6 LaTeX is a typesetting program that produces excellently typeset documents. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style formatting defined, so that content looks as intended. It is extensively used for producing high quality scientific and mathematical documents. It is also used for producing other kinds of documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters to books. LaTeX is based on the TeX typesetting language. 

     6 

     7 

     7 LaTeX is a typesetting program that produces excellently typeset

     8 TeX

     8 documents. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style

     9 ~~~

     9 formatting defined, so that content looks as intended. It is

    10 

    10 extensively used for producing high quality scientific and

    11 TeX is a typesetting system designed and developed by Donald E. Knuth, the renowned Computer Scientist and Emeritus professor at Stanford University.

    11 mathematical documents. It is also used for producing other kinds of

    12 

    12 documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters to

    13 It was designed with two goals in mind-

    13 books. LaTeX is based on the TeX typesetting language.

    14 

    15 1. To allow anybody to produce high-quality books using a reasonable amount of effort. 

    16 2. To provide a system that would give the exact same results on all computers, now and in the future

    17 

    18 TeX is well known for it's stability and portability. TeX is known to be virtually bug free. 

    19 

    20 The current version of TeX is 3.1415926 and is converging to π.

    21 

    22 LaTeX

    23 ~~~~~

    24 

    25 LaTeX is an extension of TeX, consisting of TeX macros and a program to parse the LaTeX files. It is supposed to be an easier to use language than TeX, but producing the same quality of output. It was developed by Leslie Lamport in the early 1980s and is now being maintained and developed by the LaTeX3 Project.

    34   * It produces documents with excellent visual quality. 

    85   * It produces documents with excellent visual quality.

    35   * It does the typesetting for you, leaving you - the author - to focus on writing the content.

    86   * It does the typesetting for you, leaving you - the author - to

    87     focus on writing the content.

    37   * It's renowned for it's stability and a virtually bug free code base. 

    89   * It's renowned for it's stability and a virtually bug free code

    38   * It is light on your resources as compared to most of the word processors available today. 

    90     base.

    39   * It uses plain text files as input and can give output in a variety of formats including PDFs and html making it platform independent.

    91   * It is light on your resources as compared to most of the word

    92     processors available today.

    93   * It uses plain text files as input and can give output in a variety

    94     of formats including PDFs and html making it platform independent.

    43 First Document

    98 

    44 --------------

    99 ``\begin`` and ``\end`` commands define environments. In our document,

    45 

   100 we have the document environment, which defines the beginning and end

    46 Let's begin by writing a simple LaTeX, Hello World, document. The following code is typed out into a text editor. 

   101 of the content of the document. We place all the content of the

   102 document within this environment.

   103 

   104 Also, as you may have noticed, all the commands in LaTeX begin with a

   105 ``\``. Note that they are case sensitive. Command names in LaTeX

   106 usually have only alpha characters. Any characters other than alpha

   107 characters, terminate the command name. Parameters to commands are

   108 passed in ``{ }``.

   109 

   110 

   111 Top Matter

   112 ----------

   113 

   114 Let us begin with adding the Title, Author's name and the date to the

   115 document.

    52 

   120   \title{A Glimpse at Scipy}

   121   \author{FOSSEE}

   122   \date{June 2010}

    54     Hello, World!

   124   \maketitle

   125   SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.   

    57 Save the file as ``hello.tex`` and open up a terminal to compile your ``tex`` file to get the output in a ``pdf`` format. 

   128 We add the title, the author and the date to the document before the

    58 

   129 ``\begin{document}`` directive. We compile the document to see if the

    59 Compiling & Output

   130 details appear in the document, but they donot. These details do not

    60 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   131 appear in the document until we use the ``\maketitle`` command with

   132 the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter

   133 information into the document. Now the document has these details, on

   134 compiling again.

   135 

   136 If no date is specified, LaTeX automatically inserts the current date.

   137 

   138 Abstract

   139 --------

   140 

   141 Next we shall add an abstract to our document. LaTeX provides an

   142 environment, for adding an abstract to the document.  ::

   143 

   144   \documentclass{article}

   145 

   146   \title{A Glimpse at Scipy}

   147   \author{FOSSEE}

   148   \date{June 2010}

   149 

   150   \begin{document}

   151 

   152   \maketitle

   153 

   154   \begin{abstract}

   155   This document shows a glimpse of the features of Scipy that will be explored during this course.

   156   \end{abstract}

   157 

   158   SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.   

   159   \end{document}

   160 

   161 The abstract environment is placed at the location where we wish it to

   162 appear in the document.

   163 

   164 Sections

   165 --------

   166 

   167 Now let's look at how to add (chapters,) sections and sub-sections to

   168 our document. Let's add the section headings and sub headings present

   169 in our sample document to the working copy of our document.

   170 

   171 ``\section``, ``\subsection``, ``\subsubsection``

   172 

   173 On compiling, we can see that the headings of the sections and the

   174 sub-sections appear in the document.

   175 

   176 You may have noticed that LaTeX automatically numbers the sections. To

   177 prevent a section from getting numbered, an asterix is appended to the

   178 corresponding sectioning command.

   179 

   180 If the document was a longer document, we could have used a report or

   181 a book class. (Note: Books donot have the abstract environment.) Let's

   182 look at what happens to the document, when we change it to the report

   183 class.

   184 

   185 The numbering strangely begins from zero, now. This is because,

   186 chapters have an additional sectioning command called

   187 ``\chapter``. The chapter is one level above a section and since, our

   188 document does not have a ``\chapter`` command, the sections are

   189 numbered from 0. To change this, we add a chapter command before the

   190 first section. We say::

   191 

   192   \chapter{One}

   193 

   194 Now, observe that we now have a chapter title appearing and the

   195 numbering starting from 1.

   196 

   197 Also, note that the subsubsections donot get a numbering now. This is

   198 controlled by a variable called the secnumdepth. By default it is set

   199 to 2. We can now, change it to 3 and get numbering for subsubsections

   200 also.  ::

   201 

   202   \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}

   203 

   204 What do you expect to happen if we changed the secnumdepth to 1? What

   205 if it is 0? -1? {Lab excercise}

   206 

   207 

   208 Appendix

   209 --------

   210 

   211 Notice that our document also has an appendix. Let's add an appendix

   212 to our document.

    64   $pdflatex hello.tex

   216   \appendix

    65 

   217   \section{Plotting using Pylab}

    66   Output written on hello.pdf (1 page, 5733 bytes).

   218 

    67   Transcript written on hello.log.

   219 Table of Contents

    68 

   220 -----------------

    69 Open the ``hello.pdf`` to see the output as shown. 

   221 

    70 

   222 Our sample document is not long enough to warrant a table of contents,

    71 Note: The command ``latex`` is often used to get the ``dvi`` output. But, throughout this course, we shall use pdflatex to compile our documents. 

   223 but let us learn to add a table of contents to a LaTeX document. If

    72 

   224 you ever tried adding a table of contents, to a document in a

    73 What does it mean? - Understanding the source

   225 wordprocessor, you would know how much of a trouble it is. In LaTeX,

    74 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   226 it is a matter of just one command and placing the command at the

    75 

   227 location where you would want to have the table of contents. Let's now

    76 ``%hello.tex - First LaTeX document``

   228 add a table of contents to our draft. Now, compile the document and

    77 

   229 look at the output document. It does not have the table of contents!

    78   The first line is a comment. It is meant only for human readers and LaTeX simply ignores that line. Anything following a ``%`` symbol, until the end of the line, is ignored by LaTeX. 

   230 

    79 

   231 On the first compilation only the "Contents" heading appears in the

    80 ``\documentclass{article}``

   232 document, but the actual table does not appear. You will need to

    81 

   233 compile your document once more, for the actual table to appear in

    82   This line is a command and sets the ``documentclass`` of the document to ``article``. LaTeX has other classes like ``report``, ``book``, ``letter``, etc. The typesetting of the document varies, depending on the ``documentclass`` of the document. 

   234 your document. On the first run, LaTeX has gone through your document

    83 

   235 and generated a temporary file (``.toc``), with the entries that

    84 

   236 should go into the table of contents. These entries are made, when you

    85 ``\begin{document}``

   237 compile your document for the second time.

    86 

   238 

    87   This line informs LaTeX that this is the beginning of the content of the document. The command, technically speaking, marks the beginning of the ``document`` environment. 

   239 Note that any section/block that has been numbered automatically

    88 

   240 appears in the table of contents. It is possible to get un-numbered

    89 ``Hello, World!``

   241 sections, for instance a Preface or a Foreword section to appear in

    90 

   242 the Table of Contents.

    91   This is the actual text displayed in the document. 

   243 

    92 

   244 Let's change our Introduction section to be an un-numbered one and try

    93 ``\end{document}``

   245 to make it appear in the table-of-contents.  ::

    94 

    95   The end command marks the end of the ``document`` environment. It tells LaTeX that the document is complete and LaTeX will simply ignore anything written after this line.

    96 

    97 Some Basics

    98 ~~~~~~~~~~~

    99 

   100 LaTeX treats multiple empty spaces (or lines) as a single space (or line). An empty line between two lines of text is considered as a change of paragraphs. 

   101 

   102 In order to explicitly instruct LaTeX to start a new-line, ``\\`` or ``\newline`` command is used. Appending ``*`` to ``\\``,  instructs LaTeX to create a new line, without creating a new page at that point. 

   103 

   104 As already mentioned, ``%`` symbol marks the beginning of a comment. How would we then use it in our document's text? ``%`` is one of the many special characters and is used by escaping it with a backslash, as shown. Other special characters are  ``~ # $ ^ & _ { } \``. All of them, except the backslash character, can be inserted in the document by escaping them with a ``\`` character. To insert the ``\`` character, ``\textbackslash`` must be used. 

   105 

   106 ::

   107 

   108   %hello.tex - First LaTeX document

   109   \documentclass{article}

   110   \begin{document}

   111   Hello,       World!

   112   This will not start a new line. 

   113 

   114   But, this will start a new paragraph. 

   115   Again no new line. \% what follows isn't a comment. 

   116   \end{document}

   117   This is text that is ignored. 

   118 

   119 Basic Structure

   120 ---------------

   121 

   122 ``\documentclass``

   123 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   124 As already stated, the ``documentclass`` command tells LaTeX, the type of the document that you intend to create. Each class has a few differences in how the content of the document is typeset. 

   125 

   126 Some of the available LaTeX classes are, article, proc, report, book, slides, letter. 

   127 

   128 The ``documentclass`` command also accepts a few optional parameters. For example::

   129   \documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside,draft]{report}

   130 

   131 ``12pt`` specifies the size of the main font in the document. The relative sizes of the various fonts is maintained, when the font size is changed. If no size is specified, ``10pt`` is assumed by default. 

   132 

   133 ``a4paper`` specifies the size of the paper to be used for the document. 

   134 

   135 ``oneside`` specifies that the document will be printed only on one side of the paper. The ``article`` and ``report`` classes are ``oneside`` by default and the ``book`` class is ``twoside``.

   136 

   137 ``draft`` marks the hyphenation and justification problems in the document with a small square in the right hand margin of the document, so that they can be easily spotted. 

   138 

   139 Note: Everything written in between the ``\documentclass`` command and the ``\begin{document}`` command is called the Preamble. 

   140 

   141 

   142 Top Matter

   143 ~~~~~~~~~~

   144 

   145 The information about the document such as it's title, the date, the author(s) information etc, is collectively known as the topmatter. The term topmatter is frequently used in LaTeX documentation. 

   146 

   147 Let us add top matter to our document, now. 

   148 ::

   149 

   150   \title{LaTeX - A How-to}

   151   \author{The FOSSEE Team}

   152   \date

   153 

   154 The  commands ``\title`` and  ``\author`` are self explanatory. 

   155 The ``\date`` command automatically puts in today's date into the document. Now let us compile and look at the result. 

   156 

   157 To put a specific date, you can specify it as below

   158 

   159 :: 

   160 

   161   \date{June 1, 2010}

   162 

   163 These details do not appear in the document until we use the ``\maketitle`` command with the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter information into the document. 

   164 

   165 Sectioning Commands

   166 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   167 

   168 Documents are often divided into parts, chapters, sections and subsections. LaTeX provides an intuitive mechanism to use them in your documents. 

   169 

   170 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   171 | command           | level | comments               |

   172 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   173 | ``part``          |    -1 | not in letters         |

   174 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   175 | ``chapter``       |     0 | only books and reports |

   176 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   177 | ``section``       |     1 | not in letters         |

   178 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   179 | ``subsection``    |     2 | not in letters         |

   180 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   181 | ``subsubsection`` |     3 | not in letters         |

   182 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   183 | ``paragraph``     |     4 | not in letters         |

   184 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   185 | ``subparagraph``  |     5 | not in letters         |

   186 +-------------------+-------+------------------------+

   187 

   188 LaTeX has seven levels of sectioning commands, as shown above. 

   189 

   190 Text of a block or a section of the document need not be enclosed within ``\begin`` and ``\end`` commands. LaTeX starts a new block each time it finds a sectioning command. 

   191 ::

   192 

   193   \section[Short Title]{This is a very long title and the Short Title will appear in the Table of Contents.}

   194 

   195 The short title appears in the table of contents, if at all one is generated. 

   196 

   197 Section Numbering

   198 +++++++++++++++++

   199 

   200 As you may have observed, numbering is done automatically in LaTeX. Parts are numbered using roman numerals; Chapters and sections are numbered using decimal numbers. When a table of contents is inserted into the document, all the numbered headings automatically appear in it.

   201 

   202 A sectioning command appended with an asterisk gives an unnumbered heading that is not included in the table of contents.

   203 ::

   206 

   248   \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Intro}

   207 By default, levels up to 2, are numbered, i.e, parts, chapters, sections and subsections. This can be changed by setting the ``secnumdepth`` counter using the ``\setcounter`` command. The following command removes numbering of the subsections. Only parts, chapters and sections will be numbered. 

   249 

   208 ::

   250 We shall talk about adding and managing bibliographies, later in the

   209 

   251 course.

   210   \setcounter{secnumdepth}{1}

   252 

   211 

   253 Now, that we have the basic structure of the document, let's get into

   212 

   254 the content and the details of it.

   213 Appendices

   214 ~~~~~~~~~~

   215 

   216 LaTeX allows for separate numbering for appendices. ``\appendix`` command indicates that the sections following it, are to be included in the appendix. 

   217 ::

   218 

   219   \appendix

   220   \chapter{First Appendix}

   221 

   222 Abstract

   223 ~~~~~~~~

   224 LaTeX provides an ``abstract`` environment, to place an abstract in a document. The abstract appears in the document after the topmatter but before the main body of the document. 

   225 ::

   226 

   227   \begin{abstract}

   228     The abstract abstract.

   229   \end{abstract}

   230 

   231 By default LaTeX uses the word "Abstract" as a title for the abstract. This can be changed using the ``\renewcommand``. 

   232 ::

   233 

   234   \renewcommand{\abstractname}{Summary}

   235 

   236 

   237 

   238 Table of Contents

   239 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   240 

   241 Parts, chapters or sections that have been auto numbered by LaTeX automatically appear in the Table of Contents (ToC). ``\tableofcontents`` command places the ToC at the location, where the command has been issued. 

   242 

   243 The counter ``tocdepth`` specifies the depth up to which headings appear in the ToC. It can be set using the ``\setcounter`` command as shown below. 

   244 ::

   245 

   246   \setcounter{tocdepth}{3}

   247 

   248 Unnumbered sections can be placed in the table of contents using the ``\addcontentsline`` command as shown below.

   249 ::

   250 

   251   \section*{Preface}

   252   \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Preface}

   253 

   254 Note: To get the correct entries in your table of contents, you will need to run one extra compilation, each time. This is because, the entries of the table of contents are collected during each compilation of the document and utilized during the next compilation. 

   259 Text formatting

   259 Let's begin with adding the second paragraph to the introduction

   260 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   260 section. Let's place the text of the second para, after the first

   261 

   261 line, that we already have. Now, compile the document. 

   262 Font Styles and Size

   262 

   263 ++++++++++++++++++++

   263 Notice, that the second para appears in continuation with the previous

   264 

   264 line. To start a new paragraph in LaTeX, we need to insert an empty

   265 LaTeX has three font families:

   265 line. Multiple empty lines are considered as a single empty line. To

   266 

   266 start a new line, use the ``\newline`` or ``\\`` command. Notice the

   267  1. roman ``\textrm{your text here}``

   267 difference (in the output), in starting a new paragraph and starting a

   268  2. serif ``\textsf{your text here}``

   268 newline. A new paragraph is indented.

   269  3. monospace ``\texttt{your text here}``

   270 

   271 For emphasizing text, *italics* are generally used. The ``\emph`` command is used to emphasize text. 

   272 ``\textbf`` gives  **bold face** text. Underlines can be made using the ``\uline`` command and ``\sout`` strikes out text. For small caps, ``\textsc`` command is to be used. 

   273 

   274 LaTeX provides a series of commands to change the size of text. The table below shows the commands and the size of text, they produce. 

   275 

   276 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   277 | size              | 10pt (default) | 11pt option | 12pt option |

   278 +===================+================+=============+=============+

   279 | ``\tiny``         | 5pt            | 6pt         | 6pt         |

   280 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   281 | ``\scriptsize``   | 7pt            | 8pt         | 8pt         |

   282 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   283 | ``\footnotesize`` | 8pt            | 9pt         | 10pt        |

   284 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   285 | ``\small``        | 9pt            | 10pt        | 11pt        |

   286 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   287 | ``\normalsize``   | 10pt           | 11pt        | 12pt        |

   288 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   289 | ``\large``        | 12pt           | 12pt        | 14pt        |

   290 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   291 | ``\Large``        | 14pt           | 14pt        | 17pt        |

   292 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   293 | ``\LARGE``        | 17pt           | 17pt        | 20pt        |

   294 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   295 | ``\huge``         | 20pt           | 20pt        | 25pt        |

   296 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   297 | ``\Huge``         | 25pt           | 25pt        | 25pt        |

   298 +-------------------+----------------+-------------+-------------+

   299 

   300 

   301 Superscript and Subscript

   302 +++++++++++++++++++++++++

   303 

   304 For superscripting text in the text mode, LaTeX provides the ``\textsuperscript`` command. 

   305 ::

   306 

   307   This is how you super\textsuperscript{script} text. 

   308 

   309 LaTeX does not provide any command for subscripting text in the text mode. The math mode needs to be used to obtain subscripts. 

   310 

   311 ::

   312 

   313   This is sub_{script}

   316 +++++++++++++++

   271 ---------------

   317 

   272 

   318 When typing in LaTeX, the double quotation mark ``"`` character shouldn't be used. The grave accent ````` character produces the left quote and the apostrophe ``'`` character produces the right quote. To obtain double quotes they are, each, used twice. 

   273 Look at the quotation marks around the text, Sigh Pie. They are not

   319 ::

   274 formatted properly. To place quotation marks in LaTeX, you should use

   320 

   275 ````` character for the left quote & ``'`` character for the right

   321   `` Here is an example of putting `text' in quotes ''

   276 quote. For double quotes, they should be used twice.

   322 

   277 

   323 Dashes and Hyphens

   278 Fonts

   324 ++++++++++++++++++

   279 -----

   325 

   280 

   326 LaTeX has four dashes of different lengths. Three of them can be produces with different number of consecutive dashes. The short dashes are used for hyphens, slightly longer ones for number ranges and the longest ones for comments. The fourth one is a mathematical symbol, the minus sign. 

   281 The names of the software tools, Scilab, Matlab, etc. appear in

   327 ::

   282 italics or emphasized as it is called in LaTeX. To emphasize text, the

   328 

   283 ``\emph`` command is used.

   329   The names of these dashes are: `-' hyphen, `--' en-dash, `---' em-dash and `$-$' minus sign.

   284 

   330 

   285 Let's also add the contents of the subsection "Sub-packages of

   331 The names for these dashes are: ‘‐’ hyphen, ‘–’ en-dash, ‘—’ em-dash and ‘−’ minus sign.

   286 Scipy". We shall add the table as plain text, until we learn how to

   332 

   287 edit tables.

   333 Lists - Itemize, Enumerate, and Description

   288 

   334 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   289 Let's try and form a tabular structure by separating the left and

   335 LaTeX has three different environments for producing lists. Itemize, Enumerate and Description allow you to produce lists of various types in LaTeX. 

   290 right columns using spaces. On compiling we find that LaTeX doesn't

   336 

   291 add multiple spaces between words. Just like multiple empty lines,

   337 Itemize is used to produce unnumbered lists. The bullets of the list can be easily changed to use any character. Enumerate environment allows you to produce auto-numbered lists. The description environment, allows you to produce a list of definitions. These environments can be nested within each other, easily. 

   292 multiple spaces are considered as a single space.

   338 

   293 

   339 ::

   294 The names of the sub-packages appear in a fixed width font in the

   340 

   295 sample document provided to us. The headings of the columns appear in

   341   \begin{itemize}

   296 bold-face. Let's make changes to this effect.

   342     \item Now we move onto some elementary \emph{Text Typesetting}.

   297 

   343     \item How do we get \emph{emphasized or italic text}?

   298 ``\textbf`` is used to change text to bold face and ``\texttt`` is

   344     \item \emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?

   299 used to change text to fixed width font.

   345     \item ``Beautiful is better than ugly.''

   300 

   346   \end{itemize}

   301 We could also change the separating - (hyphen) to an em-dash (or

   347   

   302 en-dash) -- is em-dash and --- is an em-dash, to improve the

   348   \begin{description}

   303 appearance of the document.

   349     \item[Description] This list is a description list. 

   304 

   350     \item[Enumerate] Numbered lists are often useful.

   305 Lists

   351       \begin{enumerate}

   306 -----

   352       \item First

   307 

   353       \item Second

   308 The section on Use of Scipy in this course, contains lists. Let's now

   354       \item Third

   309 add lists to our document. The ``enumerate`` environment adds numbered

   355       \item \ldots

   310 lists to our document and the ``itemize`` environment adds un-numbered

   356       \end{enumerate}

   311 lists. ``\item`` command adds a new entry to a list. Note, that LaTeX

   357     \item[Itemize] The list above this description list is an itemize list.

   312 can easily handle nested lists. In fact most environments can be

   358   \end{description}

   313 embedded within other environments, without any problems.

   359   

   314 

   360 Special Paragraphs

   315 LaTeX also has a description list, which shall be looked at, during

   361 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   316 the lab sessions.

   362 

   317 

   363 Footnotes

   318 Footnotes, Labels and References

   364 +++++++++

   319 --------------------------------

   365 

   320 

   366 With the command::

   321 Let's now add the footnote to pylab. LaTeX provides a footnote command

   367 

   322 to add a footnote.

   368   \footnote{footnote text}

   323 

   369 

   324 We added the footnote with Appendix A, as plain text. But, in case we

   370 a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page. Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to. Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period.

   325 added another Appendix before the section on using ``pylab``, the

   371 

   326 footnote will have to be edited. To avoid this, LaTeX provides a handy

   372 Quotes

   327 system of labels and referencing.

   373 ++++++

   328 

   374 

   329 We first add a label to the section that we want to refer in this

   375 LaTeX provides a ``quote`` environment that can be used for quoting, highlighting important material, etc. 

   330 footnote. Then, we change the footnote, and add the reference to this

   376 ::

   331 label instead of the character A. If you look at the output after

   377 

   332 compiling the document once, you will see that the footnote has

   378   The Zen of Python

   333 question marks instead of the section number.  You will have to

   379   \begin{quote}

   334 compile once again, for the section number to appear in the footnote.

   380     The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters

   335 

   381     

   336 

   382     Beautiful is better than ugly.

   337 Including code

   383     Explicit is better than implicit.

   338 --------------

   384     Simple is better than complex.

   339 

   385     Complex is better than complicated.

   340 In the footnote above, and in the table for the sub-packages list, we

   386     Flat is better than nested.

   341 used the ``\texttt`` command to get a fixed width font. But we could

   387     Sparse is better than dense.

   342 instead use an environment provided by LaTeX to include pre-formatted

   388     Readability counts.

   343 text or code. LaTeX by default provides the verbatim environment to

   389     Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.

   344 include pre-formatted text. You can try that out during the lab

   390     Although practicality beats purity.

   345 session. We shall look at using the listings package, specifically

   391     Errors should never pass silently.

   346 meant for including code in our document.

   392     Unless explicitly silenced.

   347 

   393     In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.

   348 First of all you need to tell LaTeX, that you want to use the listings

   394     There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.

   349 package in your document. We add the directive

   395     Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.

   350 ``\usepackage{listings}`` to the preamble of our document.

   396     Now is better than never.

   351 

   397     Although never is often better than *right* now.

   352 Then we set the language of the code that we are going to embed into

   398     If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.

   353 our document. For this we use the lstset command.  ::

   399     If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.

   354  

   400     Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

   401   \end{quote}

   402 

   403 LaTeX provides two other similar environments, the quotation and the verse environments. 

   404 

   405 Verbatim

   406 ++++++++

   407 The verbatim environment allows us to insert pre-formatted text in a LaTeX document. It is useful for inserting code samples within the document. The verbatim text needs to be enclosed between ``\begin{verbatim}`` and ``\end{verbatim}``. 

   408 ::

   409 

   410   \begin{verbatim}

   411   from numpy import *

   412   a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)

   413   \end{verbatim}

   414 

   415   from numpy import *

   416   a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)

   417 

   418 To insert verbatim text in-line, the ``\verb`` command can be used. 

   419 ::

   420   

   421  The verb command allows placing \verb|verbatim text| in-line. 

   422 

   423 The | is just an example of a delimiter character. You can use any character except letters, * or space.

   424 

   425 Including Code

   426 ++++++++++++++

   427 

   428 The ``listings`` package can be used to embed source code into your LaTeX document. We shall briefly explore inserting python code into our document. 

   429 

   430 Obviously, you first need to tell LaTeX that you want it to use the ``listings`` package, using the ``\usepackage`` command. 

   431 ::

   432 

   433   \usepackage{listings}

   434 

   435 Then, we tell LaTeX that we are going to embed Python code into this document. A simple code highlighting for Python code can be achieved using this. 

   436 ::

   437 

   439           showstringspaces=false,

   356           showstringspaces=false,}

   440          }

   357 

   441 

   358 The listings package allows you to use color and do a lot of things

   442 You might want to customize the code highlighting further using other variables like ``basicstyle``, ``commentstyle``, ``stringstyle``, ``keywordstyle`` etc. For detailed information on all this, you should look at the ``listings`` package documentation. 

   359 with your embedded code, but all that during a lab exercise.

   443 

   360 

   444 You include a block of code into your document by enclosing it within the ``lstlisting`` environment. 

   361 Now, to put a line of code, inline and not as a separate block, we use

   445 ::

   362 the ``\lstinline`` command. We change the name pylab in the footnote

   446 

   363 to use lstinline instead of the texttt. To embed a block of code, we

   447   \begin{lstlisting}

   364 use the lstlisting environment (``\begin{lstlisting}`` and

   448   string="Hello, World! "

   365 ``\end{lstlisting}``). For example, let's add the code to the Appendix

   449   for i in range(10):

   366 of our document.

   450       print string*i

   367 

   451   \end{lstlisting} 

   368 Figures, Tables and Floats

   452 

   369 --------------------------

   453 You can also include source code files directly into your latex document, using the ``lstinputlisting`` command. 

   370 

   454 ::

   371 Let's now add the figure, to the appendix.

   455 

   372 

   456   \lstinputlisting[lastline=20]{lstexample.py}

   373 To include graphics in a LaTeX document, we need to use the graphicx

   457 

   374 package. Add the ``\usepackage{graphicx}`` directive to the preamble

   458 This command includes the first 20 lines of the file ``lstexample.py`` into out LaTeX document. 

   375 of the document.

   459 

   376 

   460 Tables, Figures, Floats, & Referencing

   377 To add the graphic, use the ``includegraphics`` command. The relative

   461 --------------------------------------

   378 path of the image that we wish to include is passed as an argument to

   379 includegraphics. It takes an optional argument of scaling the

   380 image. We use a scale of 0.4 to scale our image.

   381 

   382 It takes other optional arguments. 

   383 

   384   ``width=x``, ``height=x`` 

   385     If only the height or width is specified,

   386     the image is scaled, maintaining the aspect ratio.

   387 

   388   ``keepaspectratio``

   389     This parameter can either be set to true or false. When set to

   390     true, the image is scaled according to both width and height,

   391     without changing the aspect ratio, so that it does not exceed both

   392     the width and the height dimensions.

   393 

   394   ``angle=x``

   395     This option can be used to rotate the image by ``x`` degrees,

   396     counter-clockwise.

   397 

   398 Figures (and tables) are treated specially because, they cannot be

   399 broken across pages. They are "floated" across to the next page, if

   400 they donot fit on the current page, filling the current page with

   401 text.

   402 

   403 To make our graphic into a float, we should enlose it within a figure

   404 environment. For a table, the table environment should be used. We now

   405 move our graphic into a figure environment. The figure environment

   406 takes an additional parameter for the location of the

   407 float. ``\begin{figure}[hbtp!]``. The specifiers ``htbp`` are

   408 permissions to place the float at various locations. ``t`` for top of

   409 page, ``b`` for bottom of page, ``p`` for a separate page for floats

   410 and ``h`` for here, as in the same place where the command appears in

   411 the source. ``!`` mark overrides a few of LaTeX's internal parameters

   412 for good position of floats.

   413 

   414 The figure environment also, allows us to add a caption to the graphic

   415 using the ``\caption`` command.

   416 

   417 To place the graphic in the center aligned in the page, we use the

   418 center environment.

   419 

   420 To label a figure, we just add a label with in the figure

   421 environment. Note, that the label to a figure should be added after

   422 the caption command. Also, note that tables are auto-numbered.

   423 

   424 Let us finish the appendix, by adding the content present at the

   425 beginning of the appendix. The bibliographic citations will be dealt

   426 with later.

   466 The ``tabular`` environment allows typesetting tables in LaTeX. Like any other environment it starts with ``\begin`` command and ends with ``\end``. 

   431 Now, let us look at the other kind of floats - Tables. We shall

   467 

   432 convert the list of sub-packages in the sub-packages section to a

   468 It takes an optional argument, ``pos`` that specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surroundging text. It takes values of ``t`` for top, ``b`` for bottom, or ``c`` for center. 

   433 table.

   469 

   434 

   470 The ``col fmt`` argument specifies the formatting of the columns of the table. Following are the possible arguments to the tabular environment. 

   435 To begin a table, we use the tabular environment. And to make this a

   436 float, it is enclosed in the table environment. The table environment

   437 also allows us to add captions to the table and Tables are also auto

   438 numbered.

   439 

   440 The tabular environment takes as arguments the columns and the

   441 formatting of each column. The possible arguments to the tabular

   442 environment are

   486 Each row in a table is separated by ``\\`` command and each column entry of a row is separated by ``&``. 

   454 It also takes an optional parameter that specifies the position of the

   487 

   455 table; ``t`` for top, ``b`` for bottom, or ``c`` for center.

   488 The ``\hline`` command allows you to draw horizontal lines between two rows of the table. But it does not allow you do draw partial lines. ``\cline{a-b}`` draws a horizontal line from column ``a`` to column ``b``.

   456 

   489 ::

   457 Each column of a table is separated by an ``&`` symbol and each row is

   490 

   458 separated by a new line. The ``\hline`` command allows you to draw

   491   \begin{tabular}{|c|c|}

   459 horizontal lines between two rows of the table. But it does not allow

   492     \hline

   460 you do draw partial lines. ``\cline{a-b}`` draws a horizontal line

   493     \verb+l+ & left justified column content\\ 

   461 from column ``a`` to column ``b``.

   494     \hline

   462 

   495     \verb+r+ & right justified column content\\ 

   463 We also add a label to the table and refer to it in the first line of

   496     \hline

   464 the section.

   497     \verb+c+ & centered column content\\ 

   465 

   498     \hline

   466 You could also add a listoftables or listoffigures to the document,

   499     \verb+*{n}{col}+ & produces \verb+n+ columns with the\\

   467 similar to the way we added table of contents.

   500                    & \verb+col+ type of formatting\\

   501     \cline{2-2}

   502                    &\verb+*{3}{c}+ is the same as \verb+{c c c}+ \\

   503     \hline

   504     \verb+|+ & produces a vertical line\\ 

   505     \hline

   506   \end{tabular}

   507 

   508 

   509 Figures

   510 ~~~~~~~

   511 

   512 To include images in LaTeX, we require to use an additional package known as ``graphicx``.  To load a package, we use the ``\usepackage`` directive in the preamble of the document.

   513 ::

   514 

   515   \usepackage{graphicx}

   516 

   517 When compiling with ``pdflatex`` command,  **jpg**, **png**, **gif** and **pdf** images can be inserted. 

   518 

   519 ::

   520 

   521   \includegraphics[optional arguments]{imagename}

   522 

   523 A few ``optional arguments``:

   524 

   525   ``width=x``, ``height=x``

   526     If only the height or width is specified, the image is scaled, maintaining the aspect ratio.

   527 

   528   ``keepaspectratio``

   529     This parameter can either be set to true or false. When set to true, the image is scaled according to both width and height, without changing the aspect ratio, so that it does not exceed both the width and the height dimensions. 

   530 

   531   ``scale=x``

   532     Scale the image by a factor of ``x``. For example, ``scale=2``, will double the image size. 

   533 

   534   ``angle=x``

   535     This option can be used to rotate the image by ``x`` degrees, counter-clockwise. 

   536 

   537 ::

   538 

   539   \includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}

   540 

   541 

   542 Floats

   543 ~~~~~~

   544 

   545 Tables and Figures need to be treated in a special manner, since they cannot be split over pages, and they are referred to as floats in LaTeX. 

   546 

   547 When there is not enough space on a page, to fit in a table or figure, it is floated over to the next page filling up the current page with text. LaTeX has float environments called ``table`` and ``figure`` for tables and figures, respectively.

   548 

   549 Anything enclosed within the table or figure environments will be treated as floats.

   550 ::

   551 

   552   \begin{figure}[pos] or 

   553   \begin{table}[pos]

   554 

   555 The ``pos`` parameter specifies the placement of the float. The possible values it can take are as follows. 

   556 

   557 +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

   558 | Specifier | Permission                                                        |

   559 +===========+===================================================================+

   560 |   h       |  at approximately the same place where it occurs in the source    |

   561 +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

   562 |   t       |  at the top of the page.                                          |

   563 +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

   564 |   b       |  at the bottom of the page.                                       |

   565 +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

   566 |   p       |  on a special page for floats only.                               |

   567 +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

   568 |   !       |  Override LaTeX's internal parameters for good positions          |

   569 +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

   570 |   H       |  nearly equivalent to h!                                          |

   571 +-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

   572 

   573 Examples::

   574 

   575   \begin{figure}[h]

   576   \centering

   577   \includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}

   578   \end{figure}

   579 

   580 

   581 Captions

   582 ++++++++

   583 

   584 The ``\caption{text}`` command allows you to add captions to floats. Similar to section numbering, LaTeX automatically numbers floats too. The caption appears below or on top of the image (or table), depending on whether you place it after or before the ``importgraphics`` (or ``tabular``) command. 

   585 

   586 ::

   587 

   588   \begin{figure}[h]

   589   \centering

   590   \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{lion_orig.png}

   591   \caption{CTAN lion drawing by Duane Bibby; thanks to www.ctan.org}

   592   \end{figure}

   593 

   594 The caption command also, like the section command, has the short caption optional parameter. The short caption will appear in the list of tables or figures. 

   595 

   596 List of Figures, Tables

   597 +++++++++++++++++++++++

   598 

   599 LaTeX can automatically generate a List of Tables or Figures, with the table or figure numbers, the captions and page numbers on which they appear. They can be added to the document using the ``\listoftables`` or ``\listoffigures`` commands. 

   600 

   601 Note: Just like table of contents, these lists also require an extra compilation. 

   602 

   603 Cross References

   604 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   605 

   606 LaTeX has a very efficient mechanism of inserting cross-references in documents. 

   607 

   608 The command ``\label{name}`` is used to label figures, tables or blocks of text, like chapters, sections etc. ``\ref{name}`` refers to the object marked by the ``name`` by it's numbering (figure, table, section etc.) ``\pageref{name}`` gives the page number of the object which has been labeled with ``name``. 

   609 

   610 Note: Cross referencing also requires an extra compilation, like table of contents. 

   615 In general, it is advised to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset mathematics in LaTeX. AMS-LaTeX is a collection of packages and classes for mathematical typesetting. 

   472 Now we shall move to typesetting the Math in the sample document given

   616 

   473 to us. We shall start with the Matrices subsection.

   617 We load ``amsmath`` by issuing the ``\usepackage{amsmath}`` in the preamble. Through out this section, it is assumed that the ``amsmath`` package has been loaded. 

   474 

   618 

   475 In general, it is advised to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset

   619 

   476 mathematics in LaTeX. AMS-LaTeX is a collection of packages and

   620 Styles or Modes

   477 classes for mathematical typesetting.

   621 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   478 

   622 

   479 We load ``amsmath`` by issuing the ``\usepackage{amsmath}`` in the

   623 LaTeX has two styles of inserting mathematical equations. They can either be inserted in-line within a paragraph (*text style*), or the paragraph can be broken to typeset them separately (*display style*). 

   480 preamble. Through out this section, it is assumed that the ``amsmath``

   624 

   481 package has been loaded.

   625 Inline formulas are typeset by placing them in two ``$`` symbols or in between ``\(`` and ``\)``. 

   482 

   626 

   483 Let's now typeset the matrix A.

   627 Displayed equations or equations that are set apart from the paragraph text are typeset by using ``\[`` and ``\]`` or ``\begin{equation*}`` and ``\end{equation*}`` for unnumbered equations or ``\begin{equation}`` and ``\end{equation}`` for numbered equations. 

   484 

   628 

   485 To typeset math, we just have to enclose it within ``\(`` and ``\)``

   629 LaTeX provides several environments for handling equation groups and multi-line equations. ``multiline``, ``gather`` and ``align`` are a few. We shall look at ``align`` environment here. You could try out the others, in the lab. 

   486 or a pair of ``$`` signs.

   630 

   487 

   631 ``align`` numbers each of the lines in the environment, and ``align*`` as expected, does not number any of them.  The ``&`` is used to align the equations vertically and the ``\\`` command is used to break the lines. Line numbering can be skipped for a particular line in the ``align`` environment by placing a ``\nonumber`` before the line break.

   488 To typeset the matrix A, we use the ``bmatrix`` environment. It works

   632 

   489 similar to a tabular environment - ``&`` is used to demarcate columns

   633 ::

   490 and ``\\`` is used to add a new row. ``bmatrix`` environment gives the

   634 

   491 ``[`` ``]`` as delimiters. There are 5 other matrix environments

   635   \begin{align}

   492 giving matrices with other delimiters - ``matrix`` (none), ``pmatrix``

   636   a^2 + b^2 &= c^2 \\

   493 ``(``, ``Bmatrix`` ``{``, ``vmatrix`` ``|`` and ``Vmatrix`` ``||``.

   637   a + b &> c \nonumber\\

   494 

   638   b + c &> a \nonumber\\

   495 To write the name of the matrix A, a bold-faced A is used. This is

   639   c + a &> b \\

   496 obtained by using the ``\mathbf`` command.

   640   \end{align}

   497 

   641 

   498 This subsection doesn't have much more math. The next section on

   642 Basic Elements

   499 inverse doesn't have anything new except for writing inverse of A.

   643 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   500 

   644 

   501 To typeset superscripts in LaTeX, the ``^`` character is used. The

   645 Greek Letters can are entered as ``\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, ...`` for lowercase letters and ``\Alpha, \Beta, \Gamma, ...`` for uppercase ones. 

   502 carat operator just acts on the next character. To have multiple

   646 

   503 characters as superscript they must be enclosed in ``{ }``. Similarly

   647 Exponents and subscripts can be typeset using the carat ``^`` and the underscore ``_`` respectively. Most of the math mode commands act only on the next character. If you want a command to affect several characters, they need to be enclosed in curly braces. 

   504 for typesetting text as subscripts the ``_`` character is used.

   648 

   505 

   649 The ``\sqrt`` command is used to typeset the square root symbol. LaTeX of the root sign is determined automatically. The nth root is generated with ``\sqrt[n]``. 

   506 To typeset the summation symbol, use the command ``\sum.`` The upper

   650 

   507 and lower limits are specified using the ``^`` and ``_``

   651 To explicitly show a multiplication a dot may be shown. ``\cdot`` could be used, which typesets the dot to the center. ``\cdots`` is three centered dots while ``\ldots`` sets the dots on the baseline. Besides that ``\vdots`` for vertical and ``\ddots`` can be used for diagonal dots.

   508 characters. Similarly, the integral symbol is obtained using the

   652 

   509 ``\int`` command.

   653 A fraction can be typeset with the command ``\frac{..}{..}``

   510 

   654 

   511 Next, let us type in the equation present in the section on

   655 The integral operator is generated with ``\int``, the sum operator with ``\sum``, and the product operator with ``\prod``. The upper and lower limits are specified with ``^`` and ``_`` like subscripts and superscripts.

   512 Determinants. Note that it is different from all the math we've typed

   656 

   513 until now, since it is not inline and is "displayed", in the LaTeX

   657 LaTeX provides all kinds of braces as delimiters. The round and square brackets can be produces using the keys on the keyboard and appending a backslash. Other delimiters can be produced using special commands of LaTeX. Placing ``\left`` in front of an opening delimiter and ``\right`` in front of a closing delimiter, instructs LaTeX to automatically take care of the sizes of the delimiters. 

   514 lingo. LaTeX has a number of environments for displaying equations,

   658 

   515 with minor subtle differences. In general use ``\[`` ``\]`` to typeset

   659 Arrays and Matrices

   516 displayed equations without numbering them. ``\begin{equation*}`` is

   660 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   517 equivalent to it.  To obtain numbered equations use

   661 

   518 ``\begin{equation}``.

   662 To typeset arrays, use the ``array`` environment. It works similar to the ``tabular`` environment. The ``\\`` command is used to break the lines. 

   519 

   663 ::

   520 Next we wish to typeset a group of equations. The equation environment

   664 

   521 does not accept ``\\`` to get a new line. For multiple equations

   665   \begin{equation*}

   522 amsmath has a handful of environments with subtle differences. We

   666   \mathbf{X} = \left(

   523 shall use the ``eqnarray`` environment. ``eqnarray*`` environment

   667    \begin{array}{ccc}

   524 gives unnumbered equations, as expected. The ``eqnarray`` environment

   668    a_1 & a_2 & \ldots \\

   525 works similar to a table environment. The parts of the equation that

   669    b_1 & b_2 & \ldots \\

   526 need to be aligned are indicated using an ``&`` symbol. The

   670    \vdots & \vdots & \ddots

   527 ``newline`` command is used to enter a every new equation after the

   671    \end{array} \right)

   528 first one. We now typeset the equations in the section on linear

   672   \end{equation*}

   529 equations using the ``eqnarray`` environment. (The equations in the

   673 

   530 determinants section use ``eqnarray*``)

   674 The ``array`` environment can also be used to typeset piecewise functions by using a “.” as an invisible ``\right`` delimiter

   531 

   675 ::

   532 We next typeset the math in the section on polynomials. To typeset

   676 

   533 fractions use the ``\frac`` command. To typeset surds, we use the

   677   \begin{equation*}

   534 ``\sqrt`` command with the optional paramter of ``[n]``.

   678   f(x) = \left\{

   535 

   679    \begin{array}{rl}

   536 Inserting Greek letters into LaTeX is simple. ``\alpha``, ``\beta``,

   680      0 & \text{if } x \le 0\\

   537 ``\gamma``, ... on for small letters and ``\Alpha``, ``\Beta``,

   681      1 & \text{if } x > 0

   538 ``\Gamma``, ... for capital.

   682    \end{array} \right.

   539 

   683    \end{equation*}

   540 Also, math environments do not give extra spaces using the space or

   684 

   541 tab characters. The following commands are available to specify the

   685 Six different types of matrix environments are available in the ``amsmath`` package for typesetting matrices.  They essentially have different delimiters: ``matrix`` (none), ``pmatrix`` (, ``bmatrix`` [, ``Bmatrix`` {, ``vmatrix`` | and ``Vmatrix`` ‖. In these matrix environments, the number of columns need not be specified, unlike the ``array`` environment.

   542 spacing required.

   686 ::

   543 

   687 

   544 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   688   \begin{equation*}

   545 | Abbrev. | Spelled out        | Example |

   689     \begin{matrix}

   546 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   690     1 & 2 \\

   547 | ``\,``  | ``\thinspace``     |         |

   691     3 & 4

   548 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   692     \end{matrix} \qquad

   549 | ``\:``  | ``\medspace``      |         |

   693  

   550 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   694     \begin{bmatrix}

   551 | ``\;``  | ``\thickspace``    |         |

   695     1 & 2 & 3 \\

   552 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   696     4 & 5 & 6 \\

   553 |         | ``\quad``          |         |

   697     7 & 8 & 9

   554 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   698     \end{bmatrix}

   555 |         | ``\qquad``         |         |

   699   \end{equation*}

   556 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   700 

   557 | ``\!``  | ``\negthinspace``  |         |

   701 Spacing

   558 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   702 ~~~~~~~

   559 |         | ``\negmedspace``   |         |

   703 +---------+----------------+---------+

   560 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   704 | Abbrev. | Spelled out    | Example |

   561 |         | ``\negthickspace`` |         |

   705 +---------+----------------+---------+

   562 +---------+--------------------+---------+

   706 |         | no space       |         |

   707 +---------+----------------+---------+

   708 | \,      | \thinspace     |         |

   709 +---------+----------------+---------+

   710 | \:      | \medspace      |         |

   711 +---------+----------------+---------+

   712 | \;      | \thickspace    |         |

   713 +---------+----------------+---------+

   714 |         | \quad          |         |

   715 +---------+----------------+---------+

   716 |         | \qquad         |         |

   717 +---------+----------------+---------+

   718 | \!      | \negthinspace  |         |

   719 +---------+----------------+---------+

   720 |         | \negmedspace   |         |

   721 +---------+----------------+---------+

   722 |         | \negthickspace |         |

   723 +---------+----------------+---------+

   724 

   725 

   726 

   727 Referencing

   728 ~~~~~~~~~~~

   729 Equations can also be cross referenced using the ``\label`` and ``\eqref`` commands. 

   730 

   735 Bibliography or references can be added to LaTeX documents in two ways - using the ``thebibliography`` environment, or using BibTeX. Let's first look at using the ``\thebibliography`` environment and then move on to BibTeX.

   567 Let's now look at how to write bibliography and cite references.

   736 

   568 

   737 ``thebibliography`` environment

   569 Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the ``thebibliography``

   738 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   570 environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the

   739 

   571 bibliography items within the bibliography environment.

   740 Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the ``thebibliography`` environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the bibliography items within the bibliography environment. 

   572 

   741 

   573 Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command

   742 Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command ``\bibitem[label]{name}``. The name is used to cite the bibliography item within the document using  ``\cite{name}``. The label option replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given. 

   574 ``\bibitem[label]{name}``. The name is used to cite the bibliography

   743 ::

   575 item within the document using ``\cite{name}``. The label option

   744 

   576 replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given.

   745   He used this lion in the illustrations for D Knuth's original TeXbook\cite{DKnuth}, for L Lamport's LaTeX book\cite{LLamport}

   577 

   746 

   578 The ``9`` passed as an argument to ``thebibliography`` command

   747   \begin{thebibliography}{99}

   579 indicates the maximum width of the label that the references will

   748     \bibitem{DKnuth} Donald E. Knuth (1984). \emph{The TeXbook} (Computers and Typesetting, Volume A). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-13448-9.

   580 have. In our sample document, we have less than 10 items in the

   749   

   581 Bibliography and therefore we use 9.

   750     \bibitem{LLamport} Lamport, Leslie (1994). \emph{LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference}.

   582 

   751      illustrations by Duane Bibby (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Professional. 

   583 Presentations with Beamer

   752   \end{thebibliography}

   584 -------------------------

   753 

   585 

   754 The ``99`` in the example above indicates the maximum width of the label that the references may get. We here assume that the number of Bibliography items will be less than 100. If your document has less than 10 references, you may want to replace ``99`` with ``9``. 

   586 Using beamer for you presentations is a good idea, since you can use

   755 

   587 the LaTeX that you have used for the report/document for the

   756 BibTeX

   588 presentation as well.

   757 ~~~~~~

   589 

   758 

   590 To write a ``beamer`` presentation, it is recommended that we use one

   759 The previous section explained the process of listing references at the end of a document and embedding cross references. In this section let us explore the BibTeX environment for keeping track of references.

   591 of the templates that beamer provides. We shall use the

   760 

   592 ``speaker_introduction`` template to get started with beamer.

   761 Using BibTeX is a very convenient method to use, when writing multiple documents in a single area or field. BibTeX allows you to create a database of all your references and use them as and when required. 

   593 

   762 

   594 As you can see, the document begins with the ``documentclass`` being

   763 The BibTeX database is stored in a ``.bib`` file. The structure of the file is quite simple and an example is shown below. 

   595 set to beamer.

   764 ::

   596 

   765 

   597 ``\usetheme`` command sets the theme to be used in the presentation.

   766   @book{Lamport94,

   598 

   767   author    = "Leslie Lamport",

   599 ``\usecolortheme`` command sets the color theme of the presentation.

   768   title     = "A Document Preparation System: User's Guide and Reference",

   600 

   769   publisher = "Addison-Wesley Professional",

   601 Notice that each slide is enclosed within ``\begin{frame}`` and

   770   year      = "1994",

   602 ``\end{frame}`` commands. The ``\begin{frame}`` command can be passed

   771   edition    = "second",

   603 the Title and Subtitle of the slide as parameters.

   772   note      = "illustrations by Duane Bibby"

   604 

   773   }

   605 The title page of the presentation can be set like any other LaTeX

   774 

   606 document.

   775 Each bibliography entry starts with a declaration of the type of the reference being mentioned. The reference is in the above example is of the book type. BibTeX has a wide range of reference types, for example, ``article, book, conference, manual, proceedings, unpublished``.

   607 

   776 

   608 To do overlays, use the ``\pause`` command. It does sequential

   777 The type of reference is followed by a left curly brace, and immediately followed by the citation key. The citation key, ``Lamport94`` in the example above is used to cite this reference using the command ``\cite{Lamport94}``. 

   609 overlays. Non sequential overlays can also be done. (Lab exercise.)

   778 

   610 

   779 This is followed by the relevant fields and their values, listed one by one. Each entry must be followed by a comma to delimit one field from the other. 

   611 If you have fragile environments like ``verbatim`` or ``lstlisting``,

   780 

   612 you need to give the frame an optional parameter ``[fragile]``.

   781 To get your LaTeX document to use the bibliography database, you just add the following lines to your LaTeX document. 

   613 

   782 ::

   614 To achieve more with beamer, it is highly recommended that you look at

   783 

   615 the ``beameruserguide``.

   784   \bibliographystyle{plain}

   616 

   785   \bibliography{LaTeX}

   786 

   787 Bibliography styles are files that tell BibTeX how to format the information stored in the ``.bib`` database file. The style file for this example is ``plain.bst``. Note that you do not need to add the ``.bst`` extension to the filename.  If you wish to achieve a particular style of listing the bibliography items and citing them, you should use an appropriate style file. 

   788 

   789 The ``bibliography`` command specifies the file that should be used as the database for references. The file used in this example is ``LaTeX.bib``

   790 

   791 Compiling

   792 +++++++++

   793 

   794 Adding BibTeX based references, slightly complicates the process of compiling the document to obtain the desired output. The exact workings of LaTeX and BibTeX will not be explained here. The procedure for obtaining the output (without any explanations) is as follows:

   795 

   796 1. Compile the ``.tex`` file using ``pdflatex`` - ``$pdflatex LaTeX(.tex)``

   797 2. Compile the ``.bib`` file using ``bibtex`` -  ``$bibtex LaTeX(.bib)``

   798 3. Compile the ``.tex`` file again. 

   799 4. Compile the ``.tex`` file for one last time!

   800 

   801 Beamer

   802 ~~~~~~

   803 

   804 LaTeX has quite a few options to produce presentation slides. We shall look at the ``beamer`` class, which is well developed and easy to use. We shall only briefly look at some of the features of beamer. For the best documentation, look at the beamer user guide.

   805 

   806 To write a ``beamer`` presentation, it is recommended that you use one of the templates that beamer provides. We shall use the ``speaker_introduction`` template to get started with beamer. 

   807 

   808 As you can see, the document begins with the ``documentclass`` being set to beamer. 

   809 

   810 The ``\setbeamertemplate`` command sets the template for various parameters. The ``background canvas``, ``headline`` and ``footline`` are being set using the command.

   811 

   812 ``\usetheme`` command sets the theme to be used in the presentation. 

   813 

   814 Notice that each slide is enclosed within ``\begin{frame}`` and ``\end{frame}`` commands. The ``\begin{frame}`` command can be passed the Title and Subtitle of the slide as parameters. 

   815 

   816 To achieve more with beamer, it is highly recommended that you look at the ``beameruserguide``.

   817 

   818 

   819 Recommended Reading

   820 -------------------

   821 

   822 1. *LaTeX Wikibook*

   823 

   824 2. *The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e* by Tobias Oetikar et al.. 

   825 

   826