6 LaTeX is a typesetting program used to produce excellently typeset documents. It is extensively used for producing high quality scientific and mathematical documents. It may also be used for producing other kinds of documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters 

     6 LaTeX is a typesetting program that produces excellently typeset documents. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style formatting defined, so that content looks as intended. It is extensively used for producing high quality scientific and mathematical documents. It is also used for producing other kinds of documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters to books. LaTeX is based on the TeX typesetting language. 

     7 

     8 

     9 TeX & LaTeX

    10 ~~~~~~~~~~~

    13 +++

     9 ~~~

    14 

    10 

    15 TeX is a typesetting system designed by Donald Knuth, the renowned Computer Scientist and Emeritus professor at Stanford University. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style formatting defined, so that content looks as intended. 

    11 TeX is a typesetting system designed and developed by Donald E. Knuth, the renowned Computer Scientist and Emeritus professor at Stanford University.

    22 TeX is well known for it's stability and portability. 

    18 TeX is well known for it's stability and portability. TeX is known to be virtually bug free. 

    23 

    24 TeX is pronounced as "tech".

    29 +++++

    23 ~~~~~

    30 

    24 

    31 LaTeX was originally written by Leslie Lamport in the early 1980s. It is an extension of TeX, consisting of TeX macros and a program to parse the LaTeX files. It is easier to use than TeX itself, at the same time producing the same quality of output. 

    25 LaTeX is an extension of TeX, consisting of TeX macros and a program to parse the LaTeX files. It is supposed to be an easier to use language than TeX, but producing the same quality of output. It was developed by Leslie Lamport in the early 1980s and is now being maintained and developed by the LaTeX3 Project.

    35 WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM

    29 Why should you use it?

    36 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    30 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    37 

    31 

    38 WYSIWG is an acronym for "What You See Is What You Get". Word processors, are typically WYSIWG tools. LaTeX, TeX or other TeX based tools are not. They are typesetting or text formatting or document description programs. They can be called WYSIWM or "What You See Is What you Mean" systems, since you give a description of how things look, and LaTeX typesets the document for you.

    32 A few reasons for using LaTeX - 

    39 

    33 

    40 Here are a few reasons, why you should use LaTeX -

    34   * It produces documents with excellent visual quality. 

    41 

    35   * It does the typesetting for you, leaving you - the author - to focus on writing the content.

    42   * LaTeX produces documents with excellent visual quality, especially mathematical and scientific documents. 

    36   * It makes writing math just as easy as writing simple text.

    43   * It does the typesetting to you. Typically, when one works with a word-processor, the user is doing the text formatting or typesetting along with typing out the content. LaTeX allows the user to concentrate on the content leaving aside the typesetting to LaTeX. 

    37   * It's renowned for it's stability and a virtually bug free code base. 

    45   * It is well known for it's stability and for it's virtually bug free code base. 

    39   * It uses plain text files as input and can give output in a variety of formats including PDFs and html making it platform independent.

    46   * It encourages users to structure documents by meaning rather than appearance, thereby helping produce well structured documents. 

    47   * It uses plain text files as input, which have a lot of well known advantages over binary files. To state a few, they can be opened with any editor on any operating system, they are smaller in size compared to the binaries, can be version controlled and can be processed using widely used text processing utilities. 

    48   * The output can be generated in more than one formats.

    50   * It is widely used.

    41   * It is widely used and has a large user community. 

    51 

    42 

    52 Hello World

    43 First Document

    53 ~~~~~~~~~~~

    44 --------------

    54 

    45 

    55 OK, let's get started with our first LaTeX document. Open up your favorite editor and type in the following code. 

    46 Let's begin by writing a simple LaTeX, Hello World, document. The following code is typed out into a text editor. 

    56 

    47 

    57 ::

    48 ::

    58 

    49 

    59   %hello.tex - First LaTeX document

    50   %hello.tex - The Hello World of LaTeX

    69 ++++++++++++++++++

    60 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    84 A peek at the source

    73 What does it mean? - Understanding the source

    85 ++++++++++++++++++++

    74 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    89   This line is a comment. LaTeX ignores this line and it is meant only for the human readers. LaTeX ignores anything after a ``%`` symbol to the end of the line. 

    78   The first line is a comment. It is meant only for human readers and LaTeX simply ignores that line. Anything following a ``%`` symbol, until the end of the line, is ignored by LaTeX. 

    93   This line is a command and sets the ``documentclass`` of the document to ``article``. LaTeX has other classes like ``report``, ``book``, ``letter``, etc. The typesetting of the document varies depending on the ``documentclass`` of the document. 

    82   This line is a command and sets the ``documentclass`` of the document to ``article``. LaTeX has other classes like ``report``, ``book``, ``letter``, etc. The typesetting of the document varies, depending on the ``documentclass`` of the document. 

    98   This line informs LaTeX that this is the beginning of the content of the document. 

    87   This line informs LaTeX that this is the beginning of the content of the document. The command, technically speaking, marks the beginning of the ``document`` environment. 

   106   This line tells LaTeX that the document is complete and LaTeX will simply ignore anything written after this line.

    95   The end command marks the end of the ``document`` environment. It tells LaTeX that the document is complete and LaTeX will simply ignore anything written after this line.

   107 

   108 Where do we want to go

   109 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   110 

   111 During the course of this session we will learn how to do various things in LaTeX and try to produce the sample document provided. 

   122 Line & Page Breaks

   102 In order to explicitly instruct LaTeX to start a new-line, ``\\`` or ``\newline`` command is used. Appending ``*`` to ``\\``,  instructs LaTeX to create a new line, without creating a new page at that point. 

   123 ++++++++++++++++++

   103 

   124 

   104 As already mentioned, ``%`` symbol marks the beginning of a comment. How would we then use it in our document's text? ``%`` is one of the many special characters and is used by escaping it with a backslash, as shown. Other special characters are  ``~ # $ ^ & _ { } \``. All of them, except the backslash character, can be inserted in the document by escaping them with a ``\`` character. To insert the ``\`` character, ``\textbackslash`` must be used. 

   125 LaTeX usually does the job of breaking up your content into lines and pages, and does it well. But under some circumstances, you might want to instruct LaTeX to break line or start a new page at a particular point. 

   105 

   126 

   106 ::

   127 ``\\`` or ``\newline`` command is used to create a new line at the point where the command is issued. 

   107 

   128 Appending ``*`` to ``\\``,  instructs LaTeX to create a new line, without creating a new page at that point. 

   108   %hello.tex - First LaTeX document

   129 

   109   \documentclass{article}

   130 Paragraphs

   110   \begin{document}

   131 ++++++++++

   111   Hello,       World!

   132 

   112   This will not start a new line. 

   133 As already mentioned, LaTeX considers an empty line between two lines of text as a new paragraph. ``\par`` command may also be used to start a newline. It is equivalent to the blank line. 

   113 

   134 

   114   But, this will start a new paragraph. 

   135 By default LaTeX indents new paragraphs. If you do not wish to have the paragraph indented, you can use the ``\nointend`` command at the beginning of the paragraph. 

   115   Again no new line. \% what follows isn't a comment. 

   136 

   116   \end{document}

   137 Special Characters

   117   This is text that is ignored. 

   138 ++++++++++++++++++

   118 

   139 

   119 Basic Structure

   140 LaTeX associates special meaning to the  characters ``~ # $ % ^ & _ { } \``. 

   120 ---------------

   141 

   142 To have these characters in the text of your document, you need to prefix a backslash to them. ``\~ \# \% \$ \^ \& \_ \{ \} \textbackslash``

   143 

   144 

   145 Commands

   146 ++++++++

   147 

   148 * All LaTeX commands start with a backslash ``\``.

   149 * Like the commands in Linux, they are case sensitive.

   150 * They usually have a backslash followed by a consisting of letters only. Any character other than letters, like space, numbers or special characters terminate the command. 

   151 * The commands for producing special characters in the text, is an exception. They contain a backslash followed by a single special character.

   152 * Commands may have parameters, which are supplied to them by enclosing them in curly braces ``{ }``.

   153 * They may also have a few optional parameters which are added after the name in square brackets ``[ ]``.

   154 

   155 

   156 Environments

   157 ++++++++++++

   158 

   159 Environments are very similar to the commands, except that they effect larger parts of the document. For example, we used the ``document`` environment in our first LaTeX document. 

   160 

   161 * They begin with a ``\begin`` and end with a ``\end``

   162 * In general environments can be nested within each other. 

   163 

   164 Some Structural Elements

   165 ------------------------

   169 As already stated, the ``documentclass`` command tells LaTeX, the type of the document that you intend to create. Each class has a few differences in how the content of the document is typeset. We presently have it set to the article class. Let us try changing it to the report class. 

   124 As already stated, the ``documentclass`` command tells LaTeX, the type of the document that you intend to create. Each class has a few differences in how the content of the document is typeset. 

   170 

   125 

   171 Note that the top matter of the document appears in a different page for the report class. 

   126 Some of the available LaTeX classes are, article, proc, report, book, slides, letter. 

   172 

   173 Some of the LaTeX classes that you may want to use are, article, proc, report, book, slides, letter. 

   221 The information about the document such as it's title, the date, the author(s) information etc, is collectively known as the topmatter. Though there is no command called ``topmatter``, the term topmatter is frequently used in LaTeX documentation. 

   145 The information about the document such as it's title, the date, the author(s) information etc, is collectively known as the topmatter. The term topmatter is frequently used in LaTeX documentation. 

   222 

   146 

   223 Let us input the top matter for our document now. 

   147 Let us add top matter to our document, now. 

   233 You would observe that the details do not appear in the document after recompilation. This is because, LaTeX has not been instructed what to do with the top matter information that you have given it. Use the ``\maketitle`` command within the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter information into the document. 

   157 To put a specific date, you can specify it as below

   158 

   159 :: 

   160 

   161   \date{June 1, 2010}

   162 

   163 These details do not appear in the document until we use the ``\maketitle`` command with the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter information into the document. 

   164 

   165 Sectioning Commands

   166 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   167 

   168 Documents are often divided into parts, chapters, sections and subsections. LaTeX provides an intuitive mechanism to use them in your documents. 

   169 

   170 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   171 | command           | level | comments               |

   172 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   173 | ``part``          |    -1 | not in letters         |

   174 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   175 | ``chapter``       |     0 | only books and reports |

   176 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   177 | ``section``       |     1 | not in letters         |

   178 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   179 | ``subsection``    |     2 | not in letters         |

   180 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   181 | ``subsubsection`` |     3 | not in letters         |

   182 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   183 | ``paragraph``     |     4 | not in letters         |

   184 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   185 | ``subparagraph``  |     5 | not in letters         |

   186 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   187 

   188 LaTeX has seven levels of sectioning commands, as shown above. 

   189 

   190 Text of a block or a section of the document need not be enclosed within ``\begin`` and ``\end`` commands. LaTeX starts a new block each time it finds a sectioning command. 

   191 ::

   192 

   193   \section[Short Title]{This is a very long title and the Short Title will appear in the Table of Contents.}

   194 

   195 The short title appears in the table of contents, if at all one is generated. 

   196 

   197 Section Numbering

   198 +++++++++++++++++

   199 

   200 As you may have observed, numbering is done automatically in LaTeX. Parts are numbered using roman numerals; Chapters and sections are numbered using decimal numbers. When a table of contents is inserted into the document, all the numbered headings automatically appear in it.

   201 

   202 A sectioning command appended with an asterisk gives an unnumbered heading that is not included in the table of contents.

   203 ::

   204 

   205   \section*{Introduction}

   206 

   207 By default, levels up to 2, are numbered, i.e, parts, chapters, sections and subsections. This can be changed by setting the ``secnumdepth`` counter using the ``\setcounter`` command. The following command removes numbering of the subsections. Only parts, chapters and sections will be numbered. 

   208 ::

   209 

   210   \setcounter{secnumdepth}{1}

   211 

   212 

   213 Appendices

   214 ~~~~~~~~~~

   215 

   216 LaTeX allows for separate numbering for appendices. ``\appendix`` command indicates that the sections following it, are to be included in the appendix. 

   217 ::

   218 

   219   \appendix

   220   \chapter{First Appendix}

   237 Lets now place and abstract in the document using the ``abstract`` environment of LaTeX. The abstract appears in the document after the topmatter but before the main body of the document. 

   224 LaTeX provides an ``abstract`` environment, to place an abstract in a document. The abstract appears in the document after the topmatter but before the main body of the document. 

   241   The abstract abstract.

   228     The abstract abstract.

   244 

   231 By default LaTeX uses the word "Abstract" as a title for the abstract. This can be changed using the ``\renewcommand``. 

   245 Appendices

   232 ::

   246 ~~~~~~~~~~

   233 

   247 

   234   \renewcommand{\abstractname}{Summary}

   248 LaTeX allows for separate numbering for appendices. ``\appendix`` command indicates that the sections following are to be included in the appendix. 

   235 

   249 ::

   236 

   250 

   251   \appendix

   252   \chapter{First Appendix}

   257 Parts, chapters or sections that have been auto numbered by LaTeX automatically appear in the Table of Contents (ToC). ``\tableofcontents`` command places a the ToC, where the command has been issued. 

   241 Parts, chapters or sections that have been auto numbered by LaTeX automatically appear in the Table of Contents (ToC). ``\tableofcontents`` command places the ToC at the location, where the command has been issued. 

   267   \section*{Introduction}

   251   \section*{Preface}

   268   \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Introduction}

   252   \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Preface}

   272 Elementary Text Typesetting

   256 Typesetting Text

   273 ---------------------------

   257 ----------------

   274 

   258 

   275 Emphasizing

   259 Text formatting

   276 ~~~~~~~~~~~

   260 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   277 

   261 

   278 *Italic* font is generally used to emphasize text. The ``\emph`` command may be used to achieve this effect in LaTeX.

   262 Font Styles and Size

   279 ::

   263 ++++++++++++++++++++

   280 

   264 

   281   This is the \emph{emphasized text}.

   265 LaTeX has three font families:

   282 

   266 

   283 If the ``\emph`` command is nested within another emphasize command, LaTeX emphasized that text using normal fonts. 

   267  1. roman ``\textrm{your text here}``

   284 ::

   268  2. serif ``\textsf{your text here}``

   285 

   269  3. monospace ``\texttt{your text here}``

   286   \emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?

   270 

   287 

   271 For emphasizing text, *italics* are generally used. The ``\emph`` command is used to emphasize text. 

   288 *This is emphasized text, and* this is emphasized text with normal font *, within* emphasized text.

   272 ``\textbf`` gives  **bold face** text. Underlines can be made using the ``\uline`` command and ``\sout`` strikes out text. For small caps, ``\textsc`` command is to be used. 

   273 

   274 LaTeX provides a series of commands to change the size of text. The table below shows the commands and the size of text, they produce. 

   275 

   276 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   277 | size              | 10pt (default) | 11pt option | 12pt option |

   278 +===================+================+=============+=============+

   279 | ``\tiny``         | 5pt            | 6pt         | 6pt         |

   280 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   281 | ``\scriptsize``   | 7pt            | 8pt         | 8pt         |

   282 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   283 | ``\footnotesize`` | 8pt            | 9pt         | 10pt        |

   284 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   285 | ``\small``        | 9pt            | 10pt        | 11pt        |

   286 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   287 | ``\normalsize``   | 10pt           | 11pt        | 12pt        |

   288 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   289 | ``\large``        | 12pt           | 12pt        | 14pt        |

   290 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   291 | ``\Large``        | 14pt           | 14pt        | 17pt        |

   292 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   293 | ``\LARGE``        | 17pt           | 17pt        | 20pt        |

   294 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   295 | ``\huge``         | 20pt           | 20pt        | 25pt        |

   296 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   297 | ``\Huge``         | 25pt           | 25pt        | 25pt        |

   298 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   299 

   300 

   301 Superscript and Subscript

   302 +++++++++++++++++++++++++

   303 

   304 For superscripting text in the text mode, LaTeX provides the ``\textsuperscript`` command. 

   305 ::

   306 

   307   This is how you super\textsuperscript{script} text. 

   308 

   309 LaTeX does not provide any command for subscripting text in the text mode. The math mode needs to be used to obtain subscripts. 

   310 

   311 ::

   312 

   313   This is sub_{script}

   291 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   316 +++++++++++++++

   299 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   324 ++++++++++++++++++

   308 Footnotes

   333 Lists - Itemize, Enumerate, and Description

   309 ~~~~~~~~~

   334 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   310 

   311 With the command::

   312 

   313   \footnote{footnote text}

   314 

   315 a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page. Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to. Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period.

   316 

   317 Note: Look at the ``\marginpar`` command to insert margin notes

   318 

   319 Flushleft, Flushright, and Center

   320 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   321 

   322 The environments ``flushleft`` and ``flushright`` generate paragraphs that are either left- or right-aligned. 

   323 

   324 The ``center`` environment generates centered text.

   325 

   326 Itemize, Enumerate, and Description

   327 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   353 Quote, Quotation, and Verse

   360 Special Paragraphs

   354 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   361 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   362 

   363 Footnotes

   364 +++++++++

   365 

   366 With the command::

   367 

   368   \footnote{footnote text}

   369 

   370 a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page. Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to. Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period.

   371 

   372 Quotes

   373 ++++++

   391 ~~~~~~~~

   406 ++++++++

   410 Tables, Figures and Captions

   425 Including Code

   411 ----------------------------

   426 ++++++++++++++

   412 

   427 

   413 The ``\tabular`` environment

   428 The ``listings`` package can be used to embed source code into your LaTeX document. We shall briefly explore inserting python code into our document. 

   414 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   429 

   415 

   430 Obviously, you first need to tell LaTeX that you want it to use the ``listings`` package, using the ``\usepackage`` command. 

   416 The ``tabular`` environment allows you to typeset tables in LaTeX. ``\begin{tabular}[pos]{col fmt}`` command can be used to specify the parameters of the table and start creating the table. 

   431 ::

   417 

   432 

   418 The ``pos`` argument specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text. It can take on the values ``t`` for top, ``b`` for bottom, or ``c`` for center. 

   433   \usepackage{listings}

   419 

   434 

   420 

   435 Then, we tell LaTeX that we are going to embed Python code into this document. A simple code highlighting for Python code can be achieved using this. 

   421 The ``col fmt`` argument specifies the formatting of the columns of the table. You need to explicitly specify the formatting for each of the columns in the table. The ``col fmt`` argument can take on the following values. 

   436 ::

   437 

   438   \lstset{language=Python,

   439           showstringspaces=false,

   440          }

   441 

   442 You might want to customize the code highlighting further using other variables like ``basicstyle``, ``commentstyle``, ``stringstyle``, ``keywordstyle`` etc. For detailed information on all this, you should look at the ``listings`` package documentation. 

   443 

   444 You include a block of code into your document by enclosing it within the ``lstlisting`` environment. 

   445 ::

   446 

   447   \begin{lstlisting}

   448   string="Hello, World! "

   449   for i in range(10):

   450       print string*i

   451   \end{lstlisting} 

   452 

   453 You can also include source code files directly into your latex document, using the ``lstinputlisting`` command. 

   454 ::

   455 

   456   \lstinputlisting[lastline=20]{lstexample.py}

   457 

   458 This command includes the first 20 lines of the file ``lstexample.py`` into out LaTeX document. 

   459 

   460 Tables, Figures, Floats, & Referencing

   461 ---------------------------------------------

   462 

   463 Tables

   464 ~~~~~~

   465 

   466 The ``tabular`` environment allows typesetting tables in LaTeX. Like any other environment it starts with ``\begin`` command and ends with ``\end``. 

   467 

   468 It takes an optional argument, ``pos`` that specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surroundging text. It takes values of ``t`` for top, ``b`` for bottom, or ``c`` for center. 

   469 

   470 The ``col fmt`` argument specifies the formatting of the columns of the table. Following are the possible arguments to the tabular environment. 

   437 Now we look at how to input the actual entries of the tables. Each horizontal row in a table is separated by ``\\``. Each column entry of a row is separated by ``&``. 

   486 Each row in a table is separated by ``\\`` command and each column entry of a row is separated by ``&``. 

   459 Importing Graphics

   508 

   460 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   509 Figures

   510 ~~~~~~~

   496 When there is not enough space on a page, to fit in a table or figure, it is floated over to the next page filling up the current page with text. LaTeX has float environments called table and figure for tables and images, respectively.

   546 When there is not enough space on a page, to fit in a table or figure, it is floated over to the next page filling up the current page with text. LaTeX has float environments called ``table`` and ``figure`` for tables and figures, respectively.

   531 ~~~~~~~~

   581 ++++++++

   532 

   582 

   533 The ``\caption{text}`` command allows you to add captions to images or tables. LaTeX automatically numbers your tables and figures and you need not include numbers in the captions that you write. The caption appears below or on top of the image (or table), depending on whether you place it after or before the ``importgraphics`` (or ``tabular``) command. 

   583 The ``\caption{text}`` command allows you to add captions to floats. Similar to section numbering, LaTeX automatically numbers floats too. The caption appears below or on top of the image (or table), depending on whether you place it after or before the ``importgraphics`` (or ``tabular``) command. 

   534 

   584 

   535 ::

   585 ::

   586 

   545 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   596 +++++++++++++++++++++++

   546 

   597 

   547 LaTeX can automatically generate a List of Tables or Figures, with the table or figure numbers, the captions and page numbers on which they appear. This can be done using the ``\listoftables`` or ``listoffigures`` commands. 

   598 LaTeX can automatically generate a List of Tables or Figures, with the table or figure numbers, the captions and page numbers on which they appear. They can be added to the document using the ``\listoftables`` or ``\listoffigures`` commands. 

   556 The command ``\label{name}`` is used to label figures, tables or segments of text. ``\ref{name}`` refers to the object marked by the ``name`` by it's numbering (figure, table, section etc.) ``\pageref{name}`` gives the page number of the object which has been labeled with ``name``. 

   607 The command ``\label{name}`` is used to label figures, tables or blocks of text, like chapters, sections etc. ``\ref{name}`` refers to the object marked by the ``name`` by it's numbering (figure, table, section etc.) ``\pageref{name}`` gives the page number of the object which has been labeled with ``name``. 

   632 It is advisable to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset mathematics in LaTeX. It is a collection of packages and classes for mathematical typesetting. 

   614 In general, it is advised to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset mathematics in LaTeX. AMS-LaTeX is a collection of packages and classes for mathematical typesetting. 

   637 Math Mode

   619 Styles or Modes

   638 ~~~~~~~~~

   620 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   639 

   621 

   640 There are a few differences between the *math mode* and the *text mode*:

   622 LaTeX has two styles of inserting mathematical equations. They can either be inserted in-line within a paragraph (*text style*), or the paragraph can be broken to typeset them separately (*display style*). 

   641 

   623 

   642 1. Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions, or have to be specified with special commands such as ``\``, ``\quad`` or ``\qquad``

   624 Inline formulas are typeset by placing them in two ``$`` symbols or in between ``\(`` and ``\)``. 

   643 

   625 

   644 2. Empty lines are not allowed.  

   626 Displayed equations or equations that are set apart from the paragraph text are typeset by using ``\[`` and ``\]`` or ``\begin{equation*}`` and ``\end{equation*}`` for unnumbered equations or ``\begin{equation}`` and ``\end{equation}`` for numbered equations. 

   645 

   627 

   646 3. Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula, then you have to enter the text using the \text{...} command

   628 LaTeX provides several environments for handling equation groups and multi-line equations. ``multiline``, ``gather`` and ``align`` are a few. We shall look at ``align`` environment here. You could try out the others, in the lab. 

   647 

   629 

   648 Single Equations

   630 ``align`` numbers each of the lines in the environment, and ``align*`` as expected, does not number any of them.  The ``&`` is used to align the equations vertically and the ``\\`` command is used to break the lines. Line numbering can be skipped for a particular line in the ``align`` environment by placing a ``\nonumber`` before the line break.

   649 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   631 

   650 

   632 ::

   651 Mathematical equations can be inserted in-line within a paragraph (*text style*), or the paragraph can be broken to typeset it separately (*display style*). 

   633 

   652 

   634   \begin{align}

   653 A mathematical equation within a paragraph is entered between ``$`` and ``$``. Larger equations are set apart from the paragraph, by enclosing them within ``\begin{equation}`` and ``\end{equation}``. If you don't wish to number a particular equation, the starred version of equation can be used. ``\begin{equation*}`` and ``\end{equation*}``

   635   a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 \\

   654 

   636   a + b &> c \nonumber\\

   655 The equation can also be cross referenced using the ``\label`` and ``\eqref`` commands. 

   637   b + c &> a \nonumber\\

   638   c + a &> b \\

   639   \end{align}

   732 Miscellaneous Stuff

   700 Spacing

   733 -------------------

   701 ~~~~~~~

   734 

   702 +---------+----------------+---------+

   735 Presentations

   703 | Abbrev. | Spelled out    | Example |

   736 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   704 +---------+----------------+---------+

   705 |         | no space       |         |

   706 +---------+----------------+---------+

   707 | \,      | \thinspace     |         |

   708 +---------+----------------+---------+

   709 | \:      | \medspace      |         |

   710 +---------+----------------+---------+

   711 | \;      | \thickspace    |         |

   712 +---------+----------------+---------+

   713 |         | \quad          |         |

   714 +---------+----------------+---------+

   715 |         | \qquad         |         |

   716 +---------+----------------+---------+

   717 | \!      | \negthinspace  |         |

   718 +---------+----------------+---------+

   719 |         | \negmedspace   |         |

   720 +---------+----------------+---------+

   721 |         | \negthickspace |         |

   722 +---------+----------------+---------+

   723 

   724 

   725 

   726 Referencing

   727 ~~~~~~~~~~~

   728 Equations can also be cross referenced using the ``\label`` and ``\eqref`` commands. 

   729 

   730 

   731 Bibliography

   732 ------------

   733 

   734 Bibliography or references can be added to LaTeX documents in two ways - using the ``thebibliography`` environment, or using BibTeX. Let's first look at using the ``\thebibliography`` environment and then move on to BibTeX.

   735 

   736 ``thebibliography`` environment

   737 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   738 

   739 Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the ``thebibliography`` environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the bibliography items within the bibliography environment. 

   740 

   741 Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command ``\bibitem[label]{name}``. The name is used to cite the bibliography item within the document using  ``\cite{name}``. The label option replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given. 

   742 ::

   743 

   744   He used this lion in the illustrations for D Knuth's original TeXbook\cite{DKnuth}, for L Lamport's LaTeX book\cite{LLamport}

   745 

   746   \begin{thebibliography}{99}

   747     \bibitem{DKnuth} Donald E. Knuth (1984). \emph{The TeXbook} (Computers and Typesetting, Volume A). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-13448-9.

   748   

   749     \bibitem{LLamport} Lamport, Leslie (1994). \emph{LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference}.

   750      illustrations by Duane Bibby (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Professional. 

   751   \end{thebibliography}

   752 

   753 The ``99`` in the example above indicates the maximum width of the label that the references may get. We here assume that the number of Bibliography items will be less than 100. If your document has less than 10 references, you may want to replace ``99`` with ``9``. 

   754 

   755 BibTeX

   756 ~~~~~~

   757 

   758 The previous section explained the process of listing references at the end of a document and embedding cross references. In this section let us explore the BibTeX environment for keeping track of references.

   759 

   760 Using BibTeX is a very convenient method to use, when writing multiple documents in a single area or field. BibTeX allows you to create a database of all your references and use them as and when required. 

   761 

   762 The BibTeX database is stored in a ``.bib`` file. The structure of the file is quite simple and an example is shown below. 

   763 ::

   764 

   765   @book{Lamport94,

   766   author    = "Leslie Lamport",

   767   title     = "A Document Preparation System: User's Guide and Reference",

   768   publisher = "Addison-Wesley Professional",

   769   year      = "1994",

   770   edition    = "second",

   771   note      = "illustrations by Duane Bibby"

   772   }

   773 

   774 Each bibliography entry starts with a declaration of the type of the reference being mentioned. The reference is in the above example is of the book type. BibTeX has a wide range of reference types, for example, ``article, book, conference, manual, proceedings, unpublished``.

   775 

   776 The type of reference is followed by a left curly brace, and immediately followed by the citation key. The citation key, ``Lamport94`` in the example above is used to cite this reference using the command ``\cite{Lamport94}``. 

   777 

   778 This is followed by the relevant fields and their values, listed one by one. Each entry must be followed by a comma to delimit one field from the other. 

   779 

   780 To get your LaTeX document to use the bibliography database, you just add the following lines to your LaTeX document. 

   781 ::

   782 

   783   \bibliographystyle{plain}

   784   \bibliography{LaTeX}

   785 

   786 Bibliography styles are files that tell BibTeX how to format the information stored in the ``.bib`` database file. The style file for this example is ``plain.bst``. Note that you do not need to add the ``.bst`` extension to the filename.  If you wish to achieve a particular style of listing the bibliography items and citing them, you should use an appropriate style file. 

   787 

   788 The ``bibliography`` command specifies the file that should be used as the database for references. The file used in this example is ``LaTeX.bib``

   789 

   790 Compiling

   791 +++++++++

   792 

   793 Adding BibTeX based references, slightly complicates the process of compiling the document to obtain the desired output. The exact workings of LaTeX and BibTeX will not be explained here. The procedure for obtaining the output (without any explanations) is as follows:

   794 

   795 1. Compile the ``.tex`` file using ``pdflatex`` - ``$pdflatex LaTeX(.tex)``

   796 2. Compile the ``.bib`` file using ``bibtex`` -  ``$bibtex LaTeX(.bib)``

   797 3. Compile the ``.tex`` file again. 

   798 4. Compile the ``.tex`` file for one last time!

   799 

   800 Beamer

   801 ~~~~~~