author | Lennard de Rijk <ljvderijk@gmail.com> |
Mon, 13 Jul 2009 00:53:42 +0200 | |
changeset 2616 | 9321e100a7fb |
parent 109 | 620f9b141567 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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Writing your first Django app, part 2 |
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This tutorial begins where `Tutorial 1`_ left off. We're continuing the Web-poll |
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application and will focus on Django's automatically-generated admin site. |
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.. _Tutorial 1: ../tutorial1/ |
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.. admonition:: Philosophy |
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Generating admin sites for your staff or clients to add, change and delete |
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content is tedious work that doesn't require much creativity. For that reason, |
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Django entirely automates creation of admin interfaces for models. |
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Django was written in a newsroom environment, with a very clear separation |
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between "content publishers" and the "public" site. Site managers use the |
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system to add news stories, events, sports scores, etc., and that content is |
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displayed on the public site. Django solves the problem of creating a unified |
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interface for site administrators to edit content. |
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The admin isn't necessarily intended to be used by site visitors; it's for site |
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managers. |
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Activate the admin site |
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======================= |
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The Django admin site is not activated by default -- it's an opt-in thing. To |
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activate the admin site for your installation, do these three things: |
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* Add ``"django.contrib.admin"`` to your ``INSTALLED_APPS`` setting. |
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* Run ``python manage.py syncdb``. Since you have added a new application |
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to ``INSTALLED_APPS``, the database tables need to be updated. |
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* Edit your ``mysite/urls.py`` file and uncomment the line below |
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"Uncomment this for admin:". This file is a URLconf; we'll dig into |
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URLconfs in the next tutorial. For now, all you need to know is that it |
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maps URL roots to applications. |
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Start the development server |
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============================ |
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Let's start the development server and explore the admin site. |
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Recall from Tutorial 1 that you start the development server like so:: |
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python manage.py runserver |
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Now, open a Web browser and go to "/admin/" on your local domain -- e.g., |
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http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/. You should see the admin's login screen: |
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin01.png |
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:alt: Django admin login screen |
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Enter the admin site |
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==================== |
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Now, try logging in. (You created a superuser account in the first part of this |
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tutorial, remember?) You should see the Django admin index page: |
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin02t.png |
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:alt: Django admin index page |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin02.png |
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By default, you should see two types of editable content: groups and users. |
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These are core features Django ships with by default. |
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.. _"I can't log in" questions: ../faq/#the-admin-site |
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Make the poll app modifiable in the admin |
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========================================= |
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But where's our poll app? It's not displayed on the admin index page. |
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Just one thing to do: We need to specify in the ``Poll`` model that ``Poll`` |
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objects have an admin interface. Edit the ``mysite/polls/models.py`` file and |
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make the following change to add an inner ``Admin`` class:: |
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class Poll(models.Model): |
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# ... |
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class Admin: |
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pass |
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The ``class Admin`` will contain all the settings that control how this model |
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appears in the Django admin. All the settings are optional, however, so |
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creating an empty class means "give this object an admin interface using |
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all the default options." |
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Now reload the Django admin page to see your changes. Note that you don't have |
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to restart the development server -- the server will auto-reload your project, |
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so any modifications code will be seen immediately in your browser. |
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Explore the free admin functionality |
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==================================== |
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Now that ``Poll`` has the inner ``Admin`` class, Django knows that it should be |
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displayed on the admin index page: |
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin03t.png |
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:alt: Django admin index page, now with polls displayed |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin03.png |
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Click "Polls." Now you're at the "change list" page for polls. This page |
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displays all the polls in the database and lets you choose one to change it. |
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There's the "What's up?" poll we created in the first tutorial: |
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin04t.png |
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:alt: Polls change list page |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin04.png |
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Click the "What's up?" poll to edit it: |
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111 |
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112 |
.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin05t.png |
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113 |
:alt: Editing form for poll object |
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114 |
:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin05.png |
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115 |
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116 |
Things to note here: |
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117 |
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* The form is automatically generated from the Poll model. |
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* The different model field types (``models.DateTimeField``, ``models.CharField``) |
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120 |
correspond to the appropriate HTML input widget. Each type of field knows |
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how to display itself in the Django admin. |
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* Each ``DateTimeField`` gets free JavaScript shortcuts. Dates get a "Today" |
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shortcut and calendar popup, and times get a "Now" shortcut and a convenient |
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popup that lists commonly entered times. |
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125 |
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The bottom part of the page gives you a couple of options: |
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127 |
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* Save -- Saves changes and returns to the change-list page for this type of |
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129 |
object. |
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* Save and continue editing -- Saves changes and reloads the admin page for |
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131 |
this object. |
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* Save and add another -- Saves changes and loads a new, blank form for this |
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type of object. |
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* Delete -- Displays a delete confirmation page. |
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135 |
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Change the "Date published" by clicking the "Today" and "Now" shortcuts. Then |
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click "Save and continue editing." Then click "History" in the upper right. |
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You'll see a page listing all changes made to this object via the Django admin, |
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with the timestamp and username of the person who made the change: |
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140 |
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141 |
.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin06t.png |
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:alt: History page for poll object |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin06.png |
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144 |
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145 |
Customize the admin form |
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146 |
======================== |
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147 |
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Take a few minutes to marvel at all the code you didn't have to write. |
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149 |
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Let's customize this a bit. We can reorder the fields by explicitly adding a |
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``fields`` parameter to ``Admin``:: |
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152 |
|
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153 |
class Admin: |
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fields = ( |
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(None, {'fields': ('pub_date', 'question')}), |
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156 |
) |
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157 |
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158 |
That made the "Publication date" show up first instead of second: |
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159 |
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160 |
.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin07.png |
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161 |
:alt: Fields have been reordered |
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162 |
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163 |
This isn't impressive with only two fields, but for admin forms with dozens |
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164 |
of fields, choosing an intuitive order is an important usability detail. |
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165 |
|
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166 |
And speaking of forms with dozens of fields, you might want to split the form |
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167 |
up into fieldsets:: |
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168 |
|
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169 |
class Admin: |
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170 |
fields = ( |
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171 |
(None, {'fields': ('question',)}), |
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('Date information', {'fields': ('pub_date',)}), |
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173 |
) |
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174 |
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175 |
The first element of each tuple in ``fields`` is the title of the fieldset. |
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176 |
Here's what our form looks like now: |
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177 |
|
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178 |
.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin08t.png |
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179 |
:alt: Form has fieldsets now |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin08.png |
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181 |
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182 |
You can assign arbitrary HTML classes to each fieldset. Django provides a |
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183 |
``"collapse"`` class that displays a particular fieldset initially collapsed. |
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184 |
This is useful when you have a long form that contains a number of fields that |
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185 |
aren't commonly used:: |
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186 |
|
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187 |
class Admin: |
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188 |
fields = ( |
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189 |
(None, {'fields': ('question',)}), |
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190 |
('Date information', {'fields': ('pub_date',), 'classes': 'collapse'}), |
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191 |
) |
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192 |
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193 |
.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin09.png |
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194 |
:alt: Fieldset is initially collapsed |
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195 |
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196 |
Adding related objects |
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197 |
====================== |
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198 |
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199 |
OK, we have our Poll admin page. But a ``Poll`` has multiple ``Choices``, and |
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200 |
the admin page doesn't display choices. |
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201 |
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202 |
Yet. |
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203 |
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204 |
There are two ways to solve this problem. The first is to give the ``Choice`` |
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205 |
model its own inner ``Admin`` class, just as we did with ``Poll``. Here's what |
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206 |
that would look like:: |
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207 |
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208 |
class Choice(models.Model): |
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209 |
# ... |
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210 |
class Admin: |
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211 |
pass |
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212 |
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213 |
Now "Choices" is an available option in the Django admin. The "Add choice" form |
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214 |
looks like this: |
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215 |
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216 |
.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin10.png |
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217 |
:alt: Choice admin page |
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218 |
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219 |
In that form, the "Poll" field is a select box containing every poll in the |
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220 |
database. Django knows that a ``ForeignKey`` should be represented in the admin |
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221 |
as a ``<select>`` box. In our case, only one poll exists at this point. |
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222 |
|
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Also note the "Add Another" link next to "Poll." Every object with a ForeignKey |
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relationship to another gets this for free. When you click "Add Another," you'll |
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get a popup window with the "Add poll" form. If you add a poll in that window |
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and click "Save," Django will save the poll to the database and dynamically add |
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it as the selected choice on the "Add choice" form you're looking at. |
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|
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But, really, this is an inefficient way of adding Choice objects to the system. |
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It'd be better if you could add a bunch of Choices directly when you create the |
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Poll object. Let's make that happen. |
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Remove the ``Admin`` for the Choice model. Then, edit the ``ForeignKey(Poll)`` |
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field like so:: |
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|
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poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, edit_inline=models.STACKED, num_in_admin=3) |
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|
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This tells Django: "Choice objects are edited on the Poll admin page. By |
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default, provide enough fields for 3 Choices." |
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|
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Then change the other fields in ``Choice`` to give them ``core=True``:: |
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|
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choice = models.CharField(maxlength=200, core=True) |
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votes = models.IntegerField(core=True) |
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|
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This tells Django: "When you edit a Choice on the Poll admin page, the 'choice' |
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and 'votes' fields are required. The presence of at least one of them signifies |
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the addition of a new Choice object, and clearing both of them signifies the |
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deletion of that existing Choice object." |
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|
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Load the "Add poll" page to see how that looks: |
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|
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin11t.png |
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:alt: Add poll page now has choices on it |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin11.png |
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|
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It works like this: There are three slots for related Choices -- as specified |
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by ``num_in_admin`` -- but each time you come back to the "Change" page for an |
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already-created object, you get one extra slot. (This means there's no |
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hard-coded limit on how many related objects can be added.) If you wanted space |
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for three extra Choices each time you changed the poll, you'd use |
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``num_extra_on_change=3``. |
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|
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One small problem, though. It takes a lot of screen space to display all the |
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fields for entering related Choice objects. For that reason, Django offers an |
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alternate way of displaying inline related objects:: |
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267 |
|
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poll = models.ForeignKey(Poll, edit_inline=models.TABULAR, num_in_admin=3) |
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269 |
|
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With that ``edit_inline=models.TABULAR`` (instead of ``models.STACKED``), the |
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related objects are displayed in a more compact, table-based format: |
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272 |
|
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin12.png |
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:alt: Add poll page now has more compact choices |
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|
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Customize the admin change list |
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=============================== |
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|
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Now that the Poll admin page is looking good, let's make some tweaks to the |
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"change list" page -- the one that displays all the polls in the system. |
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281 |
|
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Here's what it looks like at this point: |
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283 |
|
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin04t.png |
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:alt: Polls change list page |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin04.png |
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287 |
|
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By default, Django displays the ``str()`` of each object. But sometimes it'd |
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289 |
be more helpful if we could display individual fields. To do that, use the |
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``list_display`` option, which is a tuple of field names to display, as columns, |
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on the change list page for the object:: |
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292 |
|
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class Poll(models.Model): |
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# ... |
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class Admin: |
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# ... |
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list_display = ('question', 'pub_date') |
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298 |
|
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Just for good measure, let's also include the ``was_published_today`` custom |
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method from Tutorial 1:: |
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301 |
|
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list_display = ('question', 'pub_date', 'was_published_today') |
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303 |
|
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Now the poll change list page looks like this: |
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305 |
|
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin13t.png |
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:alt: Polls change list page, updated |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin13.png |
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309 |
|
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You can click on the column headers to sort by those values -- except in the |
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case of the ``was_published_today`` header, because sorting by the output of |
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an arbitrary method is not supported. Also note that the column header for |
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``was_published_today`` is, by default, the name of the method (with |
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underscores replaced with spaces). But you can change that by giving that |
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method a ``short_description`` attribute:: |
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316 |
|
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def was_published_today(self): |
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return self.pub_date.date() == datetime.date.today() |
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was_published_today.short_description = 'Published today?' |
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|
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321 |
|
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322 |
Let's add another improvement to the Poll change list page: Filters. Add the |
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following line to ``Poll.admin``:: |
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324 |
|
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list_filter = ['pub_date'] |
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326 |
|
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That adds a "Filter" sidebar that lets people filter the change list by the |
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``pub_date`` field: |
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329 |
|
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.. image:: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin14t.png |
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:alt: Polls change list page, updated |
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:target: http://media.djangoproject.com/img/doc/tutorial/admin14.png |
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333 |
|
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334 |
The type of filter displayed depends on the type of field you're filtering on. |
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335 |
Because ``pub_date`` is a DateTimeField, Django knows to give the default |
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336 |
filter options for DateTimeFields: "Any date," "Today," "Past 7 days," |
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337 |
"This month," "This year." |
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338 |
|
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339 |
This is shaping up well. Let's add some search capability:: |
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340 |
|
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341 |
search_fields = ['question'] |
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342 |
|
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343 |
That adds a search box at the top of the change list. When somebody enters |
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344 |
search terms, Django will search the ``question`` field. You can use as many |
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345 |
fields as you'd like -- although because it uses a ``LIKE`` query behind the |
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346 |
scenes, keep it reasonable, to keep your database happy. |
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347 |
|
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348 |
Finally, because Poll objects have dates, it'd be convenient to be able to |
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349 |
drill down by date. Add this line:: |
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350 |
|
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351 |
date_hierarchy = 'pub_date' |
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352 |
|
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353 |
That adds hierarchical navigation, by date, to the top of the change list page. |
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354 |
At top level, it displays all available years. Then it drills down to months |
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355 |
and, ultimately, days. |
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356 |
|
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357 |
Now's also a good time to note that change lists give you free pagination. The |
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default is to display 50 items per page. Change-list pagination, search boxes, |
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359 |
filters, date-hierarchies and column-header-ordering all work together like you |
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360 |
think they should. |
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361 |
|
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362 |
Customize the admin look and feel |
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363 |
================================= |
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364 |
|
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365 |
Clearly, having "Django administration" and "example.com" at the top of each |
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366 |
admin page is ridiculous. It's just placeholder text. |
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367 |
|
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368 |
That's easy to change, though, using Django's template system. The Django admin |
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369 |
is powered by Django itself, and its interfaces use Django's own template |
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370 |
system. (How meta!) |
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371 |
|
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372 |
Open your settings file (``mysite/settings.py``, remember) and look at the |
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373 |
``TEMPLATE_DIRS`` setting. ``TEMPLATE_DIRS`` is a tuple of filesystem |
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374 |
directories to check when loading Django templates. It's a search path. |
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|
375 |
|
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376 |
By default, ``TEMPLATE_DIRS`` is empty. So, let's add a line to it, to tell |
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377 |
Django where our templates live:: |
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|
378 |
|
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379 |
TEMPLATE_DIRS = ( |
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380 |
"/home/my_username/mytemplates", # Change this to your own directory. |
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381 |
) |
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382 |
|
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383 |
Now copy the template ``admin/base_site.html`` from within the default Django |
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|
384 |
admin template directory (``django/contrib/admin/templates``) into an ``admin`` |
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385 |
subdirectory of whichever directory you're using in ``TEMPLATE_DIRS``. For |
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386 |
example, if your ``TEMPLATE_DIRS`` includes ``"/home/my_username/mytemplates"``, |
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387 |
as above, then copy ``django/contrib/admin/templates/admin/base_site.html`` to |
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388 |
``/home/my_username/mytemplates/admin/base_site.html``. Don't forget that |
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389 |
``admin`` subdirectory. |
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390 |
|
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391 |
Then, just edit the file and replace the generic Django text with your own |
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392 |
site's name and URL as you see fit. |
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|
393 |
|
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|
394 |
Note that any of Django's default admin templates can be overridden. To |
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|
395 |
override a template, just do the same thing you did with ``base_site.html`` -- |
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396 |
copy it from the default directory into your custom directory, and make |
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397 |
changes. |
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398 |
|
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399 |
Astute readers will ask: But if ``TEMPLATE_DIRS`` was empty by default, how was |
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400 |
Django finding the default admin templates? The answer is that, by default, |
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|
401 |
Django automatically looks for a ``templates/`` subdirectory within each app |
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|
402 |
package, for use as a fallback. See the `loader types documentation`_ for full |
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|
403 |
information. |
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|
404 |
|
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405 |
.. _loader types documentation: ../templates_python/#loader-types |
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|
406 |
|
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|
407 |
Customize the admin index page |
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|
408 |
============================== |
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|
409 |
|
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|
410 |
On a similar note, you might want to customize the look and feel of the Django |
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parents:
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|
411 |
admin index page. |
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|
412 |
|
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|
413 |
By default, it displays all available apps, according to your ``INSTALLED_APPS`` |
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|
414 |
setting. But the order in which it displays things is random, and you may want |
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|
415 |
to make significant changes to the layout. After all, the index is probably the |
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|
416 |
most important page of the admin, and it should be easy to use. |
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|
417 |
|
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|
418 |
The template to customize is ``admin/index.html``. (Do the same as with |
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|
419 |
``admin/base_site.html`` in the previous section -- copy it from the default |
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|
420 |
directory to your custom template directory.) Edit the file, and you'll see it |
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421 |
uses a template tag called ``{% get_admin_app_list as app_list %}``. That's the |
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|
422 |
magic that retrieves every installed Django app. Instead of using that, you can |
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|
423 |
hard-code links to object-specific admin pages in whatever way you think is |
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|
424 |
best. |
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|
425 |
|
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|
426 |
Django offers another shortcut in this department. Run the command |
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|
427 |
``python manage.py adminindex polls`` to get a chunk of template code for |
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|
428 |
inclusion in the admin index template. It's a useful starting point. |
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|
429 |
|
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|
430 |
For full details on customizing the look and feel of the Django admin site in |
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|
431 |
general, see the `Django admin CSS guide`_. |
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|
432 |
|
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|
433 |
When you're comfortable with the admin site, read `part 3 of this tutorial`_ to |
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parents:
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|
434 |
start working on public poll views. |
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parents:
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|
435 |
|
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|
436 |
.. _Django admin CSS guide: ../admin_css/ |
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437 |
.. _part 3 of this tutorial: ../tutorial3/ |