input_output.rst
author Nishanth <nishanth@fossee.in>
Thu, 07 Oct 2010 10:57:15 +0530
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Hello friends and welcome to the tutorial on Input/Output
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{{{ Show the slide containing title }}}
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{{{ Show the slide containing the outline slide }}}
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Input and Output are used in almost every program we use.
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In this tutorial, we shall learn
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 * Outputting data
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 * Taking input from the user
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type
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::
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    a = "This is a string"
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    a
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    print a
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print a prints the value of a which is obvious.
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As you can see, even when you type just a, the value of a is shown.
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But there is a difference.
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Typing a shows the value of a while print a prints the string. This difference
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becomes more evident when we use strings with newlines in them.
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type
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::
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    b = "A line \n New line"
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    b
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    print b
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As you can see, just typing b shows that b contains a newline character.
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While typing print b prints the string and hence the newline.
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Moreover when we type just a, the value a is shown only in interactive mode and
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does not have any effect on the program while running it as a script.
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We shall look at different ways of outputting the data.
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print statement also accepts the syntax of C's printf statement.
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Various arguments can be passed to print using modifiers.
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type
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::
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    x = 1.5
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    y = 2
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    z = "zed"
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    print "x is %2.1f y is %d z is %s"%(x,y)
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As you can see, the values of x and y are substituted in place of %2.1f and %d
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 1 %% What happens when you do print "x is %d y is %f"%(x)
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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We see that the int value of x and float value of y are printed corresponding
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to the modifiers used in the print statement.
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We can also see that print statement prints a new line character at the end of
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line, everytime it is called. This can be suppressed by using a "," at the end
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print statement.
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Let us see this by typing out following code on an editor as print_example.py
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{{{ open an editor }}}
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type
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::
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    print "Hello"
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    print "World"
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    print "Hello",
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    print "World"
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Now we run the script using %run /home/fossee/print_example.py
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As we can see, the print statement when used with comma in the end, prints a
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space instead of a new line.
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Now we shall look at taking input from the user.
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We will use the ~~raw_input~~ for this.
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type
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::
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    ip = raw_input()
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The cursor is blinking indicating that it is waiting for input    
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type
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::
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    an input
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and hit enter.
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Now let us see what is the value of ip by typing.
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::
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    ip
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We can see that it contains the string "an input"
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 2 %% enter the number 5.6 as input and store it in a variable called c.
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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We have to use the raw_input command with variable c.
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type
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::
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    c = raw_input()
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    5.6
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    c
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Now let us see the type of c.
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::
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    type(c)
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We see that c is a string. This implies that anything you enter as input, will
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be taken as a string no matter what you enter.
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 3 %% What happens when you do not enter anything and hit enter
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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::
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    d = raw_input()
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    <RET>
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    d
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We see that when nothing is entered, an empty string is considered as input.
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raw_input also can display a prompt to assist the user.
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::
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    name = raw_input("Please enter your name: ")
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prints the string given as argument and then waits for the user input.
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 4 %% How do you display a prompt and let the user enter input in a new line
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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The trick is to include a newline character at the end of the prompt string.
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::
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    ip = raw_input("Please enter a number in the next line\n> ")
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prints the newline character and hence the user enters input in the new line
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{{{ Show summary slide }}}
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This brings us to the end of the tutorial.
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we have learnt
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 * How to print some value
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 * How to print using modifiers
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 * How to take input from user
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 * How to display a prompt to the user before taking the input
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{{{ Show the "sponsored by FOSSEE" slide }}}
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#[Nishanth]: Will add this line after all of us fix on one.
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This tutorial was created as a part of FOSSEE project, NME ICT, MHRD India
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Hope you have enjoyed and found it useful.
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Thankyou
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.. Author              : Nishanth
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   Internal Reviewer 1 : 
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   Internal Reviewer 2 : 
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   External Reviewer   :
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Questions
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=========
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 1. ``a = 2.5``. What is the output of ``print "a is %d"%(a)``
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   a. a is 2.5
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   #. a is 2.0
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   #. 2.0
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   #. a is 2
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   Answer: a is 2
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 2. What does ``print "This is",     "a line ", "with  spaces"`` print?
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   a. This is a line with spaces
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   #. This is a line with  spaces
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   #. This is     a line   with   spaces
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   #. This is a line  with  spaces
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   Answer: This is a line  with  spaces
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 3. What does ``print "%2.5f"%(1.2)`` print?
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   a. 1.2
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   #. 1.20
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   #. 1.20000
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   #. 00001.2
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   Answer: 1.20000
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 4. What is the output of the following code::
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     for i in range(1,10,2):
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         print i,
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    Answer::
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      1 3 5 7 9
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 5. ``a = 2`` and ``b = 4.5``. What does ``print "a is %d and b is %2.1f"%(b, a)``
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    print?
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   a. a is 2 and b is 4.5
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   #. a is 4 and b is 2
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   #. a is 4 and b is 2.0
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   #. a is 4.5 and b is 2
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   Answer: a is 4 and b is 2.0
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 6. What is the prompt displayed by ``raw_input("Say something\nType here:")``
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   Answer::
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     Say something 
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     Type here:
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 6. What is the prompt displayed by ``raw_input("value of a is %d\nInput b
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    value:"a)`` and ``a = 2.5``
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   Answer::
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     value of a is 2
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     Input ba value:
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 7. ``a = raw_input()`` and user enters ``2.5``. What is the type of a?
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   a. str
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   #. int
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   #. float
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   #. char
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   Answer: str
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 8. ``a = int(raw_input())`` and user enters ``4.5``. What happens?
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   a. a = 4.5
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   #. a = 4
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   #. a = 4.0
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   #. Error
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   Answer: Error
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 9. ``a = raw_input()`` and user enters ``"this is a string"``. What does 
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    ``print a`` produce?
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   a. 'this is a string'
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   b. 'this is a string"
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   c. "this is a string"
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   #. this is a string
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   Answer: "this is a string"
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Problems
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========
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 1. Answer to universe and everything. Keep taking input from user and print it
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    back until the input is 42.
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  Answer::
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    ip = raw_input()
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    while ip != "42":
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        print ip
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 2.