day2/cheatsheet2.tex
author Madhusudan.C.S <madhusudancs@gmail.com>
Tue, 29 Dec 2009 19:25:11 +0530
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\documentclass[12pt]{article}
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\title{Python: Data Structures}
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\author{FOSSEE}
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\usepackage{listings}
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\lstset{language=Python,
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    basicstyle=\ttfamily,
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commentstyle=\itshape\bfseries, 
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showstringspaces=false
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}
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\newcommand{\typ}[1]{\lstinline{#1}}
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\usepackage[english]{babel}
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\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
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\usepackage{times}
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\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
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\usepackage{ae,aecompl}
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\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler}
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\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet}
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\begin{document}
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\date{}
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\vspace{-1in}
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\begin{center}
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\LARGE{Python: Data Structures}\\
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\large{FOSSEE}
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\end{center}
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\section{Basic Looping}
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\subsection{\typ{while}}
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  \begin{lstlisting}
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In []: a, b = 0, 1
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In []: while b < 10:  
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  ...:     print b,
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  ...:     a, b = b, a + b # Fibonacci Sequence
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  ...:
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\end{lstlisting}
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Basic syntax of \typ{while} loop is:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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while condition:
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    statement1
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    statement2
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\end{lstlisting}
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All statements are executed, till the condition statement evaluates to True.
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\subsection{\typ{for} and \typ{range}}
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\typ{range(start, stop, step)}\\
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returns a list containing an arithmetic progression of integers.\\
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Of the arguments mentioned above, both start and step are optional.\\
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For example, if we skip third argument, i.e \typ{step}, default is taken as 1. So:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: range(1,10)
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Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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\end{lstlisting}
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\textbf{Note:} stop value is not included in the list.\\
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Similarly if we don't pass \typ{first} argument (in this case \typ{start}), default is taken to be 0.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: range(10)
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Out[]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
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\end{lstlisting}
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In case third argument is mentioned(\typ{step}), the jump between consecutive members of the list would be equal to that.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: range(1,10,2)
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Out[]: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
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\end{lstlisting}
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%Notice the jump between two consecutive elements is 2, i.e step.\\
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\typ{for} and \typ{range}\\
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As mentioned previously \typ{for} in Python is used to iterate through the list members. So \typ{for} and \typ{range} can be used together to iterate through required series. For example to get square of all numbers less then 5 and greater then equal to 0, code can be written as:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: for i in range(5):
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 ....:     print i, i * i
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 ....:
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 ....:
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0 0
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1 1
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2 4
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3 9
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4 16
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\end{lstlisting}
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\section{list}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num = [1, 2, 3, 4] # Initializing a list
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In []: num
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Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4]
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\end{lstlisting}
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\subsection{Accessing individual elements}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num[1]
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Out[]: 2  
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\end{lstlisting}
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\textbf{Note:} Index of list starts from 0.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num[5]  # ERROR: throws a index error
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IndexError: list index out of range
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In []: num[-1]
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Out[]: 4
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\end{lstlisting}
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\textbf{Note: }\typ{-1} points to last element in a list. Similarly to access third last element of a list one can use: 
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num[-3]
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Out[]: 2  
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\end{lstlisting}
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\subsection{\typ{list} operations}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num += [9, 10, 11] # Concatenating two lists
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In []: num
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Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11]
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\end{lstlisting}
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\typ{list} provides \typ{append} function to append objects at the end. 
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num = [1, 2, 3, 4] 
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In []: num.append(-2) 
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In []: num
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Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, -2]
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\end{lstlisting}
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%% In []: num += [-5] 
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%% In []: num
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%% Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, -2, -5]
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Working of \typ{append} is different from \typ{+} operator on list. Till here both will behave as same. But in following case:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num = [1, 2, 3, 4]
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In []: num + [9, 10, 11]
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Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11]
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In []: num.append([9, 10, 11]) # appending a list to a list
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301
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In []: num
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Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, [9, 10, 11]] # last element is a list
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\end{lstlisting}
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when one attempts to append a list(in above case [9, 10, 11]) to a list(num) it adds list as a single element. So the resulting list will have a element which itself is a list. But \typ{+} operator would simply add the elements of second list.\\
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\subsection{Miscellaneous}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: num = [1, 2, 3, 4]
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In []: num.extend([5, 6, 7])  # extend list by adding elements
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In []: num
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Out[]: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
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In []: num.reverse()  # reverse the current list
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In []: num
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Out[]: [7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
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In []: num.remove(6) # removing first occurrence of 6
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In []: num
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Out[]: [7, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
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In []: len(num) # returns the length of list
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Out[]: 6
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In []: a = [1, 5, 3, 7, -2, 4]
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In []: min(a) # returns smallest item in a list.
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Out[]: -2
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In []: max(a) # returns largest item in a list.
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Out[]: 7
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\end{lstlisting}
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\subsection{Slicing} 
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General syntax for getting slice out of a list is \\
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\typ{list[initial:final:step]}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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In []: a[1:-1:2] 
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Out[]: [2, 4]
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\end{lstlisting}
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Start slice from second element(1), till the last element(-1) with step size of 2.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: a[::2]
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Out[]: [1, 3, 5]
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\end{lstlisting}
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Start from beginning(since \typ{initial} is blank), till last(this time last element is included, as \typ{final} is blank), with step size of 2.\\
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Apart from using \typ{reverse} command on list, one can also use slicing in special way to get reverse of a list.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: a[-1:-4:-1]
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Out[]: [5, 4, 3]
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\end{lstlisting}
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Above syntax of slice can be expressed as, ``start from last element(\typ{-1}), go till fourth last element(\typ{-4}), with step size \typ{-1}, which implies, go in reverse direction. That is, first element would be \typ{a[-1]}, second element would be \typ{a[-2]} and so on and so forth.''\\
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So to get reverse of whole list one can write following slice syntax:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: a[-1::-1]
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Out[]: [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
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\end{lstlisting}
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Since \typ{final} is left blank, it will traverse through whole list in reverse manner.\\
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\textbf{Note:} While \typ{reverse} reverses the original list, slicing will just result in a instance list with reverse of original, which can be used and worked upon independently.
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%%Should we include  list copy concept here?
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\subsection{Containership}
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\typ{in} keyword is used to check for containership of any element in a given list.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: a = [2, 5, 4, 6, 9]
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In []: 4 in a
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Out[]: True
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In []: b = 15
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In []: b in a
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Out[]: False
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\end{lstlisting}
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\section{Tuples}
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Tuples are sequences just like Lists, but they are \textbf{immutable}, or items/elements cannot be changed in any way.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) 
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\end{lstlisting}
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\textbf{Note:} For tuples we use parentheses in place of square brackets, rest is same as lists.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: t[0] + t[3] + t[-1] # elements are accessed via indices
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Out[]: 13
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In []: t[4] = 7 # ERROR: tuples are immutable
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\end{lstlisting}
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\textbf{Note:} elements cant be changed!
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\section{Dictionaries}
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Dictionaries are data structures that provide key-value mappings. They are similar to lists except that instead of the values having integer indexes, they have keys or strings as indexes.\\
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A simple dictionary can be created by:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: player = {'Mat': 134,'Inn': 233,
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          'Runs': 10823, 'Avg': 52.53}
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\end{lstlisting}
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For above case, value on left of ':' is key and value on right is corresponding value. To retrieve value related to key 'Avg'
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: player['Avg']
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Out[]: 52.530000000000001
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\end{lstlisting}
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\subsection{Element operations}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: player['Name'] = 'Rahul Dravid' #Adds new key-value pair.
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In []: player
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Out[]: 
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{'Avg': 52.530000000000001,
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 'Inn': 233,
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 'Mat': 134,
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 'Name': 'Rahul Dravid',
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 'Runs': 10823}
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In []: player.pop('Mat') # removing particular key-value pair
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Out[]: 134
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In [21]: player
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Out[21]: {'Avg': 52.530000000000001, 'Inn': 233, 
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          'Name': 'Rahul Dravid', 'Runs': 10823}
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\end{lstlisting}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: player['Name'] = 'Dravid'
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In []: player
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Out[23]: {'Avg': 52.530000000000001, 'Inn': 233, 
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          'Name': 'Dravid', 'Runs': 10823}
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\end{lstlisting}
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\textbf{Note:} Duplicate keys are overwritten!
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\subsection{containership}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: 'Inn' in player
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Out[]: True
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In []: 'Econ' in player
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Out[]: False
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\end{lstlisting}
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\textbf{Note:} Containership is always checked on 'keys' of dictionary, never on 'values'.\\
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\subsection{Methods}
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: player.keys() # returns list of all keys
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Out[]: ['Runs', 'Inn', 'Avg', 'Mat']
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c78cad28c2f7 modifeid cheat sheets for session 3, 4 day 2.
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In []: player.values() # returns list of all values.
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Out[]: [10823, 233, 
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        52.530000000000001, 134]  
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\end{lstlisting}
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f57f42861770 Cheat sheet for session 2 day 2.
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\section{Sets}
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are an unordered collection of unique elements.\\
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Creation:
f57f42861770 Cheat sheet for session 2 day 2.
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: s = set([2,4,7,8,5]) # creating a basic set
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In []: s
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Out[]: set([2, 4, 5, 7, 8])
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In []: g = set([2, 4, 5, 7, 4, 0, 5])
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In []: g
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Out[]: set([0, 2, 4, 5, 7]) # No repetition allowed.
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\end{lstlisting}
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Some other operations which can be performed on sets are:
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\begin{lstlisting}
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In []: f = set([1,2,3,5,8])
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In []: p = set([2,3,5,7])
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In []: f | p # Union of two sets
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Out[]: set([1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8])
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In []: f & p # Intersection of two sets
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Out[]: set([2, 3, 5])
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In []: f - p # Elements in f not is p
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Out[]: set([1, 8])
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In []: f ^ p # (f - p) | (p - f)
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Out[]: set([1, 7, 8])) 
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In []: set([2,3]) < p # Test for subset
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Out[]: True
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\end{lstlisting}
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\end{document}