| author | amit@thunder |
| Thu, 25 Feb 2010 00:04:27 +0530 | |
| changeset 27 | cb14131583c6 |
| parent 25 | ed38dd9bdb50 |
| child 28 | 514098969b11 |
| permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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<html> |
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<head> |
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> |
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<title> |
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Chapter. Using_Linux_Tools |
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</title> |
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css" /> |
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /> |
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<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png" /> |
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js"> |
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</script> |
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js"> |
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</script> |
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js"> |
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</script> |
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</head> |
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<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"> |
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<div class="chapter" id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools"> |
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<div class="titlepage"> |
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</div> |
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<div class="toc"> |
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<p> |
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<b> |
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Table of Contents |
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</b> |
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</p> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="article"> |
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<a href="#id2573418"> |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2383509"> |
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1. Introducing Linux |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2381179"> |
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1.1. Historical Background |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2624471"> |
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1.2. Design and Implications |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2624755"> |
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1.3. Reasons for Using Linux |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2624896"> |
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2. Getting Started |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2624904"> |
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2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2625184"> |
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3. Basic Commands |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2625193"> |
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3.1. ls |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2625356"> |
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3.2. date |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2625416"> |
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3.3. cd |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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4.3. info |
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4.4. --help |
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5. Basic file handling |
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<dl> |
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5.1. cp |
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5.2. mv |
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5.3. rm |
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6. Command Line Arguments |
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7. Basic Text Processing |
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7.1. head |
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7.2. tail |
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7.3. cut |
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8. Shell Meta Characters |
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9.1. cat |
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9.2. more |
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9.3. less |
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10. Directory Structure |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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10.1. man hier |
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<a href="#id2628287"> |
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10.2. ls -l |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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11. Permissions and Ownership |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<a href="#id2628319"> |
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11.1. chmod |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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<dt> |
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<a href="#id2623759"> |
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12. Redirection and Piping |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<a href="#id2629245"> |
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12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output |
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</span> |
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<a href="#id2629314"> |
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12.2. Piping |
|
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</a> |
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12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles |
|
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2629569"> |
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12.4. Chained pipelines |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2629602"> |
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12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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</dd> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2629633"> |
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13. More Text Processing |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dd> |
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<dl> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2629642"> |
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13.1. grep |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2629831"> |
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13.2. tr |
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</a> |
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</span> |
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</dt> |
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</dl> |
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401 |
</dd> |
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402 |
<dt> |
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<span class="section"> |
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<a href="#id2629978"> |
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14. Elementary Regex |
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</a> |
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407 |
</span> |
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408 |
</dt> |
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409 |
<dd> |
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410 |
<dl> |
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411 |
<dt> |
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412 |
<span class="section"> |
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413 |
<a href="#id2630180"> |
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14.1. Lazy quantification |
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415 |
</a> |
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416 |
</span> |
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417 |
</dt> |
|
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418 |
</dl> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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419 |
</dd> |
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420 |
<dt> |
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421 |
<span class="section"> |
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422 |
<a href="#id2630255"> |
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15. One Liners |
|
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424 |
</a> |
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425 |
</span> |
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426 |
</dt> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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427 |
</dl> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
428 |
</dd> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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429 |
</dl> |
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430 |
</div> |
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431 |
<div class="article"> |
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432 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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433 |
<div> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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434 |
<div> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
435 |
<h2 class="title" id="id2573418"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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</h2> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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437 |
</div> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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438 |
<div> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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439 |
<h2 class="title" id="id2573418"> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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</h2> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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441 |
</div> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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442 |
</div> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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443 |
<hr /> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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444 |
</div> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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445 |
<div class="toc"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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446 |
<p> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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447 |
<b> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
448 |
Table of Contents |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
449 |
</b> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
450 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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451 |
<dl> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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452 |
<dt> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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453 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
454 |
<a href="#id2383509"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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455 |
1. Introducing Linux |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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456 |
</a> |
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457 |
</span> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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458 |
</dt> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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459 |
<dd> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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460 |
<dl> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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461 |
<dt> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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462 |
<span class="section"> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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463 |
<a href="#id2381179"> |
|
cb14131583c6
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464 |
1.1. Historical Background |
|
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</a> |
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466 |
</span> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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467 |
</dt> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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468 |
<dt> |
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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469 |
<span class="section"> |
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cb14131583c6
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<a href="#id2624471"> |
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471 |
1.2. Design and Implications |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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472 |
</a> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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473 |
</span> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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474 |
</dt> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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475 |
<dt> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
476 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
477 |
<a href="#id2624755"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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478 |
1.3. Reasons for Using Linux |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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479 |
</a> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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480 |
</span> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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481 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
482 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
483 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
484 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
485 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
486 |
<a href="#id2624896"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
487 |
2. Getting Started |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
488 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
489 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
490 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
491 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
492 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
493 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
494 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
495 |
<a href="#id2624904"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
496 |
2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
497 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
498 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
499 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
500 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
501 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
502 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
503 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
504 |
<a href="#id2625184"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
505 |
3. Basic Commands |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
506 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
507 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
508 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
509 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
510 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
511 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
512 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
513 |
<a href="#id2625193"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
514 |
3.1. ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
515 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
516 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
517 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
518 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
519 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
520 |
<a href="#id2625356"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
521 |
3.2. date |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
522 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
523 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
524 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
525 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
526 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
527 |
<a href="#id2625416"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
528 |
3.3. cd |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
529 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
530 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
531 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
532 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
533 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
534 |
<a href="#id2625517"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
535 |
3.4. who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
536 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
537 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
538 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
539 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
540 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
541 |
<a href="#id2625600"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
542 |
3.5. mkdir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
543 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
544 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
545 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
546 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
547 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
548 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
549 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
550 |
<a href="#id2625768"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
551 |
4. Getting Help |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
552 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
553 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
554 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
555 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
556 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
557 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
558 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
559 |
<a href="#id2625776"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
560 |
4.1. apropos and whatis |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
561 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
562 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
563 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
564 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
565 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
566 |
<a href="#id2625871"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
567 |
4.2. man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
568 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
569 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
570 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
571 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
572 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
573 |
<a href="#id2626065"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
574 |
4.3. info |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
575 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
576 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
577 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
578 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
579 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
580 |
<a href="#id2626152"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
581 |
4.4. --help |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
582 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
583 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
584 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
585 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
586 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
587 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
588 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
589 |
<a href="#id2626205"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
590 |
5. Basic file handling |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
591 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
592 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
593 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
594 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
595 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
596 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
597 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
598 |
<a href="#id2626214"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
599 |
5.1. cp |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
600 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
601 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
602 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
603 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
604 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
605 |
<a href="#id2626526"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
606 |
5.2. mv |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
607 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
608 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
609 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
610 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
611 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
612 |
<a href="#id2626659"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
613 |
5.3. rm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
614 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
615 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
616 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
617 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
618 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
619 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
620 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
621 |
<a href="#id2626827"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
622 |
6. Command Line Arguments |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
623 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
624 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
625 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
626 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
627 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
628 |
<a href="#id2626920"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
629 |
7. Basic Text Processing |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
630 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
631 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
632 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
633 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
634 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
635 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
636 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
637 |
<a href="#id2626929"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
638 |
7.1. head |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
639 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
640 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
641 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
642 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
643 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
644 |
<a href="#id2627016"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
645 |
7.2. tail |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
646 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
647 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
648 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
649 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
650 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
651 |
<a href="#id2627144"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
652 |
7.3. cut |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
653 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
654 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
655 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
656 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
657 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
658 |
<a href="#id2627231"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
659 |
7.4. paste |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
660 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
661 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
662 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
663 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
664 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
665 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
666 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
667 |
<a href="#id2627351"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
668 |
8. Shell Meta Characters |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
669 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
670 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
671 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
672 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
673 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
674 |
<a href="#id2627457"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
675 |
9. Looking At Files |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
676 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
677 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
678 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
679 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
680 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
681 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
682 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
683 |
<a href="#id2627466"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
684 |
9.1. cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
685 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
686 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
687 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
688 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
689 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
690 |
<a href="#id2627654"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
691 |
9.2. more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
692 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
693 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
694 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
695 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
696 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
697 |
<a href="#id2627765"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
698 |
9.3. less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
699 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
700 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
701 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
702 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
703 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
704 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
705 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
706 |
<a href="#id2628006"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
707 |
10. Directory Structure |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
708 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
709 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
710 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
711 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
712 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
713 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
714 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
715 |
<a href="#id2628270"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
716 |
10.1. man hier |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
717 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
718 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
719 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
720 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
721 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
722 |
<a href="#id2628287"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
723 |
10.2. ls -l |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
724 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
725 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
726 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
727 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
728 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
729 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
730 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
731 |
<a href="#id2628310"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
732 |
11. Permissions and Ownership |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
733 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
734 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
735 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
736 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
737 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
738 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
739 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
740 |
<a href="#id2628319"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
741 |
11.1. chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
742 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
743 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
744 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
745 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
746 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
747 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
748 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
749 |
<a href="#id2623759"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
750 |
12. Redirection and Piping |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
751 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
752 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
753 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
754 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
755 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
756 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
757 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
758 |
<a href="#id2629245"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
759 |
12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
760 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
761 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
762 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
763 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
764 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
765 |
<a href="#id2629314"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
766 |
12.2. Piping |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
767 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
768 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
769 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
770 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
771 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
772 |
<a href="#id2629376"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
773 |
12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
774 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
775 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
776 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
777 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
778 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
779 |
<a href="#id2629569"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
780 |
12.4. Chained pipelines |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
781 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
782 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
783 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
784 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
785 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
786 |
<a href="#id2629602"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
787 |
12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
788 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
789 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
790 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
791 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
792 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
793 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
794 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
795 |
<a href="#id2629633"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
796 |
13. More Text Processing |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
797 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
798 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
799 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
800 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
801 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
802 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
803 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
804 |
<a href="#id2629642"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
805 |
13.1. grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
806 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
807 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
808 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
809 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
810 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
811 |
<a href="#id2629831"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
812 |
13.2. tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
813 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
814 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
815 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
816 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
817 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
818 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
819 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
820 |
<a href="#id2629978"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
821 |
14. Elementary Regex |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
822 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
823 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
824 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
825 |
<dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
826 |
<dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
827 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
828 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
829 |
<a href="#id2630180"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
830 |
14.1. Lazy quantification |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
831 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
832 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
833 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
834 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
835 |
</dd> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
836 |
<dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
837 |
<span class="section"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
838 |
<a href="#id2630255"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
839 |
15. One Liners |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
840 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
841 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
842 |
</dt> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
843 |
</dl> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
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|
844 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
845 |
<div class="section" title="1.Introducing Linux"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
846 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
847 |
<div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
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changeset
|
848 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
849 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
850 |
<a name="id2383509"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
851 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
852 |
1.Introducing Linux |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
853 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
854 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
855 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
856 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
857 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
858 |
(Attribution : A significant chunk of the content under this section is based on data from Wikipedia and the Linux Documentation Project) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
859 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
860 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
861 |
Linux (usually pronounced lnks') is a generic term referring to Unix-like computer operating systems based on the Linux kernel, where a kernel is the intermediate layer between the hardware and the applications. The kernel is, on an abstract level, the core of (most) operating systems, that manages the various system resources. The development of the Linux OS is considered the basis for Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) collaboration since typically the underlying source code can be used, modified freely, and redistributed by anyone under the terms of the GNU (a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix!") Global Public License (GPL) and other free software licences. This freedom to access and reuse various components of a system, is one of the primary reasons for the popularity of Linux. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
862 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
863 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
864 |
Linux is installed on a variety of computer hardware, that include mobile phones, embedded devices and supercomputers, but is infamous for its use in servers. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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25
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changeset
|
865 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
866 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
867 |
The name "Linux" comes from the Linux kernel, originally written in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The rest of the system usually comprises components such as the Apache HTTP Server, the X Window System, the GNOME and KDE desktop environments, and utilities and libraries from the GNU Project (announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman). Commonly-used applications with desktop Linux systems include the Mozilla Firefox web-browser and the OpenOffice.org office application suite. The GNU contribution is the basis for the Free Software Foundation's preferred name GNU/Linux. The kernel's mascot is a penguin named "Tux". Mozilla Firefox and OpenOffice.org are open-source projects which can be run on most Operating Systems, including proprietary ones. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
868 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
869 |
<div class="section" title="1.1.Historical Background"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
870 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
871 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
872 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
873 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
874 |
<a name="id2381179"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
875 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
876 |
1.1.Historical Background |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
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diff
changeset
|
877 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
878 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
879 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
880 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
881 |
<div class="section" title="1.1.1.Events leading to the creation"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
882 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
883 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
884 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
885 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
886 |
<a name="id2571908"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
887 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
888 |
1.1.1.Events leading to the creation |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
889 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
890 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
891 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
892 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
893 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
894 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
895 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
896 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
897 |
The Unix operating system was developed in the 1960s and released for public use in 1970. Its accessibility and portability caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. Its design became influential to authors of other systems. Other free operating systems include the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), developed at the University of California at Berkeley, and MINIX which was released by Andrew S. Tanenbaum. The development and adoption of BSD and MINIX were limited due to various reasons, and this lack of a widely-adopted and free kernel triggered Linus Torvalds into starting his project. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
898 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
899 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
900 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
901 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
902 |
In 1983, Richard Stallman started the GNU project with the goal of creating a free UNIX-like operating system. As part of this work, he wrote the GNU General Public License (GPL). By the early 1990s there was almost enough available software to create a full operating system. However, the GNU kernel, called Hurd, failed to attract enough attention from developers leaving GNU incomplete. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
903 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
904 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
905 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
906 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
907 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
908 |
<div class="section" title="1.1.2.The Creation of Linux"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
909 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
910 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
911 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
912 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
913 |
<a name="id2624436"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
914 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
915 |
1.1.2.The Creation of Linux |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
916 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
917 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
918 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
919 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
920 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
921 |
In 1991, Linus Torvalds began a project at the University of Helsinki that later became the Linux kernel. It was initially a terminal (command-line) emulator, which Torvalds used to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program targeting just the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his computer with an 80386 processor. Development was done on Minix using the GNU C compiler. This application is still the main choice for compiling Linux today (although the code can be built with other compilers, such as the Intel C Compiler). |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
922 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
923 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
924 |
Torvalds continues to direct the development of the kernel. Stallman heads the Free Software Foundation, which in turn supports the GNU components. Finally, individuals and corporations develop third-party non-GNU components, which constitute a vast body of work and including kernel modules, and user applications and libraries. Linux vendors and communities combine and distribute the kernel, GNU components, and non-GNU components, with additional package management software in the form of Linux distributions. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
925 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
926 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
927 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
928 |
<div class="section" title="1.2.Design and Implications"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
929 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
930 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
931 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
932 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
933 |
<a name="id2624471"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
934 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
935 |
1.2.Design and Implications |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
936 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
937 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
938 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
939 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
940 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
941 |
A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix earlier. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, called the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, and peripheral and file system access. Device drivers are integrated directly with the kernel. Separate projects that interface with the kernel provide much of the system's higher-level functionality. The GNU userland is an important part of most Linux-based systems, providing the most common implementation of the C library, a popular shell, and many of the common Unix tools which carry out many basic operating system tasks. The graphical user interface (or GUI) used by most Linux systems is based on the "X Window System". |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
942 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
943 |
<div class="section" title="1.2.1.User Interface"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
944 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
945 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
946 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
947 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
948 |
<a name="id2624496"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
949 |
</a> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
950 |
1.2.1.User Interface |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
951 |
</h4> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
952 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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diff
changeset
|
953 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
954 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
955 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
956 |
Users can control a Linux-based system through a command line interface (or CLI), a graphical user interface (or GUI), or through controls attached to the associated hardware (this is common for embedded systems). For desktop systems, the default mode is usually the GUI. On desktop machines, "KDE", "GNOME" and "Xfce" are the most popular user interfaces,though a variety of additional user interfaces exist. Most popular user interfaces run on top of the "X Window System" (or X), which enables a graphical application running on one machine to be displayed and controlled from another in a network. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
957 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
958 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
959 |
A Linux system also provides a CLI of some sort through a shell, which is the traditional way of interacting with a Unix system. A Linux distribution specialized for servers may use the CLI as its only interface. A headless system (system run without even a monitor) can be controlled by the command line via a remote-control protocol such as SSH or telnet. The CLI is particularly suited for automation of repetitive or delayed tasks, and provides very simple inter-process communication. A graphical terminal emulator program is often used to access the CLI from a Linux desktop. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
960 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
changeset
|
961 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
962 |
<div class="section" title="1.2.2.Development"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
963 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
964 |
<div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
965 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
966 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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25
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changeset
|
967 |
<a name="id2624550"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
968 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
969 |
1.2.2.Development |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
970 |
</h4> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
971 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
972 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
973 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
974 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
975 |
The primary difference between Linux and many other popular contemporary operating systems is that the Linux kernel and other components are free and open source software. Linux is not the only such operating system, although it is by far the most widely used. Some free and open source software licenses are based on the principle of "copyleft", a kind of reciprocity: any work derived from a copyleft piece of software must also be copyleft itself. The most common free software license, the GNU GPL, is a form of copyleft, and is used for the Linux kernel and many of the components from the GNU project. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
976 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
977 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
978 |
Linux based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX, SUS, ISO and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT.Free software projects, although developed in a collaborative fashion, are often produced independently of each other. The fact that the software licenses explicitly permit redistribution, however, provides a basis for larger scale projects that collect the software produced by stand-alone projects and make it available all at once in the form of a Linux distribution. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
979 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
980 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
981 |
A Linux distribution, commonly called a "distro", is a project that manages a remote collection of system software and application software packages available for download and installation through a network connection. This allows the user to adapt the operating system to his/her specific needs. Distributions are maintained by individuals, loose-knit teams, volunteer organizations, and commercial entities. A distribution can be installed using a CD that contains distribution-specific software for initial system installation and configuration. A package manager such as Synaptic or YAST allows later package upgrades and installations. A distribution is responsible for the default configuration of the installed Linux kernel, general system security, and more generally integration of the different software packages into a coherent whole. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
982 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
983 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
984 |
<div class="section" title="1.2.3.Community"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
985 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
986 |
<div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
987 |
<div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
988 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
989 |
<a name="id2624617"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
990 |
</a> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
991 |
1.2.3.Community |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
992 |
</h4> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
993 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
994 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
995 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
996 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
997 |
A distribution is largely driven by its developer and user communities. Some vendors develop and fund their distributions on a volunteer basis. Examples include Debian and the Debian-based, Ubuntu. Others maintain a community version of their commercial distributions, as Red Hat does with Fedora. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
998 |
</p> |
|
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changeset
|
999 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1000 |
In many cities and regions, local associations known as Linux Users Groups (LUGs) seek to promote their preferred distribution and by extension free software. They hold meetings and provide free demonstrations, training, technical support, and operating system installation to new users. Many Internet communities also provide support to Linux users and developers. Most distributions and free software / open source projects have IRC (Internet Relay Chat) chatrooms or newsgroups. Online forums are another means for support. Linux distributions host mailing lists; commonly there will be a specific topic such as usage or development for a given list. All these can be found simply by running an appropriate search on Google. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1001 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1002 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1003 |
Although Linux distributions are generally available without charge, several large corporations sell, support, and contribute to the development of the components of the system and of free software. These include Dell, IBM, HP, Oracle, Sun Microsystems, Novell, Nokia. A number of corporations, notably Red Hat, have built their entire business around Linux distributions. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1004 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1005 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1006 |
<div class="section" title="1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux?"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1007 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1008 |
<div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1009 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
1010 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1011 |
<a name="id2624662"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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25
diff
changeset
|
1012 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
1013 |
1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux? |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1014 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1015 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1016 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1017 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
1018 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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|
1019 |
The answer is, "Yes!". The free software licenses, on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic. One common business model of commercial suppliers is charging for support, especially for business users. A number of companies also offer a specialized business version of their distribution, which adds proprietary support packages and tools to administer higher numbers of installations or to simplify administrative tasks. Another business model is to give away the software in order to sell hardware. Examples of corporations that are extensively (and sometimes exclusively) open-source and Linux-powered , with successful revenue generation models involving these, are Google, SUN, Mozilla, etc. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1020 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1021 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1022 |
<div class="section" title="1.2.5.Programming on Linux"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1023 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1024 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
1025 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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parents:
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changeset
|
1026 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1027 |
<a name="id2624708"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
1028 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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25
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changeset
|
1029 |
1.2.5.Programming on Linux |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1030 |
</h4> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1031 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1032 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1033 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1034 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1035 |
Most Linux distributions support dozens of programming languages. The most common collection of utilities for building both Linux applications and operating system programs is found within the GNU toolchain, which includes the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and the GNU build system. Amongst others, GCC provides compilers for Ada, C, C++, Java, and Fortran. The Linux kernel itself is written to be compiled with GCC. Proprietary compilers for Linux include the Intel C++ Compiler, Sun Studio, and IBM XL C/C++ Compiler. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1036 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
1037 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
1038 |
Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. Examples of languages that are less common, but still supported, are C# via the Mono project, sponsored by Novell, and Scheme. A number of Java Virtual Machines and development kits run on Linux, including the original Sun Microsystems JVM (HotSpot), and IBM's J2SE RE, as well as many open-source projects like Kaffe. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1039 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1040 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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|
1041 |
The two main frameworks for developing graphical applications are those of GNOME and KDE. These projects are based on the GTK+ and Qt widget toolkits, respectively, which can also be used independently of the larger framework. Both support a wide variety of languages. There are a number of Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) available including Anjuta, Code::Blocks, Eclipse, KDevelop, Lazarus, MonoDevelop, NetBeans, and Omnis Studio while the long-established editors Vim and Emacs remain popular. |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1042 |
</p> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1043 |
</div> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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changeset
|
1044 |
</div> |
|
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|
1045 |
<div class="section" title="1.3.Reasons for Using Linux"> |
|
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Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
1046 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1047 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1048 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1049 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1050 |
<a name="id2624755"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1051 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1052 |
1.3.Reasons for Using Linux |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1053 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1054 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1055 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1056 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1057 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1058 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1059 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1060 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1061 |
Linux is free: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1062 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1063 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1064 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1065 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1066 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1067 |
As in "free beer". Linux can be downloaded in its entirety from the Internet completely for free. No registration fees, no costs per user, free updates, and freely available source code in case you want to change the behavior of your system. |
| 25 | 1068 |
Most of all, Linux is free as in "free speech": |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1069 |
The license commonly used is the GNU Public License (GPL). The license says that anybody who may want to do so, has the right to change Linux and eventually to redistribute a changed version, on the one condition that the code is still available after redistribution. In practice, you are free to grab a kernel image and sell the new code, as long as your customers can still have a copy of that code. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1070 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1071 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1072 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1073 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1074 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1075 |
Linux is portable to any hardware platform: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1076 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1077 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1078 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1079 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1080 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1081 |
A vendor, who wants to sell a new type of computer and who does not know what kind of OS his/her new machine will run, can take a Linux kernel and make it work on his/her hardware, because documentation related to this activity is freely available. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1082 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1083 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1084 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1085 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1086 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1087 |
Linux was made to keep on running: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1088 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1089 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1090 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1091 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1092 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1093 |
As with UNIX, a Linux system expects to run without rebooting all the time. That is why a lot of tasks are being executed at night or scheduled automatically for other times, resulting in higher availability during busier periods and a more balanced use of the hardware. This property allows for Linux to be applicable to environments where people do not have the time or the possibility to control their systems constantly. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1094 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1095 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1096 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1097 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1098 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1099 |
Linux is secure and versatile: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1100 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1101 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1102 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1103 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1104 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1105 |
The security model used in Linux is based on the UNIX idea of security, which is known to be robust and of proven quality. But Linux is not only safe from attacks from the Internet: it will adapt equally to other situations, utilizing the same high standards for security. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1106 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1107 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1108 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1109 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1110 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1111 |
Linux is scalable: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1112 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1113 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1114 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1115 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1116 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1117 |
From a Palmtop with 2 MB of memory to a petabyte storage cluster with hundreds of nodes: add or remove the appropriate packages and Linux fits all. One does not need a supercomputer anymore,because you can use Linux to do big things using the building blocks provided with the system. If one wants to do little things, such as making an operating system for an embedded processor or just recycling your old 486, Linux will do that as well. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1118 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1119 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1120 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1121 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1122 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_20"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1123 |
The Linux OS and Linux applications have very short debugtimes: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1124 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1125 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1126 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1127 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1128 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_21"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1129 |
Because Linux has been developed and tested by thousands of people, both errors and people to fix them are found very quickly. It often happens that there are only a couple of hours between discovery and fixing of a bug. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1130 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1131 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1132 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1133 |
<div class="section" title="2.Getting Started"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1134 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1135 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1136 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1137 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1138 |
<a name="id2624896"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1139 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1140 |
2.Getting Started |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1141 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1142 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1143 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1144 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1145 |
<div class="section" title="2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1146 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1147 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1148 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1149 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1150 |
<a name="id2624904"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1151 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1152 |
2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1153 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1154 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1155 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1156 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1157 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_22"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1158 |
In order to work on a Linux system directly, one needs to provide a user name and password. You always need to authenticate to the system. Most PCbased Linux systems have two basic modes for a system to run in: either quick and clean in text console mode,which includes with mouse, multitasking and multiuser features, or in graphical console mode, which looks better but eats more system resources. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1159 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1160 |
<div class="section" title="2.1.1.Graphical Mode"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1161 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1162 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1163 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1164 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1165 |
<a name="id2624935"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1166 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1167 |
2.1.1.Graphical Mode |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1168 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1169 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1170 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1171 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1172 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_23"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1173 |
This is the default nowadays on most desktop computers. You know you will be connecting to the system using graphical mode when you are first asked for your user name, and then to type your password. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1174 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1175 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_24"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1176 |
To log in, make sure the mouse pointer is in the login window, provide your user name and password to the system and click |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1177 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1178 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1179 |
OK |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1180 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1181 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1182 |
or press |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1183 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1184 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1185 |
Enter |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1186 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1187 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1188 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1189 |
It is generally considered a bad idea to connect (graphically) using the root user name, the system adminstrator's account, since the use of graphics includes running a lot of extra programs, in root's case with a lot of extra permissions. To keep all risks as low as possible, use a normal user account to connect graphically. But there are enough risks to keep this in mind as a general advice, for all use of the root account: only log in as root when extra privileges are required. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1190 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1191 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_25"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1192 |
After entering your user name/password combination, it can take a little while before the graphical environment is started, depending on the CPU speed of your computer, on the software you use and on your personal settings. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1193 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1194 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_26"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1195 |
To continue, you will need to open a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1196 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1197 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1198 |
terminal window |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1199 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1200 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1201 |
or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1202 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1203 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1204 |
xterm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1205 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1206 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1207 |
for short (X being the name for the underlying software supporting the graphical environment). This program can be found in the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1208 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1209 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1210 |
Applications>Utilities->System Tools |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1211 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1212 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1213 |
or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1214 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1215 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1216 |
Internet menu |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1217 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1218 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1219 |
, depending on what window manager you are using. There might be icons that you can use as a shortcut to get an |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1220 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1221 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1222 |
xterm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1223 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1224 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1225 |
window as well, and clicking the right mouse button on the desktop background will usually present you with a menu containing a terminal window application. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1226 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1227 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_27"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1228 |
While browsing the menus, you will notice that a lot of things can be done without entering commands via the keyboard. For most users, the good old pointnclick method of dealing with the computer will do. But for those who want to enter the "heart" of the system, a tool stronger than a mouse will be required to handle the various tasks. This tool is the shell, and when in graphical mode, we activate our shell by opening a terminal window. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1229 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1230 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_28"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1231 |
A terminal window should always show a command prompt when you open one. This terminal shows a standard prompt, which displays the user's login name, and the current working directory, represented by the twiddle (~) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1232 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1233 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_29"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1234 |
Another common form for a prompt is this one: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1235 |
[ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1236 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1237 |
<div class="reference"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1238 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1239 |
<hr /> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1240 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1241 |
user@host |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1242 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1243 |
<p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1244 |
dir] |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1245 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1246 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1247 |
In the above example, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1248 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1249 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1250 |
user |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1251 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1252 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1253 |
will be your login name, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1254 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1255 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1256 |
hosts |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1257 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1258 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1259 |
the name of the machine you are working on, and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1260 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1261 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1262 |
dir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1263 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1264 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1265 |
an indication of your current location in the file system. Prompts can display all kinds of information, but they are not part of the commands you are giving to your system. To disconnect from the system in graphical mode, you need to close all terminal windows and other applications. After that, hit the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1266 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1267 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
1268 |
logout |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1269 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1270 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1271 |
icon or find |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1272 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1273 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1274 |
Log Out |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1275 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1276 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1277 |
in the menu. Closing everything is not really necessary, and the system can do this for you, but session management might put all currently open applications back on your screen when you connect again, which takes longer and is not always the desired effect. However, this behavior is configurable. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1278 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1279 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1280 |
When you see the login screen again, asking to enter user name and password, logout was successful. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1281 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1282 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1283 |
<div class="section" title="2.1.2.Text Mode"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1284 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
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changeset
|
1285 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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|
1286 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
1287 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1288 |
<a name="id2625094"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1289 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1290 |
2.1.2.Text Mode |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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changeset
|
1291 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
1292 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1293 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1294 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1295 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1296 |
One is in text mode when the whole screen is black, showing (in most cases white) characters. A text mode login screen typically shows some information about the machine you are working on, the name of the machine and a prompt waiting for you to log in. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1297 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1298 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1299 |
The login is different from a graphical login, in that you have to hit the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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changeset
|
1300 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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changeset
|
1301 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1302 |
Enter |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
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changeset
|
1303 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1304 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1305 |
key after providing your user name, because there are no buttons on the screen that you can click with the mouse. Then you should type your password, followed by another |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1306 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1307 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1308 |
Enter |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1309 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1310 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1311 |
. You will not see any indication that you are entering something, not even an asterisk, and you won't see the cursor move. But this is normal on Linux and is done for security |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1312 |
reasons. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1313 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1314 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1315 |
When the system has accepted you as a valid user, you may get some more information, called the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1316 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1317 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1318 |
message of the day |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1319 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1320 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1321 |
, which can be anything. Additionally, it is popular on UNIX systems to display a fortune cookie, which contains some general wise or unwise (this is up to you) thoughts. After that, you will be given a shell, indicated with the same prompt that you would get in graphical mode. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1322 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1323 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_2f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1324 |
Also in text mode: log in as root only to do setup and configuration that absolutely requires administrator privileges, such as adding users, installing software packages, and performing network and other system configuration. Once you are finished, immediately leave the special account and resume your work as a nonprivileged user. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1325 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1326 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_30"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1327 |
Logging out is done by entering the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1328 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1329 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1330 |
logout |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1331 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1332 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1333 |
command, followed by Enter. You are successfully disconnected from the system when you see the login screen again.Don't poweroff the computer after logging out. It is not meant to be shut off without application of the proper procedures for halting the system. Powering it off without going through the halting process might cause severe damage! |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1334 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1335 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1336 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1337 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1338 |
<div class="section" title="3.Basic Commands"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1339 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1340 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1341 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1342 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1343 |
<a name="id2625184"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1344 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1345 |
3.Basic Commands |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1346 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1347 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1348 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1349 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1350 |
<div class="section" title="3.1.ls"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1351 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1352 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1353 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1354 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1355 |
<a name="id2625193"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1356 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1357 |
3.1.ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1358 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1359 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1360 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1361 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1362 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_31"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1363 |
When invoked without any arguments, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1364 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1365 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1366 |
ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1367 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1368 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1369 |
lists the files in the current working directory. A directory that is not the current working directory can be specified and ls will list the files there. The user also may specify any list of files and directories. In this case, all files and all contents of specified directories will be listed. The name |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1370 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1371 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1372 |
ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1373 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1374 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1375 |
is derived from |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1376 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1377 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1378 |
list segments |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1379 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1380 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1381 |
which was used in earlier systems. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1382 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1383 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_32"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1384 |
Files whose names start with "." are not listed, unless the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1385 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1386 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1387 |
-a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1388 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1389 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1390 |
flag is specified or the files are specified explicitly. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1391 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1392 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_33"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1393 |
Without options, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1394 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1395 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1396 |
ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1397 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1398 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1399 |
displays files in a bare format. This bare format however makes it difficult to establish the type, permissions, and size of the files. The most common options to reveal this information or change the list of files are: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1400 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1401 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1402 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1403 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1404 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_34"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1405 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1406 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1407 |
-l |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1408 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1409 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1410 |
long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, date, and filename |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1411 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1412 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1413 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1414 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_35"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1415 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1416 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1417 |
-F |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1418 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1419 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1420 |
appends a character revealing the nature of a file, for example, * for an executable, or / for a directory. Regular files have no suffix. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1421 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1422 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1423 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1424 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_36"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1425 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1426 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1427 |
-a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1428 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1429 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1430 |
lists all files in the given directory, including those whose names start with "." (which are hidden files in Unix). By default, these files are excluded from the list. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1431 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1432 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1433 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1434 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_37"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1435 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1436 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1437 |
-R |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1438 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1439 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1440 |
recursively lists subdirectories. The command ls -R / would therefore list all files. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1441 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1442 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1443 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1444 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_38"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1445 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1446 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1447 |
-d |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1448 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1449 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1450 |
shows information about a symbolic link or directory, rather than about the link's target or listing the contents of a directory. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1451 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1452 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1453 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1454 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_39"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1455 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1456 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1457 |
-t |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1458 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1459 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1460 |
sort the list of files by modification time. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1461 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1462 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1463 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1464 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1465 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1466 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1467 |
-h |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1468 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1469 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1470 |
print sizes in human readable format. (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1471 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1472 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1473 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1474 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1475 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1476 |
In some environments, providing the option |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1477 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1478 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1479 |
--color |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1480 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1481 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1482 |
(for GNU ls) or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1483 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1484 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1485 |
-G |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1486 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1487 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1488 |
(FreeBSD ls) causes ls to highlight different types of files with different colors, instead of with characters as |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1489 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1490 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1491 |
-F |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1492 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1493 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1494 |
would. To determine what color to use for a file, GNU |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1495 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1496 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1497 |
ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1498 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1499 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1500 |
checks the Unix file type, the file permissions, and the file extension, while FreeBSD |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1501 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1502 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1503 |
ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1504 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1505 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1506 |
checks only the Unix file type and file permissions.: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1507 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1508 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1509 |
$ ls |
| 25 | 1510 |
jeeves.rst psmith.html blandings.html |
1511 |
$ ls -l |
|
1512 |
drwxr--r-- 1 plum editors 4096 jeeves |
|
1513 |
-rw-r--r-- 1 plum editors 30405 psmith |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1514 |
-r-xr-xr-x 1 plum plum 8460 blandings |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1515 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1516 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1517 |
Here "$" actually is the beginning of the prompt. This is typical in most Unix-based systems. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1518 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1519 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1520 |
<div class="section" title="3.2.date"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1521 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1522 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1523 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1524 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1525 |
<a name="id2625356"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1526 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1527 |
3.2.date |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1528 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1529 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1530 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1531 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1532 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1533 |
The Unix date command displays the time and date. The super-user can use it to set the system clock. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1534 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1535 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1536 |
With no options, the date command displays the current date and time, including the abbreviated day name, abbreviated month name, day of the month, the time separated by colons, the timezone name, and the year. For example: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1537 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1538 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1539 |
$date |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1540 |
Tue Sep 8 12:01:45 IST 2009 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1541 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1542 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_3f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1543 |
On some systems to set the current date and time to September 8, 2004 01:22 you type: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1544 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1545 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1546 |
$date --set="20040908 01:22" |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1547 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1548 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_40"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1549 |
In order to view the various options for the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1550 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1551 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1552 |
date |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1553 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1554 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1555 |
command, type: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1556 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1557 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1558 |
$man date |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1559 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1560 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_41"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1561 |
This will take you to the "Manual" page comprising of all the details on the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1562 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1563 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1564 |
date |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1565 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1566 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1567 |
command. You can return to the terminal from the "man" page by pressing the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1568 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1569 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1570 |
Esc |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1571 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1572 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1573 |
key in the keyboard and typing ":q" in that order. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1574 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1575 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1576 |
<div class="section" title="3.3.cd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1577 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1578 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1579 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1580 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1581 |
<a name="id2625416"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1582 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1583 |
3.3.cd |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1584 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1585 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1586 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1587 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1588 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_42"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1589 |
This stands for "change directory". When one wants to go up to the parent directory, bypassing the tree of directories one has entered, cd .. can be used. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1590 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1591 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_43"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1592 |
One dot '.' represents the current directory while two dots '..' represent the parent directory. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1593 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1594 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_44"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1595 |
cd - will return you to the previous directory (a bit like an undo). |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1596 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1597 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_45"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1598 |
You can also use cd absolute path or cd relative path (see below): |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1599 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1600 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_46"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1601 |
Absolute paths: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1602 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1603 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_47"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1604 |
An absolute path is easily recognised from the leading forward slash, /. The / means that you start at the top level directory and continue down. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1605 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1606 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_48"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1607 |
For example to get to /boot/grub you would type: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1608 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1609 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1610 |
$cd /boot/grub |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1611 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1612 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_49"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1613 |
This is an absolute path because you start at the top of the hierarchy and go downwards from there (it doesn't matter where in the filesystem you were when you typed the command). |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1614 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1615 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1616 |
Relative paths: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1617 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1618 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1619 |
A relative path doesn't have a preceding slash. Use a relative path when you start from a directory below the top level directory structure. This is dependent on where you are in the filesystem. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1620 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1621 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1622 |
For example if you are in root's home directory and want to get to /root/music, you type: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1623 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1624 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1625 |
$ cd music |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1626 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1627 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1628 |
Please note that there is no / using the above cd command. Using a / would cause this to be an absolute path, working from the top of the hierarchy downward. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1629 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1630 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1631 |
<div class="section" title="3.4.who"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1632 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1633 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1634 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1635 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1636 |
<a name="id2625517"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1637 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1638 |
3.4.who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1639 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1640 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1641 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1642 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1643 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1644 |
The standard Unix command |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1645 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1646 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1647 |
who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1648 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1649 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1650 |
displays a list of users who are currently logged into a computer. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1651 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1652 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_4f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1653 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1654 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1655 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1656 |
who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1657 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1658 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1659 |
command is related to the command |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1660 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1661 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1662 |
w |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1663 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1664 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1665 |
, which provides the same information but also displays additional data and statistics.: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1666 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1667 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1668 |
$who |
| 25 | 1669 |
beeblebrox tty7 2009-09-08 10:50 (:0) |
1670 |
beeblebrox pts/0 2009-09-08 11:25 (:0.0) |
|
1671 |
dumbledore pts/1 2009-09-08 18:11 (potter.xyz.in) |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1672 |
beeblebrox pts/2 2009-09-08 18:53 (:0.0) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1673 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1674 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_50"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1675 |
The command can be invoked with the arguments |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1676 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1677 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1678 |
am i |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1679 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1680 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1681 |
or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1682 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1683 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1684 |
am I |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1685 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1686 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1687 |
(so it is invoked as |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1688 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1689 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1690 |
who am i |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1691 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1692 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1693 |
or * who am I*), showing information about the current terminal only (see the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1694 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1695 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1696 |
-m |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1697 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1698 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1699 |
option below, of which this invocation is equivalent). |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1700 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1701 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_51"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1702 |
In order to find out the various options that can be appended to the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1703 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1704 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1705 |
who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1706 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1707 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1708 |
command, check the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1709 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1710 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1711 |
man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1712 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1713 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1714 |
page by typing out the following in the terminal: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1715 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1716 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1717 |
$man who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1718 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1719 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_52"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1720 |
This will take you to the "Manual" page containing details about the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1721 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1722 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1723 |
who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1724 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1725 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1726 |
command |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1727 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1728 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1729 |
<div class="section" title="3.5.mkdir"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1730 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1731 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1732 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1733 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1734 |
<a name="id2625600"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1735 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1736 |
3.5.mkdir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1737 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1738 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1739 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1740 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1741 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_53"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1742 |
This command is used to make a new directory. Normal usage is as straightforward as follows: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1743 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1744 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1745 |
$mkdir name_of_directory |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1746 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1747 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_54"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1748 |
Where |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1749 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1750 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1751 |
name_of_directory |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1752 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1753 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1754 |
is the name of the directory one wants to create. When typed as above (ie. normal usage), the new directory would be created within the current directory. On Unix, multiple directories can be specified, and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1755 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1756 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1757 |
mkdir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1758 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1759 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1760 |
will try to create all of them. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1761 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1762 |
<div class="section" title="3.5.1.Options"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1763 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1764 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1765 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1766 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1767 |
<a name="id2625632"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1768 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1769 |
3.5.1.Options |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1770 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1771 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1772 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1773 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1774 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_55"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1775 |
On Unix-like operating systems, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1776 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1777 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1778 |
mkdir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1779 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1780 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1781 |
takes options. Three of the most common options are: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1782 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1783 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1784 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1785 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1786 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_56"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1787 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1788 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1789 |
-p |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1790 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1791 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1792 |
: will also create all directories leading up to the given directory that do not exist already. If the given directory already exists, ignore the error. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1793 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1794 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1795 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1796 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_57"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1797 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1798 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1799 |
-v |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1800 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1801 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1802 |
: display each directory that mkdir creates. Most often used with -p. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1803 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1804 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1805 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1806 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_58"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1807 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1808 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1809 |
-m |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1810 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1811 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1812 |
: specify the octal permissions of directories created by mkdir. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1813 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1814 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1815 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1816 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1817 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_59"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1818 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1819 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1820 |
-p |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1821 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1822 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1823 |
is most often used when using mkdir to build up complex directory hierarchies, in case a necessary directory is missing or already there. -m is commonly used to lock down temporary directories used by shell scripts. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1824 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1825 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1826 |
<div class="section" title="3.5.2.Examples"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1827 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1828 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1829 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1830 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1831 |
<a name="id2625692"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1832 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1833 |
3.5.2.Examples |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1834 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1835 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1836 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1837 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1838 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1839 |
An example of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1840 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1841 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1842 |
-p |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1843 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1844 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1845 |
in action is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1846 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1847 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1848 |
$mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1849 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1850 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1851 |
If |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1852 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1853 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1854 |
/tmp/a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1855 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1856 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1857 |
exists but |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1858 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1859 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1860 |
/tmp/a/b |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1861 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1862 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1863 |
does not, mkdir will create |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1864 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1865 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1866 |
/tmp/a/b |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1867 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1868 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1869 |
before creating |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1870 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1871 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1872 |
/tmp/a/b/c |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1873 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1874 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1875 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1876 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1877 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1878 |
And an even more powerful command, creating a full tree at once (this however is a Shell extension, nothing mkdir does itself): |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1879 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1880 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1881 |
$mkdir -p tmpdir/{trunk/sources/{includes,docs},branches,tags}
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1882 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1883 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1884 |
This will create: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1885 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1886 |
tmpdir - branches |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1887 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1888 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1889 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1890 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1891 |
tag |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1892 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1893 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1894 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1895 |
trunk - sources - includes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1896 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1897 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1898 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1899 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_5f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1900 |
docs |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1901 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1902 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1903 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1904 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1905 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1906 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1907 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1908 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1909 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1910 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1911 |
<div class="section" title="4.Getting Help"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1912 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1913 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1914 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1915 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1916 |
<a name="id2625768"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1917 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1918 |
4.Getting Help |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1919 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1920 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1921 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1922 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1923 |
<div class="section" title="4.1.apropos and whatis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1924 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1925 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1926 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1927 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1928 |
<a name="id2625776"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1929 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1930 |
4.1.apropos and whatis |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1931 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1932 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1933 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1934 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1935 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_60"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1936 |
This is a command to search the manual pages files in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1937 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1938 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1939 |
$ apropos grep |
| 25 | 1940 |
egrep egrep (1) Search a file for a pattern using full regular expressions |
1941 |
fgrep fgrep (1) Search a file for a fixed-character string |
|
1942 |
fmlgrep fmlgrep (1) Search a file for a pattern |
|
1943 |
grep grep (1) Search a file for a pattern |
|
1944 |
gzgrep gzgrep (1) Search a possibly compressed file for a regular expression |
|
1945 |
nisgrep nismatch (1) Utilities for searching NIS+ tables |
|
1946 |
pgrep pgrep (1) Find or signal a process by name or other attribute |
|
1947 |
zgrep zgrep (1) Search a possibly compressed file for a regular expression |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1948 |
... |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1949 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1950 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_61"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1951 |
In this example, the user uses |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1952 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1953 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1954 |
apropos |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1955 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1956 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1957 |
to search for the string "grep", and apropos returns the indicated |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1958 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1959 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1960 |
man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1961 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1962 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1963 |
pages that include the term "grep". |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1964 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1965 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_62"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1966 |
A short index of explanations for commands is available using the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1967 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1968 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1969 |
whatis |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1970 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1971 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1972 |
command, like in the examples below: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1973 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1974 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1975 |
$whatis ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1976 |
ls (1) - list directory contents |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1977 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1978 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_63"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1979 |
This displays short information about a command, and the first section in the collection of man pages that contains an appropriate page. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1980 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1981 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_64"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1982 |
If you don't know where to get started and which man page to read, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1983 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1984 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1985 |
apropos |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1986 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1987 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1988 |
gives more information. Say that you do not know how to start a browser, then you could enter the following command: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1989 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1990 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
1991 |
$apropos browser |
| 25 | 1992 |
gmusicbrowser (1) - Jukebox for large collections of audio files |
1993 |
infobrowser (1) - read Info documents |
|
1994 |
libsmbclient (7) - An extension library for browsers and that can be used... |
|
1995 |
opera (1) - a standards-compliant graphical Web browser |
|
1996 |
sensible-browser (1) - sensible editing, paging, and web browsing |
|
1997 |
smbtree (1) - A text based smb network browser |
|
1998 |
tvtk_doc (1) - A GUI based TVTK documentation search browser. |
|
1999 |
viewres (1) - graphical class browser for Xt |
|
2000 |
w3m (1) - a text based Web browser and pager |
|
2001 |
www-browser (1) - a text based Web browser and pager |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2002 |
... |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2003 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2004 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2005 |
<div class="section" title="4.2.man"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2006 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2007 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2008 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2009 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2010 |
<a name="id2625871"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2011 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2012 |
4.2.man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2013 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2014 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2015 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2016 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2017 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_65"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2018 |
Man pages (short for "manual pages") are the extensive documentation that comes preinstalled with almost all substantial Unix and Unix-like operating systems. The Unix command used to display them is |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2019 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2020 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2021 |
man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2022 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2023 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2024 |
. Each page is a self-contained document. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2025 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2026 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_66"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2027 |
To read a manual page for a Unix command, one can use: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2028 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2029 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2030 |
$ man <command_name> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2031 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2032 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_67"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2033 |
at a shell prompt; for example, "man ftp". In order to simplify navigation through the output, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2034 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2035 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2036 |
man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2037 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2038 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2039 |
generally uses the less terminal pager. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2040 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2041 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_68"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2042 |
Pages are traditionally referred to using the notation "name(section)"; for example, ftp(1). The same page name may appear in more than one section of the manual, this can occur when the names of system calls, user commands, or macro packages coincide. Two examples are |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2043 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2044 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2045 |
man(1) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2046 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2047 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2048 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2049 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2050 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2051 |
man(7) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2052 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2053 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2054 |
, or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2055 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2056 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2057 |
exit(2) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2058 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2059 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2060 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2061 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2062 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2063 |
exit(3) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2064 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2065 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2066 |
. The syntax for accessing the non-default manual section varies between different man implementations. On Linux and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2067 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2068 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2069 |
BSD, for example, the syntax for reading *printf(3) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2070 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2071 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2072 |
is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2073 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2074 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2075 |
$man 3 printf |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2076 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2077 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_69"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2078 |
Another example: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2079 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2080 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2081 |
$man man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2082 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2083 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2084 |
The previous example will take you to the "Manual" page entry about manual pages! |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2085 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2086 |
<div class="section" title="4.2.1.Layout"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2087 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2088 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2089 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2090 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2091 |
<a name="id2625954"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2092 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2093 |
4.2.1.Layout |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2094 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2095 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2096 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2097 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2098 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2099 |
All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple ASCII text display, possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. Sections present may include: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2100 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2101 |
NAME |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2102 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2103 |
The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2104 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2105 |
SYNOPSIS |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2106 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2107 |
In the case of a command, you get a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its definition. For experienced users, this may be all the documentation they need. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2108 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2109 |
DESCRIPTION |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2110 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2111 |
A textual description of the functioning of the command or function. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2112 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2113 |
EXAMPLES |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2114 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_6f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2115 |
Some examples of common usage. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2116 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2117 |
SEE ALSO |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2118 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_70"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2119 |
A list of related commands or functions. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2120 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2121 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_71"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2122 |
Other sections may be present, but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, ENVIRONMENT, KNOWN BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS, HISTORY and COPYRIGHT. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2123 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2124 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_72"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2125 |
These days virtually every Unix command line application comes with its man page, and many Unix users perceive a lack of man pages as a sign of low quality; indeed, some projects, such as Debian, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. Few alternatives to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2126 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2127 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2128 |
man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2129 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2130 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2131 |
have enjoyed much popularity, with the possible exception of the GNU project's "info" system, an early and simple hypertext system. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2132 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2133 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_73"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2134 |
However, the format of a single page for each application, the lack of classification within the sections and the relatively unsophisticated formatting facilities have motivated the development of alternative documentation systems, such as the previously mentioned "info" system. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2135 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2136 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_74"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2137 |
Most Unix GUI applications (particularly those built using the GNOME and KDE development environments) now provide end-user documentation in HTML and include embedded HTML viewers such as yelp for reading the help within the application. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2138 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2139 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_75"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2140 |
Usually the man pages are written in English. Translations into other languages can be also available on the system. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2141 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2142 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_76"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2143 |
The default format of the man pages is troff, with either the macro package man (appearance oriented) or on some systems mdoc (semantic oriented). This makes it possible to typeset a man page to PostScript, PDF and various other formats for viewing or printing. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2144 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2145 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2146 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2147 |
<div class="section" title="4.3.info"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2148 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2149 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2150 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2151 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2152 |
<a name="id2626065"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2153 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2154 |
4.3.info |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2155 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2156 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2157 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2158 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2159 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_77"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2160 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2161 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2162 |
info |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2163 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2164 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2165 |
is a software utility which forms a hypertextual, multipage documentation and help viewer working on a command line interface, useful when there is no GUI available. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2166 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2167 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_78"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2168 |
The syntax is |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2169 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2170 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2171 |
$ info <command_name> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2172 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2173 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_79"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2174 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2175 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2176 |
info |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2177 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2178 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2179 |
processes info files, which are Texinfo formatted files, and presents the documentation as a tree, with simple commands to traverse the tree and to follow cross references. For instance |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2180 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2181 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2182 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2183 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2184 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2185 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2186 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2187 |
n |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2188 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2189 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2190 |
goes to the next page. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2191 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2192 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2193 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2194 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2195 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2196 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2197 |
p |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2198 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2199 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2200 |
goes to the previous page. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2201 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2202 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2203 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2204 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2205 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2206 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2207 |
u |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2208 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2209 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2210 |
goes to the upper page. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2211 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2212 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2213 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2214 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2215 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2216 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2217 |
l |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2218 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2219 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2220 |
goes to the last(visited) node |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2221 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2222 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2223 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2224 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2225 |
To follow a cross reference, the cursor can be moved over a link (a word preceded by a *) and enter pressed. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2226 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2227 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2228 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2229 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2230 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_7f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2231 |
info was initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2232 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2233 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2234 |
<div class="section" title="4.4.--help"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2235 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2236 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2237 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2238 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2239 |
<a name="id2626152"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2240 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2241 |
4.4.--help |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2242 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2243 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2244 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2245 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2246 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_80"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2247 |
Most GNU commands support the --help, which gives a short explanation about how to use the command and a list of available options. Below is the output of this option with the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2248 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2249 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2250 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2251 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2252 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2253 |
command: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2254 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2255 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2256 |
$ userprompt@host: cat --help |
| 25 | 2257 |
Usage: cat [OPTION] [FILE]... |
2258 |
Concatenate FILE(s), or standard input, to standard output. |
|
2259 |
||
2260 |
-A, --show-all equivalent to -vET |
|
2261 |
-b, --number-nonblank number nonempty output lines |
|
2262 |
-e equivalent to -vE |
|
2263 |
-E, --show-ends display $ at end of each line |
|
2264 |
-n, --number number all output lines |
|
2265 |
-s, --squeeze-blank suppress repeated empty output lines |
|
2266 |
-t equivalent to -vT |
|
2267 |
-T, --show-tabs display TAB characters as ^I |
|
2268 |
-u (ignored) |
|
2269 |
-v, --show-nonprinting use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB |
|
2270 |
--help display this help and exit |
|
2271 |
--version output version information and exit |
|
2272 |
||
2273 |
With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. |
|
2274 |
||
2275 |
Examples: |
|
2276 |
cat f - g Output f's contents, then standard input, then g's contents. |
|
2277 |
cat Copy standard input to standard output. |
|
2278 |
||
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2279 |
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2280 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2281 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2282 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2283 |
<div class="section" title="5.Basic file handling"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2284 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2285 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2286 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2287 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2288 |
<a name="id2626205"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2289 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2290 |
5.Basic file handling |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2291 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2292 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2293 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2294 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2295 |
<div class="section" title="5.1.cp"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2296 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2297 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2298 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2299 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2300 |
<a name="id2626214"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2301 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2302 |
5.1.cp |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2303 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2304 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2305 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2306 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2307 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_81"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2308 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2309 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2310 |
cp |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2311 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2312 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2313 |
is the command entered in a Unix shell to copy a file from one place to another, possibly on a different filesystem. The original file remains unchanged, and the new file may have the same or a different name. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2314 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2315 |
<div class="section" title="5.1.1.Usage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2316 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2317 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2318 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2319 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2320 |
<a name="id2626231"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2321 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2322 |
5.1.1.Usage |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2323 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2324 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2325 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2326 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2327 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_82"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2328 |
To copy a file to another file: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2329 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2330 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2331 |
$ cp [ -f ] [ -H ] [ -i ] [ -p ][ -- ] SourceFile TargetFile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2332 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2333 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_83"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2334 |
To copy a file to a directory: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2335 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2336 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2337 |
$ cp [ -f ] [ -H ] [ -i ] [ -p ] [ -r | -R ] [ -- ] SourceFile ... TargetDirectory |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2338 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2339 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_84"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2340 |
To copy a directory to a directory: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2341 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2342 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2343 |
$ cp [ -f ] [ -H ] [ -i ] [ -p ] [ -- ] { -r | -R }
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2344 |
SourceDirectory ... TargetDirectory |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2345 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2346 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2347 |
<div class="section" title="5.1.2.Flags"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2348 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2349 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2350 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2351 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2352 |
<a name="id2626266"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2353 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2354 |
5.1.2.Flags |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2355 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2356 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2357 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2358 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2359 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_85"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2360 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2361 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2362 |
-f |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2363 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2364 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2365 |
(force) specifies removal of the target file if it cannot be opened for write operations. The removal precedes any copying performed by the cp command. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2366 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2367 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_86"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2368 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2369 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2370 |
-P |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2371 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2372 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2373 |
makes the cp command copy symbolic links. The default is to follow symbolic links, that is, to copy files to which symbolic links point. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2374 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2375 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_87"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2376 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2377 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2378 |
-i |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2379 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2380 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2381 |
(interactive) prompts you with the name of a file to be overwritten. This occurs if the TargetDirectory or TargetFile parameter contains a file with the same name as a file specified in the SourceFile or SourceDirectory parameter. If you enter y or the locale's equivalent of y, the cp command continues. Any other answer prevents the cp command from overwriting the file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2382 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2383 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_88"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2384 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2385 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2386 |
-p |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2387 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2388 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2389 |
(preserve) duplicates the following characteristics of each SourceFile/SourceDirectory in the corresponding TargetFile and/or TargetDirectory: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2390 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2391 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2392 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2393 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2394 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_89"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2395 |
The time of the last data modification and the time of the last access. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2396 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2397 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2398 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2399 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2400 |
The user ID and group ID (only if it has permissions to do this) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2401 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2402 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2403 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2404 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2405 |
The file permission bits and the SUID and SGID bits. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2406 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2407 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2408 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2409 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2410 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2411 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2412 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2413 |
-R |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2414 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2415 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2416 |
(recursive) copy directories (recursively copying all the contents) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2417 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2418 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2419 |
<div class="section" title="5.1.3.Examples"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2420 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2421 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2422 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2423 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2424 |
<a name="id2626363"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2425 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2426 |
5.1.3.Examples |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2427 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2428 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2429 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2430 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2431 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2432 |
To make a copy of a file in the current directory, enter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2433 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2434 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2435 |
$ cp prog.c prog.bak |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2436 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2437 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2438 |
This copies prog.c to prog.bak. If the prog.bak file does not already exist, the cp command creates it. If it does exist, the cp command replaces it with a copy of the prog.c file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2439 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2440 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_8f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2441 |
To copy a file in your current directory into another directory, enter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2442 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2443 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2444 |
$ cp zaphod /home/books/hhgg |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2445 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2446 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_90"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2447 |
This copies the jones file to /home/books/hhgg/zaphod. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2448 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2449 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_91"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2450 |
To copy a file to a new file and preserve the modification date, time, and access control list associated with the source file, enter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2451 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2452 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2453 |
$ cp -p martin_luther_king martin_luther_king.jr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2454 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2455 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_92"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2456 |
This copies the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2457 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2458 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2459 |
martin_luther_king |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2460 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2461 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2462 |
file to the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2463 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2464 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2465 |
martin_luther_king.jr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2466 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2467 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2468 |
file. Instead of creating the file with the current date and time stamp, the system gives the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2469 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2470 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2471 |
martin_luther_king.jr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2472 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2473 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2474 |
file the same date and time as the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2475 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2476 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2477 |
martin_luther_king |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2478 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2479 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2480 |
file. The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2481 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2482 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2483 |
martin_luther_king.jr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2484 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2485 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2486 |
file also inherits the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2487 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2488 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2489 |
martin_luther_king |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2490 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2491 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2492 |
file's access control protection. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2493 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2494 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_93"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2495 |
To copy all the files in a directory to a new directory, enter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2496 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2497 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2498 |
$ cp /home/galactica/clients/* /home/hhgg/customers |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2499 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2500 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_94"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2501 |
This copies only the files in the clients directory to the customers directory. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2502 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2503 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_95"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2504 |
To copy a directory, including all its files and subdirectories, to another directory, enter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2505 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2506 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_96"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2507 |
$ cp -R /home/hhgg/clients /home/hhgg/customers |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2508 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2509 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_97"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2510 |
This copies the clients directory, including all its files, subdirectories, and the files in those subdirectories, to the customers/clients directory. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2511 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2512 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_98"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2513 |
To copy a specific set of files of any extension to another directory, enter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2514 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2515 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2516 |
$ cp zaphod arthur ford /home/hhgg/clients |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2517 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2518 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_99"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2519 |
This copies the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2520 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2521 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2522 |
zaphod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2523 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2524 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2525 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2526 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2527 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2528 |
arthur |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2529 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2530 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2531 |
, and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2532 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2533 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2534 |
ford |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2535 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2536 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2537 |
files in your current working directory to the /home/hhgg/clients directory. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2538 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2539 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2540 |
To use pattern-matching characters to copy files, enter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2541 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2542 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2543 |
$ cp programs/*.py . |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2544 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2545 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2546 |
This copies the files in the programs directory that end with |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2547 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2548 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2549 |
.py |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2550 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2551 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2552 |
to the current directory, signified by the single "." (dot). You must type a space between the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2553 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2554 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2555 |
py |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2556 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2557 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2558 |
and the final dot. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2559 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2560 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2561 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2562 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.mv"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2563 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2564 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2565 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2566 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2567 |
<a name="id2626526"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2568 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2569 |
5.2.mv |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2570 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2571 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2572 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2573 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2574 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2575 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2576 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2577 |
mv |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2578 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2579 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2580 |
(short for move) is a Unix command that moves one or more files or directories from one place to another. The original file is deleted, and the new file may have the same or a different name. If possible (i.e. when the original and new files are on the same file system), |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2581 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2582 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2583 |
mv |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2584 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2585 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2586 |
will rename the file instead. Write permission is required on all directories being modified. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2587 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2588 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.1.Conflicting existing file"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2589 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2590 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2591 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2592 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2593 |
<a name="id2626550"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2594 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2595 |
5.2.1.Conflicting existing file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2596 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2597 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2598 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2599 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2600 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2601 |
In all cases, when a file is moved to have the name of an existing file (in the same directory), the existing file is deleted. If the existing file is not writable but is in a directory that is writable, then the mv command asks for confirmation if possible (i.e. if run from a terminal) before proceeding, unless the -f (force) option is used. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2602 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2603 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2604 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2605 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2606 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2607 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2608 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2609 |
<a name="id2626570"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2610 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2611 |
5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2612 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2613 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2614 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2615 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2616 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2617 |
Note that, usually, when moving files within the same volume, moving (and/or renaming) is not the same as simply copying and then deleting the original. When moving a file, the link is simply removed from the old parent directory and added to the new parent directory. However, the file itself is untouched (i.e. it has the same inodes and resides at the same place on the disk). For example, you cannot copy a file you cannot read, but you can move (and/or rename) it (provided you have write permission to its old and new parent directories). Also, suppose there is a non-empty directory you do not have write permission to. You cannot delete this directory (since you cannot delete its contents); but you can move (and/or rename) it. Also, since moving between filenames on a single volume does not involve copying, it is faster and does not place strain of lots of reads and writes on the disk. Moving files across different volumes, however, does necessitate copying and deleting. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2618 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2619 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2620 |
<div class="section" title="5.2.3.Examples"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2621 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2622 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2623 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2624 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2625 |
<a name="id2626600"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2626 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2627 |
5.2.3.Examples |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2628 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2629 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2630 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2631 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2632 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2633 |
$ mv myfile mynewfilename renames a file |
| 25 | 2634 |
$ mv myfile otherfilename renames a file and deletes the existing file "myfile" |
2635 |
$ mv myfile /myfile moves 'myfile' from the current directory to the root directory |
|
2636 |
$ mv myfile dir/myfile moves 'myfile' to 'dir/myfile' relative to the current directory |
|
2637 |
$ mv myfile dir same as the previous command (the filename is implied to be the same) |
|
2638 |
$ mv myfile dir/myfile2 moves 'myfile' to dir and renames it to 'myfile2' |
|
2639 |
$ mv foo bar baz dir moves multiple files to directory dir |
|
2640 |
$ mv --help shows a very concise help about the syntax of the command |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2641 |
$ man mv prints an extensive user manual for 'mv' in the terminal |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2642 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2643 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_9f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2644 |
In all cases, the file or files being moved or renamed can be a directory. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2645 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2646 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2647 |
Note that when the command is called with two arguments (as |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2648 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2649 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2650 |
mv name1 name2 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2651 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2652 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2653 |
or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2654 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2655 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2656 |
mv name1 /dir/name2 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2657 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2658 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2659 |
), it can have three different effects, depending on whether |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2660 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2661 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2662 |
name2 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2663 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2664 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2665 |
does not exist, is an existing file, or is an existing directory. If the user intends to refer to an existing directory, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2666 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2667 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2668 |
/. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2669 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2670 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2671 |
(or in some Unix versions |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2672 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2673 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2674 |
/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2675 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2676 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2677 |
is sufficient) may be appended to the name to force the system to check this. To move a file to a new directory, the directory must be created first. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2678 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2679 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2680 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2681 |
<div class="section" title="5.3.rm"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2682 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2683 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2684 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2685 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2686 |
<a name="id2626659"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2687 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2688 |
5.3.rm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2689 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2690 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2691 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2692 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2693 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2694 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2695 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2696 |
rm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2697 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2698 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2699 |
(short for "remove") is one of several basic Unix command lines that operates on files. It is used to delete files from a filesystem. The data is not actually destroyed. Only the index listing where the file is stored is destroyed, and the storage is made available for reuse. There are undelete utilities that will attempt to reconstruct the index and can bring the file back if the parts were not reused. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2700 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2701 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2702 |
Here's example to remove a file named "foo" from a directory, here shown with the -i option: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2703 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2704 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2705 |
$ rm -i foo |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2706 |
remove foo? y |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2707 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2708 |
<div class="section" title="5.3.1.Options"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2709 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2710 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2711 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2712 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2713 |
<a name="id2626689"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2714 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2715 |
5.3.1.Options |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2716 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2717 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2718 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2719 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2720 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2721 |
Common options that rm accepts include: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2722 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2723 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2724 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2725 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2726 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2727 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2728 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2729 |
-r |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2730 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2731 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2732 |
, which removes directories, removing the contents recursively beforehand (so as not to leave files without a directory to reside in) ("recursive")
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2733 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2734 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2735 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2736 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2737 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2738 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2739 |
-i |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2740 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2741 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2742 |
, which asks for every deletion to be confirmed ("interactive")
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2743 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2744 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2745 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2746 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2747 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2748 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2749 |
-f |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2750 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2751 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2752 |
, which ignores non-existent files and overrides any confirmation prompts ("force")
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2753 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2754 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2755 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2756 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2757 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2758 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2759 |
-v |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2760 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2761 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2762 |
, which shows what is being removed as it happens ("verbose")
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2763 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2764 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2765 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2766 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2767 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2768 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2769 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2770 |
rm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2771 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2772 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2773 |
is often aliased to "rm -i" so as to avoid accidental deletion of files. If a user still wishes to delete a large number of files without confirmation, they can manually cancel out the -i argument by adding the -f option (as the option specified later on the expanded command line "rm -i -f" takes precedence). |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2774 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2775 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_a9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2776 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2777 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2778 |
rm -rf |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2779 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2780 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2781 |
(variously, rm -rf /, rm -rf *, and others) is frequently used in jokes and anecdotes about Unix disasters. The rm -rf variant of the command, if run by a superuser on the root directory, would cause the contents of every writable mounted filesystem on the computer to be deleted. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2782 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2783 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_aa"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2784 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2785 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2786 |
rm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2787 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2788 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2789 |
is often used in conjunction with xargs to supply a list of files to delete: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2790 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2791 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2792 |
xargs rm < filelist |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2793 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2794 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ab"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2795 |
When |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2796 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2797 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2798 |
rm |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2799 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2800 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2801 |
is used on a symbolic link, it deletes the link, but does not affect the target of the link. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2802 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2803 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2804 |
<div class="section" title="5.3.2.Permissions"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2805 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2806 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2807 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2808 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2809 |
<a name="id2626787"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2810 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2811 |
5.3.2.Permissions |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2812 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2813 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2814 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2815 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2816 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ac"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2817 |
Usually, on most filesystems, deleting a file requires write permission on the parent directory (and execute permission, in order to enter the directory in the first place). (Note that, confusingly for beginners, permissions on the file itself are irrelevant. However, GNU rm asks for confirmation if a write-protected file is to be deleted, unless the -f option is used.) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2818 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2819 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ad"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2820 |
To delete a directory (with rm -r), one must delete all of its contents recursively. This requires that one must have read and write and execute permission to that directory (if it's not empty) and all non-empty subdirectories recursively (if there are any). The read permissions are needed to list the contents of the directory in order to delete them. This sometimes leads to an odd situation where a non-empty directory cannot be deleted because one doesn't have write permission to it and so cannot delete its contents; but if the same directory were empty, one would be able to delete it. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2821 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2822 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ae"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2823 |
If a file resides in a directory with the sticky bit set, then deleting the file requires one to be the owner of the file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2824 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2825 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2826 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2827 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2828 |
<div class="section" title="6.Command Line Arguments"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2829 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2830 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2831 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2832 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2833 |
<a name="id2626827"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2834 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2835 |
6.Command Line Arguments |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2836 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2837 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2838 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2839 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2840 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_af"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2841 |
In computer command line interfaces, a command line argument is an argument sent to a program being called. In general, a program can take any number of command line arguments, which may be necessary for the program to run, or may even be ignored, depending on the function of that program. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2842 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2843 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2844 |
For example, in Unix and Unix-like environments, an example of a command-line argument is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2845 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2846 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2847 |
rm file.s |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2848 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2849 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2850 |
"file.s" is a command line argument which tells the program rm to remove the file "file.s". |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2851 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2852 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2853 |
Programming languages such as C, C++ and Java allow a program to interpret the command line arguments by handling them as string parameters in the main function. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2854 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2855 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2856 |
A command line option or simply |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2857 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2858 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2859 |
option |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2860 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2861 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2862 |
(also known as a command line parameter, flag, or a switch) is an indication by a user that a computer program should change its default output. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2863 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2864 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2865 |
Long options are introduced via "--", and are typically whole words. For example, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2866 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2867 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2868 |
ls --long --classify --all |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2869 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2870 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2871 |
. Arguments to long options are provided with "=", as |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2872 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2873 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2874 |
ls --block-size=1024 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2875 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2876 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2877 |
. Some Unix programs use long options with single dashes, for example MPlayer as in |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2878 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2879 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2880 |
mplayer -nosound |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2881 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2882 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2883 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2884 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2885 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2886 |
Linux also uses "--" to terminate option lists. For example, an attempt to delete a file called |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2887 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2888 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2889 |
-file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2890 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2891 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2892 |
by using |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2893 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2894 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2895 |
rm -file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2896 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2897 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2898 |
may produce an error, since rm may interpret |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2899 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2900 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2901 |
-file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2902 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2903 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2904 |
as a command line switch. Using |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2905 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2906 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2907 |
rm -- -file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2908 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2909 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2910 |
removes ambiguity. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2911 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2912 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2913 |
<div class="section" title="7.Basic Text Processing"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2914 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2915 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2916 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2917 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2918 |
<a name="id2626920"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2919 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2920 |
7.Basic Text Processing |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2921 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2922 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2923 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2924 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2925 |
<div class="section" title="7.1.head"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2926 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2927 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2928 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2929 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2930 |
<a name="id2626929"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2931 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2932 |
7.1.head |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2933 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2934 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2935 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2936 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2937 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2938 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2939 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2940 |
head |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2941 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2942 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2943 |
is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the first few lines of a text file or piped data. The command syntax is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2944 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2945 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2946 |
$ head [options] <file_name> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2947 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2948 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2949 |
By default, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2950 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2951 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2952 |
head |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2953 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2954 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2955 |
will print the first 10 lines of its input to the standard output. The number of lines printed may be changed with a command line option. The following example shows the first 20 lines of filename: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2956 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2957 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2958 |
$ head -n 20 filename |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2959 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2960 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2961 |
This displays the first 5 lines of all files starting with |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2962 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2963 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2964 |
foo |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2965 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2966 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2967 |
: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2968 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2969 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2970 |
$ head -n 5 foo* |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2971 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2972 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_b9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2973 |
Some versions omit the n and just let you say -5. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2974 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2975 |
<div class="section" title="7.1.1.Flags"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2976 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2977 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2978 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2979 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2980 |
<a name="id2626980"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2981 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2982 |
7.1.1.Flags |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2983 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2984 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2985 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2986 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2987 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2988 |
-c <x number of bytes> Copy first x number of bytes. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2989 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2990 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ba"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2991 |
Other options: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2992 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2993 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2994 |
sed |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2995 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2996 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2997 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2998 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bb"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
2999 |
Many early versions of Unix did not have this command, and so documentation and books had |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3000 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3001 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3002 |
sed |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3003 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3004 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3005 |
do this job: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3006 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3007 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3008 |
sed 5q foo |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3009 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3010 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bc"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3011 |
This says to print every line (implicit), and quit after the fifth. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3012 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3013 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3014 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3015 |
<div class="section" title="7.2.tail"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3016 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3017 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3018 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3019 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3020 |
<a name="id2627016"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3021 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3022 |
7.2.tail |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3023 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3024 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3025 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3026 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3027 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3028 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3029 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3030 |
tail |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3031 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3032 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3033 |
is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the last few lines of a text file or piped data. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3034 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3035 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_be"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3036 |
The command-syntax is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3037 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3038 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3039 |
$ tail [options] <file_name> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3040 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3041 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_bf"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3042 |
By default, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3043 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3044 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3045 |
tail |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3046 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3047 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3048 |
will print the last 10 lines of its input to the standard output. With command line options the number of lines printed and the printing units (lines, blocks or bytes) may be changed. The following example shows the last 20 lines of filename: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3049 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3050 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3051 |
$ tail -n 20 filename |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3052 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3053 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3054 |
This example shows the last 15 bytes of all files starting with |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3055 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3056 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3057 |
foo |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3058 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3059 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3060 |
: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3061 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3062 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3063 |
$ tail -c 15 foo* |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3064 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3065 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3066 |
This example shows all lines of filename from the second line onwards: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3067 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3068 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3069 |
$ tail -n +2 filename |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3070 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3071 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3072 |
Using an older syntax (still used in Sun Solaris as the -n option is not supported), the last 20 lines and the last 50 bytes of filename can be shown with the following command: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3073 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3074 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3075 |
$ tail -20 filename |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3076 |
$ tail -50c filename |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3077 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3078 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3079 |
However this syntax is now obsolete and does not conform with the POSIX 1003.1-2001 standard. Even if still supported in current versions, when used with other options (like -f, see below), these switches could not work at all. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3080 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3081 |
<div class="section" title="7.2.1.File monitoring"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3082 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3083 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3084 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3085 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3086 |
<a name="id2627095"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3087 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3088 |
7.2.1.File monitoring |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3089 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3090 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3091 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3092 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3093 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3094 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3095 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3096 |
tail |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3097 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3098 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3099 |
has a special command line option |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3100 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3101 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3102 |
-f |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3103 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3104 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3105 |
(follow) that allows a file to be monitored. Instead of displaying the last few lines and exiting, tail displays the lines and then monitors the file. As new lines are added to the file by another process, tail updates the display. This is particularly useful for monitoring log files. The following command will display the last 10 lines of messages and append new lines to the display as new lines are added to messages: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3106 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3107 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3108 |
$ tail -f /var/adm/messages |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3109 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3110 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3111 |
To interrupt tail while it is monitoring, break-in with |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3112 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3113 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3114 |
Ctrl+C |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3115 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3116 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3117 |
. This command can be run "in the background" with &, see job control. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3118 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3119 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3120 |
If you have a command's result to monitor, you can use the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3121 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3122 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3123 |
watch |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3124 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3125 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3126 |
command. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3127 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3128 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3129 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3130 |
<div class="section" title="7.3.cut"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3131 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3132 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3133 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3134 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3135 |
<a name="id2627144"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3136 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3137 |
7.3.cut |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3138 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3139 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3140 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3141 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3142 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3143 |
In computing, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3144 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3145 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3146 |
cut |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3147 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3148 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3149 |
is a Unix command line utility which is used to extract sections from each line of input usually from a file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3150 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3151 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3152 |
Extraction of line segments can typically be done by |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3153 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3154 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3155 |
bytes (-b), characters (-c) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3156 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3157 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3158 |
, or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3159 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3160 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3161 |
fields (-f) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3162 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3163 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3164 |
separated by a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3165 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3166 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3167 |
delimiter (-d the tab character by default) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3168 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3169 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3170 |
. A range must be provided in each case which consists of one of N, N-M, N- (N to the end of the line), or -M (beginning of the line to M), where N and M are counted from 1 (there is no zeroth value). Since version 6, an error is thrown if you include a zeroth value. Prior to this the value was ignored and assumed to be 1. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3171 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3172 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_c9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3173 |
Assuming a file named file containing the lines: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3174 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3175 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3176 |
foo:bar:baz:qux:quux |
| 25 | 3177 |
one:two:three:four:five:six:seven |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3178 |
alpha:beta:gamma:delta:epsilon:zeta:eta:teta:iota:kappa:lambda:mu |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3179 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3180 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ca"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3181 |
To output the fourth through tenth characters of each line: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3182 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3183 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3184 |
$ cut -c 4-10 file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3185 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3186 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cb"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3187 |
This gives the output: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3188 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3189 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3190 |
:bar:ba |
| 25 | 3191 |
:two:th |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3192 |
ha:beta |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3193 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3194 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cc"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3195 |
To output the fifth field through the end of the line of each line using the colon character as the field delimiter: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3196 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3197 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3198 |
$ cut -d : -f 5- file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3199 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3200 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3201 |
This gives the output: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3202 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3203 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3204 |
quux |
| 25 | 3205 |
five:six:seven |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3206 |
epsilon:zeta:eta:teta:iota:kappa:lambda:mu |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3207 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3208 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3209 |
<div class="section" title="7.4.paste"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3210 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3211 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3212 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3213 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3214 |
<a name="id2627231"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3215 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3216 |
7.4.paste |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3217 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3218 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3219 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3220 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3221 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ce"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3222 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3223 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3224 |
paste |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3225 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3226 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3227 |
is a Unix command line utility which is used to join files horizontally (parallel merging) by outputting lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines of each file specified, separated by tabs, to the standard output. It is effectively the horizontal equivalent to the utility |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3228 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3229 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3230 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3231 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3232 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3233 |
command which operates on the vertical plane of two or more files. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3234 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3235 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_cf"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3236 |
To paste several columns of data together into the file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3237 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3238 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3239 |
www |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3240 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3241 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3242 |
from files |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3243 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3244 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3245 |
who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3246 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3247 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3248 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3249 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3250 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3251 |
where |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3252 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3253 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3254 |
, and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3255 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3256 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3257 |
when |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3258 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3259 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3260 |
: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3261 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3262 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3263 |
$ paste who where when > www |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3264 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3265 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3266 |
If the files contain: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3267 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3268 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3269 |
who |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3270 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3271 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3272 |
where |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3273 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3274 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3275 |
when |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3276 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3277 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3278 |
Batman |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3279 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3280 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3281 |
GothamCity |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3282 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3283 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3284 |
January 3 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3285 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3286 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3287 |
Trillian |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3288 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3289 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3290 |
Andromeda |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3291 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3292 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_d9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3293 |
February 4 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3294 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3295 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_da"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3296 |
Jeeves |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3297 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3298 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_db"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3299 |
London |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3300 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3301 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_dc"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3302 |
March 19 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3303 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3304 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_dd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3305 |
This creates the file named |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3306 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3307 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3308 |
www |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3309 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3310 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3311 |
containing: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3312 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3313 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3314 |
Batman GothamCity January 3 |
| 25 | 3315 |
Trillian Andromeda February 4 |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3316 |
Jeeves London March 19 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3317 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3318 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3319 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3320 |
<div class="section" title="8.Shell Meta Characters"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3321 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3322 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3323 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3324 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3325 |
<a name="id2627351"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3326 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3327 |
8.Shell Meta Characters |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3328 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3329 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3330 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3331 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3332 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_de"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3333 |
Unix recognizes certain special characters, called "meta characters," as command directives. The shell meta characters are recognized anywhere they appear in the command line, even if they are not surrounded by blank space. For that reason, it is safest to only use the characters A-Z, a-z, 0-9, and the period, dash, and underscore characters when naming files and directories on Unix. If your file or directory has a shell meta character in the name, you will find it difficult to use the name in a shell command. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3334 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3335 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_df"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3336 |
The shell meta characters include: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3337 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3338 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3339 |
/ < > ! $ % ^ & * | { } [ ] " ' ` ~ ;
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3340 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3341 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3342 |
Different shells may differ in the meta characters recognized. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3343 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3344 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3345 |
As an example, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3346 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3347 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3348 |
$ ls file.* |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3349 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3350 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3351 |
run on a directory containing the files file, file.c, file.lst, and myfile would list the files file.c and file.lst. However,: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3352 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3353 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3354 |
$ ls file.? |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3355 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3356 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3357 |
run on the same directory would only list file.c because the ? only matches one character, no more, no less. This can save you a great deal of typing time. For example, if there is a file called california_cornish_hens_with_wild_rice and no other files whose names begin with 'c', you could view the file without typing the whole name by typing this: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3358 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3359 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3360 |
$ more c* |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3361 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3362 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3363 |
because the c* matches that long file name. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3364 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3365 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3366 |
Filenames containing metacharacters can pose many problems and should never be intentionally created. If you do find that you've created a file with metacharacters, and you would like to remove it, you have three options. You may use wildcards to match metacharacter, use the to directly enter the filename, or put the command in double quotes (except in the case of double quotes within the file name, these must be captured with one of the first two methods). For example, deleting a file named "``*`|more"` can be accomplished with: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3367 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3368 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3369 |
$ rm ??more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3370 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3371 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3372 |
or: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3373 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3374 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3375 |
$ rm $ backslash$*$ backslash$|more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3376 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3377 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3378 |
or: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3379 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3380 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3381 |
$ rm ''*|more'' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3382 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3383 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3384 |
<div class="section" title="9.Looking At Files"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3385 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3386 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3387 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3388 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3389 |
<a name="id2627457"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3390 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3391 |
9.Looking At Files |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3392 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3393 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3394 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3395 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3396 |
<div class="section" title="9.1.cat"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3397 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3398 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3399 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3400 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3401 |
<a name="id2627466"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3402 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3403 |
9.1.cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3404 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3405 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3406 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3407 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3408 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_e9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3409 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3410 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3411 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3412 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3413 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3414 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3415 |
command is a standard Unix program used to concatenate and display files. The name is from "catenate", a synonym of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3416 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3417 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3418 |
concatenate |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3419 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3420 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3421 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3422 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3423 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ea"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3424 |
The Single Unix Specification specifies the behavior that the contents of each of the files given in sequence as arguments will be written to the standard output in the same sequence, and mandates one option, -u, where each byte is printed as it is read. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3425 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3426 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_eb"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3427 |
If the filename is specified as -, then |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3428 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3429 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3430 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3431 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3432 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3433 |
will read from standard input at that point in the sequence. If no files are specified, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3434 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3435 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3436 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3437 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3438 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3439 |
will read from standard input entered. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3440 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3441 |
<div class="section" title="9.1.1.Jargon File Definition"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3442 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3443 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3444 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3445 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3446 |
<a name="id2627510"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3447 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3448 |
9.1.1.Jargon File Definition |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3449 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3450 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3451 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3452 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3453 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ec"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3454 |
The Jargon File version 4.4.7 lists this as the definition of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3455 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3456 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3457 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3458 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3459 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3460 |
: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3461 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3462 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3463 |
1. To spew an entire file to the screen or some other output sink without |
| 25 | 3464 |
pause (syn. blast). |
3465 |
||
3466 |
2. By extension, to dump large amounts of data at an unprepared target or |
|
3467 |
with no intention of browsing it carefully. Usage: considered silly. |
|
3468 |
Rare outside Unix sites. See also dd, BLT. |
|
3469 |
||
3470 |
Among Unix fans, *cat(1)* is considered an excellent example of |
|
3471 |
user-interface design, because it delivers the file contents without |
|
3472 |
such verbosity as spacing or headers between the files, and because |
|
3473 |
it does not require the files to consist of lines of text, but works |
|
3474 |
with any sort of data. |
|
3475 |
||
3476 |
Among Unix critics, *cat(1)* is considered the canonical example of |
|
3477 |
bad user-interface design, because of its woefully unobvious name. |
|
3478 |
It is far more often used to blast a single file to standard output |
|
3479 |
than to concatenate two or more files. The name cat for the former |
|
3480 |
operation is just as unintuitive as, say, LISP's cdr. |
|
3481 |
||
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3482 |
Of such oppositions are holy wars made... |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3483 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3484 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3485 |
<div class="section" title="9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat'"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3486 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3487 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3488 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3489 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3490 |
<a name="id2627549"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3491 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3492 |
9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3493 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3494 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3495 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3496 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3497 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ed"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3498 |
UUOC (from comp.unix.shell on Usenet) stands for Useless Use of cat. As it is observed on |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3499 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3500 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3501 |
comp.unix.shell |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3502 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3503 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3504 |
, The purpose of cat is to concatenate (or 'catenate') files. If it's only one file, concatenating it with nothing at all is a waste of time, and costs you a process. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3505 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3506 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ee"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3507 |
Nevertheless one sees people doing: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3508 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3509 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3510 |
$ cat file | some_command and its args ... |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3511 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3512 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ef"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3513 |
instead of the equivalent and cheaper: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3514 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3515 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3516 |
<file some_command and its args ... |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3517 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3518 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3519 |
or (equivalently and more classically): |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3520 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3521 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3522 |
some_command and its args ... <file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3523 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3524 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3525 |
Since 1995, occasional awards for UUOC have been given out. The activity of fixing instances of UUOC is sometimes called 'demoggification'. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3526 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3527 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3528 |
Amongst many, it is still considered safer to use |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3529 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3530 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3531 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3532 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3533 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3534 |
for such cases given that the < and > keys are next to each other in many popular keyboard mappings. While the risk might be low, the impact of using > instead of < can be high and prohibitive. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3535 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3536 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3537 |
<div class="section" title="9.1.3.zcat"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3538 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3539 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3540 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3541 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3542 |
<a name="id2627620"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3543 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3544 |
9.1.3.zcat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3545 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3546 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3547 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3548 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3549 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3550 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3551 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3552 |
zcat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3553 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3554 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3555 |
is a Unix program similar to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3556 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3557 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3558 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3559 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3560 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3561 |
, that decompresses individual files and concatenates them to standard output. Traditionally |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3562 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3563 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3564 |
zcat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3565 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3566 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3567 |
operated on files compressed by compress but today it is usually able to operate on |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3568 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3569 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3570 |
gzip |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3571 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3572 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3573 |
or even |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3574 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3575 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3576 |
bzip2 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3577 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3578 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3579 |
archives. On such systems, it is equivalent to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3580 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3581 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3582 |
gunzip -c |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3583 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3584 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3585 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3586 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3587 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3588 |
<div class="section" title="9.2.more"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3589 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3590 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3591 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3592 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3593 |
<a name="id2627654"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3594 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3595 |
9.2.more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3596 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3597 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3598 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3599 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3600 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3601 |
In computing, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3602 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3603 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3604 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3605 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3606 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3607 |
is a command to view (but not modify) the contents of a text file one screen at a time (terminal pager). It is available on Unix and Unix-like systems, DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. Programs of this sort are called pagers. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3608 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3609 |
<div class="section" title="9.2.1.Usage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3610 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3611 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3612 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3613 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3614 |
<a name="id2627673"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3615 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3616 |
9.2.1.Usage |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3617 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3618 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3619 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3620 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3621 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3622 |
The command-syntax is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3623 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3624 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3625 |
$ more [options] [file_name] |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3626 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3627 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3628 |
If no file name is provided, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3629 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3630 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3631 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3632 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3633 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3634 |
looks for input from stdin. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3635 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3636 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3637 |
Once |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3638 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3639 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3640 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3641 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3642 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3643 |
has obtained input, it displays as much as can fit on the current screen and waits for user input to advance, with the exception that a form feed (^L) will also cause |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3644 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3645 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3646 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3647 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3648 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3649 |
to wait at that line, regardless of the amount of text on the screen. In the lower-left corner of the screen is displayed the text "--More--" and a percentage, representing the percent of the file that |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3650 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3651 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3652 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3653 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3654 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3655 |
has paged through. (This percentage includes the text displayed on the current screen.) When |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3656 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3657 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3658 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3659 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3660 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3661 |
reaches the end of a file (100%) it exits. The most common methods of navigating through a file are |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3662 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3663 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3664 |
Enter |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3665 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3666 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3667 |
, which advances the output by one line, and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3668 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3669 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3670 |
Space |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3671 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3672 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3673 |
, which advances the output by one screen. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3674 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3675 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3676 |
There are also other commands that can be used while navigating through the document; consult |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3677 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3678 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3679 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3680 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3681 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3682 |
's |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3683 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3684 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3685 |
man |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3686 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3687 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3688 |
page for more details. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3689 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3690 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_f9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3691 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3692 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3693 |
Options |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3694 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3695 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3696 |
are typically entered before the file name, but can also be entered in the environment variable |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3697 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3698 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3699 |
$MORE |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3700 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3701 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3702 |
. Options entered in the actual command line will override those entered in the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3703 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3704 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3705 |
$MORE |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3706 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3707 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3708 |
environment variable. Available options may vary between Unix systems. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3709 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3710 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3711 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3712 |
<div class="section" title="9.3.less"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3713 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3714 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3715 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3716 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3717 |
<a name="id2627765"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3718 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3719 |
9.3.less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3720 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3721 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3722 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3723 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3724 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fa"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3725 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3726 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3727 |
less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3728 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3729 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3730 |
is a terminal pager program on Unix, Windows and Unix-like systems used to view (but not change) the contents of a text file one screen at a time. It is similar to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3731 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3732 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3733 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3734 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3735 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3736 |
, but has the extended capability of allowing both forward and backward navigation through the file. Unlike most Unix text editors/viewers, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3737 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3738 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3739 |
less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3740 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3741 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3742 |
does not need to read the entire file before starting, resulting in faster load times with large files. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3743 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3744 |
<div class="section" title="9.3.1.Usage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3745 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3746 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3747 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3748 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3749 |
<a name="id2627794"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3750 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3751 |
9.3.1.Usage |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3752 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3753 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3754 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3755 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3756 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fb"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3757 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3758 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3759 |
less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3760 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3761 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3762 |
can be invoked with options to change its behaviour, for example, the number of lines to display on the screen. A few options vary depending on the operating system. While |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3763 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3764 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3765 |
less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3766 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3767 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3768 |
is displaying the file, various commands can be used to navigate through the file. These commands are based on those used by both |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3769 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3770 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3771 |
more |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3772 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3773 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3774 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3775 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3776 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3777 |
vi |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3778 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3779 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3780 |
. It is also possible to search for character patterns in the file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3781 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3782 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fc"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3783 |
By default, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3784 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3785 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3786 |
less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3787 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3788 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3789 |
displays the contents of the file to the standard output (one screen at a time). If the file name argument is omitted, it displays the contents from standard input (usually the output of another command through a pipe). If the output is redirected to anything other than a terminal, for example a pipe to another command, less behaves like cat. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3790 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3791 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3792 |
The command-syntax is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3793 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3794 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3795 |
$ less [options] file_name |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3796 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3797 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3798 |
<div class="section" title="9.3.2.Frequently Used Options"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3799 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3800 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3801 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3802 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3803 |
<a name="id2627848"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3804 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3805 |
9.3.2.Frequently Used Options |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3806 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3807 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3808 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3809 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3810 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3811 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3812 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3813 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_fe"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3814 |
-g: Highlights just the current match of any searched string. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3815 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3816 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3817 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3818 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_ff"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3819 |
-I: Case-insensitive searches. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3820 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3821 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3822 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3823 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_100"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3824 |
-M: Shows more detailed prompt, including file position. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3825 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3826 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3827 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3828 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_101"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3829 |
-N: Shows line numbers (useful for source code viewing). |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3830 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3831 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3832 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3833 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_102"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3834 |
-S: Disables line wrap ("chop long lines"). Long lines can be seen by side scrolling.
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3835 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3836 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3837 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3838 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_103"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3839 |
-?: Shows help. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3840 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3841 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3842 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3843 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3844 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3845 |
<div class="section" title="9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3846 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3847 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3848 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3849 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3850 |
<a name="id2627901"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3851 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3852 |
9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3853 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3854 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3855 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3856 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3857 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3858 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3859 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3860 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_104"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3861 |
[Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]: Navigation. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3862 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3863 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3864 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3865 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_105"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3866 |
[Space bar]: Next page. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3867 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3868 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3869 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3870 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_106"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3871 |
b: Previous page. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3872 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3873 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3874 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3875 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_107"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3876 |
ng: Jump to line number n. Default is the start of the file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3877 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3878 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3879 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3880 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_108"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3881 |
nG: Jump to line number n. Default is the end of the file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3882 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3883 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3884 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3885 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_109"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3886 |
/pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3887 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3888 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3889 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3890 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3891 |
'^ or g: Go to start of file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3892 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3893 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3894 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3895 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3896 |
'$ or G: Go to end of file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3897 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3898 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3899 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3900 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3901 |
s: Save current content (got from another program like grep) in a file. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3902 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3903 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3904 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3905 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3906 |
=: File information. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3907 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3908 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3909 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3910 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3911 |
h: Help. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3912 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3913 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3914 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3915 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_10f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3916 |
q: Quit. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3917 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3918 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3919 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3920 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3921 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3922 |
<div class="section" title="9.3.4.Examples"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3923 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3924 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3925 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3926 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3927 |
<a name="id2627990"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3928 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3929 |
9.3.4.Examples |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3930 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3931 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3932 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3933 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3934 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3935 |
$ less -M readme.txt #Read "readme.txt." |
| 25 | 3936 |
$ less +F /var/log/mail.log #Follow mode for log |
3937 |
$ file * | less #Easier file analysis. |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3938 |
$ grep -i void *.c | less -I -p void #Case insensitive search for "void" in all .c files |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3939 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3940 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3941 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3942 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3943 |
<div class="section" title="10.Directory Structure"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3944 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3945 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3946 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3947 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3948 |
<a name="id2628006"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3949 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3950 |
10.Directory Structure |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3951 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3952 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3953 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3954 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3955 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_110"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3956 |
In the File Hierarchy Standard (FHS) all files and directories appear under the root directory "/", even if they are stored on different physical devices. Note however that some of these directories may or may not be present on a Unix system depending on whether certain subsystems, such as the X Window System, are installed. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3957 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3958 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_111"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3959 |
The majority of these directories exist in all UNIX operating systems and are generally used in much the same way; however, the descriptions here are those used specifically for the FHS, and are not considered authoritative for platforms other than Linux. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3960 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3961 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_112"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3962 |
Directory |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3963 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3964 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_113"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3965 |
Description |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3966 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3967 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_114"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3968 |
/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3969 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3970 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_115"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3971 |
Primary hierarchy root and root directory of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3972 |
the entire file system hierarchy. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3973 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3974 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_116"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3975 |
/bin/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3976 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3977 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_117"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3978 |
Essential command binaries that need to be |
| 25 | 3979 |
available in single user mode; for all users, |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3980 |
e.g., |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3981 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3982 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3983 |
cat |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3984 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3985 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3986 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3987 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3988 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3989 |
ls |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3990 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3991 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3992 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3993 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3994 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3995 |
cp |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3996 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3997 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3998 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
3999 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4000 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_118"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4001 |
/boot/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4002 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4003 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_119"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4004 |
Boot loader files, e.g., |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4005 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4006 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4007 |
kernels |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4008 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4009 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4010 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4011 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4012 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4013 |
initrd |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4014 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4015 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4016 |
; |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4017 |
often a separate partition. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4018 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4019 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4020 |
/dev/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4021 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4022 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4023 |
Essential devices, e.g., /dev/null |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4024 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4025 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4026 |
/etc/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4027 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4028 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4029 |
Host-specific system-wide configuration files |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4030 |
(the name comes from |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4031 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4032 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4033 |
et cetera |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4034 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4035 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4036 |
) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4037 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4038 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4039 |
/home/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4040 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4041 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_11f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4042 |
User's home directories, containing saved |
| 25 | 4043 |
files, personal settings, etc.; often a |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4044 |
separate partition. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4045 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4046 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_120"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4047 |
/lib/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4048 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4049 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_121"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4050 |
Libraries essential for the binaries in |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4051 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4052 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4053 |
/bin/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4054 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4055 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4056 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4057 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4058 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4059 |
/sbin/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4060 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4061 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4062 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4063 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_122"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4064 |
/media/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4065 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4066 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_123"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4067 |
Mount points for removable media such as |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4068 |
CD-ROMs, external hard disks, USB sticks, etc. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4069 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4070 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_124"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4071 |
/mnt/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4072 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4073 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_125"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4074 |
Temporarily mounted file systems |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4075 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4076 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_126"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4077 |
/opt/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4078 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4079 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_127"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4080 |
Optional application software packages |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4081 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4082 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_128"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4083 |
/proc/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4084 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4085 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_129"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4086 |
Virtual filesystem documenting kernel and |
| 25 | 4087 |
process status as text files; e.g., uptime, |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4088 |
network. In Linux, corresponds to a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4089 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4090 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4091 |
Procfs |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4092 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4093 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4094 |
mount. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4095 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4096 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4097 |
/root/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4098 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4099 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4100 |
Home directory for the root user |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4101 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4102 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4103 |
/sbin/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4104 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4105 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4106 |
Essential system binaries; e.g., |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4107 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4108 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4109 |
init |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4110 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4111 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4112 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4113 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4114 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4115 |
route |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4116 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4117 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4118 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4119 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4120 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4121 |
mount |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4122 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4123 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4124 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4125 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4126 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4127 |
/srv/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4128 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4129 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_12f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4130 |
Site-specific data which is served by the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4131 |
system. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4132 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4133 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_130"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4134 |
/tmp/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4135 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4136 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_131"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4137 |
Temporary files. Often not preserved between |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4138 |
system reboots. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4139 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4140 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_132"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4141 |
/usr/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4142 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4143 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_133"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4144 |
Secondary hierarchy for read-only user data; |
| 25 | 4145 |
contains the majority of (multi-)user |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4146 |
utilities and applications. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4147 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4148 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_134"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4149 |
/var/ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4150 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4151 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_135"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4152 |
Variable files - files whose content is |
| 25 | 4153 |
expected to continually change during normal |
4154 |
operation of the system - such as logs, spool |
|
4155 |
files, and temporary e-mail files. |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4156 |
Sometimes a separate partition. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4157 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4158 |
<div class="section" title="10.1.man hier"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4159 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4160 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4161 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4162 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4163 |
<a name="id2628270"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4164 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4165 |
10.1.man hier |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4166 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4167 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4168 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4169 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4170 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_136"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4171 |
This is the manual page on the UNIX filesystem. The syntax for this is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4172 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4173 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4174 |
$ man hier |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4175 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4176 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4177 |
<div class="section" title="10.2.ls -l"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4178 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4179 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4180 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4181 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4182 |
<a name="id2628287"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4183 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4184 |
10.2.ls -l |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4185 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4186 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4187 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4188 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4189 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_137"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4190 |
Shows you huge amounts of information (permissions, owners, size, and when last modified) for folders and files. The syntax is |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4191 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4192 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4193 |
$ ls -l |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4194 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4195 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_138"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4196 |
This can be done after entering the required directory. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4197 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4198 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4199 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4200 |
<div class="section" title="11.Permissions and Ownership"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4201 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4202 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4203 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4204 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4205 |
<a name="id2628310"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4206 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4207 |
11.Permissions and Ownership |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4208 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4209 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4210 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4211 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4212 |
<div class="section" title="11.1.chmod"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4213 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4214 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4215 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4216 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4217 |
<a name="id2628319"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4218 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4219 |
11.1.chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4220 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4221 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4222 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4223 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4224 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_139"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4225 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4226 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4227 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4228 |
chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4229 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4230 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4231 |
command (abbreviated from 'change mode') is a shell command and C language function in Unix and Unix-like environments. When executed, it can change file system modes of files and directories. The modes include permissions and special modes.A chmod command first appeared in AT&T Unix version 1, and is still used today on Unix-like machines. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4232 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4233 |
<div class="section" title="11.1.1.Usage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4234 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4235 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4236 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4237 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4238 |
<a name="id2628344"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4239 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4240 |
11.1.1.Usage |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4241 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4242 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4243 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4244 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4245 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4246 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4247 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4248 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4249 |
chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4250 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4251 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4252 |
command options are specified like this: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4253 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4254 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4255 |
$ chmod [options] mode[,mode] file1 [file2 ...] |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4256 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4257 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4258 |
To view what the permissions currently are, type: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4259 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4260 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4261 |
$ ls -l file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4262 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4263 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4264 |
<div class="section" title="11.1.2.Command line options"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4265 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4266 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4267 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4268 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4269 |
<a name="id2628373"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4270 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4271 |
11.1.2.Command line options |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4272 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4273 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4274 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4275 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4276 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4277 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4278 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4279 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4280 |
chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4281 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4282 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4283 |
command has a number of command line options that affect its behavior. The most common options are: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4284 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4285 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4286 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4287 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4288 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4289 |
-R: Changes the modes of directories and files recursively |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4290 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4291 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4292 |
<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4293 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4294 |
-v: Verbose mode; lists all files as they are being processed |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4295 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4296 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4297 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4298 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4299 |
<div class="section" title="11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4300 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4301 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4302 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4303 |
<h5 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4304 |
<a name="id2628408"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4305 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4306 |
11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4307 |
</h5> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4308 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4309 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4310 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4311 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_13f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4312 |
To the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4313 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4314 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4315 |
chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4316 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4317 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4318 |
utility, all permissions and special modes are represented by its mode parameter. One way to adjust the mode of files or directories is to specify a symbolic mode. The symbolic mode is composed of three components, which are combined to form a single string of text: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4319 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4320 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4321 |
$ chmod [references][operator][modes] file1 ... |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4322 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4323 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_140"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4324 |
The references (or classes) are used to distinguish the users to whom the permissions apply. If no references are specified it defaults to all but modifies only the permissions allowed by the umask. The references are represented by one or more of the following letters: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4325 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4326 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_141"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4327 |
Reference |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4328 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4329 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_142"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4330 |
Class |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4331 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4332 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_143"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4333 |
Description |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4334 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4335 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_144"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4336 |
u |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4337 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4338 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_145"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4339 |
user |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4340 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4341 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_146"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4342 |
the owner of the file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4343 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4344 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_147"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4345 |
g |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4346 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4347 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_148"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4348 |
group |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4349 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4350 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_149"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4351 |
users who are members of the file's group |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4352 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4353 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4354 |
o |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4355 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4356 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4357 |
others |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4358 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4359 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4360 |
users who are not hte owner of the file or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4361 |
members of the group |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4362 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4363 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4364 |
a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4365 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4366 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4367 |
all |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4368 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4369 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_14f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4370 |
all three of the above; is the same as |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4371 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4372 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4373 |
ugo |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4374 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4375 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4376 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4377 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_150"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4378 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4379 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4380 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4381 |
chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4382 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4383 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4384 |
program uses an operator to specify how the modes of a file should be adjusted. The following operators are accepted: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4385 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4386 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_151"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4387 |
Operator |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4388 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4389 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_152"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4390 |
Description |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4391 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4392 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4393 |
<span style="color: red"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4394 |
<list_item></list_item> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4395 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4396 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4397 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4398 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4399 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_153"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4400 |
adds the specified modes to the specified classes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4401 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4402 |
<div class="itemizedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4403 |
<span style="color: red"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4404 |
<list_item></list_item> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4405 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4406 |
<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4407 |
</ul> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4408 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4409 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_154"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4410 |
removes the specified modes from the specified |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4411 |
classes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4412 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4413 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_155"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4414 |
= |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4415 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4416 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_156"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4417 |
the modes specified are to be made the exact modes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4418 |
for the specified classes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4419 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4420 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_157"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4421 |
The modes indicate which permissions are to be granted or taken away from the specified classes. There are three basic modes which correspond to the basic permissions: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4422 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4423 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_158"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4424 |
Mode |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4425 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4426 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_159"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4427 |
Name |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4428 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4429 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4430 |
Description |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4431 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4432 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4433 |
r |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4434 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4435 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4436 |
read |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4437 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4438 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4439 |
read a file or list a directory's contents |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4440 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4441 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4442 |
w |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4443 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4444 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_15f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4445 |
write |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4446 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4447 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_160"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4448 |
write to a file or directory |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4449 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4450 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_161"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4451 |
x |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4452 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4453 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_162"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4454 |
execute |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4455 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4456 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_163"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4457 |
execute a file or recurse a directory tree |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4458 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4459 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_164"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4460 |
X |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4461 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4462 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_165"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4463 |
special |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4464 |
execute |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4465 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4466 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_166"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4467 |
which is not a permission in itself but rather |
| 25 | 4468 |
can be used instead of 'x'. It applies execute |
4469 |
permissions to directories regardless of their |
|
4470 |
current permissions and applies execute |
|
4471 |
permissions to a file which already has at |
|
4472 |
least 1 execute permission bit already set |
|
4473 |
(either user, group or other). It is only |
|
4474 |
really useful when used with '+' and usually |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4475 |
in combination with the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4476 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4477 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4478 |
-R |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4479 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4480 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4481 |
option for giving |
| 25 | 4482 |
group or other access to a big directory tree |
4483 |
without setting execute permission on normal |
|
4484 |
files (such as text files), which would |
|
4485 |
normally happen if one just used 'chmod -R |
|
4486 |
a+rx .', whereas with 'X' one can do 'chmod -R |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4487 |
a+rX .' instead. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4488 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4489 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_167"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4490 |
s |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4491 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4492 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_168"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4493 |
setuid/gid |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4494 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4495 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_169"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4496 |
are Unix access rights flags that allow users |
| 25 | 4497 |
to run an executable with the permissions of |
4498 |
the executable's owner or group.They are often |
|
4499 |
used to allow users on a computer system to run |
|
4500 |
programs with temporarily elevated privileges |
|
4501 |
in order to perform a specific task. While the |
|
4502 |
assumed user id or group id privileges provided |
|
4503 |
are not always elevated, at a minimum they are |
|
4504 |
specific.They are needed for tasks that require |
|
4505 |
higher privileges than those which a common |
|
4506 |
user has, such as changing his or her login |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4507 |
password. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4508 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4509 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4510 |
t |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4511 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4512 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4513 |
sticky |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4514 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4515 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4516 |
The most common use of the sticky bit today is |
| 25 | 4517 |
on directories, where, when set, items inside |
4518 |
the directory can be renamed or deleted only by |
|
4519 |
the item's owner, the directory's owner, or the |
|
4520 |
superuser; without the sticky bit set, any user |
|
4521 |
with write and execute permissions for the |
|
4522 |
directory can rename or delete contained files, |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4523 |
regardless of owner. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4524 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4525 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4526 |
The combination of these three components produces a string that is understood by the chmod command. Multiple changes can be specified by separating multiple symbolic modes with commas. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4527 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4528 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4529 |
<div class="section" title="11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4530 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4531 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4532 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4533 |
<h5 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4534 |
<a name="id2624274"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4535 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4536 |
11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4537 |
</h5> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4538 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4539 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4540 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4541 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4542 |
Add the 'read' and 'write' permissions to the 'user' and 'group' classes of a directory: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4543 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4544 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4545 |
$ chmod ug+rw mydir |
| 25 | 4546 |
$ ls -ld mydir |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4547 |
drw-rw---- 2 starwars yoda 96 Dec 8 12:53 mydir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4548 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4549 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_16f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4550 |
For a file, remove |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4551 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4552 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4553 |
write |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4554 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4555 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4556 |
permissions for all classes: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4557 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4558 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4559 |
$ chmod a-w myfile |
| 25 | 4560 |
$ ls -l myfile |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4561 |
-r-xr-xr-x 2 starwars yoda 96 Dec 8 12:53 myfile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4562 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4563 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_170"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4564 |
Set the permissions for the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4565 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4566 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4567 |
u*ser and the *g*roup to read and execute only (no write permission) on *mydir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4568 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4569 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4570 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4571 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4572 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4573 |
$ chmod ug=rx mydir |
| 25 | 4574 |
$ ls -ld mydir |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4575 |
dr-xr-x--- 2 starwars yoda 96 Dec 8 12:53 mydir |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4576 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4577 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4578 |
<div class="section" title="11.1.2.3.Octal numbers"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4579 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4580 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4581 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4582 |
<h5 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4583 |
<a name="id2624319"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4584 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4585 |
11.1.2.3.Octal numbers |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4586 |
</h5> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4587 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4588 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4589 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4590 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_171"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4591 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4592 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4593 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4594 |
chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4595 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4596 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4597 |
command also accepts three and four-digit octal numbers representing modes. Using a three-digit octal number to set the modes of a file named myfile : |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4598 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4599 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4600 |
$ chmod 664 myfile |
| 25 | 4601 |
$ ls -l myfile |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4602 |
-rw-rw-r-- 1 57 Jul 3 10:13 myfile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4603 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4604 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_172"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4605 |
Since the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4606 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4607 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4608 |
setuid |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4609 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4610 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4611 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4612 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4613 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4614 |
setgid |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4615 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4616 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4617 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4618 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4619 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4620 |
sticky |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4621 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4622 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4623 |
bits are not set, this is equivalent to: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4624 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4625 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4626 |
$ chmod 0664 myfile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4627 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4628 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4629 |
<div class="section" title="11.1.2.4.Special modes"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4630 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4631 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4632 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4633 |
<h5 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4634 |
<a name="id2628946"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4635 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4636 |
11.1.2.4.Special modes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4637 |
</h5> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4638 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4639 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4640 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4641 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_173"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4642 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4643 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4644 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4645 |
chmod |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4646 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4647 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4648 |
command is also capable of changing the additional permissions or special modes of a file or directory. The symbolic modes use |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4649 |
<span class="strong"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4650 |
<strong> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4651 |
s |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4652 |
</strong> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4653 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4654 |
to represent the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4655 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4656 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4657 |
setuid |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4658 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4659 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4660 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4661 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4662 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4663 |
setgid |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4664 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4665 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4666 |
modes, and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4667 |
<span class="strong"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4668 |
<strong> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4669 |
t |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4670 |
</strong> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4671 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4672 |
to represent the sticky mode. The modes are only applied to the appropriate classes, regardless of whether or not other classes are specified. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4673 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4674 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_174"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4675 |
Most operating systems support the specification of special modes using octal modes, but some do not. On these systems, only the symbolic modes can be used. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4676 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4677 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4678 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4679 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4680 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4681 |
<div class="section" title="12.Redirection and Piping"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4682 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4683 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4684 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4685 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4686 |
<a name="id2623759"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4687 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4688 |
12.Redirection and Piping |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4689 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4690 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4691 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4692 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4693 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_175"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4694 |
In computing, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4695 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4696 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4697 |
redirection |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4698 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4699 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4700 |
is a function common to most command-line interpreters, including the various Unix shells that can redirect standard streams to user-specified locations. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4701 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4702 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_176"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4703 |
Programs do redirection with the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4704 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4705 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4706 |
dup2(2) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4707 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4708 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4709 |
system call, or its less-flexible but higher-level stdio analogues, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4710 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4711 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4712 |
freopen(3) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4713 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4714 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4715 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4716 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4717 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4718 |
popen(3) |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4719 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4720 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4721 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4722 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4723 |
<div class="section" title="12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4724 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4725 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4726 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4727 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4728 |
<a name="id2629245"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4729 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4730 |
12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4731 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4732 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4733 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4734 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4735 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_177"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4736 |
Redirection is usually implemented by placing certain characters between commands. Typically, the syntax of these characters is as follows: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4737 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4738 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4739 |
$ command1 > file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4740 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4741 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_178"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4742 |
executes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4743 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4744 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4745 |
command1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4746 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4747 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4748 |
, placing the output in file1. Note that this will truncate any existing data in |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4749 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4750 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4751 |
file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4752 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4753 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4754 |
. To append output to the end of the file, use the >> operator.: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4755 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4756 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4757 |
$ command1 < file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4758 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4759 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_179"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4760 |
executes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4761 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4762 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4763 |
command1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4764 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4765 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4766 |
, using |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4767 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4768 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4769 |
file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4770 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4771 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4772 |
as the source of input (as opposed to the keyboard).: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4773 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4774 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4775 |
$ command1 < infile > outfile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4776 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4777 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4778 |
combines the two capabilities: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4779 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4780 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4781 |
command1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4782 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4783 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4784 |
reads from |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4785 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4786 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4787 |
infile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4788 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4789 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4790 |
and writes to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4791 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4792 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4793 |
outfile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4794 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4795 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4796 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4797 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4798 |
<div class="section" title="12.2.Piping"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4799 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4800 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4801 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4802 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4803 |
<a name="id2629314"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4804 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4805 |
12.2.Piping |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4806 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4807 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4808 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4809 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4810 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4811 |
Programs can be run together such that one program reads the output from another with no need for an explicit intermediate file: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4812 |
A pipeline of three programs run on a text terminal: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4813 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4814 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4815 |
$ command1 | command2 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4816 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4817 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4818 |
executes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4819 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4820 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4821 |
command1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4822 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4823 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4824 |
, using its output as the input for |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4825 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4826 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4827 |
command2 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4828 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4829 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4830 |
(commonly called piping, since the "|" character is known as a "pipe"). |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4831 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4832 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4833 |
This is equivalent to using two redirects and a temporary file: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4834 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4835 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4836 |
$ command1 > tempfile |
| 25 | 4837 |
$ command2 < tempfile |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4838 |
$ rm tempfile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4839 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4840 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4841 |
A good example for command piping is combining |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4842 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4843 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4844 |
echo |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4845 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4846 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4847 |
with another command to achieve something interactive in a non-interactive shell, e.g.: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4848 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4849 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4850 |
$ echo -e "user npass" | ftp localhost |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4851 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4852 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_17f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4853 |
This runs the ftp client with input user, press return, then pass. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4854 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4855 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4856 |
<div class="section" title="12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4857 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4858 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4859 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4860 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4861 |
<a name="id2629376"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4862 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4863 |
12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4864 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4865 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4866 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4867 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4868 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_180"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4869 |
In Unix shells derived from the original Bourne shell, the first two actions can be further modified by placing a number (the file descriptor) immediately before the character; this will affect which stream is used for the redirection. The Unix standard I/O streams are: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4870 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4871 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_181"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4872 |
Handle |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4873 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4874 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_182"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4875 |
Name |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4876 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4877 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_183"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4878 |
Description |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4879 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4880 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_184"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4881 |
0 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4882 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4883 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_185"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4884 |
stdin |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4885 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4886 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_186"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4887 |
Standard input |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4888 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4889 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_187"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4890 |
1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4891 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4892 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_188"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4893 |
stdout |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4894 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4895 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_189"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4896 |
Standard output |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4897 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4898 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4899 |
2 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4900 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4901 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4902 |
stderr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4903 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4904 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4905 |
Standard error |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4906 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4907 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4908 |
For example: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4909 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4910 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4911 |
$ command1 2> file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4912 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4913 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4914 |
executes |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4915 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4916 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4917 |
command1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4918 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4919 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4920 |
, directing the standard error stream to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4921 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4922 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4923 |
file1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4924 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4925 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4926 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4927 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4928 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_18f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4929 |
In shells derived from |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4930 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4931 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4932 |
csh |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4933 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4934 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4935 |
(the C shell), the syntax instead appends the & character to the redirect characters, thus achieving a similar result. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4936 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4937 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_190"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4938 |
Another useful capability is to redirect one standard file handle to another. The most popular variation is to merge standard error into standard output so error messages can be processed together with (or alternately to) the usual output. Example: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4939 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4940 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4941 |
$ find / -name .profile > results 2>&1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4942 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4943 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_191"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4944 |
will try to find all files named |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4945 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4946 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4947 |
.profile |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4948 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4949 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4950 |
. Executed without redirection, it will output hits to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4951 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4952 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4953 |
stdout |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4954 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4955 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4956 |
and errors (e.g. for lack of privilege to traverse protected directories) to |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4957 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4958 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4959 |
stderr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4960 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4961 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4962 |
. If standard output is directed to file results, error messages appear on the console. To see both hits and error messages in file results, merge |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4963 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4964 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4965 |
stderr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4966 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4967 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4968 |
(handle 2) into |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4969 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4970 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4971 |
stdout |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4972 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4973 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4974 |
(handle 1) using 2>&1 . |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4975 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4976 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_192"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4977 |
It's possible use 2>&1 before ">" but it doesn't work. In fact, when the interpreter reads 2>&1, it doesn't know yet where standard output is redirected and then standard error isn't merged. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4978 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4979 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_193"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4980 |
If the merged output is to be piped into another program, the file merge sequence 2>&1 must precede the pipe symbol, thus: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4981 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4982 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4983 |
$ find / -name .profile 2>&1 | less |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4984 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4985 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_194"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4986 |
A simplified form of the command: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4987 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4988 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4989 |
$ command > file 2>&1 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4990 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4991 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_195"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4992 |
is: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4993 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4994 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4995 |
$ command &>file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4996 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4997 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_196"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4998 |
or: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
4999 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5000 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5001 |
$command >&file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5002 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5003 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5004 |
<div class="section" title="12.4.Chained pipelines"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5005 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5006 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5007 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5008 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5009 |
<a name="id2629569"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5010 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5011 |
12.4.Chained pipelines |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5012 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5013 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5014 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5015 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5016 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_197"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5017 |
The redirection and piping tokens can be chained together to create complex commands. For example: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5018 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5019 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5020 |
$ ls | grep ' .sh' | sort > shlist |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5021 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5022 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_198"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5023 |
lists the contents of the current directory, where this output is filtered to only contain lines which contain |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5024 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5025 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5026 |
.sh |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5027 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5028 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5029 |
, sort this resultant output lexicographically, and place the final output in |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5030 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5031 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5032 |
shlist |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5033 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5034 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5035 |
. This type of construction is used very commonly in shell scripts and batch files. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5036 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5037 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5038 |
<div class="section" title="12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5039 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5040 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5041 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5042 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5043 |
<a name="id2629602"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5044 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5045 |
12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5046 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5047 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5048 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5049 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5050 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_199"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5051 |
The standard command |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5052 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5053 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5054 |
tee |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5055 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5056 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5057 |
can redirect output from a command to several destinations. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5058 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5059 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5060 |
$ ls -lrt | tee xyz |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5061 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5062 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19a"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5063 |
This directs the file list output to both standard output as well as to the file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5064 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5065 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5066 |
xyz |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5067 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5068 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5069 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5070 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5071 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5072 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5073 |
<div class="section" title="13.More Text Processing"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5074 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5075 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5076 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5077 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5078 |
<a name="id2629633"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5079 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5080 |
13.More Text Processing |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5081 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5082 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5083 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5084 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5085 |
<div class="section" title="13.1.grep"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5086 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5087 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5088 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5089 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5090 |
<a name="id2629642"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5091 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5092 |
13.1.grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5093 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5094 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5095 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5096 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5097 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19b"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5098 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5099 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5100 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5101 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5102 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5103 |
is a command line text search utility originally written for Unix. The name is taken from the first letters in |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5104 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5105 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5106 |
global / regular expression / print |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5107 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5108 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5109 |
, a series of instructions for the |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5110 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5111 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5112 |
ed |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5113 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5114 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5115 |
text editor. The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5116 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5117 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5118 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5119 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5120 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5121 |
command searches files or standard input globally for lines matching a given regular expression, and prints them to the program's standard output. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5122 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5123 |
<div class="section" title="13.1.1.Usage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5124 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5125 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5126 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5127 |
<h4 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5128 |
<a name="id2629673"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5129 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5130 |
13.1.1.Usage |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5131 |
</h4> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5132 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5133 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5134 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5135 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19c"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5136 |
This is an example of a common |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5137 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5138 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5139 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5140 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5141 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5142 |
usage: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5143 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5144 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5145 |
$ grep apple fruitlist.txt |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5146 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5147 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19d"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5148 |
In this case, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5149 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5150 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5151 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5152 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5153 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5154 |
prints all lines containing 'apple' from the file |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5155 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5156 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5157 |
fruitlist.txt |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5158 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5159 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5160 |
, regardless of word boundaries; therefore lines containing 'pineapple' or 'apples' are also printed. The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5161 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5162 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5163 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5164 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5165 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5166 |
command is case sensitive by default, so this example's output does not include lines containing 'Apple' (with a capital A) unless they also contain 'apple'. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5167 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5168 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19e"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5169 |
Like most Unix commands, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5170 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5171 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5172 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5173 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5174 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5175 |
accepts command line arguments to change this and many other behaviors. For example: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5176 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5177 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5178 |
$ grep -i apple fruitlist.txt |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5179 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5180 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_19f"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5181 |
This prints all lines containing 'apple' regardless of capitalization. The '-i' argument tells |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5182 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5183 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5184 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5185 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5186 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5187 |
to be case insensitive, or to ignore case. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5188 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5189 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5190 |
To print all lines containing 'apple' as a word ('pineapple' and 'apples' will not match):
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5191 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5192 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5193 |
$ grep -w apple fruitlist.txt |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5194 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5195 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5196 |
Regular expressions can be used to match more complicated queries. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5197 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5198 |
<div class="section" title="13.1.1.1.Variations"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5199 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5200 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5201 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5202 |
<h5 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5203 |
<a name="id2629751"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5204 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5205 |
13.1.1.1.Variations |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5206 |
</h5> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5207 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5208 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5209 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5210 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5211 |
There are countless implementations and derivatives of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5212 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5213 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5214 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5215 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5216 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5217 |
available for many operating systems. Early variants of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5218 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5219 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5220 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5221 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5222 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5223 |
included |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5224 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5225 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5226 |
egrep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5227 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5228 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5229 |
and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5230 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5231 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5232 |
fgrep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5233 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5234 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5235 |
. The former applies an extended regular expression syntax that was added to Unix after Ken Thompson's original regular expression implementation. The latter searches for any of a list of 'fixed' strings using the Aho-Corasick algorithm. These variants are embodied in most modern |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5236 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5237 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5238 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5239 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5240 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5241 |
implementations as command-line switches (and standardized as -E and -F in POSIX). In such combined implementations, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5242 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5243 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5244 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5245 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5246 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5247 |
may also behave differently depending on the name by which it is invoked, allowing |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5248 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5249 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5250 |
fgrep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5251 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5252 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5253 |
, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5254 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5255 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5256 |
egrep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5257 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5258 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5259 |
, and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5260 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5261 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5262 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5263 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5264 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5265 |
to be links to the same program. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5266 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5267 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5268 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5269 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5270 |
pcregrep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5271 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5272 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5273 |
is an implementation of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5274 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5275 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5276 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5277 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5278 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5279 |
that uses Perl regular expression syntax. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5280 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5281 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5282 |
Other commands contain the word 'grep' to indicate that they search (usually for regular expression matches). The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5283 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5284 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5285 |
pgrep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5286 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5287 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5288 |
utility, for instance, displays the processes whose names match a given regular expression. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5289 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5290 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5291 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5292 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5293 |
<div class="section" title="13.2.tr"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5294 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5295 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5296 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5297 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5298 |
<a name="id2629831"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5299 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5300 |
13.2.tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5301 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5302 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5303 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5304 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5305 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5306 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5307 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5308 |
tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5309 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5310 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5311 |
(abbreviated from |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5312 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5313 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5314 |
translate |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5315 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5316 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5317 |
or |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5318 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5319 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5320 |
transliterate |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5321 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5322 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5323 |
) is a command in Unix-like operating systems. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5324 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5325 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5326 |
When executed, the program reads from the standard input and writes to the standard output. It takes as parameters two sets of characters, and replaces occurrences of the characters in the first set with the corresponding elements from the other set. For example, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5327 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5328 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5329 |
$ tr 'abcd' 'jkmn' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5330 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5331 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5332 |
maps 'a' to 'j', 'b' to 'k', 'c' to 'm', and 'd' to 'n'. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5333 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5334 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5335 |
Sets of characters may be abbreviated by using character ranges. The previous example could be written: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5336 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5337 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5338 |
$ tr 'a-d' 'jkmn' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5339 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5340 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1a9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5341 |
In POSIX compliant versions of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5342 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5343 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5344 |
tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5345 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5346 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5347 |
the set represented by a character range depends on the locale's collating order, so it is safer to avoid character ranges in scripts that might be executed in a locale different from that in which they were written. Ranges can often be replaced with POSIX character sets such as [:alpha:]. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5348 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5349 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1aa"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5350 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5351 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5352 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5353 |
-c |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5354 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5355 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5356 |
flag complements the first set of characters. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5357 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5358 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5359 |
$ tr -cd '[:alnum:]' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5360 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5361 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ab"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5362 |
therefore removes all non-alphanumeric characters. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5363 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5364 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ac"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5365 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5366 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5367 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5368 |
-s |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5369 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5370 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5371 |
flag causes tr to compress sequences of identical adjacent characters in its output to a single token. For example, |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5372 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5373 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5374 |
$ tr -s ' n' ' n' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5375 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5376 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ad"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5377 |
replaces sequences of one or more newline characters with a single newline. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5378 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5379 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ae"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5380 |
The |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5381 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5382 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5383 |
-d |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5384 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5385 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5386 |
flag causes tr to delete all tokens of the specified set of characters from its input. In this case, only a single character set argument is used. The following command removes carriage return characters, thereby converting a file in DOS/Windows format to one in Unix format. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5387 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5388 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5389 |
$ tr -d ' r' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5390 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5391 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1af"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5392 |
Most versions of |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5393 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5394 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5395 |
tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5396 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5397 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5398 |
, including GNU |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5399 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5400 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5401 |
tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5402 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5403 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5404 |
and classic Unix |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5405 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5406 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5407 |
tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5408 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5409 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5410 |
, operate on single byte characters and are not Unicode compliant. An exception is the Heirloom Toolchest implementation, which provides basic Unicode support. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5411 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5412 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5413 |
Ruby and Perl also have an internal |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5414 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5415 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5416 |
tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5417 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5418 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5419 |
operator, which operates analogously. Tcl's |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5420 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5421 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5422 |
string map |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5423 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5424 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5425 |
command is more general in that it maps strings to strings while |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5426 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5427 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5428 |
tr |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5429 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5430 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5431 |
maps characters to characters. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5432 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5433 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5434 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5435 |
<div class="section" title="14.Elementary Regex"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5436 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5437 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5438 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5439 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5440 |
<a name="id2629978"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5441 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5442 |
14.Elementary Regex |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5443 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5444 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5445 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5446 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5447 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5448 |
In computing, regular expressions provide a concise and flexible means for identifying strings of text of interest, such as particular characters, words, or patterns of characters. A regular expression (often shortened to regex or regexp) is written in a formal language that can be interpreted by a regular expression processor, a program that either serves as a parser generator or examines text and identifies parts that match the provided specification. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5449 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5450 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5451 |
Regular expressions are used by many text editors, utilities, and programming languages to search and manipulate text based on patterns. For example, Perl, Ruby and Tcl have a powerful regular expression engine built directly into their syntax. Several utilities provided by Unix distributionsincluding the editor |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5452 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5453 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5454 |
ed |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5455 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5456 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5457 |
and the filter |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5458 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5459 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5460 |
grep |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5461 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5462 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5463 |
were the first to popularize the concept of regular expressions. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5464 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5465 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5466 |
Traditional Unix regular expression syntax followed common conventions but often differed from tool to tool. The IEEE POSIX |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5467 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5468 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5469 |
Basic Regular Expressions |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5470 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5471 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5472 |
(BRE) standard (released alongside an alternative flavor called Extended Regular Expressions or ERE) was designed mostly for backward compatibility with the traditional (Simple Regular Expression) syntax but provided a common standard which has since been adopted as the default syntax of many Unix regular expression tools, though there is often some variation or additional features. Many such tools also provide support for ERE syntax with command line arguments. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5473 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5474 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5475 |
In the BRE syntax, most characters are treated as literals they match only themselves (i.e., a matches "a"). The exceptions, listed below, are called metacharacters or metasequences. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5476 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5477 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5478 |
Metacharacter |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5479 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5480 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5481 |
Description |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5482 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5483 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5484 |
. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5485 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5486 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5487 |
Matches any single character (many applications exclude |
| 25 | 5488 |
newlines, and exactly which characters are considered |
5489 |
newlines is flavor, character encoding, and platform |
|
5490 |
specific, but it is safe to assume that the line feed |
|
5491 |
character is included). Within POSIX bracket expressions, |
|
5492 |
the dot character matches a literal dot. For example, a.c |
|
5493 |
matches abc, etc., but [a.c] matches only a, ., or |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5494 |
c. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5495 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5496 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1b9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5497 |
[ ] |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5498 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5499 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ba"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5500 |
A bracket expression. Matches a single character that is |
| 25 | 5501 |
contained within the brackets. For example, [abc] matches |
5502 |
a, b, or c. [a-z] specifies a range which matches any |
|
5503 |
lowercase letter from a to z. These forms can be mixed: |
|
5504 |
[abcx-z] matches a, b, c, x, y, or z, as does |
|
5505 |
[a-cx-z]. The - character is treated as a literal character |
|
5506 |
if it is the last or the first character within the |
|
5507 |
brackets, or if it is escaped with a backslash: [abc-], |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5508 |
[-abc], or [a-bc]. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5509 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5510 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bb"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5511 |
[^ ] |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5512 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5513 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bc"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5514 |
Matches a single character that is not contained within the |
| 25 | 5515 |
brackets. For example, [^abc] matches any character other |
5516 |
than a, b, or c. [^a-z] matches any single character |
|
5517 |
that is not a lowercase letter from a to z. As above, |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5518 |
literal characters and ranges can be mixed. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5519 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5520 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5521 |
^ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5522 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5523 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1be"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5524 |
Matches the starting position within the string. In |
| 25 | 5525 |
line-based tools, it matches the starting position of any |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5526 |
line. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5527 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5528 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1bf"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5529 |
$ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5530 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5531 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5532 |
Matches the ending position of the string or the position |
| 25 | 5533 |
just before a string-ending newline. In line-based tools, |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5534 |
it matches the ending position of any line. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5535 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5536 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5537 |
* |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5538 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5539 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5540 |
Matches the preceding element zero or more times. For |
| 25 | 5541 |
example, ab*c matches "ac", "abc", "abbbc", etc. [xyz]* |
5542 |
matches "", "x", "y", "z", "zx", "zyx", "xyzzy", and so on. |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5543 |
(ab)* matches "", "ab", "abab", "ababab", and so on. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5544 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5545 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5546 |
? |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5547 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5548 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5549 |
Matches the preceding element zero or one time. For |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5550 |
example, ba? matches "b" or "ba". |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5551 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5552 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5553 |
+ |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5554 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5555 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5556 |
Matches the preceding element one or more times. For |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5557 |
example, ba+ matches "ba", "baa", "baaa", and so on. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5558 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5559 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5560 |
| |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5561 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5562 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5563 |
The choice (aka alternation or set union) operator matches |
| 25 | 5564 |
either the expression before or the expression after the |
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5565 |
operator. For example, abc|def matches "abc" or "def". |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5566 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5567 |
<div class="section" title="14.1.Lazy quantification"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5568 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5569 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5570 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5571 |
<h3 class="title"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5572 |
<a name="id2630180"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5573 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5574 |
14.1.Lazy quantification |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5575 |
</h3> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5576 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5577 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5578 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5579 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1c9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5580 |
The standard quantifiers in regular expressions are greedy, meaning they match as much as they can, only giving back as necessary to match the remainder of the regex. For example, someone new to regexes wishing to find the first instance of an item between < and > symbols in this example: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5581 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5582 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5583 |
Another whale explosion occurred on <January 26>, <2004>. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5584 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5585 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ca"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5586 |
...would likely come up with the pattern <.*>, or similar. However, this pattern will actually return "<January 26>, <2004>" instead of the "<January 26>" which might be expected, because the * quantifier is greedy it will consume as many characters as possible from the input, and "January 26>, <2004" has more characters than "January 26". |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5587 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5588 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cb"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5589 |
Though this problem can be avoided in a number of ways (e.g., by specifying the text that is not to be matched: <[^>]*>), modern regular expression tools allow a quantifier to be specified as |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5590 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5591 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5592 |
lazy |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5593 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5594 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5595 |
(also known as non-greedy, reluctant, minimal, or ungreedy) by putting a question mark after the quantifier (e.g., <.*?>), or by using a modifier which reverses the greediness of quantifiers (though changing the meaning of the standard quantifiers can be confusing). By using a lazy quantifier, the expression tries the minimal match first. Though in the previous example lazy matching is used to select one of many matching results, in some cases it can also be used to improve performance when greedy matching would require more backtracking. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5596 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5597 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5598 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5599 |
<div class="section" title="15.One Liners"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5600 |
<div class="titlepage"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5601 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5602 |
<div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5603 |
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5604 |
<a name="id2630255"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5605 |
</a> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5606 |
15.One Liners |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5607 |
</h2> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5608 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5609 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5610 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5611 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cc"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5612 |
A |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5613 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5614 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5615 |
one-liner |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5616 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5617 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5618 |
is textual input to the command-line of an operating system shell that performs some function in just one line of input. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5619 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5620 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5621 |
The one liner can be |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5622 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5623 |
<div class="orderedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5624 |
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5625 |
<li class="listitem"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5626 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1ce"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5627 |
An expression written in the language of the shell. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5628 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5629 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5630 |
<li class="listitem"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5631 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1cf"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5632 |
The invocation of an interpreter together with program source for the interpreter to run. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5633 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5634 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5635 |
<li class="listitem"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5636 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5637 |
The invocation of a compiler together with source to compile and |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5638 |
instructions for executing the compiled program. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5639 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5640 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5641 |
</ol> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5642 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5643 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5644 |
Certain dynamic scripting languages such as AWK, sed, and perl have traditionally been adept at expressing one-liners. Specialist shell interpreters such as these Unix shells or the Windows PowerShell, allow for the construction of powerful one-liners. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5645 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5646 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d2"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5647 |
The use of the phrase one-liner has been widened to also include program-source for any language that does something useful in one line. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5648 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5649 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d3"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5650 |
The word |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5651 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5652 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5653 |
One-liner |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5654 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5655 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5656 |
has two references in the index of the book |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5657 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5658 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5659 |
The AWK Programming Language |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5660 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5661 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5662 |
(the book is often referred to by the abbreviation TAPL). It explains the programming language AWK, which is part of the Unix operating system. The authors explain the birth of the One-liner paradigm with their daily work on early Unix machines: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5663 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5664 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5665 |
The 1977 version had only a few built-in variables and predefined functions. It was designed for writing short programs [...] Our model was that an invocation would be one or two lines long, typed in and used immediately. Defaults were chosen to match this style [...] We, being the authors, knew how the language was supposed to be used, and so we only wrote one-liners. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5666 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5667 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d4"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5668 |
Notice that this original definition of a One-liner implies immediate execution of the program without any compilation. So, in a strict sense, only source code for interpreted languages qualifies as a One-liner. But this strict understanding of a One-liner was broadened in 1985 when the IOCCC introduced the category of Best One Liner for C, which is a compiled language. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5669 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5670 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d5"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5671 |
The TAPL book contains 20 examples of One-liners (A Handful of Useful awk One-Liners) at the end of the book's first chapter. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5672 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5673 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d6"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5674 |
Here are the first few of them: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5675 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5676 |
<div class="orderedlist"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5677 |
<ol class="orderedlist" type="1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5678 |
<li class="listitem"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5679 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d7"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5680 |
Print the total number of input lines: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5681 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5682 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d8"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5683 |
END { print NR }
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5684 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5685 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5686 |
<li class="listitem"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5687 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1d9"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5688 |
Print the tenth input line: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5689 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5690 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1da"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5691 |
NR == 10 |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5692 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5693 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5694 |
<li class="listitem"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5695 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1db"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5696 |
Print the last field of every input line: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5697 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5698 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1dc"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5699 |
{ print $NF }
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5700 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5701 |
</li> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5702 |
</ol> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5703 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5704 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1dd"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5705 |
One-liners are also used to show off the differential expressive power of programming languages. Frequently, one-liners are used to demonstrate programming ability. Contests are often held to see who can create the most exceptional one-liner. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5706 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5707 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1de"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5708 |
The following example is a C program (a winning entry in the "Best one-liner" category of the IOCCC, here split to two lines for presentation).: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5709 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5710 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5711 |
main(int c,char**v){return!m(v[1],v[2]);}m(char*s,char*t){return
|
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
changeset
|
5712 |
*t-42?*s?63==*t|*s==*t&&m(s+1,t+1):!*t:m(s,t+1)||*s&&m(s+1,t);} |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
5713 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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|
5714 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1df"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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|
5715 |
This one-liner program is a |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5716 |
<span class="emphasis"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
5717 |
<em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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|
5718 |
glob pattern matcher |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
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|
5719 |
</em> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5720 |
</span> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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|
5721 |
. It understands the glob characters '*' meaning 'zero or more characters' and '?' meaning exactly one character, just like most Unix shells. |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
5722 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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parents:
25
diff
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|
5723 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e0"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5724 |
Run it with two args, the string and the glob pattern. The exit status is 0 (shell true) when the pattern matches, 1 otherwise. The glob pattern must match the whole string, so you may want to use * at the beginning and end of the pattern if you are looking for something in the middle. Examples: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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parents:
25
diff
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|
5725 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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|
5726 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
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|
5727 |
$ prog foo 'f??'; echo $? |
| 25 | 5728 |
|
|
27
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5729 |
$ prog 'best short program' '??st*o**p?*'; echo $? |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5730 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5731 |
<p id="ch9Using_Linux_Tools_1e1"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
parents:
25
diff
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|
5732 |
Here is a one line shell script to show directories: |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
changeset
|
5733 |
</p> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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25
diff
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|
5734 |
<pre class="programlisting"> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5735 |
$ ls -R | grep ":$" | sed -e 's/:$//' -e 's/[^-][^ /]* //--/g' -e 's/^/ /' -e 's/-/|/' |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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diff
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|
5736 |
</pre> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
amit@thunder
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25
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|
5737 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5738 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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25
diff
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|
5739 |
</div> |
|
cb14131583c6
Started on final changes to the build scripts so that we can start with totally automatic builds
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|
5740 |
</body> |
|
1
672eaaab9204
Added some new html files that failed earlier during change from rst
amit@thunder
parents:
diff
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|
5741 |
</html> |