st-scripts: comparison getting_started_with_sage

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+.. Objectives
+.. ----------
+.. Clearly state the objectives of the LO (along with RBT level)
+.. By the end of this tutorial, you should --
+..   #. Know what Sage and Sage notebook are.
+..   #. Be able to start a Sage shell or notebook
+..   #. Be able to start using the notebook
+..   #. Be able to create new worksheets
+..   #. Know about the menu options available
+..   #. Know about the cells in the worksheet
+..   #. Be able to evaluate cells, create and delete cells, navigate them.
+..   #. Be able to make annotations in the worksheet
+..   #. Be able to use tab completion.
+..   #. Be able to use code from other languages in the cells.
+.. Prerequisites
+.. -------------
+.. None.
+.. Author              : Madhu
+Internal Reviewer   : Punch
+External Reviewer   :
+Language Reviewer   : Bhanukiran
+Checklist OK?       : <15-11-2010, Anand,  OK> [2010-10-05]
+Script
+------
+{{{ Show the slide containing the title }}}
+Hello friends. Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Getting started with
+Sage and Sage notebook.
+{{{ Show the slide containing the outline }}}
+In this tutorial, we will learn what Sage is, what is Sage notebook,
+how to start and use the sage notebook. In the notebook we will be
+specifically learning how to execute our code, how to write
+annotations and other content, typesetting the content and how to use
+the offline help available.
+{{{ Show the slide on what is Sage }}}
+To start with, What is Sage? Sage is a free, open-source mathematical
+software. Sage can do a lot of math stuff for you including, but not
+limited to, algebra, calculus, geometry, cryptography, graph theory
+among other things. It can also be used as aid in teaching and
+research in any of the areas that Sage supports. So let us start Sage
+now
+{{{ Shift to terminal }}}
+We are assuming that you have Sage installed on your computer now. If
+not please visit the page
+http://sagemath.org/doc/tutorial/introduction.html#installation for
+the tutorial on how to install Sage.
+Let us now learn how to start Sage. On the terminal type::
+sage
+This should start a new Sage shell with the prompt sage: which looks
+like this
+{{{ Show what is displayed on the terminal }}}
+So now we can type all the commands that Sage supports here. But Sage
+comes bundled with a much more elegant tool called Sage
+Notebook? What is Sage Notebook? Sage Notebook provides a web based
+user interface to use Sage. So once we have a Sage notebook server up
+and running, all we want is a browser to access the Sage
+functionality. For example there is an official instance of Sage
+Notebook server running at http://sagenb.org You can visit that page,
+create an account there and start using Sage! So all you need is just
+a browser, a modern browser
+{{{ Intentional *cough* *cough* }}}
+#[[Bhanu: what? Are you serious?]]
+to use Sage and nothing else! The Sage notebook also provides a
+convenient way of sharing and publishing our work, which is very handy
+for research and teaching.
+However we can also run our own instances of Sage notebook servers on
+all the computers we have a local installation of Sage. To start the
+notebook server just type::
+notebook()
+on the Sage prompt. This will start the Sage Notebook server. If we
+are starting the notebook server for the first time, we are prompted
+to enter the password for the admin. Type the password and make a note
+of it. After this Sage automatically starts a browser page for you
+with the notebook opened.
+If it doesn't automatically start a browser page check if the Notebook
+server started and there were no problems. If so open your browser and
+in the address bar type the URL shown in the instructions upon running
+the notebook command on the sage prompt.
+{{{ The notebook() command gives an instruction telling
+Open your web browser to http://localhost:8000. Point towards it }}}
+In our case it is http://localhost:{{{ Tell whatever is shown }}}
+{{{ Show the browser with Sage notebook }}}
+If you are not logged in yet, it shows the Notebook home page and
+textboxes to type the username and the password. You can use the
+username 'admin' and the password you gave while starting the notebook
+server for the first time. There are also links to recover forgotten
+password and to create new accounts.
+{{{ If you are logged in tell that you are logged in, log out and show
+what is said above for the login page }}}
+Once we are logged in with the admin account we can see the notebook
+admin page. A notebook can contain a collection of Sage Notebook
+worksheets. Worksheet is basically a working area. This is where
+we enter all the Sage commands on the notebook.
+The admin page lists all the worksheets created. On the topmost part
+of this page we have the links to various pages.
+{{{ Whenever you talk on an individual link point your mouse towards
+the link. For each of the link go to the page and explain as below }}}
+The home link takes us to the admin home page. The published link
+takes us to the page which lists all the published worksheets. The log
+link has the complete log of all the actions we did on the
+notebook. We have the settings link where we can configure our notebook,
+the notebook server, create and  mangage accounts. We have a
+link to help upon clicking opens a new window with the complete help
+of Sage. The entire documentation of Sage is supplied with Sage for
+offline reference and this help link is the way to get into it. Then
+we can report bugs about Sage by clicking on Report a Problem link and
+there is a link to sign out of the notebook.
+We can create a new worksheet by clicking New Worksheet link
+{{{ Click on the link }}}
+Sage prompts you for a name for the worksheet. Let us name the
+worksheet as nbtutorial. Now we have our first worksheet which is
+empty.
+A worksheet will contain a collection of cells. Every Sage command
+must be entered in this cell. Cell is equivalent to the prompt on
+console. When we create a new worksheet, to start with we will have
+one empty cell. Let us try out some math here::
+2 + 2
+57.1 ^ 100
+The cap operator is used for exponentiation. If you observed carefully
+we typed two commands but the output of only last command was
+displayed. By default each cell displays the result of only the last
+operation. We have to use print statement to display all the results
+we want to be displayed.
+{{{ Demonstrate creating a new cell }}}
+Now to perform more operations we want more cells. So how do we create
+a new cell? It is very simple. As we hover our mouse above or below
+the existing cells we see a blue line, by clicking on this new line we
+can create a new cell.
+We have a cell, we have typed some commands in it, but how do we
+evaluate that cell? Pressing Shift along with Enter evaluates the
+cell. Alternatively we can also click on the evaluate link to evaluate
+the cell
+{{{ Evaluate the cell and demonstrate for both methods separately
+}}}::
+matrix([[1,2], [3,4]])^(-1)
+After we create many cells, we may want to move between the cells. To
+move between the cells use Up and Down arrow keys. Also clicking on
+the cell will let you edit that particular cell.
+{{{ Move between two cells created }}}
+To delete a cell, clear the contents of the cell and hit backspace
+{{{ Clear and demonstrate deleting the cell }}}::
+Makes no sense
+If you want to add annotations in the worksheet itself on the blue
+line that appears on hovering the mouse around the cell, Hold Shift
+and click on the line. This creates a What You See Is What You Get
+cell.
+{{{ Create a HTML editable cell }}}
+We can make our text here rich text. We can make it bold, Italics, we
+can create bulleted and enumerated lists in this area::
+This text contains both the **bold** text and also *italicised*
+text.
+It also contains bulleted list:
+* Item 1
+* Item 2
+It also contains enumerate list:
+1. Item 1
+2. Item 2
+In the same cell we can display typeset math using the LaTeX like
+syntax::
+$\int_0^\infty e^{-x} \, dx$
+We enclose the math to be typeset within $ and $ or $$ and $$ as in
+LaTeX.
+We can also obtain help for a particular Sage command or function
+within the worksheet itself by using a question mark following the
+command::
+sin?
+Evaluating this cell gives me the entire help for the sin function
+inline on the worksheet itself. Similarly we can also look at the
+source code of each command or function using double question mark::
+matrix??
+Sage notebook also provides the feature for autocompletion. To
+autocomplete a command type first few unique characters and hit tab
+key::
+sudo<tab>
+To see all the commands starting with a specific name type those
+characters and hit tab::
+plo<tab>
+To list all the methods that are available for a certain variable or
+a datatype we can use the variable name followed by the dot to access
+the methods available on it and then hit tab::
+s = 'Hello'
+s.rep<tab>
+The output produced by each cell can be one of the three states. It
+can be either the full output, or truncated output or hidden output.
+The output area will display the error if the Sage code we wrote in
+the cell did not successfully execute::
+a, b = 10
+{{{ Show the three states }}}
+The default output we obtained now is a truncated output. Clicking at
+the left of the output area when the mouse pointer turns to hand gives
+us the full output, clicking again makes the output hidden and it
+cycles.
+Lastly, Sage supports a variety of languages and each cell on the
+worksheet can contain code written in a specific language. It is
+possible to instruct Sage to interpret the code in the language we
+have written. This can be done by putting percentage sign(%) followed
+by the name of the language. For example, to interpret the cell as
+Python code we put::
+%python
+as the first line in the cell. Similarly we have: %sh for shell
+scripting, %fortran for Fortran, %gap for GAP and so on. Let us see
+how this works. Say I have an integer. The type of the integer in
+default Sage mode is
+{{{ Read the output }}}::
+a = 1
+type(a)
+Output: <type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
+We see that Integers are Sage Integers. Now let us put %python as the
+first line of the cell and execute the same code snippet::
+%python
+a = 1
+type(a)
+Output: <type 'int'>
+Now we see that the integer is a Python integer. Why? Because now we
+instructed Sage to interpret that cell as Python code.
+This brings us to the end of the tutorial on using Sage. We learnt
+quite a lot about using the Notebook User Interface of Sage. We are
+now confident that we can comfortably use the notebook to learn more
+about Sage in the following tutorials. Let us summarize what we
+learnt. In this session we learnt
+* What is Sage
+* How to start Sage shell
+* What is Sage notebook
+* How to start the Sage notebook
+* How to create accounts and start using the notebook
+* How to create new worksheets
+* The menus available on the notebook
+* About cells in the worksheet
+* Methods to evaluate the cell, create new cells, delete the cells
+and navigate around the cells
+* To make annotations in the worksheet
+* Tab completions
+* And embedding code of other scripting languages in the cells
+{{{ Show the "sponsored by FOSSEE" slide }}}
+This tutorial was created as a part of FOSSEE project, NME ICT, MHRD India
+Hope you have enjoyed and found it useful.
+Thank you!