author | Lennard de Rijk <ljvderijk@gmail.com> |
Mon, 13 Jul 2009 00:53:42 +0200 | |
changeset 2616 | 9321e100a7fb |
parent 109 | 620f9b141567 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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===================== |
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The sitemap framework |
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===================== |
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**New in Django development version**. |
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Django comes with a high-level sitemap-generating framework that makes |
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creating sitemap_ XML files easy. |
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.. _sitemap: http://www.sitemaps.org/ |
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Overview |
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======== |
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A sitemap is an XML file on your Web site that tells search-engine indexers how |
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frequently your pages change and how "important" certain pages are in relation |
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to other pages on your site. This information helps search engines index your |
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site. |
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The Django sitemap framework automates the creation of this XML file by letting |
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you express this information in Python code. |
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It works much like Django's `syndication framework`_. To create a sitemap, just |
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write a ``Sitemap`` class and point to it in your URLconf_. |
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.. _syndication framework: ../syndication/ |
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.. _URLconf: ../url_dispatch/ |
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Installation |
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============ |
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To install the sitemap app, follow these steps: |
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1. Add ``'django.contrib.sitemaps'`` to your INSTALLED_APPS_ setting. |
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2. Make sure ``'django.template.loaders.app_directories.load_template_source'`` |
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is in your TEMPLATE_LOADERS_ setting. It's in there by default, so |
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you'll only need to change this if you've changed that setting. |
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3. Make sure you've installed the `sites framework`_. |
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(Note: The sitemap application doesn't install any database tables. The only |
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reason it needs to go into ``INSTALLED_APPS`` is so that the |
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``load_template_source`` template loader can find the default templates.) |
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.. _INSTALLED_APPS: ../settings/#installed-apps |
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.. _TEMPLATE_LOADERS: ../settings/#template-loaders |
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.. _sites framework: ../sites/ |
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Initialization |
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============== |
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To activate sitemap generation on your Django site, add this line to your |
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URLconf_: |
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(r'^sitemap.xml$', 'django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap', {'sitemaps': sitemaps}) |
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This tells Django to build a sitemap when a client accesses ``/sitemap.xml``. |
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The name of the sitemap file is not important, but the location is. Search |
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engines will only index links in your sitemap for the current URL level and |
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below. For instance, if ``sitemap.xml`` lives in your root directory, it may |
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reference any URL in your site. However, if your sitemap lives at |
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``/content/sitemap.xml``, it may only reference URLs that begin with |
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``/content/``. |
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The sitemap view takes an extra, required argument: ``{'sitemaps': sitemaps}``. |
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``sitemaps`` should be a dictionary that maps a short section label (e.g., |
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``blog`` or ``news``) to its ``Sitemap`` class (e.g., ``BlogSitemap`` or |
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``NewsSitemap``). It may also map to an *instance* of a ``Sitemap`` class |
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(e.g., ``BlogSitemap(some_var)``). |
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.. _URLconf: ../url_dispatch/ |
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Sitemap classes |
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=============== |
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A ``Sitemap`` class is a simple Python class that represents a "section" of |
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entries in your sitemap. For example, one ``Sitemap`` class could represent all |
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the entries of your weblog, while another could represent all of the events in |
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your events calendar. |
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In the simplest case, all these sections get lumped together into one |
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``sitemap.xml``, but it's also possible to use the framework to generate a |
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sitemap index that references individual sitemap files, one per section. (See |
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`Creating a sitemap index`_ below.) |
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``Sitemap`` classes must subclass ``django.contrib.sitemaps.Sitemap``. They can |
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live anywhere in your codebase. |
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A simple example |
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================ |
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Let's assume you have a blog system, with an ``Entry`` model, and you want your |
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sitemap to include all the links to your individual blog entries. Here's how |
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your sitemap class might look:: |
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import Sitemap |
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from mysite.blog.models import Entry |
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class BlogSitemap(Sitemap): |
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changefreq = "never" |
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priority = 0.5 |
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def items(self): |
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return Entry.objects.filter(is_draft=False) |
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def lastmod(self, obj): |
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return obj.pub_date |
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Note: |
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* ``changefreq`` and ``priority`` are class attributes corresponding to |
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112 |
``<changefreq>`` and ``<priority>`` elements, respectively. They can be |
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113 |
made callable as functions, as ``lastmod`` was in the example. |
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* ``items()`` is simply a method that returns a list of objects. The objects |
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115 |
returned will get passed to any callable methods corresponding to a |
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sitemap property (``location``, ``lastmod``, ``changefreq``, and |
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117 |
``priority``). |
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* ``lastmod`` should return a Python ``datetime`` object. |
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* There is no ``location`` method in this example, but you can provide it |
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in order to specify the URL for your object. By default, ``location()`` |
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calls ``get_absolute_url()`` on each object and returns the result. |
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122 |
|
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123 |
Sitemap class reference |
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124 |
======================= |
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125 |
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A ``Sitemap`` class can define the following methods/attributes: |
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127 |
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128 |
``items`` |
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129 |
--------- |
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130 |
|
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**Required.** A method that returns a list of objects. The framework doesn't |
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care what *type* of objects they are; all that matters is that these objects |
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get passed to the ``location()``, ``lastmod()``, ``changefreq()`` and |
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``priority()`` methods. |
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135 |
|
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136 |
``location`` |
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137 |
------------ |
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138 |
|
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139 |
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute. |
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140 |
|
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141 |
If it's a method, it should return the absolute URL for a given object as |
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142 |
returned by ``items()``. |
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143 |
|
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If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing an absolute URL |
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to use for *every* object returned by ``items()``. |
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146 |
|
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In both cases, "absolute URL" means a URL that doesn't include the protocol or |
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148 |
domain. Examples: |
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149 |
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150 |
* Good: ``'/foo/bar/'`` |
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* Bad: ``'example.com/foo/bar/'`` |
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* Bad: ``'http://example.com/foo/bar/'`` |
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153 |
|
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154 |
If ``location`` isn't provided, the framework will call the |
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155 |
``get_absolute_url()`` method on each object as returned by ``items()``. |
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156 |
|
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157 |
``lastmod`` |
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158 |
----------- |
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159 |
|
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160 |
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute. |
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161 |
|
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162 |
If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned by |
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163 |
``items()`` -- and return that object's last-modified date/time, as a Python |
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164 |
``datetime.datetime`` object. |
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165 |
|
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166 |
If it's an attribute, its value should be a Python ``datetime.datetime`` object |
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167 |
representing the last-modified date/time for *every* object returned by |
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168 |
``items()``. |
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169 |
|
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170 |
``changefreq`` |
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171 |
-------------- |
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172 |
|
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173 |
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute. |
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174 |
|
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175 |
If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned by |
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176 |
``items()`` -- and return that object's change frequency, as a Python string. |
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177 |
|
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178 |
If it's an attribute, its value should be a string representing the change |
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179 |
frequency of *every* object returned by ``items()``. |
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180 |
|
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181 |
Possible values for ``changefreq``, whether you use a method or attribute, are: |
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182 |
|
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183 |
* ``'always'`` |
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184 |
* ``'hourly'`` |
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185 |
* ``'daily'`` |
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186 |
* ``'weekly'`` |
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187 |
* ``'monthly'`` |
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188 |
* ``'yearly'`` |
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189 |
* ``'never'`` |
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190 |
|
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191 |
``priority`` |
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192 |
------------ |
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193 |
|
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194 |
**Optional.** Either a method or attribute. |
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195 |
|
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196 |
If it's a method, it should take one argument -- an object as returned by |
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197 |
``items()`` -- and return that object's priority, as either a string or float. |
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198 |
|
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199 |
If it's an attribute, its value should be either a string or float representing |
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200 |
the priority of *every* object returned by ``items()``. |
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201 |
|
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202 |
Example values for ``priority``: ``0.4``, ``1.0``. The default priority of a |
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203 |
page is ``0.5``. See the `sitemaps.org documentation`_ for more. |
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204 |
|
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205 |
.. _sitemaps.org documentation: http://www.sitemaps.org/protocol.html#prioritydef |
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206 |
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207 |
Shortcuts |
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208 |
========= |
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209 |
|
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210 |
The sitemap framework provides a couple convenience classes for common cases: |
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211 |
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212 |
``FlatPageSitemap`` |
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213 |
------------------- |
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214 |
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215 |
The ``django.contrib.sitemaps.FlatPageSitemap`` class looks at all flatpages_ |
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216 |
defined for the current ``SITE_ID`` (see the `sites documentation`_) and |
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217 |
creates an entry in the sitemap. These entries include only the ``location`` |
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218 |
attribute -- not ``lastmod``, ``changefreq`` or ``priority``. |
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219 |
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220 |
.. _flatpages: ../flatpages/ |
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221 |
.. _sites documentation: ../sites/ |
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222 |
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223 |
``GenericSitemap`` |
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224 |
------------------ |
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The ``GenericSitemap`` class works with any `generic views`_ you already have. |
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To use it, create an instance, passing in the same ``info_dict`` you pass to |
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the generic views. The only requirement is that the dictionary have a |
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``queryset`` entry. It may also have a ``date_field`` entry that specifies a |
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date field for objects retrieved from the ``queryset``. This will be used for |
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the ``lastmod`` attribute in the generated sitemap. You may also pass |
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``priority`` and ``changefreq`` keyword arguments to the ``GenericSitemap`` |
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constructor to specify these attributes for all URLs. |
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.. _generic views: ../generic_views/ |
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Example |
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------- |
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Here's an example of a URLconf_ using both:: |
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from django.conf.urls.defaults import * |
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from django.contrib.sitemaps import FlatPageSitemap, GenericSitemap |
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from mysite.blog.models import Entry |
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info_dict = { |
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'queryset': Entry.objects.all(), |
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'date_field': 'pub_date', |
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} |
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sitemaps = { |
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'flatpages': FlatPageSitemap, |
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'blog': GenericSitemap(info_dict, priority=0.6), |
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} |
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urlpatterns = patterns('', |
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# some generic view using info_dict |
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# ... |
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259 |
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# the sitemap |
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(r'^sitemap.xml$', 'django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap', {'sitemaps': sitemaps}) |
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) |
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.. _URLconf: ../url_dispatch/ |
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265 |
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Creating a sitemap index |
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======================== |
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The sitemap framework also has the ability to create a sitemap index that |
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references individual sitemap files, one per each section defined in your |
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``sitemaps`` dictionary. The only differences in usage are: |
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* You use two views in your URLconf: ``django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index`` |
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and ``django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap``. |
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* The ``django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap`` view should take a |
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``section`` keyword argument. |
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Here is what the relevant URLconf lines would look like for the example above:: |
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(r'^sitemap.xml$', 'django.contrib.sitemaps.views.index', {'sitemaps': sitemaps}) |
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(r'^sitemap-(?P<section>.+).xml$', 'django.contrib.sitemaps.views.sitemap', {'sitemaps': sitemaps}) |
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This will automatically generate a ``sitemap.xml`` file that references |
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both ``sitemap-flatpages.xml`` and ``sitemap-blog.xml``. The ``Sitemap`` |
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classes and the ``sitemaps`` dict don't change at all. |
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286 |
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Pinging Google |
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============== |
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289 |
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You may want to "ping" Google when your sitemap changes, to let it know to |
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reindex your site. The framework provides a function to do just that: |
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``django.contrib.sitemaps.ping_google()``. |
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293 |
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``ping_google()`` takes an optional argument, ``sitemap_url``, which should be |
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the absolute URL of your site's sitemap (e.g., ``'/sitemap.xml'``). If this |
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argument isn't provided, ``ping_google()`` will attempt to figure out your |
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sitemap by performing a reverse looking in your URLconf. |
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298 |
|
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``ping_google()`` raises the exception |
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``django.contrib.sitemaps.SitemapNotFound`` if it cannot determine your sitemap |
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URL. |
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302 |
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One useful way to call ``ping_google()`` is from a model's ``save()`` method:: |
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304 |
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305 |
from django.contrib.sitemaps import ping_google |
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306 |
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class Entry(models.Model): |
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# ... |
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def save(self): |
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super(Entry, self).save() |
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try: |
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ping_google() |
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except Exception: |
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# Bare 'except' because we could get a variety |
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# of HTTP-related exceptions. |
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pass |
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317 |
|
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A more efficient solution, however, would be to call ``ping_google()`` from a |
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cron script, or some other scheduled task. The function makes an HTTP request |
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to Google's servers, so you may not want to introduce that network overhead |
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each time you call ``save()``. |