dictionaries.rst
author Nishanth Amuluru <nishanth@fossee.in>
Wed, 06 Oct 2010 14:45:59 +0530
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.. 8.4 LO: dictionaries (2)
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.. ------------------------
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.. * empty 
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.. * filled 
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.. * accessing via keys 
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.. * .values(), .keys() 
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.. * in 
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.. * iteration
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============
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Dictionaries
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============
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{{{ show the welcome slide }}}
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Welcome to the spoken tutorial on dictionaries.
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{{{ switch to next slide, outline slide }}}
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In this tutorial, we will see how to create empty dictionaries, learn
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about keys and values of dictionaries. Checking for elements and
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iterating over elements.
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{{{ switch to next slide on overview of dictionaries }}}
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A dictionary in general, is designed to look up meanings of
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words. Similarly, Python dictionary is also designed to look up for a
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specific key and retrieve the corresponding value. Dictionaries are
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data structures that provide key-value mappings.  Dictionaries are
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similar to lists except that instead of the values having integer
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indexes, dictionaries have keys or strings as indexes.
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Before we can proceed, start your IPython interpreter with the
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``-pylab`` option.
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{{{ start ipython interpreter by issuing command ipython -pylab }}}
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Let us start by creating an empty dictionary, type the following in
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your IPython interpreter.
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::
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    mt_dict = {}    
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Notice that unlike lists curly braces are used define ``dictionary``,
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{{{ move the mouse over curly braces to grab attention }}}
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Now let us see how to create a filled dictionary,
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::
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    extensions = {'jpg' : 'JPEG Image', 'py' : 'Python script', 'html' : 'Html document', 'pdf' : 'Portable Document Format'}
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Notice that each key-value pair is separated by a comma
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{{{ move the mouse over the commas to grab attention }}}
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and each key and value are separated using a colon.
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{{{ move the mouse over the colon one by one to grab attention }}}
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Here, we defined four entries in the dictionary extensions. The keys
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are
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{{{ spell the keys letter by letter }}}
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jpg, py, html, and pdf.
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Simply type,
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::
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    extensions
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in the interpreter to see the content of the dictionary. Notice that
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in dictionaries the order cannot be predicted and you can see that the
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values are not in the order that we entered in.
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Like in lists, the elements in a dictionary can be accessed using the
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index, here the index is the key. Try,
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::
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    print extensions['jpg']
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It printed JPEG Image. And now try,
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::
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    print extensions['zip']
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Well it gave us an error, saying that the key 'zip' is not in the
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dictionary.
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Pause here for some time and try few more keys. Also try jpg in
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capital letters.
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{{{ switch to next slide, adding and deleting keys and values in
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dictionaries }}}
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Well that was about creating dictionaries, now how do we add or delete
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items. We can add new items into dictionaries as,
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::
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    extensions['cpp'] = 'C++ code'
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and delete items using the ``del`` keyword as,
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::
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    del extension['pdf']
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Let us check the content of the dictionary now,
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::
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    extensions
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So the changes have been made. Now let us try one more thing,
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::
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    extensions['cpp'] = 'C++ source code'
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    extensions
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As you can see, it did not add a new thing nor gave an error, but it
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simply replaces the existing value with the new one.
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Now let us learn how to check if a particular key is present in the
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dictionary. For that we can use ``in``,
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::
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    'py' in extensions
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    'odt' in extensions
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So in short it will return ``True`` if the key is found in the
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dictionary, and will return ``False`` if key is not present. Note that
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we can check only for container-ship of keys in dictionaries and not
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values.
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{{{ switch to next slide, Retrieve keys and values }}}
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Now let us see how to retrieve the keys and values. We can use the
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method ``keys()`` for getting a list of the keys in a particular
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dictionary and the method ``values()`` for getting a list of
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values. Let us try them,
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::
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    extensions.keys()
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It returned the ``list`` of keys in the dictionary extensions. And now
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the other one,
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::
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    extensions.values()
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It returned the ``list`` of values in the dictionary.
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{{{ switch to next slide, problem statement for the next solved
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exercise }}}
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Now let us try to print the data in the dictionary. We can use ``for``
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loop to iterate.
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::
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    for each in extensions.keys():
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        print each, "-->", extensions[each]
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{{{ switch to next slide, recap }}}
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This brings us to the end of this tutorial, we learned dictionaries
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and saw how to create an empty dictionary, build a dictionary with
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some data in it, adding data, ``keys()`` and ``values()`` methods, and
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iterating over the dictionaries.
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{{{ switch to next slide, thank you slide }}}
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Thank you!
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..  Author: Anoop Jacob Thomas <anoop@fossee.in>
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    Reviewer 1:
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    Reviewer 2:
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    External reviewer: