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% Tutorial slides on Python.
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% Author: Prabhu Ramachandran <prabhu at aero.iitb.ac.in>
% Copyright (c) 2005-2009, Prabhu Ramachandran
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% Title page
\title[]{Arrays \& Least Squares Fit}

\author[FOSSEE] {FOSSEE}

\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
\date[] {31, October 2009}
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\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
  \maketitle
\end{frame}

%% \begin{frame}
%%   \frametitle{Outline}
%%   \tableofcontents
%%   % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
%% \end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Least Squares Fit}
In this session - 
\begin{itemize}
\item We shall plot a least squares fit curve for time-period(T) squared vs. length(L) plot of a Simple Pendulum. 
\item Given a file containing L and T values
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Least Squares Fit \ldots}
Machinery Required -
\begin{itemize}
\item Reading files and parsing data
\item Plotting points, lines
\item Calculating the Coefficients of the Least Squares Fit curve
\begin{itemize}
  \item Arrays
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Reading pendulum.txt}
\begin{itemize}
  \item The file has two columns
  \item Column1 - L; Column2 - T
\end{itemize}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: L = []
In []: T = []
In []: for line in open('pendulum.txt'):
  ....     len, t = line.split()
  ....     L.append(float(len))
  ....     T.append(float(t))
\end{lstlisting}
We now have two lists L and T
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Calculating $T^2$}
\begin{itemize}
\item Each element of the list T must be squared
\item Iterating over each element of the list works
\item But very slow \ldots
\item Instead, we use arrays
\end{itemize}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: array(L)
In []: T = array(T)
In []: Tsq = T*T
In []: plot(L, Tsq, 'o')
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Arrays}
\begin{itemize}
\item T is now a \typ{numpy array}
\item \typ{numpy} arrays are very efficient and powerful 
\item Very easy to perform element-wise operations
\item \typ{+, -, *, /, \%}
\item More about arrays later
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Least Square Polynomial}
\begin{enumerate}
\item $T^2 = \frac{4\pi^2}{g}L$
\item $T^2$ and $L$ have a linear relationship
\item We find an approximate solution to $Ax = y$, where A is the Van der Monde matrix to get coefficients of the least squares fit line. 
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Van der Monde Matrix}
Van der Monde matrix of order M
\begin{equation*}
  \begin{bmatrix}
  l_1^{M-1} & \ldots & l_1 & 1 \\
  l_2^{M-1} & \ldots &l_2 & 1 \\
  \vdots & \ldots & \vdots & \vdots\\
  l_N^{M-1} & \ldots & l_N & 1 \\
  \end{bmatrix}
\end{equation*}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: A=vander(L,2)
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Least Square Fit Line}
\begin{itemize}
\item We use the \typ{lstsq} function of pylab
\item It returns the 
\begin{enumerate}
\item Least squares solution
\item Sum of residues
\item Rank of matrix A
\item Singular values of A
\end{enumerate}
\end{itemize}
\begin{lstlisting}
coeffs, res, rank, sing = lstsq(A,Tsq)
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Least Square Fit Line \ldots}
\begin{itemize}
\item Use the poly1d function of pylab, to create a function for the line equation using the coefficients obtained
\begin{lstlisting}
p=poly1d(coeffs)
\end{lstlisting}
\item Get new $T^2$ values using the function \typ{p} obtained
\begin{lstlisting}
Tline = p(L)
\end{lstlisting}
\item Now plot Tline vs. L, to get the Least squares fit line. 
\begin{lstlisting}
plot(L, Tline)
\end{lstlisting}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Statistical Analysis and Parsing}
  Read the data supplied in \emph{sslc1.txt} and obtain the following statistics:
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Average total marks scored in each region
    \item Subject wise average score of each region
    \item \alert{??Subject wise average score for all regions combined??}
    \item Find the subject wise standard deviation of scores for each region
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Statistical Analysis and Parsing \ldots}
  Machinery Required -
  \begin{itemize}
    \item File reading and parsing
    \item NumPy arrays - sum by rows and sum by coloumns
    \item Dictionaries
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{File reading and parsing}
  Understanding the structure of sslc1.txt
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Each line in the file, i.e each row of a file is a single record.
    \item Each record corresponds to a record of a single student
    \item Each record consists of several fields separated by a ';'
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{File reading and parsing \ldots}
  Each record consists of:
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Region Code
    \item Roll Number
    \item Name
    \item Marks of 5 subjects
    \item Total marks
    \item Pass (P)
    \item Withdrawn (W)
    \item Fail (F)
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{File reading and parsing \ldots}
  \begin{lstlisting}
for record in open('sslc1.txt'):
    fields = record.split(';')
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Dictionary}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item lists index: 0 \ldots n
    \item dictionaries index using any hashable objects
    \item d = \{ ``Hitchhiker's guide'' : 42, ``Terminator'' : ``I'll be back''\}
    \item d[``Terminator''] => ``I'll be back''
    \item ``Terminator'' is called the key of \typ{d}
    \item ``I'll be back'' is called the value of the key ``Terminator''
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Dictionary - Building parsed data}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Let the parsed data be stored in dictionary \typ{data}
    \item Keys of \typ{data} are strings - region codes
    \item Value of the key is another dictionary.
    \item This dictionary contains:
    \begin{itemize}
      \item 'marks': A list of NumPy arrays
      \item 'total': Total marks of each student
      \item 'P': Number of passes
      \item 'F': Number of failures
      \item 'W': Number of withdrawls
    \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Dictionary - Building parsed data \ldots}
  \small
  \begin{lstlisting}
data = {}
for record in open('sslc1.txt'):
    fields = record.split(';')
    if fields[0] not in data:
        data[fields[0]] = {
            'marks': array([]),
            'total': array([]),
            'P': 0,
            'F': 0,
            'W': 0
            }
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Dictionary - Building parsed data \ldots}
  \begin{lstlisting}
marks = []
for field in fields[3:8]:
    score_str = field.strip()
    score = 0 if score_str == 'AA'
        or score_str == 'AAA'
        or score_str == ''
        else int(score_str)
    marks.append(score)

data[fields[0]]['marks'].append(marks)
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Dictionary - Building parsed data \ldots}
  \begin{lstlisting}
total = 0 if score_str == 'AA'
    or score_str == 'AAA'
    or score_str == ''
    else int(fields[8])
data[fields[0]]['total'].append(total)

pfw_key = fields[9]
    or fields[10]
    or 'F'
data[fields[0]][pfw_key] += 1
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Dictionary - Building parsed data \ldots}
  \begin{lstlisting}
pfw_key = fields[9]
    or fields[10]
    or 'F'
data[fields[0]][pfw_key] += 1
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Calculations}
  \small
  \begin{lstlisting}
for k in data:
    data[k]['marks'] = array(data[k]['marks'])
    data[k]['total'] = array(data[k]['total'])

    data[k]['avg'] = average(
        data[k]['total'])
    marks = data[k]['marks']
    sub_avg = average(marks, axis=1)
    sub_std = sqrt(sum(square(
        sub_avg[:,newaxis] - marks), axis=0) /
        len(marks))
    data[k]['sub_avg'] = sub_avg
    data[k]['sub_std'] = sub_std
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\end{document}

Least squares: Smooth curve fit. 
Array Operations: Mean, average (etc region wise like district wise and state wise from SSLC.txt) 
Subject wise average. Introduce idea of dictionary. 

Session 3

import scipy
from scipy import linalg.

choose some meaningful plot. ??
Newton's law of cooling. 
u, v, f - optics
hooke's law
Least fit curves. 


Choose a named problem. 
ODE - first order. Whatever. 


arrays, etc etc. 
sum, average, mean. whatever. statistical
sslc data
numpy load text??