author | Sverre Rabbelier <srabbelier@gmail.com> |
Wed, 04 Mar 2009 23:11:33 +0000 | |
changeset 1672 | 9b6cc71dd70c |
parent 109 | 620f9b141567 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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WebOb |
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+++++ |
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Other documents: |
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* `Reference <reference.html>`_ |
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* Extracted documentation for the `request |
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<class-webob.Request.html>`_ and `response |
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<class-webob.Response.html>`_. |
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* `Differences between the WebOb API and other framework/libraries |
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<differences.html>`_ |
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* `File-serving example <file-example.html>`_ |
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* `Comment middleware example <comment-example.html>`_ |
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.. contents:: |
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.. comment: |
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>>> from dtopt import ELLIPSIS |
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Status & License |
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================ |
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WebOb is an extraction and refinement of pieces from `Paste |
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<http://pythonpaste.org/>`_. It is under active development. |
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Discussion should happen on the `Paste mailing lists |
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<http://pythonpaste.org/community/>`_, and bugs can go on the `Paste |
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trac instance <http://trac.pythonpaste.org/>`_. |
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WebOb is released under an `MIT-style license <license.html>`_. |
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WebOb is in an svn repository at |
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`http://svn.pythonpaste.org/Paste/WebOb/trunk |
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<http://svn.pythonpaste.org/Paste/WebOb/trunk#egg=WebOb-dev>`_. You |
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can check it out with:: |
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$ svn co http://svn.pythonpaste.org/Paste/WebOb/trunk WebOb |
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Introduction |
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============ |
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WebOb provides objects for HTTP requests and responses. Specifically |
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it does this by wrapping the `WSGI <http://wsgi.org>`_ request |
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environment and response status/headers/app_iter(body). |
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The request and response objects provide many conveniences for parsing |
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HTTP request and forming HTTP responses. Both objects are read/write: |
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as a result, WebOb is also a nice way to create HTTP requests and |
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parse HTTP responses; however, we won't cover that use case in this |
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document. The `reference documentation <reference.html>`_ shows many |
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examples of creating requests. |
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Request |
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======= |
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The request object is a wrapper around the `WSGI environ dictionary |
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<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/#environ-variables>`_. This |
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dictionary contains keys for each header, keys that describe the |
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request (including the path and query string), a file-like object for |
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the request body, and a variety of custom keys. You can always access |
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the environ with ``req.environ``. |
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Some of the most important/interesting attributes of a request |
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object: |
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``req.method``: |
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The request method, e.g., ``'GET'``, ``'POST'`` |
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``req.GET``: |
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A `dictionary-like object`_ with all the variables in the query |
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string. |
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``req.POST``: |
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A `dictionary-like object`_ with all the variables in the request |
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body. This only has variables if the request was a ``POST`` and |
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it is a form submission. |
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``req.params``: |
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A `dictionary-like object`_ with a combination of everything in |
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``req.GET`` and ``req.POST``. |
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``req.body``: |
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The contents of the body of the request. This contains the entire |
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request body as a string. This is useful when the request is a |
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``POST`` that is *not* a form submission, or a request like a |
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``PUT``. You can also get ``req.body_file`` for a file-like |
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object. |
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``req.cookies``: |
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A simple dictionary of all the cookies. |
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``req.headers``: |
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A dictionary of all the headers. This is dictionary is case-insensitive. |
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.. _`dictionary-like object`: #multidict |
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Also, for standard HTTP request headers there are usually attributes, |
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for instance: ``req.accept_language``, ``req.content_length``, |
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``req.user_agent``, as an example. These properties expose the |
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*parsed* form of each header, for whatever parsing makes sense. For |
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instance, ``req.if_modified_since`` returns a `datetime |
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<http://python.org/doc/current/lib/datetime-datetime.html>`_ object |
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(or None if the header is was not provided). Details are in the |
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`Request reference <class-webob.Request.html>`_. |
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URLs |
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---- |
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113 |
|
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114 |
In addition to these attributes, there are several ways to get the URL |
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115 |
of the request. I'll show various values for an example URL |
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116 |
``http://localhost/app-root/doc?article_id=10``, where the application |
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117 |
is mounted at ``http://localhost/app-root``. |
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118 |
|
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119 |
``req.url``: |
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The full request URL, with query string, e.g., |
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121 |
``'http://localhost/app-root/doc?article_id=10'`` |
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122 |
|
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123 |
``req.application_url``: |
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124 |
The URL of the application (just the SCRIPT_NAME portion of the |
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125 |
path, not PATH_INFO). E.g., ``'http://localhost/app-root'`` |
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126 |
|
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127 |
``req.host_url``: |
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128 |
The URL with the host, e.g., ``'http://localhost'`` |
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129 |
|
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130 |
``req.relative_url(url, to_application=False)``: |
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131 |
Gives a URL, relative to the current URL. If ``to_application`` |
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132 |
is True, then resolves it relative to ``req.application_url``. |
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133 |
|
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134 |
Methods |
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135 |
------- |
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136 |
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There are `several methods <class-webob.Request.html#__init__>`_ but |
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138 |
only a few you'll use often: |
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139 |
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``Request.blank(base_url)``: |
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141 |
Creates a new request with blank information, based at the given |
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142 |
URL. This can be useful for subrequests and artificial requests. |
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143 |
You can also use ``req.copy()`` to copy an existing request, or |
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144 |
for subrequests ``req.copy_get()`` which copies the request but |
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145 |
always turns it into a GET (which is safer to shrae for |
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146 |
subrequests). |
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147 |
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148 |
``req.get_response(wsgi_application)``: |
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149 |
This method calls the given WSGI application with this request, |
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and returns a `Response`_ object. You can also use this for |
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151 |
subrequests or testing. |
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152 |
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153 |
Unicode |
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154 |
------- |
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155 |
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156 |
Many of the properties in the request object will return unicode |
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157 |
values if the request encoding/charset is provided. The client *can* |
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158 |
indicate the charset with something like ``Content-Type: |
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159 |
application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf8``, but browsers seldom |
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160 |
set this. You can set the charset with ``req.charset = 'utf8'``, or |
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161 |
during instantiation with ``Request(environ, charset='utf8'). If you |
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162 |
subclass ``Request`` you can also set ``charset`` as a class-level |
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163 |
attribute. |
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164 |
|
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165 |
If it is set, then ``req.POST``, ``req.GET``, ``req.params``, and |
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166 |
``req.cookies`` will contain unicode strings. Each has a |
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167 |
corresponding ``req.str_*`` (like ``req.str_POST``) that is always |
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168 |
``str`` and never unicode. |
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169 |
|
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170 |
Response |
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171 |
======== |
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172 |
|
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173 |
The response object looks a lot like the request object, though with |
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174 |
some differences. The request object wraps a single ``environ`` |
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175 |
object; the response object has three fundamental parts (based on |
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176 |
WSGI): |
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177 |
|
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178 |
``response.status``: |
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179 |
The response code plus message, like ``'200 OK'``. To set the |
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180 |
code without the reason, use ``response.status_int = 200``. |
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181 |
|
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182 |
``response.headerlist``: |
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183 |
A list of all the headers, like ``[('Content-Type', |
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184 |
'text/html')]``. There's a case-insensitive `dictionary-like |
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185 |
object`_ in ``response.headers`` that also allows you to access |
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186 |
these same headers. |
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187 |
|
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188 |
``response.app_iter``: |
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189 |
An iterable (such as a list or generator) that will produce the |
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190 |
content of the response. This is also accessible as |
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191 |
``response.body`` (a string), ``response.unicode_body`` (a |
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192 |
unicode object, informed by ``response.charset``), and |
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193 |
``response.body_file`` (a file-like object; writing to it appends |
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194 |
to ``app_iter``). |
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195 |
|
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196 |
Everything else in the object derives from this underlying state. |
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197 |
Here's the highlights: |
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198 |
|
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199 |
``response.content_type``: |
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200 |
The content type *not* including the ``charset`` parameter. |
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201 |
Typical use: ``response.content_type = 'text/html'``. You can |
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202 |
subclass ``Response`` and add a class-level attribute |
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203 |
``default_content_type`` to set this automatically on |
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204 |
instantiation. |
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205 |
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206 |
``response.charset``: |
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207 |
The ``charset`` parameter of the content-type, it also informs |
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208 |
encoding in ``response.unicode_body``. |
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209 |
``response.content_type_params`` is a dictionary of all the |
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210 |
parameters. |
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211 |
|
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212 |
``response.request``: |
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213 |
This optional attribute can point to the request object associated |
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214 |
with this response object. |
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215 |
|
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216 |
``response.set_cookie(key, value, max_age=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=None, httponly=False, version=None, comment=None)``: |
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217 |
Set a cookie. The keyword arguments control the various cookie |
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218 |
parameters. |
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219 |
|
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220 |
``response.delete_cookie(key, path='/', domain=None)``: |
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221 |
Delete a cookie from the client. This sets ``max_age`` to 0 and |
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222 |
the cookie value to ``''``. |
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223 |
|
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``response.cache_expires(seconds=0)``: |
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This makes this response cachable for the given number of seconds, |
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or if ``seconds`` is 0 then the response is uncacheable (this also |
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sets the ``Expires`` header). |
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``response(environ, start_response)``: The response object is a WSGI |
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application. As an application, it acts according to how you |
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creat it. It *can* do conditional responses if you pass |
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``conditional_response=True`` when instantiating (or set that |
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attribute later). It can also do HEAD and Range requests. |
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Headers |
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------- |
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Like the request, most HTTP response headers are available as |
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properties. These are parsed, so you can do things like |
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``response.last_modified = os.path.getmtime(filename)``. |
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The details are available in the `extracted Response documentation |
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<class-webob.Response.html>`_. |
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Instantiating the Response |
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-------------------------- |
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247 |
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Of course most of the time you just want to *make* a response. |
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Generally any attribute of the response can be passed in as a keyword |
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argument to the class; e.g.: |
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251 |
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.. code-block:: |
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253 |
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response = Response(body='hello world!', content_type='text/plain') |
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The status defaults to ``'200 OK'``. The content_type does not |
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default to anything, though if you subclass ``Response`` and set |
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``default_content_type`` you can override this behavior. |
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259 |
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Exceptions |
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========== |
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262 |
|
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To facilitate error responses like 404 Not Found, the module |
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``webob.exc`` contains classes for each kind of error response. These |
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include boring but appropriate error bodies. |
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266 |
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Each class is named ``webob.exc.HTTP*``, where ``*`` is the reason for |
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the error. For instance, ``webob.exc.HTTPNotFound``. It subclasses |
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``Response``, so you can manipulate the instances in the same way. A |
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typical example is: |
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271 |
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.. code-block:: |
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273 |
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response = HTTPNotFound('There is no such resource') |
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# or: |
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response = HTTPMovedPermanently(location=new_url) |
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277 |
|
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These are not exceptions unless you are using Python 2.5+, because |
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they are new-style classes which are not allowed as exceptions until |
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Python 2.5. To get an exception object use ``response.exception``. |
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281 |
You can use this like: |
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282 |
|
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283 |
.. code-block:: |
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284 |
|
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285 |
try: |
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... stuff ... |
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287 |
raise HTTPNotFound('No such resource').exception |
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except HTTPException, e: |
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289 |
return e(environ, start_response) |
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290 |
|
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291 |
The exceptions are still WSGI applications, but you cannot set |
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292 |
attributes like ``content_type``, ``charset``, etc. on these exception |
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293 |
objects. |
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294 |
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295 |
Multidict |
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========= |
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297 |
|
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Several parts of WebOb use a "multidict"; this is a dictionary where a |
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key can have multiple values. The quintessential example is a query |
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string like ``?pref=red&pref=blue``; the ``pref`` variable has two |
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values: ``red`` and ``blue``. |
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302 |
|
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In a multidict, when you do ``request.GET['pref']`` you'll get back |
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only ``'blue'`` (the last value of ``pref``). Sometimes returning a |
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string, and sometimes returning a list, is the cause of frequent |
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306 |
exceptions. If you want *all* the values back, use |
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307 |
``request.GET.getall('pref')``. If you want to be sure there is *one |
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and only one* value, use ``request.GET.getone('pref')``, which will |
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raise an exception if there is zero or more than one value for |
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``pref``. |
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311 |
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When you use operations like ``request.GET.items()`` you'll get back |
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313 |
something like ``[('pref', 'red'), ('pref', 'blue')]``. All the |
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key/value pairs will show up. Similarly ``request.GET.keys()`` |
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returns ``['pref', 'pref']``. Multidict is a view on a list of |
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tuples; all the keys are ordered, and all the values are ordered. |
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Example |
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319 |
======= |
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320 |
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321 |
I haven't figured out the example I want to use here. The |
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`file-serving example`_ shows how to do more advanced HTTP techniques, |
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323 |
while the `comment middleware example`_ shows middleware. For |
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applications it's more reasonable to use WebOb in the context of a |
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325 |
larger framework. `Pylons <http://pylonshq.com>`_ uses WebOb |
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326 |
optionally in 0.9.7+. |
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327 |
|
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328 |