============
Localization
============

This document covers two localization-related topics: `Creating language
files`_ and `locale aware date, time and numbers input/output in forms`_

.. _`Creating language files`: how-to-create-language-files_
.. _`locale aware date, time and numbers input/output in forms`: format-localization_

.. seealso::

    The :doc:`/howto/i18n` document included with the Django HOW-TO documents collection.

.. _how-to-create-language-files:

How to create language files
============================

Once the string literals of an application have been tagged for later
translation, the translation themselves need to be written (or obtained). Here's
how that works.

.. _locale-restrictions:

.. admonition:: Locale restrictions

    Django does not support localizing your application into a locale for which
    Django itself has not been translated. In this case, it will ignore your
    translation files. If you were to try this and Django supported it, you
    would inevitably see a mixture of translated strings (from your application)
    and English strings (from Django itself). If you want to support a locale
    for your application that is not already part of Django, you'll need to make
    at least a minimal translation of the Django core.

    A good starting point is to copy the Django English ``.po`` file and to
    translate at least some :term:`translation strings <translation string>`.

Message files
-------------

The first step is to create a :term:`message file` for a new language. A message
file is a plain-text file, representing a single language, that contains all
available translation strings and how they should be represented in the given
language. Message files have a ``.po`` file extension.

Django comes with a tool, ``django-admin.py makemessages``, that automates the
creation and upkeep of these files.

.. admonition:: A note to Django veterans

    The old tool ``bin/make-messages.py`` has been moved to the command
    ``django-admin.py makemessages`` to provide consistency throughout Django.

.. admonition:: Gettext utilities

    The ``makemessages`` command (and ``compilemessages`` discussed later) use
    commands from the GNU gettext toolset: ``xgettext``, ``msgfmt``,
    ``msgmerge`` and ``msguniq``.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.2

    The minimum version of the ``gettext`` utilities supported is 0.15.

To create or update a message file, run this command::

    django-admin.py makemessages -l de

...where ``de`` is the language code for the message file you want to create.
The language code, in this case, is in :term:`locale format<locale name>`. For
example, it's ``pt_BR`` for Brazilian Portuguese and ``de_AT`` for Austrian
German.

The script should be run from one of two places:

    * The root directory of your Django project.
    * The root directory of your Django app.

The script runs over your project source tree or your application source tree
and pulls out all strings marked for translation. It creates (or updates) a
message file in the directory ``locale/LANG/LC_MESSAGES``. In the ``de``
example, the file will be ``locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/django.po``.

By default ``django-admin.py makemessages`` examines every file that has the
``.html`` file extension. In case you want to override that default, use the
``--extension`` or ``-e`` option to specify the file extensions to examine::

    django-admin.py makemessages -l de -e txt

Separate multiple extensions with commas and/or use ``-e`` or ``--extension``
multiple times::

    django-admin.py makemessages -l de -e html,txt -e xml

When :ref:`creating message files from JavaScript source code
<creating-message-files-from-js-code>` you need to use the special 'djangojs'
domain, **not** ``-e js``.

.. admonition:: No gettext?

    If you don't have the ``gettext`` utilities installed, ``django-admin.py
    makemessages`` will create empty files. If that's the case, either install
    the ``gettext`` utilities or just copy the English message file
    (``locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po``) if available and use it as a starting
    point; it's just an empty translation file.

.. admonition:: Working on Windows?

   If you're using Windows and need to install the GNU gettext utilities so
   ``django-admin makemessages`` works see :ref:`gettext_on_windows` for more
   information.

The format of ``.po`` files is straightforward. Each ``.po`` file contains a
small bit of metadata, such as the translation maintainer's contact
information, but the bulk of the file is a list of **messages** -- simple
mappings between translation strings and the actual translated text for the
particular language.

For example, if your Django app contained a translation string for the text
``"Welcome to my site."``, like so::

    _("Welcome to my site.")

...then ``django-admin.py makemessages`` will have created a ``.po`` file
containing the following snippet -- a message::

    #: path/to/python/module.py:23
    msgid "Welcome to my site."
    msgstr ""

A quick explanation:

    * ``msgid`` is the translation string, which appears in the source. Don't
      change it.
    * ``msgstr`` is where you put the language-specific translation. It starts
      out empty, so it's your responsibility to change it. Make sure you keep
      the quotes around your translation.
    * As a convenience, each message includes, in the form of a comment line
      prefixed with ``#`` and located above the ``msgid`` line, the filename and
      line number from which the translation string was gleaned.

Long messages are a special case. There, the first string directly after the
``msgstr`` (or ``msgid``) is an empty string. Then the content itself will be
written over the next few lines as one string per line. Those strings are
directly concatenated. Don't forget trailing spaces within the strings;
otherwise, they'll be tacked together without whitespace!

.. admonition:: Mind your charset

    When creating a PO file with your favorite text editor, first edit
    the charset line (search for ``"CHARSET"``) and set it to the charset
    you'll be using to edit the content. Due to the way the ``gettext`` tools
    work internally and because we want to allow non-ASCII source strings in
    Django's core and your applications, you **must** use UTF-8 as the encoding
    for your PO file. This means that everybody will be using the same
    encoding, which is important when Django processes the PO files.

To reexamine all source code and templates for new translation strings and
update all message files for **all** languages, run this::

    django-admin.py makemessages -a

Compiling message files
-----------------------

After you create your message file -- and each time you make changes to it --
you'll need to compile it into a more efficient form, for use by ``gettext``.
Do this with the ``django-admin.py compilemessages`` utility.

This tool runs over all available ``.po`` files and creates ``.mo`` files, which
are binary files optimized for use by ``gettext``. In the same directory from
which you ran ``django-admin.py makemessages``, run ``django-admin.py
compilemessages`` like this::

   django-admin.py compilemessages

That's it. Your translations are ready for use.

.. admonition:: A note to Django veterans

    The old tool ``bin/compile-messages.py`` has been moved to the command
    ``django-admin.py compilemessages`` to provide consistency throughout
    Django.

.. admonition:: Working on Windows?

   If you're using Windows and need to install the GNU gettext utilities so
   ``django-admin compilemessages`` works see :ref:`gettext_on_windows` for more
   information.

.. admonition:: .po files: Encoding and BOM usage.

   Django only supports ``.po`` files encoded in UTF-8 and without any BOM
   (Byte Order Mark) so if your text editor adds such marks to the beginning of
   files by default then you will need to reconfigure it.

.. _creating-message-files-from-js-code:

Creating message files from JavaScript source code
==================================================

You create and update the message files the same way as the other Django message
files -- with the ``django-admin.py makemessages`` tool. The only difference is
you need to provide a ``-d djangojs`` parameter, like this::

    django-admin.py makemessages -d djangojs -l de

This would create or update the message file for JavaScript for German.
After updating message files, just run ``django-admin.py compilemessages``
the same way as you do with normal Django message files.

.. _gettext_on_windows:

``gettext`` on Windows
======================

This is only needed for people who either want to extract message IDs or compile
message files (``.po``). Translation work itself just involves editing existing
files of this type, but if you want to create your own message files, or want to
test or compile a changed message file, you will need the ``gettext`` utilities:

    * Download the following zip files from the GNOME servers
      http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/binaries/win32/dependencies/ or from one
      of its mirrors_

      * ``gettext-runtime-X.zip``
      * ``gettext-tools-X.zip``

      ``X`` is the version number, we are requiring ``0.15`` or higher.

    * Extract the contents of the ``bin\`` directories in both files to the
      same folder on your system (i.e. ``C:\Program Files\gettext-utils``)

    * Update the system PATH:

      * ``Control Panel > System > Advanced > Environment Variables``.
      * In the ``System variables`` list, click ``Path``, click ``Edit``.
      * Add ``;C:\Program Files\gettext-utils\bin`` at the end of the
        ``Variable value`` field.

.. _mirrors: http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/MIRRORS

You may also use ``gettext`` binaries you have obtained elsewhere, so long as
the ``xgettext --version`` command works properly. Do not attempt to use Django
translation utilities with a ``gettext`` package if the command ``xgettext
--version`` entered at a Windows command prompt causes a popup window saying
"xgettext.exe has generated errors and will be closed by Windows".

.. _format-localization:

Format localization
===================

.. versionadded:: 1.2

Django's formatting system is disabled by default. To enable it, it's
necessary to set :setting:`USE_L10N = True <USE_L10N>` in your settings file.

.. note::
    The default :file:`settings.py` file created by
    :djadmin:`django-admin.py startproject <startproject>` includes
    :setting:`USE_L10N = True <USE_L10N>` for convenience.

When using Django's formatting system, dates and numbers on templates will be
displayed using the format specified for the current locale. Two users
accessing the same content, but in different language, will see date and
number fields formatted in different ways, depending on the format for their
current locale.

Django will also use localized formats when parsing data in forms. That means
Django uses different formats for different locales when guessing the format
used by the user when inputting data on forms.

.. note::
    Django uses different formats for displaying data to those it uses for
    parsing data. Most notably, the formats for parsing dates can't use the
    ``%a`` (abbreviated weekday name), ``%A`` (full weekday name),
    ``%b`` (abbreviated month name), ``%B`` (full month name),
    or ``%p`` (AM/PM).

To enable a form field to localize input and output data simply use its
``localize`` argument::

    class CashRegisterForm(forms.Form):
       product = forms.CharField()
       revenue = forms.DecimalField(max_digits=4, decimal_places=2, localize=True)

Creating custom format files
----------------------------

Django provides format definitions for many locales, but sometimes you might
want to create your own, because a format files doesn't exist for your locale,
or because you want to overwrite some of the values.

To use custom formats, first thing to do, is to specify the path where you'll
place format files. To do that, just set your :setting:`FORMAT_MODULE_PATH`
setting to the path (in the format ``'foo.bar.baz``) where format files
will exists.

Files are not placed directly in this directory, but in a directory named as
the locale, and must be named ``formats.py``.

To customize the English formats, a structure like this would be needed::

    mysite/
        formats/
            __init__.py
            en/
                __init__.py
                formats.py

where :file:`formats.py` contains custom format definitions. For example::

    THOUSAND_SEPARATOR = ' '

to use a space as a thousand separator, instead of the default for English,
a comma.