_172"></a>Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula, then you have to enter the text using the \text{...} command</p></li>
-</ol></div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="10.2. Single Equations">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="single-equations"></a>10.2. Single Equations</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_173"></a>Mathematical equations can be inserted in-line within a paragraph (
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>text style</em></span>), or the paragraph can be broken to typeset it separately (
-        <span class="emphasis"><em>display style</em></span>).
-      </p>
-<p id="x_174"></a>A mathematical equation within a paragraph is entered between 
-        <code class="literal">$</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">$</code>. Larger equations are set apart from the paragraph, by enclosing them within 
-        <code class="literal">\begin{equation}</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">\end{equation}</code>. If you don't wish to number a particular equation, the starred version of equation can be used. 
-        <code class="literal">\begin{equation*}</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">\end{equation*}</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_175"></a>The equation can also be cross referenced using the 
-        <code class="literal">\label</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">\eqref</code> commands.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="10.3. Basic Elements">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="basic-elements"></a>10.3. Basic Elements</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_176"></a>Greek Letters can are entered as 
-        <code class="literal">\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, ...</code> for lowercase letters and 
-        <code class="literal">\Alpha, \Beta, \Gamma, ...</code> for uppercase ones.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_177"></a>Exponents and subscripts can be typeset using the carat 
-        <code class="literal">^</code> and the underscore 
-        <code class="literal">_</code> respectively. Most of the math mode commands act only on the next character. If you want a command to affect several characters, they need to be enclosed in curly braces.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_178"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">\sqrt</code> command is used to typeset the square root symbol. LaTeX of the root sign is determined automatically. The nth root is generated with 
-        <code class="literal">\sqrt[n]</code>.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_179"></a>To explicitly show a multiplication a dot may be shown. 
-        <code class="literal">\cdot</code> could be used, which typesets the dot to the center. 
-        <code class="literal">\cdots</code> is three centered dots while 
-        <code class="literal">\ldots</code> sets the dots on the baseline. Besides that 
-        <code class="literal">\vdots</code> for vertical and 
-        <code class="literal">\ddots</code> can be used for diagonal dots.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_17a"></a>A fraction can be typeset with the command 
-        <code class="literal">\frac{..}{..}</code>
-      </p>
-<p id="x_17b"></a>The integral operator is generated with 
-        <code class="literal">\int</code>, the sum operator with 
-        <code class="literal">\sum</code>, and the product operator with 
-        <code class="literal">\prod</code>. The upper and lower limits are specified with 
-        <code class="literal">^</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">_</code> like subscripts and superscripts.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_17c"></a>LaTeX provides all kinds of braces as delimiters. The round and square brackets can be produces using the keys on the keyboard and appending a backslash. Other delimiters can be produced using special commands of LaTeX. Placing 
-        <code class="literal">\left</code> in front of an opening delimiter and 
-        <code class="literal">\right</code> in front of a closing delimiter, instructs LaTeX to automatically take care of the sizes of the delimiters.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="10.4. Multiple Equations">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="multiple-equations"></a>10.4. Multiple Equations</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_17d"></a>Long formulae that run over several lines or equation systems, can be typeset using the 
-        <code class="literal">align</code> or 
-        <code class="literal">align*</code> environments. 
-        <code class="literal">align</code> numbers each of the lines in the environment, and 
-        <code class="literal">align*</code> as expected, does not number any of them.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_17e"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">&amp;</code> is used to align the equations vertically and the 
-        <code class="literal">\\</code> command is used to break the lines. Line numbering can be skipped for a particular line in the 
-        <code class="literal">align</code> environment by placing a 
-        <code class="literal">\nonumber</code> before the line break.
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{align}
-\alpha^2 + \beta^2 &amp;= \gamma^2 \\
-\sum_{i=1}^ni &amp;= \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\\
-\sqrt{-1} &amp;= \pm1 \nonumber
-\end{align}
-
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="10.5. Arrays and Matrices">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="arrays-and-matrices"></a>10.5. Arrays and Matrices</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_17f"></a>To typeset arrays, use the 
-        <code class="literal">array</code> environment. It works similar to the 
-        <code class="literal">tabular</code> environment. The 
-        <code class="literal">\\</code> command is used to break the lines. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{equation*}
-\mathbf{X} = \left(
- \begin{array}{ccc}
- a_1 &amp; a_2 &amp; \ldots \\
- b_1 &amp; b_2 &amp; \ldots \\
- \vdots &amp; \vdots &amp; \ddots
- \end{array} \right)
-\end{equation*}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_180"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">array</code> environment can also be used to typeset piecewise functions by using a “.” as an invisible 
-        <code class="literal">\right</code> delimiter :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{equation*}
-f(x) = \left\{
- \begin{array}{rl}
-   0 &amp; \text{if } x \le 0\\
-   1 &amp; \text{if } x &gt; 0
- \end{array} \right.
- \end{equation*}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_181"></a>Six different types of matrix environments are available in the 
-        <code class="literal">amsmath</code> package for typesetting matrices.  They essentially have different delimiters: 
-        <code class="literal">matrix</code> (none), 
-        <code class="literal">pmatrix</code> (, 
-        <code class="literal">bmatrix</code> [, 
-        <code class="literal">Bmatrix</code> {, 
-        <code class="literal">vmatrix</code> | and 
-        <code class="literal">Vmatrix</code> ‖. In these matrix environments, the number of columns need not be specified, unlike the 
-        <code class="literal">array</code> environment. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{equation*}
-  \begin{matrix}
-  1 &amp; 2 \\
-  3 &amp; 4
-  \end{matrix} \qquad
-
-  \begin{bmatrix}
-  1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 \\
-  4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 \\
-  7 &amp; 8 &amp; 9
-  \end{bmatrix}
-\end{equation*}
-
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="11. Miscellaneous Stuff">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="miscellaneous-stuff"></a>11. Miscellaneous Stuff</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="section" title="11.1. Presentations">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="presentations"></a>11.1. Presentations</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_182"></a>LaTeX has quite a few options to produce presentation slides. We shall look at the 
-        <code class="literal">beamer</code> class, which is well developed and easy to use. We shall only briefly look at some of the features of beamer. For the best documentation, look at the beamer user guide.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_183"></a>To write a 
-        <code class="literal">beamer</code> presentation, it is recommended that you use one of the templates that beamer provides. We shall use the 
-        <code class="literal">speaker_introduction</code> template to get started with beamer.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_184"></a>As you can see, the document begins with the 
-        <code class="literal">documentclass</code> being set to beamer.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_185"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">\setbeamertemplate</code> command sets the template for various parameters. The 
-        <code class="literal">background canvas</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">headline</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">footline</code> are being set using the command.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_186"></a>
-        <code class="literal">\usetheme</code> command sets the theme to be used in the presentation.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_187"></a>Notice that each slide is enclosed within 
-        <code class="literal">\begin{frame}</code> and 
-        <code class="literal">\end{frame}</code> commands. The 
-        <code class="literal">\begin{frame}</code> command can be passed the Title and Subtitle of the slide as parameters.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_188"></a>To achieve more with beamer, it is highly recommended that you look at the 
-        <code class="literal">beameruserguide</code>.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="11.2. Including Code">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="including-code"></a>11.2. Including Code</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_189"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">listings</code> package can be used to embed source code into your LaTeX document. We shall briefly explore inserting python code into our document.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_18a"></a>Obviously, you first need to tell LaTeX that you want it to use the 
-        <code class="literal">listings</code> package, using the 
-        <code class="literal">\usepackage</code> command. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\usepackage{listings}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_18b"></a>Then, we tell LaTeX that we are going to embed Python code into this document. A simple code highlighting for Python code can be achieved using this. :</p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\lstset{language=Python,
-        showstringspaces=false,
-       }
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_18c"></a>You might want to customize the code highlighting further using other variables like 
-        <code class="literal">basicstyle</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">commentstyle</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">stringstyle</code>, 
-        <code class="literal">keywordstyle</code> etc. For detailed information on all this, you should look at the 
-        <code class="literal">listings</code> package documentation.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_18d"></a>You include a block of code into your document by enclosing it within the 
-        <code class="literal">lstlisting</code> environment. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\begin{lstlisting}
-string="Hello, World! "
-for i in range(10):
-    print string*i
-\end{lstlisting} 
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_18e"></a>You can also include source code files directly into your latex document, using the 
-        <code class="literal">lstinputlisting</code> command. :
-      </p>
-<pre class="programlisting">\lstinputlisting[lastline=20]{lstexample.py}
-
-</pre>
-<p id="x_18f"></a>This command includes the first 20 lines of the file 
-        <code class="literal">lstexample.py</code> into out LaTeX document.
-      </p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="11.3. Including files">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
-<a name="including-files"></a>11.3. Including files</h3></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_190"></a>When working on a large document, it is convenient sometimes, to split the large file into smaller input files and club them together at the time of compiling.</p>
-<p id="x_191"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">\input</code> or 
-        <code class="literal">\include</code> commands may be used to embed one LaTeX file into another. The 
-        <code class="literal">\input</code> command is equivalent to a copy and paste of the document, just before the compilation. The 
-        <code class="literal">\include</code> command is exactly similar, except for the fact that it creates a new page every time it is issued.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_192"></a>
-        <code class="literal">\input{file}</code> or 
-        <code class="literal">\include{file}</code> commands will include the file 
-        <code class="literal">file1.tex</code> with in the file where the command has been issued. Note that you do not need to specify the 
-        <code class="literal">.tex</code> extension of the file.
-      </p>
-<p id="x_193"></a>The 
-        <code class="literal">\includeonly</code> is useful for debugging or testing the LaTeX document that you are creating, since it restricts the 
-        <code class="literal">\include</code> command. Only the files which are given as arguments to the 
-        <code class="literal">\includeonly</code> command will be included in the document (wherever a 
-        <code class="literal">\include</code> command for those files, has been issued).
-      </p>
-<div class="section" title="11.3.1. A note on filenames">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
-<a name="a-note-on-filenames"></a>11.3.1. A note on filenames</h4></div></div></div>
-<p id="x_194"></a>Never use filenames or directories that contain spaces. Make filenames as long or short as you would like, but strictly avoid spaces. Stick to upper or lower case letters (without accents), the digits, the hyphen and the full stop or period.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" title="12. Recommended Reading">
-<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="recommended-reading"></a>12. Recommended Reading</h2></div></div></div>
-<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_195"></a>
-          <span class="emphasis"><em>LaTeX Wikibook</em></span>
-        </p></li>
-<li class="listitem"><p id="x_196"></a>
-          <span class="emphasis"><em>The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e</em></span> by Tobias Oetikar et al..
-        </p></li>
-</ol></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div></body>
-</html>