--- a/ult/Using_Linux_Tools.rst Tue Oct 06 20:50:29 2009 +0530
+++ b/ult/Using_Linux_Tools.rst Wed Oct 07 23:43:36 2009 +0530
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@
Basic Commands
===============
-1.ls
-----
+ls
+---
When invoked without any arguments, *ls* lists the files in the current working directory. A directory that is not the current working directory can be specified and ls will list the files there. The user also may specify any list of files and directories. In this case, all files and all contents of specified directories will be listed. The name *ls* is derived from *list segments* which was used in earlier systems.
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@
Here "$" actually is the beginning of the prompt. This is typical in most Unix-based systems.
-2.date
--------
+date
+-----
The Unix date command displays the time and date. The super-user can use it to set the system clock.
@@ -186,8 +186,8 @@
This will take you to the "Manual" page comprising of all the details on the *date* command. You can return to the terminal from the "man" page by pressing the *Esc* key in the keyboard and typing ":q" in that order.
-3.cd
------
+cd
+---
This stands for "change directory". When one wants to go up to the parent directory, bypassing the tree of directories one has entered, “ cd ..” can be used.
@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@
Please note that there is no / using the above cd command. Using a / would cause this to be an absolute path, working from the top of the hierarchy downward.
-4.who
------
+who
+----
The standard Unix command *who* displays a list of users who are currently logged into a computer.
@@ -239,8 +239,8 @@
This will take you to the "Manual" page containing details about the *who* command
-5.mkdir
---------
+mkdir
+-----
This command is used to make a new directory. Normal usage is as straightforward as follows::
@@ -282,8 +282,8 @@
Getting Help
============
-1. apropos and whatis
-----------------------
+apropos and whatis
+-------------------
This is a command to search the manual pages files in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. ::
@@ -322,8 +322,8 @@
www-browser (1) - a text based Web browser and pager
...
-2. man
--------
+man
+----
Man pages (short for "manual pages") are the extensive documentation that comes preinstalled with almost all substantial Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The Unix command used to display them is *man*. Each page is a self-contained document.
@@ -371,8 +371,8 @@
The default format of the man pages is troff, with either the macro package man (appearance oriented) or on some systems mdoc (semantic oriented). This makes it possible to typeset a man page to PostScript, PDF and various other formats for viewing or printing.
-3. info
---------
+info
+-----
*info* is a software utility which forms a hypertextual, multipage documentation and help viewer working on a command line interface, useful when there is no GUI available.
@@ -390,8 +390,8 @@
info was initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems.
-4. --help
-----------
+--help
+-------
Most GNU commands support the --help, which gives a short explanation about how to use the command and a list of available options. Below is the output of this option with the *cat* command::
@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@
Basic file handling
===================
-1. cp
-------
+cp
+---
*cp* is the command entered in a Unix shell to copy a file from one place to another, possibly on a different filesystem. The original file remains unchanged, and the new file may have the same or a different name.
@@ -507,8 +507,8 @@
This copies the files in the programs directory that end with *.py* to the current directory, signified by the single "." (dot). You must type a space between the *py* and the final dot.
-2. mv
------
+mv
+---
*mv* (short for move) is a Unix command that moves one or more files or directories from one place to another. The original file is deleted, and the new file may have the same or a different name. If possible (i.e. when the original and new files are on the same file system), *mv* will rename the file instead. Write permission is required on all directories being modified.
@@ -540,8 +540,8 @@
Note that when the command is called with two arguments (as *mv name1 name2* or *mv name1 /dir/name2*), it can have three different effects, depending on whether *name2* does not exist, is an existing file, or is an existing directory. If the user intends to refer to an existing directory, */.* (or in some Unix versions */* is sufficient) may be appended to the name to force the system to check this. To move a file to a new directory, the directory must be created first.
-3. rm
-------
+rm
+---
*rm* (short for "remove") is one of several basic Unix command lines that operates on files. It is used to delete files from a filesystem. The data is not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index and can bring the file back if the parts were not reused.
@@ -602,8 +602,8 @@
Basic Text Processing
======================
-1. head
---------
+head
+-----
*head* is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the first few lines of a text file or piped data. The command syntax is::
@@ -634,8 +634,8 @@
This says to print every line (implicit), and quit after the fifth.
-2. tail
---------
+tail
+----
*tail* is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the last few lines of a text file or piped data.
@@ -674,8 +674,8 @@
If you have a command's result to monitor, you can use the *watch* command.
-3. cut
--------
+cut
+----
In computing, *cut* is a Unix command line utility which is used to extract sections from each line of input — usually from a file.
@@ -707,8 +707,8 @@
five:six:seven
epsilon:zeta:eta:teta:iota:kappa:lambda:mu
-4. paste
----------
+paste
+------
*paste* is a Unix command line utility which is used to join files horizontally (parallel merging) by outputting lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines of each file specified, separated by tabs, to the standard output. It is effectively the horizontal equivalent to the utility *cat* command which operates on the vertical plane of two or more files.
@@ -776,8 +776,8 @@
Looking At Files
================
-1. cat
--------
+cat
+---
The *cat* command is a standard Unix program used to concatenate and display files. The name is from "catenate", a synonym of *concatenate*.
@@ -837,8 +837,8 @@
*zcat* is a Unix program similar to *cat*, that decompresses individual files and concatenates them to standard output. Traditionally *zcat* operated on files compressed by compress but today it is usually able to operate on *gzip* or even *bzip2* archives. On such systems, it is equivalent to *gunzip -c*
-2. more
---------
+more
+-----
In computing, *more* is a command to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file one screen at a time (terminal pager). It is available on Unix and Unix-like systems, DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. Programs of this sort are called pagers.
@@ -857,8 +857,8 @@
*Options* are typically entered before the file name, but can also be entered in the environment variable *$MORE*. Options entered in the actual command line will override those entered in the *$MORE* environment variable. Available options may vary between Unix systems.
-3. less
---------
+less
+-----
*less* is a terminal pager program on Unix, Windows and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is similar to *more*, but has the extended capability of allowing both forward and backward navigation through the file. Unlike most Unix text editors/viewers, *less* does not need to read the entire file before starting, resulting in faster load times with large files.
@@ -991,15 +991,15 @@
+---------------+------------------------------------------------+
-1. man hier
-------------
+man hier
+---------
This is the manual page on the UNIX filesystem. The syntax for this is::
$ man hier
-2. ls -l
----------
+ls -l
+-----
Shows you huge amounts of information (permissions, owners, size, and when last modified) for folders and files. The syntax is ::
@@ -1010,8 +1010,8 @@
Permissions and Ownership
=========================
-1. chmod
----------
+chmod
+------
The *chmod* command (abbreviated from 'change mode') is a shell command and C language function in Unix and Unix-like environments. When executed, it can change file system modes of files and directories. The modes include permissions and special modes.A chmod command first appeared in AT&T Unix version 1, and is still used today on Unix-like machines.
@@ -1294,8 +1294,8 @@
More Text Processing
====================
-1. grep
---------
+grep
+-----
*grep* is a command line text search utility originally written for Unix. The name is taken from the first letters in *global / regular expression / print*, a series of instructions for the *ed* text editor. The *grep* command searches files or standard input globally for lines matching a given regular expression, and prints them to the program's standard output.
@@ -1332,8 +1332,8 @@
Other commands contain the word 'grep' to indicate that they search (usually for regular expression matches). The *pgrep* utility, for instance, displays the processes whose names match a given regular expression.
-2. tr
-------
+tr
+--
*tr* (abbreviated from *translate* or *transliterate*) is a command in Unix-like operating systems.