\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\title{Python: Data Structures}

\author{FOSSEE}

\usepackage{listings}

\lstset{language=Python,

    basicstyle=\ttfamily,

commentstyle=\itshape\bfseries, 

showstringspaces=false

}

\newcommand{\typ}[1]{\lstinline{#1}}

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\begin{document}

\date{}

\vspace{-1in}

\begin{center}

\LARGE{Python: Functions and Objects}\\

\large{FOSSEE}

\end{center}

\section{Function}

\subsection{Function definition}

  \begin{lstlisting}

  \end{lstlisting}

%\typ{def} is a keyword, which is used to define a function with given name.

\subsection{Usage}

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: signum(4)

Out[]: 1

In []: signum(0)

Out[]: 0

In []: signum(-4)

Out[]: -1

In []: signum() # ERROR signum() takes exactly 1 argument(0 given)

\end{lstlisting}

\subsection{Default Arguments}

This feature allow the functions to take the arguments optionally. For example:

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: greet = 'hello world'

In []: greet.split()

Out[]: ['hello', 'world']

\end{lstlisting}

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: line = 'Rossum, Guido, 54, 46, 55'

In []: line.split(',') #split with ','

Out[]: ['Rossum', ' Guido', ' 54',

                        ' 46', ' 55']

\end{lstlisting}

Function to work with default argument can be defined as:

\begin{lstlisting}

def welcome(greet, name='world!'):

  print greet, name

\end{lstlisting}

above function can be used as:

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: welcome("Hello") #using default argument

Hello World!

In []: welcome("Hi", "Guido") #taking name via argument

Hi Guido

\end{lstlisting}

\subsection{Keyword Arguments}

This feature provides the facility of passing arguments by specifying the name of the parameter as defined in the function definition. You dont have to remember the order of the parameters in function definition. For example:

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: plot(y, sin(y), 'g', linewidth=2)

In []: plot(y, cos(y), linewidth=1, color='g')

\end{lstlisting}

Both call to \typ{plot} function will work and paramenters are set accordingly.\\

One can define a function such that keyword arguments can be used in following way:

\begin{lstlisting}

def wish(name='World', greetings='Hello'):

  print greetings, name

\end{lstlisting}

This function can be called as:

\begin{lstlisting}

In [13]: wish() #default arguments will work

Hello World

In [14]: wish(greetings='hey', name='madhu')

hey madhu

In [15]: wish(name='vattam', greetings = 'get lost')

get lost vattam

\end{lstlisting}

\section{Self contained python script}

Functions like \typ{plot}, \typ{linspace} etc are not inbuilt functions. One have to import them to use them.

  \begin{lstlisting}

from scipy import linspace, pi, sin

from pylab import plot, legend, annotate

from pylab import xlim, ylim

x = linspace(-5*pi, 5*pi, 500)

plot(x, x, 'b')

plot(x, -x, 'b')

plot(x, sin(x), 'g', linewidth=2)

plot(x, x*sin(x), 'r', linewidth=3)

legend(['x', '-x', 'sin(x)', 'xsin(x)'])

annotate('origin', xy = (0, 0))

xlim(-5*pi, 5*pi)

ylim(-5*pi, 5*pi)

  \end{lstlisting}

\begin{lstlisting}

$ ipython -pylab

In []: %run -i sine_plot.py

\end{lstlisting} %$

\section{objects}

In Python everything is a object! All variables, lists, tuples, dictionaries and even functions are objects. 

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: b = "Hello World"

Out[]: ['Hello', 'World']

\end{lstlisting}

``.'' is a operator used to call functions defined for given object.

\section{Links and References}

\begin{itemize}

\item Some of inbult functions available with Python are listed at\\ \url{http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html}

\item Reference manual to describe the standard libraries  that are distributed with Python is available at \url{http://docs.python.org/library/} 

\end{itemize}

\end{document}