thirdparty/google_appengine/lib/webob/docs/index.txt
author Tim Ansell <mithro@gmail.com>
Sun, 29 Mar 2009 07:43:04 +0000
changeset 2027 199bcab679df
parent 109 620f9b141567
permissions -rw-r--r--
Make test@example.com a mentor for one gsoc org and an admin (for a different) gsoc org. This was the number one issue which was stopping me from testing a bunch of patches.
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WebOb
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+++++
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Other documents:
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* `Reference <reference.html>`_
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* Extracted documentation for the `request
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  <class-webob.Request.html>`_ and `response
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  <class-webob.Response.html>`_.
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* `Differences between the WebOb API and other framework/libraries
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  <differences.html>`_
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* `File-serving example <file-example.html>`_
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* `Comment middleware example <comment-example.html>`_
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.. contents::
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.. comment:
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    >>> from dtopt import ELLIPSIS
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Status & License
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================
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WebOb is an extraction and refinement of pieces from `Paste
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<http://pythonpaste.org/>`_.  It is under active development.
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Discussion should happen on the `Paste mailing lists
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<http://pythonpaste.org/community/>`_, and bugs can go on the `Paste
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trac instance <http://trac.pythonpaste.org/>`_.
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WebOb is released under an `MIT-style license <license.html>`_.
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WebOb is in an svn repository at
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`http://svn.pythonpaste.org/Paste/WebOb/trunk
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<http://svn.pythonpaste.org/Paste/WebOb/trunk#egg=WebOb-dev>`_.  You
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can check it out with::
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    $ svn co http://svn.pythonpaste.org/Paste/WebOb/trunk WebOb
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Introduction
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============
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WebOb provides objects for HTTP requests and responses.  Specifically
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it does this by wrapping the `WSGI <http://wsgi.org>`_ request
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environment and response status/headers/app_iter(body).
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The request and response objects provide many conveniences for parsing
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HTTP request and forming HTTP responses.  Both objects are read/write:
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as a result, WebOb is also a nice way to create HTTP requests and
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parse HTTP responses; however, we won't cover that use case in this
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document.  The `reference documentation <reference.html>`_ shows many
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examples of creating requests.
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Request
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=======
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The request object is a wrapper around the `WSGI environ dictionary
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<http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/#environ-variables>`_.  This
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dictionary contains keys for each header, keys that describe the
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request (including the path and query string), a file-like object for
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the request body, and a variety of custom keys.  You can always access
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the environ with ``req.environ``.
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Some of the most important/interesting attributes of a request
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object:
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``req.method``:
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    The request method, e.g., ``'GET'``, ``'POST'``
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``req.GET``:
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    A `dictionary-like object`_ with all the variables in the query
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    string.
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``req.POST``:
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    A `dictionary-like object`_ with all the variables in the request
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    body.  This only has variables if the request was a ``POST`` and
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    it is a form submission.  
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``req.params``:
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    A `dictionary-like object`_ with a combination of everything in
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    ``req.GET`` and ``req.POST``.
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``req.body``:
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    The contents of the body of the request.  This contains the entire
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    request body as a string.  This is useful when the request is a
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    ``POST`` that is *not* a form submission, or a request like a
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    ``PUT``.  You can also get ``req.body_file`` for a file-like
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    object.
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``req.cookies``:
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    A simple dictionary of all the cookies.
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``req.headers``:
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    A dictionary of all the headers.  This is dictionary is case-insensitive.
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.. _`dictionary-like object`: #multidict
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Also, for standard HTTP request headers there are usually attributes,
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for instance: ``req.accept_language``, ``req.content_length``,
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``req.user_agent``, as an example.  These properties expose the
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*parsed* form of each header, for whatever parsing makes sense.  For
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instance, ``req.if_modified_since`` returns a `datetime
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<http://python.org/doc/current/lib/datetime-datetime.html>`_ object
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(or None if the header is was not provided).  Details are in the
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`Request reference <class-webob.Request.html>`_.
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URLs
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----
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In addition to these attributes, there are several ways to get the URL
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of the request.  I'll show various values for an example URL
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``http://localhost/app-root/doc?article_id=10``, where the application
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is mounted at ``http://localhost/app-root``.
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``req.url``:
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    The full request URL, with query string, e.g.,
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    ``'http://localhost/app-root/doc?article_id=10'``
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``req.application_url``:
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    The URL of the application (just the SCRIPT_NAME portion of the
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    path, not PATH_INFO).  E.g., ``'http://localhost/app-root'``
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``req.host_url``:
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    The URL with the host, e.g., ``'http://localhost'``
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``req.relative_url(url, to_application=False)``:
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    Gives a URL, relative to the current URL.  If ``to_application``
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    is True, then resolves it relative to ``req.application_url``.
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Methods
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-------
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There are `several methods <class-webob.Request.html#__init__>`_ but
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only a few you'll use often:
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``Request.blank(base_url)``:
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    Creates a new request with blank information, based at the given
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    URL.  This can be useful for subrequests and artificial requests.
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    You can also use ``req.copy()`` to copy an existing request, or
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    for subrequests ``req.copy_get()`` which copies the request but
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    always turns it into a GET (which is safer to shrae for
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    subrequests).
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``req.get_response(wsgi_application)``:
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    This method calls the given WSGI application with this request,
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    and returns a `Response`_ object.  You can also use this for
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    subrequests or testing.
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Unicode
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-------
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Many of the properties in the request object will return unicode
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values if the request encoding/charset is provided.  The client *can*
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indicate the charset with something like ``Content-Type:
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application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf8``, but browsers seldom
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set this.  You can set the charset with ``req.charset = 'utf8'``, or
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during instantiation with ``Request(environ, charset='utf8').  If you
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subclass ``Request`` you can also set ``charset`` as a class-level
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attribute.
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If it is set, then ``req.POST``, ``req.GET``, ``req.params``, and
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``req.cookies`` will contain unicode strings.  Each has a
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corresponding ``req.str_*`` (like ``req.str_POST``) that is always
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``str`` and never unicode.
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Response
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========
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The response object looks a lot like the request object, though with
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some differences.  The request object wraps a single ``environ``
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object; the response object has three fundamental parts (based on
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WSGI):
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``response.status``:
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    The response code plus message, like ``'200 OK'``.  To set the
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    code without the reason, use ``response.status_int = 200``.
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``response.headerlist``:
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    A list of all the headers, like ``[('Content-Type',
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    'text/html')]``.  There's a case-insensitive `dictionary-like
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    object`_ in ``response.headers`` that also allows you to access
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    these same headers.
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``response.app_iter``:
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    An iterable (such as a list or generator) that will produce the
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    content of the response.  This is also accessible as
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    ``response.body`` (a string), ``response.unicode_body`` (a
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    unicode object, informed by ``response.charset``), and
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    ``response.body_file`` (a file-like object; writing to it appends
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    to ``app_iter``).
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Everything else in the object derives from this underlying state.
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Here's the highlights:
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``response.content_type``:
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    The content type *not* including the ``charset`` parameter.
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    Typical use: ``response.content_type = 'text/html'``.  You can
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    subclass ``Response`` and add a class-level attribute
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    ``default_content_type`` to set this automatically on
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    instantiation.
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``response.charset``:
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    The ``charset`` parameter of the content-type, it also informs
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    encoding in ``response.unicode_body``.
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    ``response.content_type_params`` is a dictionary of all the
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    parameters.
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``response.request``:
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    This optional attribute can point to the request object associated
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    with this response object.
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``response.set_cookie(key, value, max_age=None, path='/', domain=None, secure=None, httponly=False, version=None, comment=None)``:
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    Set a cookie.  The keyword arguments control the various cookie
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    parameters.
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``response.delete_cookie(key, path='/', domain=None)``:
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    Delete a cookie from the client.  This sets ``max_age`` to 0 and
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    the cookie value to ``''``.
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``response.cache_expires(seconds=0)``:
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    This makes this response cachable for the given number of seconds,
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    or if ``seconds`` is 0 then the response is uncacheable (this also
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    sets the ``Expires`` header).
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``response(environ, start_response)``: The response object is a WSGI
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    application.  As an application, it acts according to how you
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    creat it.  It *can* do conditional responses if you pass
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    ``conditional_response=True`` when instantiating (or set that
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    attribute later).  It can also do HEAD and Range requests.
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Headers
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-------
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Like the request, most HTTP response headers are available as
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properties.  These are parsed, so you can do things like
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``response.last_modified = os.path.getmtime(filename)``.
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The details are available in the `extracted Response documentation
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<class-webob.Response.html>`_.
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Instantiating the Response
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--------------------------
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Of course most of the time you just want to *make* a response.  
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Generally any attribute of the response can be passed in as a keyword
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argument to the class; e.g.:
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.. code-block::
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  response = Response(body='hello world!', content_type='text/plain')
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The status defaults to ``'200 OK'``.  The content_type does not
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default to anything, though if you subclass ``Response`` and set
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``default_content_type`` you can override this behavior.
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Exceptions
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==========
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To facilitate error responses like 404 Not Found, the module
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``webob.exc`` contains classes for each kind of error response.  These
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include boring but appropriate error bodies.
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Each class is named ``webob.exc.HTTP*``, where ``*`` is the reason for
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the error.  For instance, ``webob.exc.HTTPNotFound``.  It subclasses
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``Response``, so you can manipulate the instances in the same way.  A
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typical example is:
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.. code-block::
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    response = HTTPNotFound('There is no such resource')
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    # or:
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    response = HTTPMovedPermanently(location=new_url)
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These are not exceptions unless you are using Python 2.5+, because
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they are new-style classes which are not allowed as exceptions until
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Python 2.5.  To get an exception object use ``response.exception``.
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You can use this like:
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.. code-block::
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    try:
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        ... stuff ...
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        raise HTTPNotFound('No such resource').exception
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    except HTTPException, e:
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        return e(environ, start_response)
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The exceptions are still WSGI applications, but you cannot set
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attributes like ``content_type``, ``charset``, etc. on these exception
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objects.
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Multidict
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=========
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Several parts of WebOb use a "multidict"; this is a dictionary where a
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key can have multiple values.  The quintessential example is a query
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string like ``?pref=red&pref=blue``; the ``pref`` variable has two
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values: ``red`` and ``blue``.
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In a multidict, when you do ``request.GET['pref']`` you'll get back
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only ``'blue'`` (the last value of ``pref``).  Sometimes returning a
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string, and sometimes returning a list, is the cause of frequent
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exceptions.  If you want *all* the values back, use
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``request.GET.getall('pref')``.  If you want to be sure there is *one
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and only one* value, use ``request.GET.getone('pref')``, which will
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raise an exception if there is zero or more than one value for
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``pref``.
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When you use operations like ``request.GET.items()`` you'll get back
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something like ``[('pref', 'red'), ('pref', 'blue')]``.  All the
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key/value pairs will show up.  Similarly ``request.GET.keys()``
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returns ``['pref', 'pref']``.  Multidict is a view on a list of
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tuples; all the keys are ordered, and all the values are ordered.
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Example
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=======
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I haven't figured out the example I want to use here.  The
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`file-serving example`_ shows how to do more advanced HTTP techniques,
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while the `comment middleware example`_ shows middleware.  For
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applications it's more reasonable to use WebOb in the context of a
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larger framework.  `Pylons <http://pylonshq.com>`_ uses WebOb
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optionally in 0.9.7+.
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