Hello friends. Welcome to this spoken tutorial on Getting started with

sage and sage notebook.

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In this tutorial, we will learn what Sage is, what is Sage notebook,

how to start and use the sage notebook. In the notebook we will be

specifically learning how to execute our code, how to write

annotations and other content, typesetting the content and how to use

the offline help available.

{{{ Show the slide on what is Sage }}}

To start with, What is Sage? Sage is a free, open-source mathematical

software. Sage can do a lot of math stuff for you including but not

limited to algebra, calculus, geometry, cryptography, graph theory

among other things. It can also be used as aid in teaching and

research in any of the areas that Sage supports. So let us start Sage

now

{{{ Shift to terminal }}}

We are assuming that you have Sage installed on your computer now. If

not please visit the page

http://sagemath.org/doc/tutorial/introduction.html#installation for

the tutorial on how to install Sage. Let us move on now.

On the terminal type::

  sage

This should start a new Sage shell with the prompt sage: which looks

like this

{{{ Show what is displayed on the terminal }}}

So now we can type all the commands that Sage supports here. But Sage

comes bundled with a much much much more elegant tool called Sage

Notebook? What is Sage Notebook? Sage Notebook provides a web based

user interface to use Sage. So once we have a Sage notebook server up

and running all we want is a browser to access the Sage

functionality. For example there is an official instance of Sage

Notebook server running at http://sagenb.org You can visit that page,

create an account there and start using Sage! So all you need is just

a browser, a modern browser 

{{{ Intentional *cough* *cough* }}}

to use Sage and nothing else! The Sage notebook also provides a

convenient way of sharing and publishing our work which is very handy

when we use Sage for research or for teaching.

However we can also run our own instances of Sage notebook servers on

all the computers we have a local installation of Sage. To start the

notebook server just type::

  notebook()

on the Sage prompt. This will start the Sage Notebook server. If we

are starting the notebook server for the first time, we are prompted

to enter the password for the admin. Type the password and make a note

of it. After this Sage automatically starts a browser page for you

with the notebook opened.

If it doesn't automatically start a browser page check if the Notebook

server started and there were no problems. If so open your browser and

in the address bar type the URL shown in the instructions upon running

the notebook command on the sage prompt.

{{{ The notebook() command gives an instruction telling 

Open your web browser to http://localhost:8000. Point towards it }}}

In our case it is http://localhost:{{{ Tell whatever is shown }}}

{{{ Show the browser with Sage notebook }}}

If you are not logged in yet, it shows the Notebook home page and

textboxes to type the username and the password. You can use the

username 'admin' and the password you gave while starting the notebook

server for the first time. There are also links to recover forgotten

password and to create new accounts.

{{{ If you are logged in tell that you are logged in, log out and show

what is said above for the login page }}}

Once we are logged in with the admin account we can see the notebook

admin page. A notebook can contain a collection of Sage Notebook

worksheets. Worksheets are basically the working area. This is where

we enter all the Sage commands on the notebook.

The admin page lists all the worksheets created. On the topmost part

of this page we have the links to various pages. 

{{{ Whenever you talk on an individual link point your mouse towards

the link. For each of the link go to the page and explain as below }}}

The home link takes us to the admin home page. The published link

takes us to the page which lists all the published worksheets. The log

link has the complete log of all the actions we did on the

notebook. We have the settings link where can configure our notebook,

the notebook server, we can create and mangage accounts. We have a

link to help upon clicking opens a new window with the complete help

of Sage. The entire documentation of Sage is supplied with Sage for

offline reference and this help link is the way to get into it. Then

we can report bugs about Sage by clicking on Report a Problem link and

there is a link to sign out of the notebook.

We can create a new worksheet by clicking New Worksheet link

{{{ Click on the link }}}

Sage prompts you for a name for the worksheet. Let us name the

worksheet as nbtutorial. Now we have our first worksheet which is

empty.

A worksheet will contain a collection of cells. Every Sage command

must be entered in this cell. Cell is equivalent to the prompt on

console. When we create a new worksheet, to start with we will have

one empty cell. Let us try out some math here::

  2 + 2

  57.1 ^ 100

The cap operator is used for exponentiation. If you observed carefully

we typed two commands but the output of only last command was

displayed. By default each cell displays the result of only the last

operation. We have to use print statement to display all the results

we want to be displayed.

{{{ Demonstrate creating a new cell }}}

Now to perform more operations we want more cells. So how do we create

a new cell? It is very simple. As we hover our mouse above or below

the existing cells we see a blue line, by clicking on this new line we

can create a new cell. 

We have a cell, we have typed some commands in it, but how do we

evaluate that cell? Pressing Shift along with Enter evaluates the

cell. Alternatively we can also click on the evaluate link to evaluate

the cell

{{{ Evaluate the cell and demonstrate for both methods separately

}}}::

  matrix([[1,2], [3,4]])^(-1)

After we create many cells, we may want to move between the cells. To

move between the cells use Up and Down arrow keys. Also clicking on

the cell will let you edit that particular cell.

{{{ Move between two cells created }}}

To delete a cell, clear the contents of the cell and hit backspace

{{{ Clear and demonstrate deleting the cell }}}::

  Makes no sense

If you want to add annotations in the worksheet itself on the blue

line that appears on hovering the mouse around the cell, Hold Shift

and click on the line. This creates a What You See Is What You Get

cell.

{{{ Create a HTML editable cell }}}

We can make our text here rich text. We can make it bold, Italics, we

can create bulleted and enumerated lists in this area::

  This text contains both the **bold** text and also *italicised*

  text.

  It also contains bulleted list:

  * Item 1

  * Item 2

  It also contains enumerate list:

  1. Item 1

  2. Item 2

In the same cell we can display typeset math using the LaTeX like

syntax::

  $\int_0^\infty e^{-x} \, dx$

We enclose the math to be typeset within $ and $ or $$ and $$ as in

LaTeX.

We can also obtain help for a particular Sage command or function

within the worksheet itself by using a question mark following the

command::

  sin?

Evaluating this cell gives me the entire help for the sin function

inline on the worksheet itself. Similarly we can also look at the

source code of each command or function using double question mark::

  matrix??

Sage notebook also provides the feature for autocompletion. To

autocomplete a command type first few unique characters and hit tab

key::

  sudo<tab>

To see all the commands starting with a specific name type those

characters and hit tab::

  plo<tab>

To list all the methods that are available for a certain variable or

a datatype we can use the variable name followed by the dot to access

the methods available on it and then hit tab::

  s = 'Hello'

  s.rep<tab>

The output produced by each cell can be one of the three states. It

can be either the full output, or truncated output or hidden output.

The output area will display the error if the Sage code we wrote in

the cell did not successfully execute::

  a, b = 10

{{{ Show the three states }}}

The default output we obtained now is a truncated output. Clicking at

the left of the output area when the mouse pointer turns to hand gives

us the full output, clicking again makes the output hidden and it

cycles.

Lastly, Sage supports a variety of languages and each cell on the

worksheet can contain code written in a specific language. It is

possible to instruct Sage to interpret the code in the language we

have written. This can be done by putting percentage sign(%) followed

by the name of the language. For example, to interpret the cell as

Python code we put::

  %python

as the first line in the cell. Similarly we have: %sh for shell

scripting, %fortran for Fortran, %gap for GAP and so on. Let us see

how this works. Say I have an integer. The type of the integer in

default Sage mode is

{{{ Read the output }}}::

  a = 1

  type(a)

  Output: <type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>

We see that Integers are Sage Integers. Now let us put %python as the

first line of the cell and execute the same code snippet::

  %python

  a = 1

  type(a)

  Output: <type 'int'>

Now we see that the integer is a Python integer. Why? Because now we

instructed Sage to interpret that cell as Python code.

This brings us to the end of the tutorial on using Sage. We learnt

quite a lot about using the Notebook User Interface of Sage. We are

now confident that we can comfortably use the notebook to learn more

about Sage in the following tutorials. Let us summarize what we

learnt. In this session we learnt

  * What is Sage

  * How to start Sage shell

  * What is Sage notebook

  * How to start the Sage notebook

  * How to create accounts and start using the notebook

  * How to create new worksheets

  * The menus available on the notebook

  * About cells in the worksheet

  * Methods to evaluate the cell, create new cells, delete the cells

    and navigate around the cells

  * To make annotations in the worksheet

  * Tab completions

  * And embedding code of other scripting languages in the cells

{{{ Show the "sponsored by FOSSEE" slide }}}

This tutorial was created as a part of FOSSEE project, NME ICT, MHRD India

Hope you have enjoyed and found it useful.

Thankyou

.. Author              : Madhu

   Internal Reviewer 1 :         [potential reviewer: Anoop]

   Internal Reviewer 2 :         [potential reviewer: Puneeth]

   External Reviewer   :