input_output/script.rst
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Checklist OK for `The other kinds of plots`
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.. Objectives
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.. ----------
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.. #. How to print some value
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.. #. How to print using modifiers
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.. #. How to take input from user
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.. #. How to display a prompt to the user before taking the input
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.. Prerequisites
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.. -------------
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..   1. Loops
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.. Author              : Nishanth Amuluru
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   Internal Reviewer   : Puneeth 
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   External Reviewer   :
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   Checklist OK?       : <put date stamp here, if OK> [2010-10-05]
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Script
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------
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Hello friends and welcome to this tutorial on Input/Output
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{{{ Show the slide containing title }}}
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{{{ Show the slide containing the outline slide }}}
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Input and Output are used in almost every program we use.
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In this tutorial, we shall learn how to 
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 * Output data
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 * Take input from the user
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type
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::
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    a = "This is a string"
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    a
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    print a
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``print a``, obviously, is printing the value of ``a``.
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As you can see, even when you type just a, the value of a is shown.
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But there is a difference.
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.. #[Amit: The next sentence does seem to be clear enough]
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Typing a shows the value of a while print a prints the string. This difference
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becomes more evident when we use strings with newlines in them.
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type
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::
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    b = "A line \n New line"
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    b
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    print b
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As you can see, just typing b shows that b contains a newline character.
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While typing print b prints the string and hence the newline.
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Moreover when we type just a, the value a is shown only in interactive mode and
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does not have any effect on the program while running it as a script.
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.. #[punch: I think we could show that?]
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We shall look at different ways of outputting the data.
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.. #[Amit: C's printf syntax ?? i think its better to elaborate the
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   idea]
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print statement  in python supports string formatting.
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Various arguments can be passed to print using modifiers.
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type
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::
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    x = 1.5
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    y = 2
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    z = "zed"
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    print "x is %2.1f y is %d z is %s"%(x,y)
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As you can see, the values of x and y are substituted in place of
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``%2.1f`` and ``%d`` 
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 1 %% What happens when you do ``print "x is %d y is %f" %(x, y)``
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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We see that the ``int`` value of x and ``float`` value of y are
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printed corresponding to the modifiers used in the print statement.
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We can also see that ``print`` statement prints a new line character
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at the end of the line, everytime it is called. This can be suppressed
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by using a "," at the end ``print`` statement.
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Let us see this by typing out following code on an editor as print_example.py
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{{{ open an editor }}}
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type
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::
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    print "Hello"
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    print "World"
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    print "Hello",
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    print "World"
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Now we run the script using %run /home/fossee/print_example.py
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As we can see, the print statement when used with comma in the end, prints a
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space instead of a new line.
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Now we shall look at taking input from the user.
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We will use the ~~raw_input~~ for this.
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type
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::
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    ip = raw_input()
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The cursor is blinking indicating that it is waiting for input    
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type
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::
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    an input
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and hit enter.
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Now let us see what is the value of ip by typing.
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::
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    ip
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We can see that it contains the string "an input"
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 2 %% enter the number 5.6 as input and store it in a variable called c.
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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We have to use the raw_input command with variable c.
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type
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::
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    c = raw_input()
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    5.6
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    c
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Now let us see the type of c.
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::
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    type(c)
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We see that c is a string. This implies that anything you enter as input, will
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be taken as a string no matter what you enter.
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 3 %% What happens when you do not enter anything and hit enter
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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::
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    d = raw_input()
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    <RET>
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    d
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We see that when nothing is entered, an empty string is considered as input.
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raw_input also can display a prompt to assist the user.
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::
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    name = raw_input("Please enter your name: ")
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prints the string given as argument and then waits for the user input.
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 4 %% How do you display a prompt and let the user enter input in next line
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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.. #[Puneeth: We didn't talk of new-line character till now, did we?]
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.. #[Puneeth: non-programmers might not know?]
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.. #[Amit: Well there is a discussion earlier about new lines, I think its good
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.. as a slight trick question. But may be next line is a more easier lexicon]
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The trick is to include a newline character at the end of the prompt string.
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::
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    ip = raw_input("Please enter a number in the next line\n> ")
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prints the newline character and hence the user enters input in the next line
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{{{ Show summary slide }}}
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This brings us to the end of the tutorial.
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In this totorial we have learnt
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 * How to print some value
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 * How to print using modifiers
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 * How to take input from user
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 * How to display a prompt to the user before taking the input
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{{{ Show the "sponsored by FOSSEE" slide }}}
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This tutorial was created as a part of FOSSEE project, NME ICT, MHRD India
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Hope you have enjoyed and found it useful.
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Thank You.
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