author | Lennard de Rijk <ljvderijk@gmail.com> |
Mon, 13 Jul 2009 00:53:42 +0200 | |
changeset 2616 | 9321e100a7fb |
parent 109 | 620f9b141567 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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The "sites" framework |
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===================== |
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Django comes with an optional "sites" framework. It's a hook for associating |
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objects and functionality to particular Web sites, and it's a holding place for |
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the domain names and "verbose" names of your Django-powered sites. |
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Use it if your single Django installation powers more than one site and you |
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need to differentiate between those sites in some way. |
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The whole sites framework is based on two simple concepts: |
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* The ``Site`` model, found in ``django.contrib.sites``, has ``domain`` and |
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``name`` fields. |
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* The ``SITE_ID`` setting specifies the database ID of the ``Site`` object |
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associated with that particular settings file. |
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How you use this is up to you, but Django uses it in a couple of ways |
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automatically via simple conventions. |
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Example usage |
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============= |
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Why would you use sites? It's best explained through examples. |
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Associating content with multiple sites |
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--------------------------------------- |
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The Django-powered sites LJWorld.com_ and Lawrence.com_ are operated by the |
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same news organization -- the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper in Lawrence, |
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Kansas. LJWorld.com focuses on news, while Lawrence.com focuses on local |
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entertainment. But sometimes editors want to publish an article on *both* |
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sites. |
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The brain-dead way of solving the problem would be to require site producers to |
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publish the same story twice: once for LJWorld.com and again for Lawrence.com. |
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But that's inefficient for site producers, and it's redundant to store |
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multiple copies of the same story in the database. |
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The better solution is simple: Both sites use the same article database, and an |
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article is associated with one or more sites. In Django model terminology, |
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that's represented by a ``ManyToManyField`` in the ``Article`` model:: |
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from django.db import models |
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from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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class Article(models.Model): |
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headline = models.CharField(maxlength=200) |
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# ... |
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sites = models.ManyToManyField(Site) |
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This accomplishes several things quite nicely: |
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* It lets the site producers edit all content -- on both sites -- in a |
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single interface (the Django admin). |
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* It means the same story doesn't have to be published twice in the |
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database; it only has a single record in the database. |
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* It lets the site developers use the same Django view code for both sites. |
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The view code that displays a given story just checks to make sure the |
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requested story is on the current site. It looks something like this:: |
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from django.conf import settings |
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def article_detail(request, article_id): |
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try: |
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a = Article.objects.get(id=article_id, sites__id__exact=settings.SITE_ID) |
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except Article.DoesNotExist: |
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raise Http404 |
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# ... |
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.. _ljworld.com: http://www.ljworld.com/ |
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.. _lawrence.com: http://www.lawrence.com/ |
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Associating content with a single site |
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-------------------------------------- |
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Similarly, you can associate a model to the ``Site`` model in a many-to-one |
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relationship, using ``ForeignKey``. |
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For example, if an article is only allowed on a single site, you'd use a model |
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like this:: |
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from django.db import models |
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from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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class Article(models.Model): |
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headline = models.CharField(maxlength=200) |
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# ... |
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site = models.ForeignKey(Site) |
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This has the same benefits as described in the last section. |
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Hooking into the current site from views |
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---------------------------------------- |
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On a lower level, you can use the sites framework in your Django views to do |
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particular things based on what site in which the view is being called. |
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For example:: |
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from django.conf import settings |
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def my_view(request): |
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if settings.SITE_ID == 3: |
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# Do something. |
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else: |
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# Do something else. |
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Of course, it's ugly to hard-code the site IDs like that. This sort of |
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hard-coding is best for hackish fixes that you need done quickly. A slightly |
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cleaner way of accomplishing the same thing is to check the current site's |
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114 |
domain:: |
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115 |
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from django.conf import settings |
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from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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118 |
|
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119 |
def my_view(request): |
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current_site = Site.objects.get(id=settings.SITE_ID) |
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if current_site.domain == 'foo.com': |
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# Do something |
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123 |
else: |
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# Do something else. |
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125 |
|
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126 |
The idiom of retrieving the ``Site`` object for the value of |
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``settings.SITE_ID`` is quite common, so the ``Site`` model's manager has a |
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``get_current()`` method. This example is equivalent to the previous one:: |
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129 |
|
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130 |
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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131 |
|
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132 |
def my_view(request): |
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current_site = Site.objects.get_current() |
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134 |
if current_site.domain == 'foo.com': |
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135 |
# Do something |
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136 |
else: |
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137 |
# Do something else. |
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138 |
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139 |
Getting the current domain for display |
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140 |
-------------------------------------- |
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141 |
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142 |
LJWorld.com and Lawrence.com both have e-mail alert functionality, which lets |
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readers sign up to get notifications when news happens. It's pretty basic: A |
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reader signs up on a Web form, and he immediately gets an e-mail saying, |
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"Thanks for your subscription." |
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146 |
|
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It'd be inefficient and redundant to implement this signup-processing code |
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148 |
twice, so the sites use the same code behind the scenes. But the "thank you for |
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149 |
signing up" notice needs to be different for each site. By using ``Site`` |
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150 |
objects, we can abstract the "thank you" notice to use the values of the |
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151 |
current site's ``name`` and ``domain``. |
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152 |
|
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153 |
Here's an example of what the form-handling view looks like:: |
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154 |
|
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155 |
from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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156 |
from django.core.mail import send_mail |
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157 |
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158 |
def register_for_newsletter(request): |
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159 |
# Check form values, etc., and subscribe the user. |
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160 |
# ... |
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161 |
|
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162 |
current_site = Site.objects.get_current() |
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163 |
send_mail('Thanks for subscribing to %s alerts' % current_site.name, |
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'Thanks for your subscription. We appreciate it.\n\n-The %s team.' % current_site.name, |
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165 |
'editor@%s' % current_site.domain, |
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166 |
[user.email]) |
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167 |
|
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168 |
# ... |
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169 |
|
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170 |
On Lawrence.com, this e-mail has the subject line "Thanks for subscribing to |
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171 |
lawrence.com alerts." On LJWorld.com, the e-mail has the subject "Thanks for |
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172 |
subscribing to LJWorld.com alerts." Same goes for the e-mail's message body. |
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173 |
|
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174 |
Note that an even more flexible (but more heavyweight) way of doing this would |
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be to use Django's template system. Assuming Lawrence.com and LJWorld.com have |
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176 |
different template directories (``TEMPLATE_DIRS``), you could simply farm out |
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177 |
to the template system like so:: |
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178 |
|
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179 |
from django.core.mail import send_mail |
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180 |
from django.template import loader, Context |
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181 |
|
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182 |
def register_for_newsletter(request): |
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183 |
# Check form values, etc., and subscribe the user. |
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184 |
# ... |
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185 |
|
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186 |
subject = loader.get_template('alerts/subject.txt').render(Context({})) |
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187 |
message = loader.get_template('alerts/message.txt').render(Context({})) |
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188 |
send_mail(subject, message, 'editor@ljworld.com', [user.email]) |
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189 |
|
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190 |
# ... |
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191 |
|
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192 |
In this case, you'd have to create ``subject.txt`` and ``message.txt`` template |
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193 |
files for both the LJWorld.com and Lawrence.com template directories. That |
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194 |
gives you more flexibility, but it's also more complex. |
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195 |
|
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196 |
It's a good idea to exploit the ``Site`` objects as much as possible, to remove |
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197 |
unneeded complexity and redundancy. |
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198 |
|
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199 |
Getting the current domain for full URLs |
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200 |
---------------------------------------- |
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201 |
|
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202 |
Django's ``get_absolute_url()`` convention is nice for getting your objects' |
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203 |
URL without the domain name, but in some cases you might want to display the |
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204 |
full URL -- with ``http://`` and the domain and everything -- for an object. |
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205 |
To do this, you can use the sites framework. A simple example:: |
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206 |
|
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207 |
>>> from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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208 |
>>> obj = MyModel.objects.get(id=3) |
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209 |
>>> obj.get_absolute_url() |
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210 |
'/mymodel/objects/3/' |
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211 |
>>> Site.objects.get_current().domain |
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212 |
'example.com' |
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213 |
>>> 'http://%s%s' % (Site.objects.get_current().domain, obj.get_absolute_url()) |
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214 |
'http://example.com/mymodel/objects/3/' |
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215 |
|
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216 |
The ``CurrentSiteManager`` |
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217 |
========================== |
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218 |
|
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219 |
If ``Site``\s play a key role in your application, consider using the helpful |
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220 |
``CurrentSiteManager`` in your model(s). It's a model manager_ that |
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221 |
automatically filters its queries to include only objects associated with the |
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222 |
current ``Site``. |
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223 |
|
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224 |
Use ``CurrentSiteManager`` by adding it to your model explicitly. For example:: |
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from django.db import models |
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from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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from django.contrib.sites.managers import CurrentSiteManager |
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class Photo(models.Model): |
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photo = models.FileField(upload_to='/home/photos') |
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photographer_name = models.CharField(maxlength=100) |
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pub_date = models.DateField() |
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site = models.ForeignKey(Site) |
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objects = models.Manager() |
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on_site = CurrentSiteManager() |
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With this model, ``Photo.objects.all()`` will return all ``Photo`` objects in |
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the database, but ``Photo.on_site.all()`` will return only the ``Photo`` |
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objects associated with the current site, according to the ``SITE_ID`` setting. |
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|
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Put another way, these two statements are equivalent:: |
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Photo.objects.filter(site=settings.SITE_ID) |
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Photo.on_site.all() |
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How did ``CurrentSiteManager`` know which field of ``Photo`` was the ``Site``? |
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It defaults to looking for a field called ``site``. If your model has a |
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``ForeignKey`` or ``ManyToManyField`` called something *other* than ``site``, |
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you need to explicitly pass that as the parameter to ``CurrentSiteManager``. |
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The following model, which has a field called ``publish_on``, demonstrates |
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this:: |
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|
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from django.db import models |
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from django.contrib.sites.models import Site |
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from django.contrib.sites.managers import CurrentSiteManager |
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|
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class Photo(models.Model): |
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photo = models.FileField(upload_to='/home/photos') |
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photographer_name = models.CharField(maxlength=100) |
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pub_date = models.DateField() |
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publish_on = models.ForeignKey(Site) |
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objects = models.Manager() |
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on_site = CurrentSiteManager('publish_on') |
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|
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If you attempt to use ``CurrentSiteManager`` and pass a field name that doesn't |
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exist, Django will raise a ``ValueError``. |
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|
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Finally, note that you'll probably want to keep a normal (non-site-specific) |
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``Manager`` on your model, even if you use ``CurrentSiteManager``. As explained |
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in the `manager documentation`_, if you define a manager manually, then Django |
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won't create the automatic ``objects = models.Manager()`` manager for you. |
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Also, note that certain parts of Django -- namely, the Django admin site and |
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generic views -- use whichever manager is defined *first* in the model, so if |
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you want your admin site to have access to all objects (not just site-specific |
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ones), put ``objects = models.Manager()`` in your model, before you define |
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``CurrentSiteManager``. |
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|
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.. _manager: ../model_api/#managers |
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.. _manager documentation: ../model_api/#managers |
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|
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How Django uses the sites framework |
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=================================== |
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Although it's not required that you use the sites framework, it's strongly |
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encouraged, because Django takes advantage of it in a few places. Even if your |
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Django installation is powering only a single site, you should take the two |
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seconds to create the site object with your ``domain`` and ``name``, and point |
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to its ID in your ``SITE_ID`` setting. |
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|
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Here's how Django uses the sites framework: |
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|
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* In the `redirects framework`_, each redirect object is associated with a |
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particular site. When Django searches for a redirect, it takes into |
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account the current ``SITE_ID``. |
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|
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* In the comments framework, each comment is associated with a particular |
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site. When a comment is posted, its ``site`` is set to the current |
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``SITE_ID``, and when comments are listed via the appropriate template |
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tag, only the comments for the current site are displayed. |
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|
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* In the `flatpages framework`_, each flatpage is associated with a |
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particular site. When a flatpage is created, you specify its ``site``, |
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and the ``FlatpageFallbackMiddleware`` checks the current ``SITE_ID`` in |
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retrieving flatpages to display. |
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|
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* In the `syndication framework`_, the templates for ``title`` and |
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``description`` automatically have access to a variable ``{{{ site }}}``, |
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which is the ``Site`` object representing the current site. Also, the |
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hook for providing item URLs will use the ``domain`` from the current |
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``Site`` object if you don't specify a fully-qualified domain. |
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|
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* In the `authentication framework`_, the ``django.contrib.auth.views.login`` |
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view passes the current ``Site`` name to the template as ``{{{ site_name }}}``. |
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|
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* The shortcut view (``django.views.defaults.shortcut``) uses the domain of |
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the current ``Site`` object when calculating an object's URL. |
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|
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.. _redirects framework: ../redirects/ |
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.. _flatpages framework: ../flatpages/ |
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.. _syndication framework: ../syndication/ |
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.. _authentication framework: ../authentication/ |