getting-started-sagenotebook.rst
author Nishanth <nishanth@fossee.in>
Thu, 07 Oct 2010 10:08:19 +0530
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Hello friends. Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Getting started with
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sage and sage notebook.
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{{{ Show the slide containing the title }}}
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{{{ Show the slide containing the outline }}}
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In this tutorial, we will learn what Sage is, what is Sage notebook,
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how to start and use the sage notebook. In the notebook we will be
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specifically learning how to execute our code, how to write
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annotations and other content, typesetting the content and how to use
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the offline help available.
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{{{ Show the slide on what is Sage }}}
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To start with, What is Sage? Sage is a free, open-source mathematical
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software. Sage can do a lot of math stuff for you including but not
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limited to algebra, calculus, geometry, cryptography, graph theory
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among other things. It can also be used as aid in teaching and
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research in any of the areas that Sage supports. So let us start Sage
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now
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{{{ Shift to terminal }}}
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We are assuming that you have Sage installed on your computer now. If
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not please visit the page
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http://sagemath.org/doc/tutorial/introduction.html#installation for
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the tutorial on how to install Sage. Let us move on now.
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On the terminal type::
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  sage
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This should start a new Sage shell with the prompt sage: which looks
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like this
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{{{ Show what is displayed on the terminal }}}
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So now we can type all the commands that Sage supports here. But Sage
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comes bundled with a much much much more elegant tool called Sage
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Notebook? What is Sage Notebook? Sage Notebook provides a web based
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user interface to use Sage. So once we have a Sage notebook server up
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and running all we want is a browser to access the Sage
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functionality. For example there is an official instance of Sage
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Notebook server running at http://sagenb.org You can visit that page,
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create an account there and start using Sage! So all you need is just
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a browser, a modern browser 
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{{{ Intentional *cough* *cough* }}}
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to use Sage and nothing else! The Sage notebook also provides a
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convenient way of sharing and publishing our work which is very handy
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when we use Sage for research or for teaching.
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However we can also run our own instances of Sage notebook servers on
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all the computers we have a local installation of Sage. To start the
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notebook server just type::
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  notebook()
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on the Sage prompt. This will start the Sage Notebook server. If we
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are starting the notebook server for the first time, we are prompted
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to enter the password for the admin. Type the password and make a note
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of it. After this Sage automatically starts a browser page for you
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with the notebook opened.
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If it doesn't automatically start a browser page check if the Notebook
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server started and there were no problems. If so open your browser and
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in the address bar type the URL shown in the instructions upon running
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the notebook command on the sage prompt.
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{{{ The notebook() command gives an instruction telling 
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Open your web browser to http://localhost:8000. Point towards it }}}
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In our case it is http://localhost:{{{ Tell whatever is shown }}}
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{{{ Show the browser with Sage notebook }}}
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If you are not logged in yet, it shows the Notebook home page and
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textboxes to type the username and the password. You can use the
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username 'admin' and the password you gave while starting the notebook
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server for the first time. There are also links to recover forgotten
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password and to create new accounts.
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{{{ If you are logged in tell that you are logged in, log out and show
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what is said above for the login page }}}
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Once we are logged in with the admin account we can see the notebook
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admin page. A notebook can contain a collection of Sage Notebook
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worksheets. Worksheets are basically the working area. This is where
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we enter all the Sage commands on the notebook.
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The admin page lists all the worksheets created. On the topmost part
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of this page we have the links to various pages. 
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{{{ Whenever you talk on an individual link point your mouse towards
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the link. For each of the link go to the page and explain as below }}}
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The home link takes us to the admin home page. The published link
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takes us to the page which lists all the published worksheets. The log
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link has the complete log of all the actions we did on the
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notebook. We have the settings link where can configure our notebook,
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the notebook server, we can create and mangage accounts. We have a
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link to help upon clicking opens a new window with the complete help
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of Sage. The entire documentation of Sage is supplied with Sage for
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offline reference and this help link is the way to get into it. Then
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we can report bugs about Sage by clicking on Report a Problem link and
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there is a link to sign out of the notebook.
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We can create a new worksheet by clicking New Worksheet link
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{{{ Click on the link }}}
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Sage prompts you for a name for the worksheet. Let us name the
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worksheet as nbtutorial. Now we have our first worksheet which is
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empty.
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A worksheet will contain a collection of cells. Every Sage command
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must be entered in this cell. Cell is equivalent to the prompt on
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console. When we create a new worksheet, to start with we will have
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one empty cell. Let us try out some math here::
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  2 + 2
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  57.1 ^ 100
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The cap operator is used for exponentiation. If you observed carefully
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we typed two commands but the output of only last command was
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displayed. By default each cell displays the result of only the last
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operation. We have to use print statement to display all the results
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we want to be displayed.
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{{{ Demonstrate creating a new cell }}}
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Now to perform more operations we want more cells. So how do we create
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a new cell? It is very simple. As we hover our mouse above or below
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the existing cells we see a blue line, by clicking on this new line we
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can create a new cell. 
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We have a cell, we have typed some commands in it, but how do we
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evaluate that cell? Pressing Shift along with Enter evaluates the
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cell. Alternatively we can also click on the evaluate link to evaluate
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the cell
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{{{ Evaluate the cell and demonstrate for both methods separately
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}}}::
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  matrix([[1,2], [3,4]])^(-1)
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After we create many cells, we may want to move between the cells. To
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move between the cells use Up and Down arrow keys. Also clicking on
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the cell will let you edit that particular cell.
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{{{ Move between two cells created }}}
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To delete a cell, clear the contents of the cell and hit backspace
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{{{ Clear and demonstrate deleting the cell }}}::
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  Makes no sense
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If you want to add annotations in the worksheet itself on the blue
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line that appears on hovering the mouse around the cell, Hold Shift
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and click on the line. This creates a What You See Is What You Get
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cell.
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{{{ Create a HTML editable cell }}}
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We can make our text here rich text. We can make it bold, Italics, we
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can create bulleted and enumerated lists in this area::
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  This text contains both the **bold** text and also *italicised*
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  text.
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  It also contains bulleted list:
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  * Item 1
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  * Item 2
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  It also contains enumerate list:
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  1. Item 1
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  2. Item 2
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In the same cell we can display typeset math using the LaTeX like
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syntax::
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  $\int_0^\infty e^{-x} \, dx$
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We enclose the math to be typeset within $ and $ or $$ and $$ as in
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LaTeX.
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169
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We can also obtain help for a particular Sage command or function
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within the worksheet itself by using a question mark following the
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command::
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  sin?
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Evaluating this cell gives me the entire help for the sin function
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inline on the worksheet itself. Similarly we can also look at the
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source code of each command or function using double question mark::
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  matrix??
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Sage notebook also provides the feature for autocompletion. To
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autocomplete a command type first few unique characters and hit tab
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key::
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  sudo<tab>
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To see all the commands starting with a specific name type those
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characters and hit tab::
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  plo<tab>
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To list all the methods that are available for a certain variable or
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a datatype we can use the variable name followed by the dot to access
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the methods available on it and then hit tab::
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  s = 'Hello'
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  s.rep<tab>
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The output produced by each cell can be one of the three states. It
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can be either the full output, or truncated output or hidden output.
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The output area will display the error if the Sage code we wrote in
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the cell did not successfully execute::
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  a, b = 10
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{{{ Show the three states }}}
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The default output we obtained now is a truncated output. Clicking at
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the left of the output area when the mouse pointer turns to hand gives
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us the full output, clicking again makes the output hidden and it
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cycles.
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Lastly, Sage supports a variety of languages and each cell on the
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worksheet can contain code written in a specific language. It is
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possible to instruct Sage to interpret the code in the language we
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have written. This can be done by putting percentage sign(%) followed
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by the name of the language. For example, to interpret the cell as
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Python code we put::
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  %python
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as the first line in the cell. Similarly we have: %sh for shell
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scripting, %fortran for Fortran, %gap for GAP and so on. Let us see
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how this works. Say I have an integer. The type of the integer in
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default Sage mode is
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{{{ Read the output }}}::
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  a = 1
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  type(a)
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  Output: <type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
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We see that Integers are Sage Integers. Now let us put %python as the
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first line of the cell and execute the same code snippet::
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  %python
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  a = 1
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  type(a)
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  Output: <type 'int'>
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Now we see that the integer is a Python integer. Why? Because now we
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instructed Sage to interpret that cell as Python code.
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This brings us to the end of the tutorial on using Sage. We learnt
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quite a lot about using the Notebook User Interface of Sage. We are
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now confident that we can comfortably use the notebook to learn more
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about Sage in the following tutorials. Let us summarize what we
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learnt. In this session we learnt
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  * What is Sage
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  * How to start Sage shell
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  * What is Sage notebook
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  * How to start the Sage notebook
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  * How to create accounts and start using the notebook
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  * How to create new worksheets
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  * The menus available on the notebook
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  * About cells in the worksheet
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  * Methods to evaluate the cell, create new cells, delete the cells
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    and navigate around the cells
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  * To make annotations in the worksheet
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  * Tab completions
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  * And embedding code of other scripting languages in the cells
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{{{ Show the "sponsored by FOSSEE" slide }}}
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This tutorial was created as a part of FOSSEE project, NME ICT, MHRD India
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Hope you have enjoyed and found it useful.
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Thankyou
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.. Author              : Madhu
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   Internal Reviewer 1 :         [potential reviewer: Anoop]
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   Internal Reviewer 2 :         [potential reviewer: Puneeth]
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   External Reviewer   :
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