133       /home/user/Examples

   133       /home/user/Examples

   134 

   134 

   135 

   135 

   136 

   136 

   137  I wish some commads were a bit smarter ? 

   137  I wish some commads were a bit smarter ? 

   139 

   139 

   140 The standard commands in Linux have a lot of options also called flags to change or provide some additional functionality to the command For example ::

   140 The standard commands in Linux have a lot of options also called flags to change or provide some additional functionality to the command For example ::

   141       

   141       

   142        $ls -l 

   142        $ls -l 

   143        

   143        

   156 

   156 

   157 Getting Help

   157 Getting Help

   158 ============

   158 ============

   159 

   159 

   160 How do I find what a command does?

   160 How do I find what a command does?

   162 

   162 

   163 A short index of explanations for commands is available using the *whatis* command, like in the examples below::

   163 A short index of explanations for commands is available using the *whatis* command, like in the examples below::

   164 

   164 

   165 	$whatis ls

   165 	$whatis ls

   166 	ls (1) 		 - list directory contents

   166 	ls (1) 		 - list directory contents

   551 Changing Ownership of Files

   551 Changing Ownership of Files

   552 ===========================

   552 ===========================

   553 

   553 

   554 

   554 

   555 chown

   555 chown

   557 The chown command is used to change the owner and group of files, directories and links.

   557 The chown command is used to change the owner and group of files, directories and links.

   558 

   558 

   559 By default, the owner of a filesystem object is the user that created it. The group is a set of users that share the same access permissions (i.e., read, write and execute) for that object.

   559 By default, the owner of a filesystem object is the user that created it. The group is a set of users that share the same access permissions (i.e., read, write and execute) for that object.

   560 

   560 

   561 The basic syntax for using chown to change owners is::

   561 The basic syntax for using chown to change owners is::

   572 

   572 

   573 Working with text

   573 Working with text

   574 =================

   574 =================

   575 

   575 

   576 How do I look into a file?

   576 How do I look into a file?

   578 

   578 

   579 more

   579 more

   581 

   581 

   582 In computing, *more* is a command to view  contents of a text file one screen at a time 

   582 In computing, *more* is a command to view  contents of a text file one screen at a time 

   583 

   583 

   584 Usage

   584 Usage

   585 ~~~~~

   585 ~~~~~

   665 Text Processing 

   665 Text Processing 

   666 ---------------

   666 ---------------

   667 

   667 

   668 

   668 

   669 How do look at part of a file?

   669 How do look at part of a file?

   671 

   671 

   672 head

   672 head

   673 -----

   673 -----

   674 

   674 

   675 *head* is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the first few lines of a text file or piped data. The command syntax is::

   675 *head* is a program on Unix and Unix-like systems used to display the first few lines of a text file or piped data. The command syntax is::

   852 ====

   852 ====

   853 sort command with the file name as a parameter sorts the lines of the file alphabetically and prints the output on the terminal.	

   853 sort command with the file name as a parameter sorts the lines of the file alphabetically and prints the output on the terminal.	

   854 

   854 

   855 

   855 

   856 To sort the same file using the last names     

   856 To sort the same file using the last names     

   858 

   858 

   859 ::

   859 ::

   860 

   860 

   861 	$sort -t % -k 2 presidents.txt

   861 	$sort -t % -k 2 presidents.txt

   862 	

   862