author | Lennard de Rijk <ljvderijk@gmail.com> |
Mon, 13 Jul 2009 00:53:42 +0200 | |
changeset 2616 | 9321e100a7fb |
parent 109 | 620f9b141567 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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How to use Django with FastCGI |
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============================== |
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Although the `current preferred setup`_ for running Django is Apache_ with |
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`mod_python`_, many people use shared hosting, on which FastCGI is the only |
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viable option. In some setups, FastCGI also allows better security -- and, |
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possibly, better performance -- than mod_python. |
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Essentially, FastCGI is an efficient way of letting an external application |
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serve pages to a Web server. The Web server delegates the incoming Web requests |
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(via a socket) to FastCGI, which executes the code and passes the response back |
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to the Web server, which, in turn, passes it back to the client's Web browser. |
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Like mod_python, FastCGI allows code to stay in memory, allowing requests to be |
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served with no startup time. Unlike mod_python (or `mod_perl`_), a FastCGI |
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process doesn't run inside the Web server process, but in a separate, |
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persistent process. |
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.. _current preferred setup: ../modpython/ |
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.. _Apache: http://httpd.apache.org/ |
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.. _mod_python: http://www.modpython.org/ |
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.. _mod_perl: http://perl.apache.org/ |
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.. admonition:: Why run code in a separate process? |
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The traditional ``mod_*`` arrangements in Apache embed various scripting |
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languages (most notably PHP, Python and Perl) inside the process space of |
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your Web server. Although this lowers startup time -- because code doesn't |
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have to be read off disk for every request -- it comes at the cost of |
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memory use. For mod_python, for example, every Apache process gets its own |
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Python interpreter, which uses up a considerable amount of RAM. |
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Due to the nature of FastCGI, it's even possible to have processes that run |
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under a different user account than the Web server process. That's a nice |
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security benefit on shared systems, because it means you can secure your |
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code from other users. |
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Prerequisite: flup |
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================== |
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Before you can start using FastCGI with Django, you'll need to install flup_, |
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which is a Python library for dealing with FastCGI. Make sure to use the latest |
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Subversion snapshot of flup, as some users have reported stalled pages with |
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older flup versions. |
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.. _flup: http://www.saddi.com/software/flup/ |
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Starting your FastCGI server |
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============================ |
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FastCGI operates on a client-server model, and in most cases you'll be starting |
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the FastCGI process on your own. Your Web server (be it Apache, lighttpd, or |
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otherwise) only contacts your Django-FastCGI process when the server needs a |
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dynamic page to be loaded. Because the daemon is already running with the code |
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in memory, it's able to serve the response very quickly. |
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.. admonition:: Note |
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If you're on a shared hosting system, you'll probably be forced to use |
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Web server-managed FastCGI processes. See the section below on running |
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Django with Web server-managed processes for more information. |
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A Web server can connect to a FastCGI server in one of two ways: It can use |
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either a Unix domain socket (a "named pipe" on Win32 systems), or it can use a |
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TCP socket. What you choose is a manner of preference; a TCP socket is usually |
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easier due to permissions issues. |
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To start your server, first change into the directory of your project (wherever |
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your ``manage.py`` is), and then run ``manage.py`` with the ``runfcgi`` option:: |
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./manage.py runfcgi [options] |
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If you specify ``help`` as the only option after ``runfcgi``, it'll display a |
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list of all the available options. |
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You'll need to specify either a ``socket`` or both ``host`` and ``port``. Then, |
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when you set up your Web server, you'll just need to point it at the host/port |
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or socket you specified when starting the FastCGI server. |
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Examples |
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-------- |
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Running a threaded server on a TCP port:: |
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./manage.py runfcgi method=threaded host=127.0.0.1 port=3033 |
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Running a preforked server on a Unix domain socket:: |
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./manage.py runfcgi method=prefork socket=/home/user/mysite.sock pidfile=django.pid |
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Run without daemonizing (backgrounding) the process (good for debugging):: |
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./manage.py runfcgi daemonize=false socket=/tmp/mysite.sock |
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Stopping the FastCGI daemon |
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--------------------------- |
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If you have the process running in the foreground, it's easy enough to stop it: |
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Simply hitting ``Ctrl-C`` will stop and quit the FastCGI server. However, when |
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you're dealing with background processes, you'll need to resort to the Unix |
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``kill`` command. |
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If you specify the ``pidfile`` option to your ``manage.py runfcgi``, you can |
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kill the running FastCGI daemon like this:: |
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kill `cat $PIDFILE` |
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...where ``$PIDFILE`` is the ``pidfile`` you specified. |
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111 |
To easily restart your FastCGI daemon on Unix, try this small shell script:: |
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112 |
|
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113 |
#!/bin/bash |
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114 |
|
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115 |
# Replace these three settings. |
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116 |
PROJDIR="/home/user/myproject" |
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117 |
PIDFILE="$PROJDIR/mysite.pid" |
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118 |
SOCKET="$PROJDIR/mysite.sock" |
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119 |
|
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120 |
cd $PROJDIR |
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121 |
if [ -f $PIDFILE ]; then |
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122 |
kill `cat -- $PIDFILE` |
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123 |
rm -f -- $PIDFILE |
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124 |
fi |
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125 |
|
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126 |
exec /usr/bin/env - \ |
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127 |
PYTHONPATH="../python:.." \ |
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128 |
./manage.py runfcgi socket=$SOCKET pidfile=$PIDFILE |
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129 |
|
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130 |
Apache setup |
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131 |
============ |
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132 |
|
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133 |
To use Django with Apache and FastCGI, you'll need Apache installed and |
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134 |
configured, with `mod_fastcgi`_ installed and enabled. Consult the Apache |
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135 |
documentation for instructions. |
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136 |
|
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137 |
Once you've got that set up, point Apache at your Django FastCGI instance by |
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138 |
editing the ``httpd.conf`` (Apache configuration) file. You'll need to do two |
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139 |
things: |
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140 |
|
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141 |
* Use the ``FastCGIExternalServer`` directive to specify the location of |
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142 |
your FastCGI server. |
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143 |
* Use ``mod_rewrite`` to point URLs at FastCGI as appropriate. |
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144 |
|
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145 |
.. _mod_fastcgi: http://www.fastcgi.com/mod_fastcgi/docs/mod_fastcgi.html |
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146 |
|
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147 |
Specifying the location of the FastCGI server |
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148 |
--------------------------------------------- |
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149 |
|
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150 |
The ``FastCGIExternalServer`` directive tells Apache how to find your FastCGI |
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151 |
server. As the `FastCGIExternalServer docs`_ explain, you can specify either a |
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152 |
``socket`` or a ``host``. Here are examples of both:: |
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153 |
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154 |
# Connect to FastCGI via a socket / named pipe. |
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155 |
FastCGIExternalServer /home/user/public_html/mysite.fcgi -socket /home/user/mysite.sock |
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156 |
|
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157 |
# Connect to FastCGI via a TCP host/port. |
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158 |
FastCGIExternalServer /home/user/public_html/mysite.fcgi -host 127.0.0.1:3033 |
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159 |
|
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160 |
In either case, the file ``/home/user/public_html/mysite.fcgi`` doesn't |
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161 |
actually have to exist. It's just a URL used by the Web server internally -- a |
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162 |
hook for signifying which requests at a URL should be handled by FastCGI. (More |
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163 |
on this in the next section.) |
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164 |
|
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165 |
.. _FastCGIExternalServer docs: http://www.fastcgi.com/mod_fastcgi/docs/mod_fastcgi.html#FastCgiExternalServer |
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166 |
|
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167 |
Using mod_rewrite to point URLs at FastCGI |
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168 |
------------------------------------------ |
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169 |
|
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170 |
The second step is telling Apache to use FastCGI for URLs that match a certain |
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171 |
pattern. To do this, use the `mod_rewrite`_ module and rewrite URLs to |
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172 |
``mysite.fcgi`` (or whatever you specified in the ``FastCGIExternalServer`` |
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173 |
directive, as explained in the previous section). |
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174 |
|
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175 |
In this example, we tell Apache to use FastCGI to handle any request that |
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176 |
doesn't represent a file on the filesystem and doesn't start with ``/media/``. |
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177 |
This is probably the most common case, if you're using Django's admin site:: |
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178 |
|
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179 |
<VirtualHost 12.34.56.78> |
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180 |
ServerName example.com |
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181 |
DocumentRoot /home/user/public_html |
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182 |
Alias /media /home/user/python/django/contrib/admin/media |
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183 |
RewriteEngine On |
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184 |
RewriteRule ^/(media.*)$ /$1 [QSA,L] |
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185 |
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f |
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186 |
RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ /mysite.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L] |
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187 |
</VirtualHost> |
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188 |
|
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189 |
.. _mod_rewrite: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/mod_rewrite.html |
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190 |
|
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191 |
lighttpd setup |
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192 |
============== |
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193 |
|
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194 |
lighttpd is a lightweight Web server commonly used for serving static files. It |
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195 |
supports FastCGI natively and, thus, is a good choice for serving both static |
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196 |
and dynamic pages, if your site doesn't have any Apache-specific needs. |
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197 |
|
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198 |
Make sure ``mod_fastcgi`` is in your modules list, somewhere after |
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199 |
``mod_rewrite`` and ``mod_access``, but not after ``mod_accesslog``. You'll |
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200 |
probably want ``mod_alias`` as well, for serving admin media. |
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201 |
|
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202 |
Add the following to your lighttpd config file:: |
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203 |
|
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204 |
server.document-root = "/home/user/public_html" |
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205 |
fastcgi.server = ( |
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206 |
"/mysite.fcgi" => ( |
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207 |
"main" => ( |
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208 |
# Use host / port instead of socket for TCP fastcgi |
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209 |
# "host" => "127.0.0.1", |
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210 |
# "port" => 3033, |
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211 |
"socket" => "/home/user/mysite.sock", |
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212 |
"check-local" => "disable", |
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213 |
) |
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214 |
), |
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215 |
) |
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216 |
alias.url = ( |
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217 |
"/media/" => "/home/user/django/contrib/admin/media/", |
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218 |
) |
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219 |
|
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220 |
url.rewrite-once = ( |
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221 |
"^(/media.*)$" => "$1", |
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"^/favicon\.ico$" => "/media/favicon.ico", |
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"^(/.*)$" => "/mysite.fcgi$1", |
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) |
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Running multiple Django sites on one lighttpd |
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--------------------------------------------- |
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lighttpd lets you use "conditional configuration" to allow configuration to be |
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customized per host. To specify multiple FastCGI sites, just add a conditional |
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block around your FastCGI config for each site:: |
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# If the hostname is 'www.example1.com'... |
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$HTTP["host"] == "www.example1.com" { |
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server.document-root = "/foo/site1" |
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fastcgi.server = ( |
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... |
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) |
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... |
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} |
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# If the hostname is 'www.example2.com'... |
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$HTTP["host"] == "www.example2.com" { |
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server.document-root = "/foo/site2" |
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fastcgi.server = ( |
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... |
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) |
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... |
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} |
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You can also run multiple Django installations on the same site simply by |
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specifying multiple entries in the ``fastcgi.server`` directive. Add one |
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FastCGI host for each. |
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Running Django on a shared-hosting provider with Apache |
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======================================================= |
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Many shared-hosting providers don't allow you to run your own server daemons or |
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edit the ``httpd.conf`` file. In these cases, it's still possible to run Django |
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using Web server-spawned processes. |
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|
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.. admonition:: Note |
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|
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If you're using Web server-spawned processes, as explained in this section, |
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there's no need for you to start the FastCGI server on your own. Apache |
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will spawn a number of processes, scaling as it needs to. |
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|
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In your Web root directory, add this to a file named ``.htaccess`` :: |
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|
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AddHandler fastcgi-script .fcgi |
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RewriteEngine On |
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RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f |
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RewriteRule ^(.*)$ mysite.fcgi/$1 [QSA,L] |
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|
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Then, create a small script that tells Apache how to spawn your FastCGI |
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program. Create a file ``mysite.fcgi`` and place it in your Web directory, and |
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be sure to make it executable:: |
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|
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#!/usr/bin/python |
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import sys, os |
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|
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# Add a custom Python path. |
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sys.path.insert(0, "/home/user/python") |
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# Switch to the directory of your project. (Optional.) |
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# os.chdir("/home/user/myproject") |
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|
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# Set the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable. |
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os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = "myproject.settings" |
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from django.core.servers.fastcgi import runfastcgi |
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runfastcgi(method="threaded", daemonize="false") |
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Restarting the spawned server |
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----------------------------- |
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|
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If you change any Python code on your site, you'll need to tell FastCGI the |
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code has changed. But there's no need to restart Apache in this case. Rather, |
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just reupload ``mysite.fcgi``, or edit the file, so that the timestamp on the |
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file will change. When Apache sees the file has been updated, it will restart |
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your Django application for you. |
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|
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If you have access to a command shell on a Unix system, you can accomplish this |
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easily by using the ``touch`` command:: |
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305 |
|
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touch mysite.fcgi |
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|
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Serving admin media files |
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========================= |
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|
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Regardless of the server and configuration you eventually decide to use, you will |
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also need to give some thought to how to serve the admin media files. The |
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advice given in the modpython_ documentation is also applicable in the setups |
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detailed above. |
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.. _modpython: ../modpython/#serving-the-admin-files |
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