author | amit@thunder |
Tue, 23 Feb 2010 19:43:04 +0530 (2010-02-23) | |
changeset 25 | ed38dd9bdb50 |
parent 24 | 10074d1357ff |
child 27 | cb14131583c6 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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The first commit of all the required files for the review app
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<html> |
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<head> |
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> |
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<title> |
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Chapter. strings_dicts |
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</title> |
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css" /> |
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /> |
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<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png" /> |
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"> |
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</script> |
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"> |
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</script> |
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"> |
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</script> |
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</head> |
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<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"> |
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<div class="chapter" id="ch4strings_dicts"> |
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<div class="titlepage"> |
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</div> |
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<div class="toc"> |
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<p> |
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<b> |
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Table of Contents |
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</b> |
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</p> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="article"> |
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Strings |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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1. String Formatting |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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2. String Methods |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<span class="section"> |
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2.1. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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find |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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2.2. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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join |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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<span class="section"> |
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2.3. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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lower |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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<a href="#id2742502"> |
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2.4. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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replace |
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</strong> |
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<a href="#id2742559"> |
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2.5. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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split |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2742618"> |
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2.6. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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strip |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2742662"> |
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3. Introduction to the standard library |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2742739"> |
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4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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4.1. Opening Files |
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<span class="section"> |
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4.2. Reading and Writing files |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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5. Dictionaries |
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<dl> |
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5.1. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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dict() |
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</span> |
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<dt> |
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5.2. Dictionary Methods |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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</dl> |
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</div> |
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<div class="article" title="Strings"> |
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<div class="titlepage"> |
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<div> |
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<div> |
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<h2 class="title"> |
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</a> |
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Strings |
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</h2> |
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</div> |
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</div> |
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<hr /> |
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</div> |
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<div class="toc"> |
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<p> |
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<b> |
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Table of Contents |
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</b> |
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</p> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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1. String Formatting |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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2. String Methods |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<span class="section"> |
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2.1. |
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<strong> |
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find |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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2.2. |
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<strong> |
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join |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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2.3. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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lower |
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</strong> |
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2.4. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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replace |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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</a> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
|
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<a href="#id2742559"> |
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2.5. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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split |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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</a> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<a href="#id2742618"> |
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2.6. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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strip |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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</a> |
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</span> |
|
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
|
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</dd> |
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<a href="#id2742662"> |
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3. Introduction to the standard library |
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</a> |
308 |
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<a href="#id2742739"> |
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4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files |
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<dl> |
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<a href="#id2742769"> |
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4.1. Opening Files |
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</a> |
324 |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2742943"> |
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4.2. Reading and Writing files |
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</a> |
331 |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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<a href="#id2743108"> |
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5. Dictionaries |
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</a> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2743164"> |
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5.1. |
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<span class="strong"> |
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<strong> |
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dict() |
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</strong> |
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</span> |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2743228"> |
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5.2. Dictionary Methods |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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</dl> |
366 |
</div> |
|
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367 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1"> |
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368 |
Strings were briefly introduced previously in the introduction document. In this |
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369 |
section strings will be presented in greater detail. All the standard operations |
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370 |
that can be performed on sequences such as indexing, slicing, multiplication, length |
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371 |
minimum and maximum can be performed on string variables as well. One thing to |
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372 |
be noted is that strings are immutable, which means that string variables are |
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373 |
unchangeable. Hence, all item and slice assignments on strings are illegal. |
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374 |
Let us look at a few example. |
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375 |
</p> |
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376 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
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377 |
>>> name = 'PythonFreak' |
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378 |
>>> print name[3] |
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379 |
h |
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380 |
>>> print name[-1] |
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381 |
k |
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382 |
>>> print name[6:] |
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383 |
Freak |
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384 |
>>> name[6:0] = 'Maniac' |
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385 |
Traceback (most recent call last): |
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386 |
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> |
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387 |
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment |
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388 |
</pre> |
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389 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2"> |
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390 |
This is quite expected, since string objects are immutable as already mentioned. |
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391 |
The error message is clear in mentioning that 'str' object does not support item |
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392 |
assignment. |
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393 |
</p> |
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394 |
<div class="section" title="1.String Formatting"> |
6 | 395 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
396 |
<div> |
|
397 |
<div> |
|
398 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
25 | 399 |
<a name="id2689970"> |
6 | 400 |
</a> |
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401 |
1.String Formatting |
6 | 402 |
</h2> |
403 |
</div> |
|
404 |
</div> |
|
405 |
</div> |
|
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406 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_3"> |
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407 |
String formatting can be performed using the string formatting operator represented |
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408 |
as the percent (%) sign. The string placed before the % sign is formatted with |
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409 |
the value placed to the right of it. Let us look at a simple example. |
6 | 410 |
</p> |
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411 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
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412 |
>>> format = 'Hello %s, from PythonFreak' |
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413 |
>>> str1 = 'world!' |
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414 |
>>> print format % str1 |
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415 |
Hello world!, from PythonFreak |
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416 |
</pre> |
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417 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_4"> |
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418 |
The %s parts of the format string are called the coversion specifiers. The coversion |
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419 |
specifiers mark the places where the formatting has to be performed in a string. |
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420 |
In the example the %s is replaced by the value of str1. More than one value can |
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421 |
also be formatted at a time by specifying the values to be formatted using tuples |
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422 |
and dictionaries (explained in later sections). Let us look at an example. |
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423 |
</p> |
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424 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
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425 |
>>> format = 'Hello %s, from %s' |
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426 |
>>> values = ('world!', 'PythonFreak') |
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427 |
>>> print format % values |
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428 |
Hello world!, from PythonFreak |
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429 |
</pre> |
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430 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_5"> |
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431 |
In this example it can be observed that the format string contains two conversion |
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432 |
specifiers and they are formatted using the tuple of values as shown. |
6 | 433 |
</p> |
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434 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_6"> |
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435 |
The s in %s specifies that the value to be replaced is of type string. Values of |
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436 |
other types can be specified as well such as integers and floats. Integers are |
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437 |
specified as %d and floats as %f. The precision with which the integer or the |
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438 |
float values are to be represented can also be specified using a |
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439 |
<span class="strong"> |
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|
440 |
<strong> |
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|
441 |
. |
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442 |
</strong> |
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443 |
</span> |
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444 |
( |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
445 |
<span class="strong"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
446 |
<strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
447 |
dot |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
448 |
</strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
449 |
</span> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
450 |
) |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
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diff
changeset
|
451 |
followed by the precision value. |
6 | 452 |
</p> |
24
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
453 |
</div> |
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amit@thunder
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|
454 |
<div class="section" title="2.String Methods"> |
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
455 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
456 |
<div> |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
457 |
<div> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
458 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
25 | 459 |
<a name="id2742387"> |
24
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amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
460 |
</a> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
461 |
2.String Methods |
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amit@thunder
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diff
changeset
|
462 |
</h2> |
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amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
463 |
</div> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
464 |
</div> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
465 |
</div> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
466 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_7"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
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diff
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|
467 |
Similar to list methods, strings also have a rich set of methods to perform various |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
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|
468 |
operations on strings. Some of the most important and popular ones are presented |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
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diff
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|
469 |
in this section. |
6 | 470 |
</p> |
24
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
471 |
<div class="section" title="2.1.find"> |
6 | 472 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
473 |
<div> |
|
474 |
<div> |
|
475 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
25 | 476 |
<a name="id2742402"> |
6 | 477 |
</a> |
24
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amit@thunder
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diff
changeset
|
478 |
2.1. |
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amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
479 |
<span class="strong"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
480 |
<strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
481 |
find |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
482 |
</strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
483 |
</span> |
6 | 484 |
</h3> |
485 |
</div> |
|
486 |
</div> |
|
487 |
</div> |
|
24
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amit@thunder
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|
488 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_8"> |
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amit@thunder
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diff
changeset
|
489 |
The |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
490 |
<span class="strong"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
491 |
<strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
492 |
find |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
493 |
</strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
494 |
</span> |
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amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
495 |
method is used to search for a substring within a given string. It |
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
496 |
returns the left most index of the first occurence of the substring. If the |
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
497 |
substring is not found in the string then it returns -1. Let us look at a few |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
498 |
examples. |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
499 |
</p> |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
500 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
501 |
>>> longstring = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak' |
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
502 |
>>> longstring.find('Python') |
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amit@thunder
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diff
changeset
|
503 |
19 |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
504 |
>>> longstring.find('Perl') |
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amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
505 |
-1 |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
506 |
</pre> |
6 | 507 |
</div> |
24
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amit@thunder
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diff
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|
508 |
<div class="section" title="2.2.join"> |
6 | 509 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
510 |
<div> |
|
511 |
<div> |
|
512 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
25 | 513 |
<a name="id2742432"> |
6 | 514 |
</a> |
24
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
515 |
2.2. |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
516 |
<span class="strong"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
517 |
<strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
518 |
join |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
519 |
</strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
520 |
</span> |
6 | 521 |
</h3> |
522 |
</div> |
|
523 |
</div> |
|
524 |
</div> |
|
525 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_9"> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
526 |
The |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
527 |
<span class="strong"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
528 |
<strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
529 |
join |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
530 |
</strong> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
531 |
</span> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
532 |
method is used to join the elements of a sequence. The sequence |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
533 |
elements that are to be join ed should all be strings. Let us look at a few |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
534 |
examples. |
6 | 535 |
</p> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
536 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
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amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
537 |
>>> seq = ['With', 'great', 'power', 'comes', 'great', 'responsibility'] |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
538 |
>>> sep = ' ' |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
539 |
>>> sep.join(seq) |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
540 |
'With great power comes great responsibility' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
541 |
>>> sep = ',!' |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
542 |
>>> sep.join(seq) |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
543 |
'With,!great,!power,!comes,!great,!responsibility' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
544 |
</pre> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
545 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_a"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
546 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
547 |
<em> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
548 |
Try this yourself |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
549 |
</em> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
550 |
</span> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
551 |
</p> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
552 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
553 |
>>> seq = [12,34,56,78] |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
554 |
>>> sep.join(seq) |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
555 |
</pre> |
6 | 556 |
</div> |
24
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
557 |
<div class="section" title="2.3.lower"> |
6 | 558 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
559 |
<div> |
|
560 |
<div> |
|
561 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
25 | 562 |
<a name="id2742472"> |
6 | 563 |
</a> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
564 |
2.3. |
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amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
565 |
<span class="strong"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
566 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
567 |
lower |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
568 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
569 |
</span> |
6 | 570 |
</h3> |
571 |
</div> |
|
572 |
</div> |
|
573 |
</div> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
574 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_b"> |
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Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
575 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
576 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
577 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
578 |
lower |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
579 |
</strong> |
6 | 580 |
</span> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
581 |
method, as the name indicates, converts the entire text of a string |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
582 |
to lower case. It is specially useful in cases where the programmers deal with case |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
583 |
insensitive data. Let us look at a few examples. |
6 | 584 |
</p> |
585 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
586 |
>>> sometext = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
587 |
>>> sometext.lower() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
588 |
'hello world!, from pythonfreak' |
6 | 589 |
</pre> |
590 |
</div> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
591 |
<div class="section" title="2.4.replace"> |
6 | 592 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
593 |
<div> |
|
594 |
<div> |
|
595 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
25 | 596 |
<a name="id2742502"> |
6 | 597 |
</a> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
598 |
2.4. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
599 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
600 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
601 |
replace |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
602 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
603 |
</span> |
6 | 604 |
</h3> |
605 |
</div> |
|
606 |
</div> |
|
607 |
</div> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
608 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_c"> |
6 | 609 |
The |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
610 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
611 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
612 |
replace |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
613 |
</strong> |
6 | 614 |
</span> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
615 |
method replaces a substring with another substring within |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
616 |
a given string and returns the new string. Let us look at an example. |
6 | 617 |
</p> |
618 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
619 |
>>> sometext = 'Concise, precise and criticise is some of the words that end with ise' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
620 |
>>> sometext.replace('is', 'are') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
621 |
'Concaree, precaree and criticaree are some of the words that end with aree' |
6 | 622 |
</pre> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
623 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_d"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
624 |
Observe here that all the occurences of the substring |
6 | 625 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
626 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
627 |
is |
6 | 628 |
</em> |
629 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
630 |
have been replaced, |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
631 |
even the |
6 | 632 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
633 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
634 |
is |
6 | 635 |
</em> |
636 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
637 |
in |
6 | 638 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
639 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
640 |
concise |
6 | 641 |
</em> |
642 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
643 |
, |
6 | 644 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
645 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
646 |
precise |
6 | 647 |
</em> |
648 |
</span> |
|
649 |
and |
|
650 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
651 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
652 |
criticise |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
653 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
654 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
655 |
have been replaced. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
656 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
657 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
658 |
<div class="section" title="2.5.split"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
659 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
660 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
661 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
662 |
<h3 class="title"> |
25 | 663 |
<a name="id2742559"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
664 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
665 |
2.5. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
666 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
667 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
668 |
split |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
669 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
670 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
671 |
</h3> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
672 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
673 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
674 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
675 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_e"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
676 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
677 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
678 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
679 |
split |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
680 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
681 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
682 |
is one of the very important string methods. split is the opposite of the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
683 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
684 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
685 |
join |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
686 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
687 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
688 |
method. It is used to split a string based on the argument passed as the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
689 |
delimiter. It returns a list of strings. By default when no argument is passed it |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
690 |
splits with |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
691 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
692 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
693 |
space |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
694 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
695 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
696 |
(' ') as the delimiter. Let us look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
697 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
698 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
699 |
>>> grocerylist = 'butter, cucumber, beer(a grocery item??), wheatbread' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
700 |
>>> grocerylist.split(',') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
701 |
['butter', ' cucumber', ' beer(a grocery item??)', ' wheatbread'] |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
702 |
>>> grocerylist.split() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
703 |
['butter,', 'cucumber,', 'beer(a', 'grocery', 'item??),', 'wheatbread'] |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
704 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
705 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_f"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
706 |
Observe here that in the second case when the delimiter argument was not set |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
707 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
708 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
709 |
split |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
710 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
711 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
712 |
was done with |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
713 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
714 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
715 |
space |
6 | 716 |
</em> |
717 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
718 |
as the delimiter. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
719 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
720 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
721 |
<div class="section" title="2.6.strip"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
722 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
723 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
724 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
725 |
<h3 class="title"> |
25 | 726 |
<a name="id2742618"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
727 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
728 |
2.6. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
729 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
730 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
731 |
strip |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
732 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
733 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
734 |
</h3> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
735 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
736 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
737 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
738 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_10"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
739 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
740 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
741 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
742 |
strip |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
743 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
744 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
745 |
method is used to remove or |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
746 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
747 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
748 |
strip |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
749 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
750 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
751 |
off any whitespaces that exist |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
752 |
to the left and right of a string, but not the whitespaces within a string. Let |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
753 |
us look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
754 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
755 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
756 |
>>> spacedtext = " Where's the text?? " |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
757 |
>>> spacedtext.strip() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
758 |
"Where's the text??" |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
759 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
760 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_11"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
761 |
Observe that the whitespaces between the words have not been removed. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
762 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
763 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
764 |
Note: Very important thing to note is that all the methods shown above do not |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
765 |
transform the source string. The source string still remains the same. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
766 |
Remember that **strings are immutable**. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
767 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
768 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
769 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
770 |
<div class="section" title="3.Introduction to the standard library"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
771 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
772 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
773 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
774 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
25 | 775 |
<a name="id2742662"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
776 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
777 |
3.Introduction to the standard library |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
778 |
</h2> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
779 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
780 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
781 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
782 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_12"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
783 |
Python is often referred to as a "Batteries included!" language, mainly because |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
784 |
of the Python Standard Library. The Python Standard Library provides an extensive |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
785 |
set of features some of which are available directly for use while some require to |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
786 |
import a few |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
787 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
788 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
789 |
modules |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
790 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
791 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
792 |
. The Standard Library provides various built-in functions |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
793 |
like: |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
794 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
795 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
796 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
797 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
798 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_13"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
799 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
800 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
801 |
abs() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
802 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
803 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
804 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
805 |
</li> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
806 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
807 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_14"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
808 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
809 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
810 |
dict() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
811 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
812 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
813 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
814 |
</li> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
815 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
816 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_15"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
817 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
818 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
819 |
enumerate() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
820 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
821 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
822 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
823 |
</li> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
824 |
</ul> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
825 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
826 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_16"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
827 |
The built-in constants like |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
828 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
829 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
830 |
True |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
831 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
832 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
833 |
and |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
834 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
835 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
836 |
False |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
837 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
838 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
839 |
are provided by the Standard Library. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
840 |
More information about the Python Standard Library is available |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
841 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
842 |
<div class="reference"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
843 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
844 |
<hr /> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
845 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
846 |
http://docs.python.org/library/ |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
847 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
848 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
849 |
<div class="section" title="4.I/O: Reading and Writing Files"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
850 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
851 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
852 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
853 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
25 | 854 |
<a name="id2742739"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
855 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
856 |
4.I/O: Reading and Writing Files |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
857 |
</h2> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
858 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
859 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
860 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
861 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_17"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
862 |
Files are very important aspects when it comes to computing and programming. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
863 |
Up until now the focus has been on small programs that interacted with users |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
864 |
through |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
865 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
866 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
867 |
input() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
868 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
869 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
870 |
and |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
871 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
872 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
873 |
raw_input() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
874 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
875 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
876 |
. Generally, for computational purposes |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
877 |
it becomes necessary to handle files, which are usually large in size as well. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
878 |
This section focuses on basics of file handling. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
879 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
880 |
<div class="section" title="4.1.Opening Files"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
881 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
882 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
883 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
884 |
<h3 class="title"> |
25 | 885 |
<a name="id2742769"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
886 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
887 |
4.1.Opening Files |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
888 |
</h3> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
889 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
890 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
891 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
892 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_18"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
893 |
Files can be opened using the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
894 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
895 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
896 |
open() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
897 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
898 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
899 |
method. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
900 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
901 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
902 |
open() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
903 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
904 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
905 |
accepts 3 arguments |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
906 |
out of which 2 are optional. Let us look at the syntax of |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
907 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
908 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
909 |
open() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
910 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
911 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
912 |
: |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
913 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
914 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_19"> |
6 | 915 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
916 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
917 |
f = open( filename, mode, buffering) |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
918 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
919 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
920 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
921 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1a"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
922 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
923 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
924 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
925 |
filename |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
926 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
927 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
928 |
is a compulsory argument while the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
929 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
930 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
931 |
mode |
6 | 932 |
</em> |
933 |
</span> |
|
934 |
and |
|
935 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
936 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
937 |
buffering |
6 | 938 |
</em> |
939 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
940 |
are |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
941 |
optional. The |
6 | 942 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
943 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
944 |
filename |
6 | 945 |
</em> |
946 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
947 |
should be a string and it should be the complete path |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
948 |
to the file to be opened (The path can be absolute or relative). Let us look at |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
949 |
an example. |
6 | 950 |
</p> |
951 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
952 |
>>> f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst') |
6 | 953 |
</pre> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
954 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1b"> |
6 | 955 |
The |
956 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
957 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
958 |
mode |
6 | 959 |
</em> |
960 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
961 |
argument specifies the mode in which the file has to be opened. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
962 |
The following are the valid mode arguments: |
6 | 963 |
</p> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
964 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1c"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
965 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
966 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
967 |
r |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
968 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
969 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
970 |
- Read mode |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
971 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
972 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
973 |
w |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
974 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
975 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
976 |
- Write mode |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
977 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
978 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
979 |
a |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
980 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
981 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
982 |
- Append mode |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
983 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
984 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
985 |
b |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
986 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
987 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
988 |
- Binary mode |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
989 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
990 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
991 |
+ |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
992 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
993 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
994 |
- Read/Write mode |
6 | 995 |
</p> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
996 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1d"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
997 |
The read mode opens the file as a read-only document. The write mode opens the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
998 |
file in the Write only mode. In the write mode, if the file existed prior to the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
999 |
opening, the previous contents of the file are erased. The append mode opens the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1000 |
file in the write mode but the previous contents of the file are not erased and |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1001 |
the current data is appended onto the file. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1002 |
The binary and the read/write modes are special in the sense that they are added |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1003 |
onto other modes. The read/write mode opens the file in the reading and writing |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1004 |
mode combined. The binary mode can be used to open a files that do not contain |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1005 |
text. Binary files such as images should be opened in the binary mode. Let us look |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1006 |
at a few examples. |
6 | 1007 |
</p> |
1008 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1009 |
>>> f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst', 'r') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1010 |
>>> f = open ('armstrong.py', 'r+') |
6 | 1011 |
</pre> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1012 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1e"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1013 |
The third argument to the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1014 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1015 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1016 |
open() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1017 |
</strong> |
6 | 1018 |
</span> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1019 |
method is the |
6 | 1020 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1021 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1022 |
buffering |
6 | 1023 |
</em> |
1024 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1025 |
argument. This takes |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1026 |
a boolean value, |
6 | 1027 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1028 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1029 |
True |
6 | 1030 |
</em> |
1031 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1032 |
or |
6 | 1033 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1034 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1035 |
1 |
6 | 1036 |
</em> |
1037 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1038 |
indicates that buffering has to be enabled on the file, |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1039 |
that is the file is loaded on to the main memory and the changes made to the file are |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1040 |
not immediately written to the disk. If the |
6 | 1041 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1042 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1043 |
buffering |
6 | 1044 |
</em> |
1045 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1046 |
argument is |
6 | 1047 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1048 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1049 |
0 |
6 | 1050 |
</em> |
1051 |
</span> |
|
1052 |
or |
|
1053 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
1054 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1055 |
False |
6 | 1056 |
</em> |
1057 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1058 |
the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1059 |
changes are directly written on to the disk immediately. |
6 | 1060 |
</p> |
1061 |
</div> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1062 |
<div class="section" title="4.2.Reading and Writing files"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1063 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1064 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1065 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1066 |
<h3 class="title"> |
25 | 1067 |
<a name="id2742943"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1068 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1069 |
4.2.Reading and Writing files |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1070 |
</h3> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1071 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1072 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1073 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1074 |
<div class="section" title="4.2.1.write()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1075 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1076 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1077 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1078 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1079 |
<a name="id2742952"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1080 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1081 |
4.2.1. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1082 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1083 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1084 |
write() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1085 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1086 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1087 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1088 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1089 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1090 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1091 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_1f"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1092 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1093 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1094 |
write() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1095 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1096 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1097 |
, evidently, is used to write data onto a file. It takes the data to |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1098 |
be written as the argument. The data can be a string, an integer, a float or any |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1099 |
other datatype. In order to be able to write data onto a file, the file has to |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1100 |
be opened in one of |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1101 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1102 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1103 |
w |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1104 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1105 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1106 |
, |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1107 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1108 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1109 |
a |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1110 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1111 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1112 |
or |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1113 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1114 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1115 |
+ |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1116 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1117 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1118 |
modes. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1119 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1120 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1121 |
<div class="section" title="4.2.2.read()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1122 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1123 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1124 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1125 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1126 |
<a name="id2742991"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1127 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1128 |
4.2.2. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1129 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1130 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1131 |
read() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1132 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1133 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1134 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1135 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1136 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1137 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1138 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_20"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1139 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1140 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1141 |
read() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1142 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1143 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1144 |
is used to read data from a file. It takes the number of bytes of data |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1145 |
to be read as the argument. If nothing is specified by default it reads the entire |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1146 |
contents from the current position to the end of file. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1147 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1148 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_21"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1149 |
Let us look at a few examples: |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1150 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1151 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1152 |
>>> f = open ('randomtextfile', 'w') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1153 |
>>> f.write('Hello all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1154 |
>>> f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1155 |
>>> f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1156 |
>>> f.read(5) |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1157 |
'Hello' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1158 |
>>> f.read() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1159 |
' all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1160 |
>>> f.close() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1161 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1162 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1163 |
<div class="section" title="4.2.3.readline()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1164 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1165 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1166 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1167 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1168 |
<a name="id2743026"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1169 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1170 |
4.2.3. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1171 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1172 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1173 |
readline() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1174 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1175 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1176 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1177 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1178 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1179 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1180 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_22"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1181 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1182 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1183 |
readline() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1184 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1185 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1186 |
is used to read a file line by line. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1187 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1188 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1189 |
readline() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1190 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1191 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1192 |
reads a line |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1193 |
of a file at a time. When an argument is passed to |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1194 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1195 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1196 |
readline() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1197 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1198 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1199 |
it reads that |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1200 |
many bytes from the current line. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1201 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1202 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_23"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1203 |
One other method to read a file line by line is using the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1204 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1205 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1206 |
read() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1207 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1208 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1209 |
and the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1210 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1211 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1212 |
for |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1213 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1214 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1215 |
construct. Let us look at this block of code as an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1216 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1217 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1218 |
>>> f = open('../randomtextfile', 'r') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1219 |
>>> for line in f: |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1220 |
... print line |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1221 |
... |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1222 |
Hello all! |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1223 |
|
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1224 |
This is PythonFreak on the second line. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1225 |
|
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1226 |
This is a random text file on line 3 |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1227 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1228 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1229 |
<div class="section" title="4.2.4.close()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1230 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1231 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1232 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1233 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1234 |
<a name="id2743084"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1235 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1236 |
4.2.4. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1237 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1238 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1239 |
close() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1240 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1241 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1242 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1243 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1244 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1245 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1246 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_24"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1247 |
One must always close all the files that have been opened. Although, files opened |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1248 |
will be closed automatically when the program ends. When files opened in read mode |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1249 |
are not closed it might lead to uselessly locked sometimes. In case of files |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1250 |
opened in the write mode it is more important to close the files. This is because, |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1251 |
Python maybe using the file in the buffering mode and when the file is not closed |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1252 |
the buffer maybe lost completely and the changes made to the file are lost forever. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1253 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1254 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1255 |
</div> |
6 | 1256 |
</div> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1257 |
<div class="section" title="5.Dictionaries"> |
6 | 1258 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
1259 |
<div> |
|
1260 |
<div> |
|
1261 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
25 | 1262 |
<a name="id2743108"> |
6 | 1263 |
</a> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1264 |
5.Dictionaries |
6 | 1265 |
</h2> |
1266 |
</div> |
|
1267 |
</div> |
|
1268 |
</div> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1269 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_25"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1270 |
A dictionary in general, are designed to be able to look up meanings of words. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1271 |
Similarly, the Python dictionaries are also designed to look up for a specific |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1272 |
key and retrieve the corresponding value. Dictionaries are data structures that |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1273 |
provide key-value mappings. Dictionaries are similar to lists except that instead |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1274 |
of the values having integer indexes, dictionaries have keys or strings as indexes. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1275 |
Let us look at an example of how to define dictionaries. |
6 | 1276 |
</p> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1277 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1278 |
>>> dct = { 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid', 'Anil': 'Kumble'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1279 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1280 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_26"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1281 |
The dictionary consists of pairs of strings, which are called |
6 | 1282 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1283 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1284 |
keys |
6 | 1285 |
</em> |
1286 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1287 |
and their |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1288 |
corresponding |
6 | 1289 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1290 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1291 |
values |
6 | 1292 |
</em> |
1293 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1294 |
separated by |
6 | 1295 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
1296 |
<em> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1297 |
: |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1298 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1299 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1300 |
and each of these |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1301 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1302 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1303 |
key-value |
6 | 1304 |
</em> |
1305 |
</span> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1306 |
pairs are |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1307 |
comma(',') separated and the entire structure wrapped in a pair curly braces |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1308 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1309 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1310 |
{} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1311 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1312 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1313 |
. |
6 | 1314 |
</p> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1315 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1316 |
Note: The data inside a dictionary is not ordered. The order in which you enter |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1317 |
the key-value pairs is not the order in which they are stored in the dictionary. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1318 |
Python has an internal storage mechanism for that which is out of the purview |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1319 |
of this document. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1320 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1321 |
<div class="section" title="5.1.dict()"> |
6 | 1322 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
1323 |
<div> |
|
1324 |
<div> |
|
1325 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
25 | 1326 |
<a name="id2743164"> |
6 | 1327 |
</a> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1328 |
5.1. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1329 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1330 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1331 |
dict() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1332 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1333 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1334 |
</h3> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1335 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1336 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1337 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1338 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_27"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1339 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1340 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1341 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1342 |
dict() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1343 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1344 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1345 |
function is used to create dictionaries from other mappings or other |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1346 |
dictionaries. Let us look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1347 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1348 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1349 |
>>> diction = dict(mat = 133, avg = 52.53) |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1350 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1351 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_28"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1352 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1353 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1354 |
String Formatting with Dictionaries: |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1355 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1356 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1357 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1358 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_29"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1359 |
String formatting was discussed in the previous section and it was mentioned that |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1360 |
dictionaries can also be used for formatting more than one value. This section |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1361 |
focuses on the formatting of strings using dictionaries. String formatting using |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1362 |
dictionaries is more appealing than doing the same with tuples. Here the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1363 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1364 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1365 |
keyword |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1366 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1367 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1368 |
can be used as a place holder and the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1369 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1370 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1371 |
value |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1372 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1373 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1374 |
corresponding to it is replaced in |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1375 |
the formatted string. Let us look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1376 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1377 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1378 |
>>> player = { 'Name':'Rahul Dravid', 'Matches':133, 'Avg':52.53, '100s':26 } |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1379 |
>>> strng = '%(Name)s has played %(Matches)d with an average of %(Avg).2f and has %(100s)d hundreds to his name.' |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1380 |
>>> print strng % player |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1381 |
Rahul Dravid has played 133 with an average of 52.53 and has 26 hundreds to his name. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1382 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1383 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1384 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.Dictionary Methods"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1385 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1386 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1387 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1388 |
<h3 class="title"> |
25 | 1389 |
<a name="id2743228"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1390 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1391 |
5.2.Dictionary Methods |
6 | 1392 |
</h3> |
1393 |
</div> |
|
1394 |
</div> |
|
1395 |
</div> |
|
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1396 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.1.clear()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1397 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1398 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1399 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1400 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1401 |
<a name="id2743237"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1402 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1403 |
5.2.1. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1404 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1405 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1406 |
clear() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1407 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1408 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1409 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1410 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1411 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1412 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1413 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2a"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1414 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1415 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1416 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1417 |
clear() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1418 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1419 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1420 |
method removes all the existing |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1421 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1422 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1423 |
key-value |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1424 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1425 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1426 |
pairs from a dictionary. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1427 |
It returns |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1428 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1429 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1430 |
None |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1431 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1432 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1433 |
or rather does not return anything. It is a method that changes |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1434 |
the object. It has to be noted here that dictionaries are not immutable. Let us |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1435 |
look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1436 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1437 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1438 |
>>> dct |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1439 |
{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1440 |
>>> dct.clear() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1441 |
>>> dct |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1442 |
{} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1443 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1444 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1445 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.2.copy()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1446 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1447 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1448 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1449 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1450 |
<a name="id2743272"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1451 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1452 |
5.2.2. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1453 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1454 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1455 |
copy() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1456 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1457 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1458 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1459 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1460 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1461 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1462 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2b"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1463 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1464 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1465 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1466 |
copy() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1467 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1468 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1469 |
returns a copy of a given dictionary. Let us look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1470 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1471 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1472 |
>>> dct = {'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1473 |
>>> dctcopy = dct.copy() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1474 |
>>> dctcopy |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1475 |
{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1476 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1477 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1478 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.3.get()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1479 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1480 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1481 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1482 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1483 |
<a name="id2743303"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1484 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1485 |
5.2.3. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1486 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1487 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1488 |
get() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1489 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1490 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1491 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1492 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1493 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1494 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1495 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2c"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1496 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1497 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1498 |
get() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1499 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1500 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1501 |
returns the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1502 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1503 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1504 |
value |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1505 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1506 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1507 |
for the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1508 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1509 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1510 |
key |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1511 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1512 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1513 |
passed as the argument and if the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1514 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1515 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1516 |
key |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1517 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1518 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1519 |
does not exist in the dictionary, it returns |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1520 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1521 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1522 |
None |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1523 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1524 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1525 |
. Let us look at an |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1526 |
example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1527 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1528 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1529 |
>>> print dctcopy.get('Saurav') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1530 |
None |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1531 |
>>> print dctcopy.get('Anil') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1532 |
Kumble |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1533 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1534 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1535 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.4.has_key()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1536 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1537 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1538 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1539 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1540 |
<a name="id2743341"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1541 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1542 |
5.2.4. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1543 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1544 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1545 |
has_key() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1546 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1547 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1548 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1549 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1550 |
</div> |
6 | 1551 |
</div> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1552 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2d"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1553 |
This method returns |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1554 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1555 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1556 |
True |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1557 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1558 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1559 |
if the given |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1560 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1561 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1562 |
key |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1563 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1564 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1565 |
is in the dictionary, else it returns |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1566 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1567 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1568 |
False |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1569 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1570 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1571 |
. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1572 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1573 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1574 |
>>> dctcopy.has_key('Saurav') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1575 |
False |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1576 |
>>> dctcopy.has_key('Sachin') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1577 |
True |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1578 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1579 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1580 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.5.pop()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1581 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1582 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1583 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1584 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1585 |
<a name="id2743371"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1586 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1587 |
5.2.5. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1588 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1589 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1590 |
pop() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1591 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1592 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1593 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1594 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1595 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1596 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1597 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2e"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1598 |
This method is used to retrieve the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1599 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1600 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1601 |
value |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1602 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1603 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1604 |
of a given |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1605 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1606 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1607 |
key |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1608 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1609 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1610 |
and subsequently |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1611 |
remove the |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1612 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1613 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1614 |
key-value |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1615 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1616 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1617 |
pair from the dictionary. Let us look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1618 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1619 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1620 |
>>> print dctcopy.pop('Sachin') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1621 |
Tendulkar |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1622 |
>>> dctcopy |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1623 |
{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1624 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1625 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1626 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.6.popitem()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1627 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1628 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1629 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1630 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1631 |
<a name="id2743405"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1632 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1633 |
5.2.6. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1634 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1635 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1636 |
popitem() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1637 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1638 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1639 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1640 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1641 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1642 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1643 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_2f"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1644 |
This method randomly pops a |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1645 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1646 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1647 |
key-value |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1648 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1649 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1650 |
pair from a dictionary and returns it. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1651 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1652 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1653 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1654 |
key-value |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1655 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1656 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1657 |
pair returned is removed from the dictionary. Let us look at an |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1658 |
example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1659 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1660 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1661 |
>>> print dctcopy.popitem() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1662 |
('Anil', 'Kumble') |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1663 |
>>> dctcopy |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1664 |
{'Rahul': 'Dravid'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1665 |
|
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1666 |
Note that the item chosen is completely random since dictionaries are unordered |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1667 |
as mentioned earlier. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1668 |
</pre> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1669 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1670 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.7.update()"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1671 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1672 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1673 |
<div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1674 |
<h4 class="title"> |
25 | 1675 |
<a name="id2743440"> |
24
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1676 |
</a> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1677 |
5.2.7. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1678 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1679 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1680 |
update() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1681 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1682 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1683 |
</h4> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1684 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1685 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1686 |
</div> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1687 |
<p id="ch4strings_dicts_30"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1688 |
The |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1689 |
<span class="strong"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1690 |
<strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1691 |
update() |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1692 |
</strong> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1693 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1694 |
method updates the contents of one dictionary with the contents |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1695 |
of another dictionary. For items with existing |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1696 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1697 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1698 |
keys |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1699 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1700 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1701 |
their |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1702 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1703 |
<em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1704 |
values |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1705 |
</em> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1706 |
</span> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1707 |
are updated, |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1708 |
and the rest of the items are added. Let us look at an example. |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1709 |
</p> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1710 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1711 |
>>> dctcopy.update(dct) |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1712 |
>>> dct |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1713 |
{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1714 |
>>> dctcopy |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1715 |
{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'} |
10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents:
16
diff
changeset
|
1716 |
</pre> |
6 | 1717 |
</div> |
1718 |
</div> |
|
1719 |
</div> |
|
1720 |
</div> |
|
1721 |
</div> |
|
1722 |
</body> |
|
0
8083d21c0020
The first commit of all the required files for the review app
amit@thunder
parents:
diff
changeset
|
1723 |
</html> |