author | Lennard de Rijk <ljvderijk@gmail.com> |
Mon, 13 Jul 2009 00:53:42 +0200 | |
changeset 2616 | 9321e100a7fb |
parent 109 | 620f9b141567 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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============================ |
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Request and response objects |
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============================ |
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Quick overview |
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============== |
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Django uses request and response objects to pass state through the system. |
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When a page is requested, Django creates an ``HttpRequest`` object that |
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contains metadata about the request. Then Django loads the appropriate view, |
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passing the ``HttpRequest`` as the first argument to the view function. Each |
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view is responsible for returning an ``HttpResponse`` object. |
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This document explains the APIs for ``HttpRequest`` and ``HttpResponse`` |
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objects. |
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HttpRequest objects |
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=================== |
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Attributes |
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---------- |
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All attributes except ``session`` should be considered read-only. |
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``path`` |
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A string representing the full path to the requested page, not including |
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the domain. |
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Example: ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/"`` |
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``method`` |
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A string representing the HTTP method used in the request. This is |
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guaranteed to be uppercase. Example:: |
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if request.method == 'GET': |
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do_something() |
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elif request.method == 'POST': |
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do_something_else() |
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``GET`` |
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A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP GET parameters. See the |
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``QueryDict`` documentation below. |
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``POST`` |
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A dictionary-like object containing all given HTTP POST parameters. See the |
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``QueryDict`` documentation below. |
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It's possible that a request can come in via POST with an empty ``POST`` |
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dictionary -- if, say, a form is requested via the POST HTTP method but |
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does not include form data. Therefore, you shouldn't use ``if request.POST`` |
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to check for use of the POST method; instead, use ``if request.method == |
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"POST"`` (see above). |
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Note: ``POST`` does *not* include file-upload information. See ``FILES``. |
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``REQUEST`` |
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For convenience, a dictionary-like object that searches ``POST`` first, |
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then ``GET``. Inspired by PHP's ``$_REQUEST``. |
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For example, if ``GET = {"name": "john"}`` and ``POST = {"age": '34'}``, |
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``REQUEST["name"]`` would be ``"john"``, and ``REQUEST["age"]`` would be |
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``"34"``. |
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It's strongly suggested that you use ``GET`` and ``POST`` instead of |
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``REQUEST``, because the former are more explicit. |
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``COOKIES`` |
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A standard Python dictionary containing all cookies. Keys and values are |
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strings. |
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``FILES`` |
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A dictionary-like object containing all uploaded files. Each key in |
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``FILES`` is the ``name`` from the ``<input type="file" name="" />``. Each |
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value in ``FILES`` is a standard Python dictionary with the following three |
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keys: |
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* ``filename`` -- The name of the uploaded file, as a Python string. |
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* ``content-type`` -- The content type of the uploaded file. |
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* ``content`` -- The raw content of the uploaded file. |
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Note that ``FILES`` will only contain data if the request method was POST |
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and the ``<form>`` that posted to the request had |
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``enctype="multipart/form-data"``. Otherwise, ``FILES`` will be a blank |
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dictionary-like object. |
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``META`` |
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A standard Python dictionary containing all available HTTP headers. |
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Available headers depend on the client and server, but here are some |
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examples: |
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* ``CONTENT_LENGTH`` |
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* ``CONTENT_TYPE`` |
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* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING`` |
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* ``HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE`` |
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* ``HTTP_REFERER`` -- The referring page, if any. |
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* ``HTTP_USER_AGENT`` -- The client's user-agent string. |
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* ``QUERY_STRING`` -- The query string, as a single (unparsed) string. |
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* ``REMOTE_ADDR`` -- The IP address of the client. |
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* ``REMOTE_HOST`` -- The hostname of the client. |
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* ``REQUEST_METHOD`` -- A string such as ``"GET"`` or ``"POST"``. |
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* ``SERVER_NAME`` -- The hostname of the server. |
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* ``SERVER_PORT`` -- The port of the server. |
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``user`` |
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A ``django.contrib.auth.models.User`` object representing the currently |
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logged-in user. If the user isn't currently logged in, ``user`` will be set |
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to an instance of ``django.contrib.auth.models.AnonymousUser``. You |
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can tell them apart with ``is_authenticated()``, like so:: |
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if request.user.is_authenticated(): |
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# Do something for logged-in users. |
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113 |
else: |
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114 |
# Do something for anonymous users. |
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115 |
|
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116 |
``user`` is only available if your Django installation has the |
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``AuthenticationMiddleware`` activated. For more, see |
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118 |
`Authentication in Web requests`_. |
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119 |
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.. _Authentication in Web requests: ../authentication/#authentication-in-web-requests |
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121 |
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122 |
``session`` |
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A readable-and-writable, dictionary-like object that represents the current |
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session. This is only available if your Django installation has session |
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support activated. See the `session documentation`_ for full details. |
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126 |
|
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.. _`session documentation`: ../sessions/ |
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128 |
|
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129 |
``raw_post_data`` |
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The raw HTTP POST data. This is only useful for advanced processing. Use |
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131 |
``POST`` instead. |
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132 |
|
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133 |
Methods |
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134 |
------- |
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135 |
|
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``__getitem__(key)`` |
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Returns the GET/POST value for the given key, checking POST first, then |
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GET. Raises ``KeyError`` if the key doesn't exist. |
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139 |
|
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This lets you use dictionary-accessing syntax on an ``HttpRequest`` |
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instance. Example: ``request["foo"]`` would return ``True`` if either |
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``request.POST`` or ``request.GET`` had a ``"foo"`` key. |
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143 |
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``has_key()`` |
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Returns ``True`` or ``False``, designating whether ``request.GET`` or |
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``request.POST`` has the given key. |
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147 |
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``get_full_path()`` |
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Returns the ``path``, plus an appended query string, if applicable. |
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150 |
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Example: ``"/music/bands/the_beatles/?print=true"`` |
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152 |
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``is_secure()`` |
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Returns ``True`` if the request is secure; that is, if it was made with |
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HTTPS. |
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156 |
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157 |
QueryDict objects |
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158 |
----------------- |
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159 |
|
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160 |
In an ``HttpRequest`` object, the ``GET`` and ``POST`` attributes are instances |
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161 |
of ``django.http.QueryDict``. ``QueryDict`` is a dictionary-like |
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162 |
class customized to deal with multiple values for the same key. This is |
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163 |
necessary because some HTML form elements, notably |
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``<select multiple="multiple">``, pass multiple values for the same key. |
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165 |
|
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166 |
``QueryDict`` instances are immutable, unless you create a ``copy()`` of them. |
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167 |
That means you can't change attributes of ``request.POST`` and ``request.GET`` |
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168 |
directly. |
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169 |
|
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170 |
``QueryDict`` implements the all standard dictionary methods, because it's a |
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171 |
subclass of dictionary. Exceptions are outlined here: |
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172 |
|
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173 |
* ``__getitem__(key)`` -- Returns the value for the given key. If the key |
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has more than one value, ``__getitem__()`` returns the last value. |
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175 |
|
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176 |
* ``__setitem__(key, value)`` -- Sets the given key to ``[value]`` |
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(a Python list whose single element is ``value``). Note that this, as |
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178 |
other dictionary functions that have side effects, can only be called on |
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a mutable ``QueryDict`` (one that was created via ``copy()``). |
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180 |
|
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181 |
* ``__contains__(key)`` -- Returns ``True`` if the given key is set. This |
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lets you do, e.g., ``if "foo" in request.GET``. |
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183 |
|
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184 |
* ``get(key, default)`` -- Uses the same logic as ``__getitem__()`` above, |
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185 |
with a hook for returning a default value if the key doesn't exist. |
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186 |
|
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187 |
* ``has_key(key)`` |
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188 |
|
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189 |
* ``setdefault(key, default)`` -- Just like the standard dictionary |
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190 |
``setdefault()`` method, except it uses ``__setitem__`` internally. |
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191 |
|
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192 |
* ``update(other_dict)`` -- Takes either a ``QueryDict`` or standard |
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193 |
dictionary. Just like the standard dictionary ``update()`` method, except |
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194 |
it *appends* to the current dictionary items rather than replacing them. |
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195 |
For example:: |
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196 |
|
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197 |
>>> q = QueryDict('a=1') |
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198 |
>>> q = q.copy() # to make it mutable |
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199 |
>>> q.update({'a': '2'}) |
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200 |
>>> q.getlist('a') |
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201 |
['1', '2'] |
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202 |
>>> q['a'] # returns the last |
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203 |
['2'] |
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204 |
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205 |
* ``items()`` -- Just like the standard dictionary ``items()`` method, |
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206 |
except this uses the same last-value logic as ``__getitem()__``. For |
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207 |
example:: |
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208 |
|
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209 |
>>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3') |
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210 |
>>> q.items() |
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211 |
[('a', '3')] |
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212 |
|
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213 |
* ``values()`` -- Just like the standard dictionary ``values()`` method, |
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214 |
except this uses the same last-value logic as ``__getitem()__``. For |
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215 |
example:: |
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216 |
|
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217 |
>>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3') |
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218 |
>>> q.values() |
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219 |
['3'] |
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220 |
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221 |
In addition, ``QueryDict`` has the following methods: |
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222 |
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223 |
* ``copy()`` -- Returns a copy of the object, using ``copy.deepcopy()`` |
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224 |
from the Python standard library. The copy will be mutable -- that is, |
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you can change its values. |
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* ``getlist(key)`` -- Returns the data with the requested key, as a Python |
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list. Returns an empty list if the key doesn't exist. It's guaranteed to |
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return a list of some sort. |
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|
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* ``setlist(key, list_)`` -- Sets the given key to ``list_`` (unlike |
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``__setitem__()``). |
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|
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* ``appendlist(key, item)`` -- Appends an item to the internal list |
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associated with key. |
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|
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* ``setlistdefault(key, default_list)`` -- Just like ``setdefault``, except |
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it takes a list of values instead of a single value. |
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|
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* ``lists()`` -- Like ``items()``, except it includes all values, as a list, |
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for each member of the dictionary. For example:: |
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|
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>>> q = QueryDict('a=1&a=2&a=3') |
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>>> q.lists() |
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[('a', ['1', '2', '3'])] |
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|
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* ``urlencode()`` -- Returns a string of the data in query-string format. |
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Example: ``"a=2&b=3&b=5"``. |
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Examples |
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-------- |
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|
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Here's an example HTML form and how Django would treat the input:: |
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<form action="/foo/bar/" method="post"> |
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<input type="text" name="your_name" /> |
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<select multiple="multiple" name="bands"> |
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<option value="beatles">The Beatles</option> |
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<option value="who">The Who</option> |
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<option value="zombies">The Zombies</option> |
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</select> |
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<input type="submit" /> |
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</form> |
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If the user enters ``"John Smith"`` in the ``your_name`` field and selects both |
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"The Beatles" and "The Zombies" in the multiple select box, here's what |
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Django's request object would have:: |
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|
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>>> request.GET |
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{} |
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>>> request.POST |
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{'your_name': ['John Smith'], 'bands': ['beatles', 'zombies']} |
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>>> request.POST['your_name'] |
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'John Smith' |
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>>> request.POST['bands'] |
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'zombies' |
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>>> request.POST.getlist('bands') |
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['beatles', 'zombies'] |
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>>> request.POST.get('your_name', 'Adrian') |
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'John Smith' |
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>>> request.POST.get('nonexistent_field', 'Nowhere Man') |
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'Nowhere Man' |
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Implementation notes |
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-------------------- |
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286 |
|
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The ``GET``, ``POST``, ``COOKIES``, ``FILES``, ``META``, ``REQUEST``, |
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``raw_post_data`` and ``user`` attributes are all lazily loaded. That means |
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Django doesn't spend resources calculating the values of those attributes until |
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your code requests them. |
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291 |
|
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HttpResponse objects |
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==================== |
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294 |
|
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In contrast to ``HttpRequest`` objects, which are created automatically by |
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Django, ``HttpResponse`` objects are your responsibility. Each view you write |
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is responsible for instantiating, populating and returning an ``HttpResponse``. |
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298 |
|
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The ``HttpResponse`` class lives at ``django.http.HttpResponse``. |
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300 |
|
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301 |
Usage |
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302 |
----- |
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303 |
|
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Passing strings |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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306 |
|
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Typical usage is to pass the contents of the page, as a string, to the |
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``HttpResponse`` constructor:: |
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309 |
|
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>>> response = HttpResponse("Here's the text of the Web page.") |
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>>> response = HttpResponse("Text only, please.", mimetype="text/plain") |
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312 |
|
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But if you want to add content incrementally, you can use ``response`` as a |
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file-like object:: |
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315 |
|
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316 |
>>> response = HttpResponse() |
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>>> response.write("<p>Here's the text of the Web page.</p>") |
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>>> response.write("<p>Here's another paragraph.</p>") |
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319 |
|
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You can add and delete headers using dictionary syntax:: |
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321 |
|
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322 |
>>> response = HttpResponse() |
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>>> response['X-DJANGO'] = "It's the best." |
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>>> del response['X-PHP'] |
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325 |
>>> response['X-DJANGO'] |
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"It's the best." |
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327 |
|
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Note that ``del`` doesn't raise ``KeyError`` if the header doesn't exist. |
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329 |
|
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Passing iterators |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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332 |
|
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333 |
Finally, you can pass ``HttpResponse`` an iterator rather than passing it |
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hard-coded strings. If you use this technique, follow these guidelines: |
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335 |
|
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* The iterator should return strings. |
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* If an ``HttpResponse`` has been initialized with an iterator as its |
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parents:
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changeset
|
338 |
content, you can't use the ``HttpResponse`` instance as a file-like |
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parents:
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|
339 |
object. Doing so will raise ``Exception``. |
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parents:
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|
340 |
|
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parents:
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|
341 |
Methods |
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|
342 |
------- |
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|
343 |
|
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parents:
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|
344 |
``__init__(content='', mimetype=DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE)`` |
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|
345 |
Instantiates an ``HttpResponse`` object with the given page content (a |
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|
346 |
string) and MIME type. The ``DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE`` is ``'text/html'``. |
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parents:
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|
347 |
|
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|
348 |
``content`` can be an iterator or a string. If it's an iterator, it should |
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parents:
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|
349 |
return strings, and those strings will be joined together to form the |
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parents:
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|
350 |
content of the response. |
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parents:
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|
351 |
|
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parents:
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|
352 |
``__setitem__(header, value)`` |
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parents:
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|
353 |
Sets the given header name to the given value. Both ``header`` and |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
354 |
``value`` should be strings. |
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parents:
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|
355 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
356 |
``__delitem__(header)`` |
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parents:
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|
357 |
Deletes the header with the given name. Fails silently if the header |
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|
358 |
doesn't exist. Case-sensitive. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
359 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
360 |
``__getitem__(header)`` |
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parents:
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|
361 |
Returns the value for the given header name. Case-sensitive. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
362 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
363 |
``has_header(header)`` |
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parents:
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changeset
|
364 |
Returns ``True`` or ``False`` based on a case-insensitive check for a |
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parents:
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changeset
|
365 |
header with the given name. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
366 |
|
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parents:
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|
367 |
``set_cookie(key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=None)`` |
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|
368 |
Sets a cookie. The parameters are the same as in the `cookie Morsel`_ |
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parents:
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|
369 |
object in the Python standard library. |
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|
370 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
371 |
* ``max_age`` should be a number of seconds, or ``None`` (default) if |
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parents:
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changeset
|
372 |
the cookie should last only as long as the client's browser session. |
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parents:
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|
373 |
* ``expires`` should be a string in the format |
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parents:
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|
374 |
``"Wdy, DD-Mon-YY HH:MM:SS GMT"``. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
375 |
* Use ``domain`` if you want to set a cross-domain cookie. For example, |
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parents:
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changeset
|
376 |
``domain=".lawrence.com"`` will set a cookie that is readable by |
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parents:
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|
377 |
the domains www.lawrence.com, blogs.lawrence.com and |
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parents:
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changeset
|
378 |
calendars.lawrence.com. Otherwise, a cookie will only be readable by |
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parents:
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|
379 |
the domain that set it. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
380 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
381 |
.. _`cookie Morsel`: http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/morsel-objects.html |
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parents:
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changeset
|
382 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
383 |
``delete_cookie(key, path='/', domain=None)`` |
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
384 |
Deletes the cookie with the given key. Fails silently if the key doesn't |
620f9b141567
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parents:
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changeset
|
385 |
exist. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
386 |
|
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
387 |
Due to the way cookies work, ``path`` and ``domain`` should be the same |
620f9b141567
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
388 |
values you used in ``set_cookie()`` -- otherwise the cookie may not be deleted. |
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parents:
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changeset
|
389 |
|
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parents:
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changeset
|
390 |
``content`` |
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parents:
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changeset
|
391 |
Returns the content as a Python string, encoding it from a Unicode object |
620f9b141567
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Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
392 |
if necessary. Note this is a property, not a method, so use ``r.content`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
393 |
instead of ``r.content()``. |
620f9b141567
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
394 |
|
620f9b141567
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Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
395 |
``write(content)``, ``flush()`` and ``tell()`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
396 |
These methods make an ``HttpResponse`` instance a file-like object. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
397 |
|
620f9b141567
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Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
398 |
HttpResponse subclasses |
620f9b141567
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Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
399 |
----------------------- |
620f9b141567
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Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
400 |
|
620f9b141567
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Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
401 |
Django includes a number of ``HttpResponse`` subclasses that handle different |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
402 |
types of HTTP responses. Like ``HttpResponse``, these subclasses live in |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
403 |
``django.http``. |
620f9b141567
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Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
404 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
405 |
``HttpResponseRedirect`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
406 |
The constructor takes a single argument -- the path to redirect to. This |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
407 |
can be a fully qualified URL (e.g. ``'http://www.yahoo.com/search/'``) or an |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
408 |
absolute URL with no domain (e.g. ``'/search/'``). Note that this returns |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
409 |
an HTTP status code 302. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
410 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
411 |
``HttpResponsePermanentRedirect`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
412 |
Like ``HttpResponseRedirect``, but it returns a permanent redirect (HTTP |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
413 |
status code 301) instead of a "found" redirect (status code 302). |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
414 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
415 |
``HttpResponseNotModified`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
416 |
The constructor doesn't take any arguments. Use this to designate that a |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
417 |
page hasn't been modified since the user's last request. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
418 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
419 |
``HttpResponseNotFound`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
420 |
Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a 404 status code. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
421 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
422 |
``HttpResponseForbidden`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
423 |
Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a 403 status code. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
424 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
425 |
``HttpResponseNotAllowed`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
426 |
Like ``HttpResponse``, but uses a 405 status code. Takes a single, |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
427 |
required argument: a list of permitted methods (e.g. ``['GET', 'POST']``). |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
428 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
429 |
``HttpResponseGone`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
430 |
Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a 410 status code. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
431 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
432 |
``HttpResponseServerError`` |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
433 |
Acts just like ``HttpResponse`` but uses a 500 status code. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
434 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
435 |
Returning errors |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
436 |
================ |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
437 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
438 |
Returning HTTP error codes in Django is easy. We've already mentioned the |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
439 |
``HttpResponseNotFound``, ``HttpResponseForbidden``, |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
440 |
``HttpResponseServerError``, etc., subclasses; just return an instance of one |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
441 |
of those subclasses instead of a normal ``HttpResponse`` in order to signify |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
442 |
an error. For example:: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
443 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
444 |
def my_view(request): |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
445 |
# ... |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
446 |
if foo: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
447 |
return HttpResponseNotFound('<h1>Page not found</h1>') |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
448 |
else: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
449 |
return HttpResponse('<h1>Page was found</h1>') |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
450 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
451 |
Because 404 errors are by far the most common HTTP error, there's an easier way |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
452 |
to handle those errors. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
453 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
454 |
The Http404 exception |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
455 |
--------------------- |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
456 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
457 |
When you return an error such as ``HttpResponseNotFound``, you're responsible |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
458 |
for defining the HTML of the resulting error page:: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
459 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
460 |
return HttpResponseNotFound('<h1>Page not found</h1>') |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
461 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
462 |
For convenience, and because it's a good idea to have a consistent 404 error page |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
463 |
across your site, Django provides an ``Http404`` exception. If you raise |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
464 |
``Http404`` at any point in a view function, Django will catch it and return the |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
465 |
standard error page for your application, along with an HTTP error code 404. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
466 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
467 |
Example usage:: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
468 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
469 |
from django.http import Http404 |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
470 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
471 |
def detail(request, poll_id): |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
472 |
try: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
473 |
p = Poll.objects.get(pk=poll_id) |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
474 |
except Poll.DoesNotExist: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
475 |
raise Http404 |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
476 |
return render_to_response('polls/detail.html', {'poll': p}) |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
477 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
478 |
In order to use the ``Http404`` exception to its fullest, you should create a |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
479 |
template that is displayed when a 404 error is raised. This template should be |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
480 |
called ``404.html`` and located in the top level of your template tree. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
481 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
482 |
Customing error views |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
483 |
--------------------- |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
484 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
485 |
The 404 (page not found) view |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
486 |
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
487 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
488 |
When you raise an ``Http404`` exception, Django loads a special view devoted |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
489 |
to handling 404 errors. By default, it's the view |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
490 |
``django.views.defaults.page_not_found``, which loads and renders the template |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
491 |
``404.html``. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
492 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
493 |
This means you need to define a ``404.html`` template in your root template |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
494 |
directory. This template will be used for all 404 errors. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
495 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
496 |
This ``page_not_found`` view should suffice for 99% of Web applications, but if |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
497 |
you want to override the 404 view, you can specify ``handler404`` in your |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
498 |
URLconf, like so:: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
499 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
500 |
handler404 = 'mysite.views.my_custom_404_view' |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
501 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
502 |
Behind the scenes, Django determines the 404 view by looking for ``handler404``. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
503 |
By default, URLconfs contain the following line:: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
504 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
505 |
from django.conf.urls.defaults import * |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
506 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
507 |
That takes care of setting ``handler404`` in the current module. As you can see |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
508 |
in ``django/conf/urls/defaults.py``, ``handler404`` is set to |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
509 |
``'django.views.defaults.page_not_found'`` by default. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
510 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
511 |
Three things to note about 404 views: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
512 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
513 |
* The 404 view is also called if Django doesn't find a match after checking |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
514 |
every regular expression in the URLconf. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
515 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
516 |
* If you don't define your own 404 view -- and simply use the default, |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
517 |
which is recommended -- you still have one obligation: To create a |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
518 |
``404.html`` template in the root of your template directory. The default |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
519 |
404 view will use that template for all 404 errors. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
520 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
521 |
* If ``DEBUG`` is set to ``True`` (in your settings module) then your 404 |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
522 |
view will never be used, and the traceback will be displayed instead. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
523 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
524 |
The 500 (server error) view |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
525 |
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
526 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
527 |
Similarly, Django executes special-case behavior in the case of runtime errors |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
528 |
in view code. If a view results in an exception, Django will, by default, call |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
529 |
the view ``django.views.defaults.server_error``, which loads and renders the |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
530 |
template ``500.html``. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
531 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
532 |
This means you need to define a ``500.html`` template in your root template |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
533 |
directory. This template will be used for all server errors. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
534 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
535 |
This ``server_error`` view should suffice for 99% of Web applications, but if |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
536 |
you want to override the view, you can specify ``handler500`` in your |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
537 |
URLconf, like so:: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
538 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
539 |
handler500 = 'mysite.views.my_custom_error_view' |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
540 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
541 |
Behind the scenes, Django determines the error view by looking for ``handler500``. |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
542 |
By default, URLconfs contain the following line:: |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
543 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
544 |
from django.conf.urls.defaults import * |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
545 |
|
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
546 |
That takes care of setting ``handler500`` in the current module. As you can see |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
547 |
in ``django/conf/urls/defaults.py``, ``handler500`` is set to |
620f9b141567
Load ../../google_appengine into trunk/thirdparty/google_appengine.
Todd Larsen <tlarsen@google.com>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
548 |
``'django.views.defaults.server_error'`` by default. |