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SEESenv/web/html/ch4strings_dicts.html
author amit@thunder
Thu, 25 Feb 2010 00:04:27 +0530
changeset 27 cb14131583c6
parent 25 ed38dd9bdb50
child 28 514098969b11
permissions -rw-r--r--
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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8083d21c0020 The first commit of all the required files for the review app
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<html>
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 <head>
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  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
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  <title>
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   Chapter. strings_dicts
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  </title>
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  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css" />
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  <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" />
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  <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png" />
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  <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js">
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  </script>
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  <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js">
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  </script>
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  <script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js">
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  </script>
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 </head>
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 <body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
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  <div class="chapter" id="ch4strings_dicts">
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   <div class="titlepage">
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   </div>
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   <div class="toc">
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    <p>
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     <b>
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      Table of Contents
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     </b>
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    </p>
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    <dl>
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     <dt>
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      <span class="article">
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       <a href="#id2580313">
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        Strings
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       </a>
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      </span>
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     </dt>
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     <dd>
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      <dl>
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       <dt>
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        <span class="section">
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         <a href="#id2578900">
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          1. String Formatting
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         </a>
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        </span>
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       </dt>
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       <dt>
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        <span class="section">
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         <a href="#id2631317">
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          2. String Methods
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         </a>
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        </span>
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       </dt>
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       <dd>
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        <dl>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2631332">
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            2.1.
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            <span class="strong">
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             <strong>
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              find
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             </strong>
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            </span>
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           </a>
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          </span>
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         </dt>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2631362">
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            2.2.
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            <span class="strong">
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             <strong>
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              join
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             </strong>
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            </span>
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           </a>
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          </span>
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         </dt>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2631402">
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            2.3.
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            <span class="strong">
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             <strong>
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              lower
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             </strong>
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            </span>
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           </a>
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          </span>
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         </dt>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2631432">
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            2.4.
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            <span class="strong">
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             <strong>
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              replace
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             </strong>
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            </span>
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           </a>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2631489">
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            2.5.
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             <strong>
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              split
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             </strong>
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            </span>
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           </a>
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          </span>
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         </dt>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2631548">
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            2.6.
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            <span class="strong">
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             <strong>
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              strip
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             </strong>
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            </span>
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           </a>
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          </span>
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         </dt>
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        </dl>
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       </dd>
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       <dt>
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        <span class="section">
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          3. Introduction to the standard library
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         </a>
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        <span class="section">
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          4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files
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          <span class="section">
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            4.1. Opening Files
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           </a>
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          <span class="section">
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            4.2. Reading and Writing files
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        <span class="section">
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          5. Dictionaries
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         </a>
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        </span>
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       </dt>
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       <dd>
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        <dl>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2632094">
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            5.1.
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            <span class="strong">
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             <strong>
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              dict()
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             </strong>
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            </span>
6
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           </a>
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          </span>
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         </dt>
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         <dt>
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          <span class="section">
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           <a href="#id2632158">
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            5.2. Dictionary Methods
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           </a>
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          </span>
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         </dt>
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        </dl>
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       </dd>
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      </dl>
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     </dd>
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    </dl>
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   </div>
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   <div class="article" title="Strings">
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    <div class="titlepage">
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     <div>
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      <div>
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       <h2 class="title">
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        <a name="id2580313">
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        </a>
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        Strings
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       </h2>
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      </div>
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     </div>
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     <hr />
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    </div>
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    <div class="toc">
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     <p>
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      <b>
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       Table of Contents
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      </b>
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     </p>
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     <dl>
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      <dt>
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       <span class="section">
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        <a href="#id2578900">
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         1. String Formatting
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        </a>
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       </span>
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      </dt>
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      <dt>
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       <span class="section">
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        <a href="#id2631317">
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         2. String Methods
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        </a>
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       </span>
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      </dt>
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      <dd>
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       <dl>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631332">
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           2.1.
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           <span class="strong">
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            <strong>
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             find
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            </strong>
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           </span>
6
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631362">
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           2.2.
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           <span class="strong">
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            <strong>
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             join
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            </strong>
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           </span>
6
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631402">
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   256
 
           2.3.
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   257
 
           <span class="strong">
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            <strong>
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             lower
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            </strong>
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           </span>
6
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631432">
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   268
 
           2.4.
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           <span class="strong">
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            <strong>
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             replace
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            </strong>
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           </span>
6
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631489">
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           2.5.
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           <span class="strong">
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            <strong>
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             split
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            </strong>
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           </span>
6
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631548">
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   292
 
           2.6.
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   293
 
           <span class="strong">
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            <strong>
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             strip
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            </strong>
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           </span>
6
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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       </dl>
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      </dd>
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      <dt>
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       <span class="section">
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        <a href="#id2631592">
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         3. Introduction to the standard library
6
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        </a>
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       </span>
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      </dt>
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      <dt>
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       <span class="section">
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        <a href="#id2631669">
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         4. I/O: Reading and Writing Files
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        </a>
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       </span>
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      </dt>
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      <dd>
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       <dl>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631699">
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           4.1. Opening Files
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
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          <a href="#id2631873">
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           4.2. Reading and Writing files
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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       </dl>
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      </dd>
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      <dt>
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       <span class="section">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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        <a href="#id2632038">
24
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         5. Dictionaries
6
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        </a>
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       </span>
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      </dt>
24
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      <dd>
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       <dl>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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          <a href="#id2632094">
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           5.1.
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           <span class="strong">
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            <strong>
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             dict()
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            </strong>
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           </span>
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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        <dt>
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         <span class="section">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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          <a href="#id2632158">
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           5.2. Dictionary Methods
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          </a>
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         </span>
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        </dt>
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       </dl>
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   364
 
      </dd>
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     </dl>
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    </div>
24
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    <p id="ch4strings_dicts_1">
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     Strings were briefly introduced previously in the introduction document. In this
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section strings will be presented in greater detail. All the standard operations
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that can be performed on sequences such as indexing, slicing, multiplication, length
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minimum and maximum can be performed on string variables as well. One thing to
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be noted is that strings are immutable, which means that string variables are
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unchangeable. Hence, all item and slice assignments on strings are illegal.
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   374
 
Let us look at a few example.
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    </p>
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    <pre class="programlisting">
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     &gt;&gt;&gt; name = 'PythonFreak'
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   378
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; print name[3]
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   379
 
h
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   380
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; print name[-1]
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   381
 
k
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   382
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; print name[6:]
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   383
 
Freak
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&gt;&gt;&gt; name[6:0] = 'Maniac'
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   385
 
Traceback (most recent call last):
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   386
 
  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
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   387
 
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
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   388
 
    </pre>
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   389
 
    <p id="ch4strings_dicts_2">
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   390
 
     This is quite expected, since string objects are immutable as already mentioned.
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   391
 
The error message is clear in mentioning that 'str' object does not support item
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   392
 
assignment.
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   393
 
    </p>
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   394
 
    <div class="section" title="1.String Formatting">
6
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   395
 
     <div class="titlepage">
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   396
 
      <div>
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diff changeset 
   397
 
       <div>
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parents: 2
diff changeset 
   398
 
        <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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diff changeset 
   399
 
         <a name="id2578900">
6
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diff changeset 
   400
 
         </a>
24
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   401
 
         1.String Formatting
6
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diff changeset 
   402
 
        </h2>
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   403
 
       </div>
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parents: 2
diff changeset 
   404
 
      </div>
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diff changeset 
   405
 
     </div>
24
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   406
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_3">
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   407
 
      String formatting can be performed using the string formatting operator represented
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   408
 
as the percent (%) sign. The string placed before the % sign is formatted with
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diff changeset 
   409
 
the value placed to the right of it. Let us look at a simple example.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
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diff changeset 
   410
 
     </p>
24
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   411
 
     <pre class="programlisting">
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   412
 
      &gt;&gt;&gt; format = 'Hello %s, from PythonFreak'
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diff changeset 
   413
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; str1 = 'world!'
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diff changeset 
   414
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; print format % str1
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   415
 
Hello world!, from PythonFreak
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   416
 
     </pre>
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   417
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_4">
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   418
 
      The %s parts of the format string are called the coversion specifiers. The coversion
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diff changeset 
   419
 
specifiers mark the places where the formatting has to be performed in a string.
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   420
 
In the example the %s is replaced by the value of str1. More than one value can
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diff changeset 
   421
 
also be formatted at a time by specifying the values to be formatted using tuples
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   422
 
and dictionaries (explained in later sections). Let us look at an example.
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diff changeset 
   423
 
     </p>
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   424
 
     <pre class="programlisting">
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   425
 
      &gt;&gt;&gt; format = 'Hello %s, from %s'
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diff changeset 
   426
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; values = ('world!', 'PythonFreak')
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amit@thunder
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diff changeset 
   427
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; print format % values
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   428
 
Hello world!, from PythonFreak
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   429
 
     </pre>
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   430
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_5">
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diff changeset 
   431
 
      In this example it can be observed that the format string contains two conversion
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diff changeset 
   432
 
specifiers and they are formatted using the tuple of values as shown.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
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diff changeset 
   433
 
     </p>
24
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diff changeset 
   434
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_6">
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   435
 
      The s in %s specifies that the value to be replaced is of type string. Values of
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amit@thunder
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diff changeset 
   436
 
other types can be specified as well such as integers and floats. Integers are
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diff changeset 
   437
 
specified as %d and floats as %f. The precision with which the integer or the
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diff changeset 
   438
 
float values are to be represented can also be specified using a
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   439
 
      <span class="strong">
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diff changeset 
   440
 
       <strong>
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diff changeset 
   441
 
        .
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diff changeset 
   442
 
       </strong>
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diff changeset 
   443
 
      </span>
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diff changeset 
   444
 
      (
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diff changeset 
   445
 
      <span class="strong">
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   446
 
       <strong>
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   447
 
        dot
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diff changeset 
   448
 
       </strong>
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diff changeset 
   449
 
      </span>
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amit@thunder
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diff changeset 
   450
 
      )
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amit@thunder
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diff changeset 
   451
 
followed by the precision value.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   452
 
     </p>
24
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diff changeset 
   453
 
    </div>
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   454
 
    <div class="section" title="2.String Methods">
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   455
 
     <div class="titlepage">
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   456
 
      <div>
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   457
 
       <div>
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amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   458
 
        <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   459
 
         <a name="id2631317">
24
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diff changeset 
   460
 
         </a>
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diff changeset 
   461
 
         2.String Methods
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diff changeset 
   462
 
        </h2>
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parents: 16
diff changeset 
   463
 
       </div>
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diff changeset 
   464
 
      </div>
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diff changeset 
   465
 
     </div>
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diff changeset 
   466
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_7">
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diff changeset 
   467
 
      Similar to list methods, strings also have a rich set of methods to perform various
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diff changeset 
   468
 
operations on strings. Some of the most important and popular ones are presented
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diff changeset 
   469
 
in this section.
6
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diff changeset 
   470
 
     </p>
24
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diff changeset 
   471
 
     <div class="section" title="2.1.find">
6
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amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   472
 
      <div class="titlepage">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   473
 
       <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   474
 
        <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   475
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   476
 
          <a name="id2631332">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   477
 
          </a>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   478
 
          2.1.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   479
 
          <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   480
 
           <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   481
 
            find
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   482
 
           </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   483
 
          </span>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   484
 
         </h3>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   485
 
        </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   486
 
       </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   487
 
      </div>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   488
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_8">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   489
 
       The
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   490
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   491
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   492
 
         find
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   493
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   494
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   495
 
       method is used to search for a substring within a given string. It
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   496
 
returns the left most index of the first occurence of the substring. If the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   497
 
substring is not found in the string then it returns -1. Let us look at a few
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   498
 
examples.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   499
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   500
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   501
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; longstring = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   502
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; longstring.find('Python')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   503
 
19
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   504
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; longstring.find('Perl')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   505
 
-1
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   506
 
      </pre>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   507
 
     </div>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   508
 
     <div class="section" title="2.2.join">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   509
 
      <div class="titlepage">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   510
 
       <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   511
 
        <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   512
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   513
 
          <a name="id2631362">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   514
 
          </a>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   515
 
          2.2.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   516
 
          <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   517
 
           <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   518
 
            join
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   519
 
           </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   520
 
          </span>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   521
 
         </h3>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   522
 
        </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   523
 
       </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   524
 
      </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   525
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_9">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   526
 
       The
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   527
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   528
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   529
 
         join
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   530
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   531
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   532
 
       method is used to join the elements of a sequence. The sequence
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   533
 
elements that are to be join ed should all be strings. Let us look at a few
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   534
 
examples.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   535
 
      </p>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   536
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   537
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; seq = ['With', 'great', 'power', 'comes', 'great', 'responsibility']
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   538
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; sep = ' '
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   539
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; sep.join(seq)
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   540
 
'With great power comes great responsibility'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   541
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; sep = ',!'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   542
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; sep.join(seq)
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   543
 
'With,!great,!power,!comes,!great,!responsibility'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   544
 
      </pre>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   545
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_a">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   546
 
       <span class="emphasis">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   547
 
        <em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   548
 
         Try this yourself
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   549
 
        </em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   550
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   551
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   552
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   553
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; seq = [12,34,56,78]
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   554
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; sep.join(seq)
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   555
 
      </pre>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   556
 
     </div>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   557
 
     <div class="section" title="2.3.lower">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   558
 
      <div class="titlepage">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   559
 
       <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   560
 
        <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   561
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   562
 
          <a name="id2631402">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   563
 
          </a>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   564
 
          2.3.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   565
 
          <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   566
 
           <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   567
 
            lower
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   568
 
           </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   569
 
          </span>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   570
 
         </h3>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   571
 
        </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   572
 
       </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   573
 
      </div>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   574
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_b">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   575
 
       The
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   576
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   577
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   578
 
         lower
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   579
 
        </strong>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   580
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   581
 
       method, as the name indicates, converts the entire text of a string
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   582
 
to lower case. It is specially useful in cases where the programmers deal with case
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   583
 
insensitive data. Let us look at a few examples.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   584
 
      </p>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   585
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   586
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; sometext = 'Hello world!, from PythonFreak'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   587
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; sometext.lower()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   588
 
'hello world!, from pythonfreak'
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   589
 
      </pre>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   590
 
     </div>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   591
 
     <div class="section" title="2.4.replace">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   592
 
      <div class="titlepage">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   593
 
       <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   594
 
        <div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   595
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   596
 
          <a name="id2631432">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   597
 
          </a>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   598
 
          2.4.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   599
 
          <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   600
 
           <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   601
 
            replace
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   602
 
           </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   603
 
          </span>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   604
 
         </h3>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   605
 
        </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   606
 
       </div>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   607
 
      </div>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   608
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_c">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   609
 
       The
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   610
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   611
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   612
 
         replace
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   613
 
        </strong>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   614
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   615
 
       method replaces a substring with another substring within
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   616
 
a given string and returns the new string. Let us look at an example.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   617
 
      </p>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   618
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   619
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; sometext = 'Concise, precise and criticise is some of the words that end with ise'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   620
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; sometext.replace('is', 'are')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   621
 
'Concaree, precaree and criticaree are some of the words that end with aree'
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   622
 
      </pre>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   623
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_d">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   624
 
       Observe here that all the occurences of the substring
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   625
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   626
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   627
 
         is
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   628
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   629
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   630
 
       have been replaced,
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   631
 
even the
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   632
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   633
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   634
 
         is
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   635
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   636
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   637
 
       in
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   638
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   639
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   640
 
         concise
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   641
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   642
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   643
 
       ,
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   644
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   645
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   646
 
         precise
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   647
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   648
 
       </span>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   649
 
       and
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   650
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   651
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   652
 
         criticise
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   653
 
        </em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   654
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   655
 
       have been replaced.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   656
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   657
 
     </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   658
 
     <div class="section" title="2.5.split">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   659
 
      <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   660
 
       <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   661
 
        <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   662
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   663
 
          <a name="id2631489">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   664
 
          </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   665
 
          2.5.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   666
 
          <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   667
 
           <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   668
 
            split
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   669
 
           </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   670
 
          </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   671
 
         </h3>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   672
 
        </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   673
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   674
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   675
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_e">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   676
 
       The
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   677
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   678
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   679
 
         split
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   680
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   681
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   682
 
       is one of the very important string methods. split is the opposite of the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   683
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   684
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   685
 
         join
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   686
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   687
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   688
 
       method. It is used to split a string based on the argument passed as the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   689
 
delimiter. It returns a list of strings. By default when no argument is passed it
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   690
 
splits with
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   691
 
       <span class="emphasis">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   692
 
        <em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   693
 
         space
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   694
 
        </em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   695
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   696
 
       (' ') as the delimiter. Let us look at an example.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   697
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   698
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   699
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; grocerylist = 'butter, cucumber, beer(a grocery item??), wheatbread'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   700
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; grocerylist.split(',')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   701
 
['butter', ' cucumber', ' beer(a grocery item??)', ' wheatbread']
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   702
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; grocerylist.split()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   703
 
['butter,', 'cucumber,', 'beer(a', 'grocery', 'item??),', 'wheatbread']
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   704
 
      </pre>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   705
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_f">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   706
 
       Observe here that in the second case when the delimiter argument was not set
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   707
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   708
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   709
 
         split
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   710
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   711
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   712
 
       was done with
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   713
 
       <span class="emphasis">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   714
 
        <em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   715
 
         space
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   716
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   717
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   718
 
       as the delimiter.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   719
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   720
 
     </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   721
 
     <div class="section" title="2.6.strip">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   722
 
      <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   723
 
       <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   724
 
        <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   725
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   726
 
          <a name="id2631548">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   727
 
          </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   728
 
          2.6.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   729
 
          <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   730
 
           <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   731
 
            strip
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   732
 
           </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   733
 
          </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   734
 
         </h3>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   735
 
        </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   736
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   737
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   738
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_10">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   739
 
       The
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   740
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   741
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   742
 
         strip
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   743
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   744
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   745
 
       method is used to remove or
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   746
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   747
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   748
 
         strip
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   749
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   750
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   751
 
       off any whitespaces that exist
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   752
 
to the left and right of a string, but not the whitespaces within a string. Let
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   753
 
us look at an example.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   754
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   755
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   756
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; spacedtext = "               Where's the text??                 "
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   757
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; spacedtext.strip()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   758
 
"Where's the text??"
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   759
 
      </pre>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   760
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_11">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   761
 
       Observe that the whitespaces between the words have not been removed.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   762
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   763
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   764
 
       Note: Very important thing to note is that all the methods shown above do not
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   765
 
      transform the source string. The source string still remains the same.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   766
 
      Remember that **strings are immutable**.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   767
 
      </pre>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   768
 
     </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   769
 
    </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   770
 
    <div class="section" title="3.Introduction to the standard library">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   771
 
     <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   772
 
      <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   773
 
       <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   774
 
        <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   775
 
         <a name="id2631592">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   776
 
         </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   777
 
         3.Introduction to the standard library
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   778
 
        </h2>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   779
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   780
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   781
 
     </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   782
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_12">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   783
 
      Python is often referred to as a "Batteries included!" language, mainly because
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   784
 
of the Python Standard Library. The Python Standard Library provides an extensive
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   785
 
set of features some of which are available directly for use while some require to
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   786
 
import a few
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   787
 
      <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   788
 
       <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   789
 
        modules
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   790
 
       </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   791
 
      </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   792
 
      . The Standard Library provides various built-in functions
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   793
 
like:
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   794
 
     </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   795
 
     <div class="itemizedlist">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   796
 
      <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   797
 
       <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   798
 
        <p id="ch4strings_dicts_13">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   799
 
         <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   800
 
          <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   801
 
           abs()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   802
 
          </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   803
 
         </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   804
 
        </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   805
 
       </li>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   806
 
       <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   807
 
        <p id="ch4strings_dicts_14">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   808
 
         <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   809
 
          <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   810
 
           dict()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   811
 
          </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   812
 
         </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   813
 
        </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   814
 
       </li>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   815
 
       <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   816
 
        <p id="ch4strings_dicts_15">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   817
 
         <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   818
 
          <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   819
 
           enumerate()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   820
 
          </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   821
 
         </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   822
 
        </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   823
 
       </li>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   824
 
      </ul>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   825
 
     </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   826
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_16">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   827
 
      The built-in constants like
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   828
 
      <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   829
 
       <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   830
 
        True
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   831
 
       </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   832
 
      </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   833
 
      and
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   834
 
      <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   835
 
       <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   836
 
        False
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   837
 
       </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   838
 
      </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   839
 
      are provided by the Standard Library.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   840
 
More information about the Python Standard Library is available
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   841
 
     </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   842
 
     <div class="reference">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   843
 
      <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   844
 
       <hr />
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   845
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   846
 
      http://docs.python.org/library/
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   847
 
     </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   848
 
    </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   849
 
    <div class="section" title="4.I/O: Reading and Writing Files">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   850
 
     <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   851
 
      <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   852
 
       <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   853
 
        <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   854
 
         <a name="id2631669">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   855
 
         </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   856
 
         4.I/O: Reading and Writing Files
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   857
 
        </h2>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   858
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   859
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   860
 
     </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   861
 
     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_17">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   862
 
      Files are very important aspects when it comes to computing and programming.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   863
 
Up until now the focus has been on small programs that interacted with users
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   864
 
through
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   865
 
      <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   866
 
       <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   867
 
        input()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   868
 
       </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   869
 
      </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   870
 
      and
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   871
 
      <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   872
 
       <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   873
 
        raw_input()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   874
 
       </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   875
 
      </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   876
 
      . Generally, for computational purposes
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   877
 
it becomes necessary to handle files, which are usually large in size as well.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   878
 
This section focuses on basics of file handling.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   879
 
     </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   880
 
     <div class="section" title="4.1.Opening Files">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   881
 
      <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   882
 
       <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   883
 
        <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   884
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
   885
 
          <a name="id2631699">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   886
 
          </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   887
 
          4.1.Opening Files
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   888
 
         </h3>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   889
 
        </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   890
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   891
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   892
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_18">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   893
 
       Files can be opened using the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   894
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   895
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   896
 
         open()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   897
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   898
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   899
 
       method.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   900
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   901
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   902
 
         open()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   903
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   904
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   905
 
       accepts 3 arguments
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   906
 
out of which 2 are optional. Let us look at the syntax of
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   907
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   908
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   909
 
         open()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   910
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   911
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   912
 
       :
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   913
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   914
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_19">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   915
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   916
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   917
 
         f = open( filename, mode, buffering)
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   918
 
        </em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   919
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   920
 
      </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   921
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_1a">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   922
 
       The
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   923
 
       <span class="emphasis">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   924
 
        <em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   925
 
         filename
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   926
 
        </em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   927
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   928
 
       is a compulsory argument while the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   929
 
       <span class="emphasis">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   930
 
        <em>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   931
 
         mode
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   932
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   933
 
       </span>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   934
 
       and
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   935
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   936
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   937
 
         buffering
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   938
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   939
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   940
 
       are
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   941
 
optional. The
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   942
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   943
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   944
 
         filename
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   945
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   946
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   947
 
       should be a string and it should be the complete path
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   948
 
to the file to be opened (The path can be absolute or relative). Let us look at
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   949
 
an example.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   950
 
      </p>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   951
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   952
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst')
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   953
 
      </pre>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   954
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_1b">
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   955
 
       The
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   956
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   957
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   958
 
         mode
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   959
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   960
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   961
 
       argument specifies the mode in which the file has to be opened.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   962
 
The following are the valid mode arguments:
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   963
 
      </p>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   964
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_1c">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   965
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   966
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   967
 
         r
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   968
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   969
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   970
 
       - Read mode
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   971
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   972
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   973
 
         w
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   974
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   975
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   976
 
       - Write mode
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   977
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   978
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   979
 
         a
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   980
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   981
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   982
 
       - Append mode
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   983
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   984
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   985
 
         b
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   986
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   987
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   988
 
       - Binary mode
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   989
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   990
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   991
 
         +
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   992
 
        </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   993
 
       </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   994
 
       - Read/Write mode
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
   995
 
      </p>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   996
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_1d">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   997
 
       The read mode opens the file as a read-only document. The write mode opens the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   998
 
file in the Write only mode. In the write mode, if the file existed prior to the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
   999
 
opening, the previous contents of the file are erased. The append mode opens the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1000
 
file in the write mode but the previous contents of the file are not erased and
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1001
 
the current data is appended onto the file.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1002
 
The binary and the read/write modes are special in the sense that they are added
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1003
 
onto other modes. The read/write mode opens the file in the reading and writing
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1004
 
mode combined. The binary mode can be used to open a files that do not contain
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1005
 
text. Binary files such as images should be opened in the binary mode. Let us look
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1006
 
at a few examples.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1007
 
      </p>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1008
 
      <pre class="programlisting">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1009
 
       &gt;&gt;&gt; f = open ('basic_python/interim_assessment.rst', 'r')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1010
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = open ('armstrong.py', 'r+')
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1011
 
      </pre>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1012
 
      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_1e">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1013
 
       The third argument to the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1014
 
       <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1015
 
        <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1016
 
         open()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1017
 
        </strong>
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1018
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1019
 
       method is the
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1020
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1021
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1022
 
         buffering
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1023
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1024
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1025
 
       argument. This takes
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1026
 
a boolean value,
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1027
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1028
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1029
 
         True
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1030
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1031
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1032
 
       or
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1033
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1034
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1035
 
         1
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1036
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1037
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1038
 
       indicates that buffering has to be enabled on the file,
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1039
 
that is the file is loaded on to the main memory and the changes made to the file are
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1040
 
not immediately written to the disk. If the
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1041
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1042
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1043
 
         buffering
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1044
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1045
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1046
 
       argument is
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1047
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1048
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1049
 
         0
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1050
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1051
 
       </span>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1052
 
       or
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1053
 
       <span class="emphasis">
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1054
 
        <em>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1055
 
         False
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1056
 
        </em>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1057
 
       </span>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1058
 
       the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1059
 
changes are directly written on to the disk immediately.
6
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1060
 
      </p>
1ce9b33fb6ff sorted the problem related to paths
amit@thunder
parents: 2
diff changeset 
  1061
 
     </div>
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1062
 
     <div class="section" title="4.2.Reading and Writing files">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1063
 
      <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1064
 
       <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1065
 
        <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1066
 
         <h3 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
  1067
 
          <a name="id2631873">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1068
 
          </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1069
 
          4.2.Reading and Writing files
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1070
 
         </h3>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1071
 
        </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1072
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1073
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1074
 
      <div class="section" title="4.2.1.write()">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1075
 
       <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1076
 
        <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1077
 
         <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1078
 
          <h4 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
  1079
 
           <a name="id2631882">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1080
 
           </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1081
 
           4.2.1.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1082
 
           <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1083
 
            <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1084
 
             write()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1085
 
            </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1086
 
           </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1087
 
          </h4>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1088
 
         </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1089
 
        </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1090
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1091
 
       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_1f">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1092
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1093
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1094
 
          write()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1095
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1096
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1097
 
        , evidently, is used to write data onto a file. It takes the data to
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1098
 
be written as the argument. The data can be a string, an integer, a float or any
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1099
 
other datatype. In order to be able to write data onto a file, the file has to
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1100
 
be opened in one of
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1101
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1102
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1103
 
          w
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1104
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1105
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1106
 
        ,
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1107
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1108
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1109
 
          a
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1110
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1111
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1112
 
        or
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1113
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1114
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1115
 
          +
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1116
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1117
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1118
 
        modes.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1119
 
       </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1120
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1121
 
      <div class="section" title="4.2.2.read()">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1122
 
       <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1123
 
        <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1124
 
         <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1125
 
          <h4 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
  1126
 
           <a name="id2631921">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1127
 
           </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1128
 
           4.2.2.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1129
 
           <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1130
 
            <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1131
 
             read()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1132
 
            </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1133
 
           </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1134
 
          </h4>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1135
 
         </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1136
 
        </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1137
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1138
 
       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_20">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1139
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1140
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1141
 
          read()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1142
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1143
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1144
 
        is used to read data from a file. It takes the number of bytes of data
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1145
 
to be read as the argument. If nothing is specified by default it reads the entire
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1146
 
contents from the current position to the end of file.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1147
 
       </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1148
 
       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_21">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1149
 
        Let us look at a few examples:
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1150
 
       </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1151
 
       <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1152
 
        &gt;&gt;&gt; f = open ('randomtextfile', 'w')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1153
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f.write('Hello all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1154
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1155
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = open ('../randomtextfile', 'r')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1156
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f.read(5)
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1157
 
'Hello'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1158
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f.read()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1159
 
' all, this is PythonFreak. This is a random text file.'
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1160
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; f.close()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1161
 
       </pre>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1162
 
      </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1163
 
      <div class="section" title="4.2.3.readline()">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1164
 
       <div class="titlepage">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1165
 
        <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1166
 
         <div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1167
 
          <h4 class="title">
27
cb14131583c6 Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents: 25
diff changeset 
  1168
 
           <a name="id2631956">
24
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1169
 
           </a>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1170
 
           4.2.3.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1171
 
           <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1172
 
            <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1173
 
             readline()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1174
 
            </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1175
 
           </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1176
 
          </h4>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1177
 
         </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1178
 
        </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1179
 
       </div>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1180
 
       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_22">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1181
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1182
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1183
 
          readline()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1184
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1185
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1186
 
        is used to read a file line by line.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1187
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1188
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1189
 
          readline()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1190
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1191
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1192
 
        reads a line
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1193
 
of a file at a time. When an argument is passed to
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1194
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1195
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1196
 
          readline()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1197
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1198
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1199
 
        it reads that
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1200
 
many bytes from the current line.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1201
 
       </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1202
 
       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_23">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1203
 
        One other method to read a file line by line is using the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1204
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1205
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1206
 
          read()
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1207
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1208
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1209
 
        and the
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1210
 
        <span class="strong">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1211
 
         <strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1212
 
          for
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1213
 
         </strong>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1214
 
        </span>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1215
 
        construct. Let us look at this block of code as an example.
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1216
 
       </p>
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1217
 
       <pre class="programlisting">
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1218
 
        &gt;&gt;&gt; f = open('../randomtextfile', 'r')
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1219
 
&gt;&gt;&gt; for line in f:
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1220
 
...     print line
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1221
 
...
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1222
 
Hello all!
10074d1357ff Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages
amit@thunder
parents: 16
diff changeset 
  1223
 












10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1224


This is PythonFreak on the second line.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1225














10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1226


This is a random text file on line 3













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1227


       </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1228


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1229


      <div class="section" title="4.2.4.close()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1230


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1231


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1232


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1233


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1234


           <a name="id2632015">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1235


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1236


           4.2.4.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1237


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1238


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1239


             close()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1240


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1241


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1242


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1243


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1244


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1245


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1246


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_24">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1247


        One must always close all the files that have been opened. Although, files opened













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1248


will be closed automatically when the program ends. When files opened in read mode













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1249


are not closed it might lead to uselessly locked sometimes. In case of files













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1250


opened in the write mode it is more important to close the files. This is because,













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1251


Python maybe using the file in the buffering mode and when the file is not closed













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1252


the buffer maybe lost completely and the changes made to the file are lost forever.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1253


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1254


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1255


     </div>








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1256


    </div>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1257


    <div class="section" title="5.Dictionaries">








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1258


     <div class="titlepage">













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1259


      <div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1260


       <div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1261


        <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1262


         <a name="id2632038">








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1263


         </a>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1264


         5.Dictionaries








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1265


        </h2>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1266


       </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1267


      </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1268


     </div>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1269


     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_25">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1270


      A dictionary in general, are designed to be able to look up meanings of words.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1271


Similarly, the Python dictionaries are also designed to look up for a specific













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1272


key and retrieve the corresponding value. Dictionaries are data structures that













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1273


provide key-value mappings. Dictionaries are similar to lists except that instead













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1274


of the values having integer indexes, dictionaries have keys or strings as indexes.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1275


Let us look at an example of how to define dictionaries.








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1276


     </p>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1277


     <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1278


      &gt;&gt;&gt; dct = { 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid', 'Anil': 'Kumble'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1279


     </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1280


     <p id="ch4strings_dicts_26">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1281


      The dictionary consists of pairs of strings, which are called








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1282


      <span class="emphasis">













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1283


       <em>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1284


        keys








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1285


       </em>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1286


      </span>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1287


      and their













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1288


corresponding








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1289


      <span class="emphasis">













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1290


       <em>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1291


        values








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1292


       </em>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1293


      </span>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1294


      separated by








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1295


      <span class="emphasis">













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1296


       <em>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1297


        :













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1298


       </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1299


      </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1300


      and each of these













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1301


      <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1302


       <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1303


        key-value








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1304


       </em>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1305


      </span>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1306


      pairs are













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1307


comma(',') separated and the entire structure wrapped in a pair curly braces













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1308


      <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1309


       <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1310


        {}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1311


       </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1312


      </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1313


      .








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1314


     </p>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1315


     <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1316


      Note: The data inside a dictionary is not ordered. The order in which you enter













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1317


the key-value pairs is not the order in which they are stored in the dictionary.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1318


Python has an internal storage mechanism for that which is out of the purview













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1319


of this document.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1320


     </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1321


     <div class="section" title="5.1.dict()">








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1322


      <div class="titlepage">













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1323


       <div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1324


        <div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1325


         <h3 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1326


          <a name="id2632094">








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1327


          </a>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1328


          5.1.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1329


          <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1330


           <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1331


            dict()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1332


           </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1333


          </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1334


         </h3>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1335


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1336


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1337


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1338


      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_27">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1339


       The













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1340


       <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1341


        <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1342


         dict()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1343


        </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1344


       </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1345


       function is used to create dictionaries from other mappings or other













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1346


dictionaries. Let us look at an example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1347


      </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1348


      <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1349


       &gt;&gt;&gt; diction = dict(mat = 133, avg = 52.53)













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1350


      </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1351


      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_28">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1352


       <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1353


        <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1354


         String Formatting with Dictionaries:













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1355


        </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1356


       </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1357


      </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1358


      <p id="ch4strings_dicts_29">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1359


       String formatting was discussed in the previous section and it was mentioned that













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1360


dictionaries can also be used for formatting more than one value. This section













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1361


focuses on the formatting of strings using dictionaries. String formatting using













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1362


dictionaries is more appealing than doing the same with tuples. Here the













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1363


       <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1364


        <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1365


         keyword













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1366


        </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1367


       </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1368


       can be used as a place holder and the













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1369


       <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1370


        <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1371


         value













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1372


        </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1373


       </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1374


       corresponding to it is replaced in













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1375


the formatted string. Let us look at an example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1376


      </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1377


      <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1378


       &gt;&gt;&gt; player = { 'Name':'Rahul Dravid', 'Matches':133, 'Avg':52.53, '100s':26 }













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1379


&gt;&gt;&gt; strng = '%(Name)s has played %(Matches)d with an average of %(Avg).2f and has %(100s)d hundreds to his name.'













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1380


&gt;&gt;&gt; print strng % player













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1381


Rahul Dravid has played 133 with an average of 52.53 and has 26 hundreds to his name.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1382


      </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1383


     </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1384


     <div class="section" title="5.2.Dictionary Methods">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1385


      <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1386


       <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1387


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1388


         <h3 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1389


          <a name="id2632158">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1390


          </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1391


          5.2.Dictionary Methods








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1392


         </h3>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1393


        </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1394


       </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1395


      </div>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1396


      <div class="section" title="5.2.1.clear()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1397


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1398


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1399


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1400


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1401


           <a name="id2632167">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1402


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1403


           5.2.1.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1404


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1405


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1406


             clear()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1407


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1408


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1409


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1410


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1411


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1412


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1413


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_2a">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1414


        The













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1415


        <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1416


         <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1417


          clear()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1418


         </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1419


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1420


        method removes all the existing













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1421


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1422


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1423


          key-value













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1424


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1425


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1426


        pairs from a dictionary.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1427


It returns













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1428


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1429


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1430


          None













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1431


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1432


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1433


        or rather does not return anything. It is a method that changes













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1434


the object. It has to be noted here that dictionaries are not immutable. Let us













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1435


look at an example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1436


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1437


       <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1438


        &gt;&gt;&gt; dct













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1439


{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1440


&gt;&gt;&gt; dct.clear()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1441


&gt;&gt;&gt; dct













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1442


{}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1443


       </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1444


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1445


      <div class="section" title="5.2.2.copy()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1446


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1447


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1448


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1449


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1450


           <a name="id2632202">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1451


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1452


           5.2.2.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1453


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1454


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1455


             copy()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1456


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1457


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1458


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1459


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1460


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1461


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1462


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_2b">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1463


        The













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1464


        <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1465


         <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1466


          copy()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1467


         </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1468


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1469


        returns a copy of a given dictionary. Let us look at an example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1470


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1471


       <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1472


        &gt;&gt;&gt; dct = {'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1473


&gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy = dct.copy()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1474


&gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1475


{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1476


       </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1477


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1478


      <div class="section" title="5.2.3.get()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1479


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1480


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1481


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1482


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1483


           <a name="id2632233">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1484


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1485


           5.2.3.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1486


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1487


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1488


             get()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1489


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1490


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1491


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1492


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1493


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1494


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1495


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_2c">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1496


        <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1497


         <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1498


          get()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1499


         </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1500


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1501


        returns the













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1502


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1503


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1504


          value













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1505


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1506


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1507


        for the













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1508


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1509


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1510


          key













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1511


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1512


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1513


        passed as the argument and if the













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1514


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1515


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1516


          key













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1517


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1518


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1519


        does not exist in the dictionary, it returns













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1520


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1521


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1522


          None













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1523


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1524


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1525


        . Let us look at an













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1526


example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1527


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1528


       <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1529


        &gt;&gt;&gt; print dctcopy.get('Saurav')













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1530


None













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1531


&gt;&gt;&gt; print dctcopy.get('Anil')













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1532


Kumble













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1533


       </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1534


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1535


      <div class="section" title="5.2.4.has_key()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1536


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1537


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1538


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1539


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1540


           <a name="id2632271">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1541


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1542


           5.2.4.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1543


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1544


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1545


             has_key()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1546


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1547


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1548


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1549


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1550


        </div>








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1551


       </div>








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1552


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_2d">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1553


        This method returns













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1554


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1555


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1556


          True













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1557


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1558


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1559


        if the given













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1560


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1561


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1562


          key













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1563


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1564


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1565


        is in the dictionary, else it returns













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1566


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1567


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1568


          False













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1569


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1570


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1571


        .













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1572


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1573


       <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1574


        &gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy.has_key('Saurav')













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1575


False













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1576


&gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy.has_key('Sachin')













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1577


True













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1578


       </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1579


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1580


      <div class="section" title="5.2.5.pop()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1581


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1582


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1583


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1584


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1585


           <a name="id2632301">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1586


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1587


           5.2.5.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1588


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1589


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1590


             pop()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1591


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1592


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1593


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1594


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1595


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1596


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1597


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_2e">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1598


        This method is used to retrieve the













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1599


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1600


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1601


          value













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1602


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1603


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1604


        of a given













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1605


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1606


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1607


          key













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1608


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1609


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1610


        and subsequently













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1611


remove the













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1612


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1613


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1614


          key-value













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1615


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1616


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1617


        pair from the dictionary. Let us look at an example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1618


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1619


       <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1620


        &gt;&gt;&gt; print dctcopy.pop('Sachin')













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1621


Tendulkar













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1622


&gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1623


{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1624


       </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1625


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1626


      <div class="section" title="5.2.6.popitem()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1627


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1628


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1629


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1630


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1631


           <a name="id2632335">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1632


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1633


           5.2.6.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1634


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1635


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1636


             popitem()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1637


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1638


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1639


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1640


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1641


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1642


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1643


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_2f">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1644


        This method randomly pops a













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1645


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1646


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1647


          key-value













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1648


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1649


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1650


        pair from a dictionary and returns it.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1651


The













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1652


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1653


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1654


          key-value













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1655


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1656


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1657


        pair returned is removed from the dictionary. Let us look at an













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1658


example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1659


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1660


       <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1661


        &gt;&gt;&gt; print dctcopy.popitem()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1662


('Anil', 'Kumble')













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1663


&gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1664


{'Rahul': 'Dravid'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1665














10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1666


Note that the item chosen is completely random since dictionaries are unordered













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1667


as mentioned earlier.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1668


       </pre>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1669


      </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1670


      <div class="section" title="5.2.7.update()">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1671


       <div class="titlepage">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1672


        <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1673


         <div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1674


          <h4 class="title">








27






cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds



amit@thunder


parents: 
25

diff
changeset




  1675


           <a name="id2632371">








24






10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1676


           </a>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1677


           5.2.7.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1678


           <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1679


            <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1680


             update()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1681


            </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1682


           </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1683


          </h4>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1684


         </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1685


        </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1686


       </div>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1687


       <p id="ch4strings_dicts_30">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1688


        The













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1689


        <span class="strong">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1690


         <strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1691


          update()













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1692


         </strong>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1693


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1694


        method updates the contents of one dictionary with the contents













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1695


of another dictionary. For items with existing













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1696


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1697


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1698


          keys













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1699


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1700


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1701


        their













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1702


        <span class="emphasis">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1703


         <em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1704


          values













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1705


         </em>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1706


        </span>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1707


        are updated,













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1708


and the rest of the items are added. Let us look at an example.













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1709


       </p>













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1710


       <pre class="programlisting">













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1711


        &gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy.update(dct)













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1712


&gt;&gt;&gt; dct













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1713


{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1714


&gt;&gt;&gt; dctcopy













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1715


{'Anil': 'Kumble', 'Sachin': 'Tendulkar', 'Rahul': 'Dravid'}













10074d1357ff
Some changes after the horrible problem of writing the same ch9 on all the html pages



amit@thunder


parents: 
16

diff
changeset




  1716


       </pre>








6






1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1717


      </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1718


     </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1719


    </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1720


   </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1721


  </div>













1ce9b33fb6ff
sorted the problem related to paths



amit@thunder


parents: 
2

diff
changeset




  1722


 </body>








0






8083d21c0020
The first commit of all the required files for the review app



amit@thunder


parents: 

diff
changeset




  1723


</html>















SEES-hacks