***** Simple IO

******* raw_input

******* console output

    In the previous tutorial we have looked at data types for dealing

    with numbers. In this tutorial we shall look at strings. We shall

    look at how to do elementary string manipulation, and simple input

    and output operations. 

    As, we have seen in previous tutorials, anything enclosed within

    quotes is a string. For example -

    They could either be enclosed in single or double quotes. There is

    also a special type of string enclosed in triple single or double

    quotes. 

    These are special type of strings, called docstrings, which shall

    be discussed along with functions. 

    Like lists, which we already saw, string elements can be accessed

    with their indexes. The indexing here, also, begins from 0. 

    To access the last element, we can use -1 as the index!

    Similarly, we could access other elements with corresponding -ve

    indexes. This is a very handy feature of python. 

    The len function, which we used with lists, works with strings too. 

    len(a)

    Python's strings support the operations + and *

    a + b

    a * 4

    What do you think would happen when you do a * a?

    It's obviously an error since, it doesn't make any logical sense. 

    One thing to note about strings, is that they are immutable, that

    is 

    throws an error

    Then how does one go about changing strings? Python provides

    'methods' for doing various manipulations on strings. For example - 

    a.upper() returns a string with all letters capitalized.

    and a.lower() returns a string with all smaller case letters.

    returns True if the string starts with the argument passed. 

    similarly there's endswith

    We've seen the use of split function in the previous

    tutorials. split returns a list after splitting the string on the

    given argument. 

    alist = a.split()

    will give list with four elements.

    print alist

    Python also has a 'join' function, which does the opposite of what

    ' '.join(alist) will return the original string a. 

    '-'.join(alist) will return a string with the spaces in the string

    'a' replaced with hyphens. 

    * formatting - printf style *

      In []: x, y = 1, 1.234

      In []: 'x is %s, y is %s' %(x, y)

      Out[]: 'x is 1, y is 1.234'

    * formatting - printf style *

    Now we shall look at simple input from and output to the

    console. 

    The raw_input function allows us to give input from the console. 

    a = raw_input()

    it is now waiting for the user input. 

    5

    a

    raw_input also allows us to give a prompt string, as shown 

    a = raw_input("Enter a value: ")

    Enter a value: 5

    Note that a, is now a string variable and not an integer. 

    type(a)

    we could use type conversion similar to that shown in the tutorial

    on numeric datatypes. 

    a = int(a)

    a has now been converted to an integer. 

    type(a)

    For console output, we use print which is pretty straightforward. 

    We shall look at a subtle feature of the print statement. 

    We shall first put the following code snippet in the file

    "hello1.py"

    print "Hello"

    print "World"

    We save the file and run it from the ipython interpreter. Make

    sure you navigate to the place, where you have saved it. 

    %run -i hello1.py

    Now we make a small change to the code snippet and save it in the

    file named "hello2.py"

    print "Hello", 

    print "World"

    We now run this file, from the ipython interpreter. 

    %run -i hello2.py

    Note the difference in the output of the two files that we

    executed. The comma adds a space at the end of the line, instead

    of a new line character that is normally added. 

    Before we wind up, a couple of miscellaneous things. 

    As you may have already noticed, Python is a dynamically typed

    language, that is you don't have to specify the type of a variable

    when using a new one. You don't have to do anything special, to use

    a variable that was of int type as a float or string. 

    a = 1

    a = 1.1

    a = "Now I am a string!"

    Comments in Python start with a pound or hash sign. Anything after

    a #, until the end of the line is considered a comment, except of

    course, if the hash is in a string. 

    a = 1 # in-line comments

    # a comment line

    a = "# not a comment"

    we come to the end of this tutorial on strings introduction of Data types in