SEESenv/web/html/ch8ult_module_plan.html
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     5    Chapter. ult_module_plan
     5    Chapter. ult_module_plan
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    11   <div class="chapter" id="ult_module_plan">
    18   <div class="chapter" id="ult_module_plan">
    12    <div class="titlepage">
    19    <div class="titlepage">
    13    </div>
    20    </div>
    18      </b>
    25      </b>
    19     </p>
    26     </p>
    20     <dl>
    27     <dl>
    21      <dt>
    28      <dt>
    22       <span class="article">
    29       <span class="article">
    23        <a href="#id2611170">
    30        <a href="#id2916253">
    24        </a>
    31        </a>
    25       </span>
    32       </span>
    26      </dt>
    33      </dt>
    27      <dd>
    34      <dd>
    28       <dl>
    35       <dl>
    29        <dt>
    36        <dt>
    30         <span class="section">
    37         <span class="section">
    31          <a href="#id2421294">
    38          <a href="#id2726378">
    32           1. Introducing Linux
    39           1. Introducing Linux
    33          </a>
    40          </a>
    34         </span>
    41         </span>
    35        </dt>
    42        </dt>
    36        <dd>
    43        <dd>
    37         <dl>
    44         <dl>
    38          <dt>
    45          <dt>
    39           <span class="section">
    46           <span class="section">
    40            <a href="#id2610974">
    47            <a href="#id2916058">
    41             1.1. Historical Background
    48             1.1. Historical Background
    42            </a>
    49            </a>
    43           </span>
    50           </span>
    44          </dt>
    51          </dt>
    45          <dt>
    52          <dt>
    46           <span class="section">
    53           <span class="section">
    47            <a href="#id2662231">
    54            <a href="#id2967315">
    48             1.2. Design and Implications
    55             1.2. Design and Implications
    49            </a>
    56            </a>
    50           </span>
    57           </span>
    51          </dt>
    58          </dt>
    52          <dt>
    59          <dt>
    53           <span class="section">
    60           <span class="section">
    54            <a href="#id2662505">
    61            <a href="#id2967589">
    55             1.3. Reasons for Using Linux
    62             1.3. Reasons for Using Linux
    56            </a>
    63            </a>
    57           </span>
    64           </span>
    58          </dt>
    65          </dt>
    59         </dl>
    66         </dl>
    60        </dd>
    67        </dd>
    61        <dt>
    68        <dt>
    62         <span class="section">
    69         <span class="section">
    63          <a href="#id2662646">
    70          <a href="#id2967729">
    64           2. Getting Started
    71           2. Getting Started
    65          </a>
    72          </a>
    66         </span>
    73         </span>
    67        </dt>
    74        </dt>
    68        <dd>
    75        <dd>
    69         <dl>
    76         <dl>
    70          <dt>
    77          <dt>
    71           <span class="section">
    78           <span class="section">
    72            <a href="#id2662654">
    79            <a href="#id2967738">
    73             2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
    80             2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
    74            </a>
    81            </a>
    75           </span>
    82           </span>
    76          </dt>
    83          </dt>
    77         </dl>
    84         </dl>
    78        </dd>
    85        </dd>
    79        <dt>
    86        <dt>
    80         <span class="section">
    87         <span class="section">
    81          <a href="#id2662934">
    88          <a href="#id2968018">
    82           3. Basic Commands
    89           3. Basic Commands
    83          </a>
    90          </a>
    84         </span>
    91         </span>
    85        </dt>
    92        </dt>
    86        <dd>
    93        <dd>
    87         <dl>
    94         <dl>
    88          <dt>
    95          <dt>
    89           <span class="section">
    96           <span class="section">
    90            <a href="#id2662942">
    97            <a href="#id2968026">
    91             3.1. ls
    98             3.1. ls
    92            </a>
    99            </a>
    93           </span>
   100           </span>
    94          </dt>
   101          </dt>
    95          <dt>
   102          <dt>
    96           <span class="section">
   103           <span class="section">
    97            <a href="#id2663106">
   104            <a href="#id2968189">
    98             3.2. date
   105             3.2. date
    99            </a>
   106            </a>
   100           </span>
   107           </span>
   101          </dt>
   108          </dt>
   102          <dt>
   109          <dt>
   103           <span class="section">
   110           <span class="section">
   104            <a href="#id2663167">
   111            <a href="#id2968249">
   105             3.3. cd
   112             3.3. cd
   106            </a>
   113            </a>
   107           </span>
   114           </span>
   108          </dt>
   115          </dt>
   109          <dt>
   116          <dt>
   110           <span class="section">
   117           <span class="section">
   111            <a href="#id2663271">
   118            <a href="#id2968351">
   112             3.4. who
   119             3.4. who
   113            </a>
   120            </a>
   114           </span>
   121           </span>
   115          </dt>
   122          </dt>
   116          <dt>
   123          <dt>
   117           <span class="section">
   124           <span class="section">
   118            <a href="#id2663353">
   125            <a href="#id2968434">
   119             3.5. mkdir
   126             3.5. mkdir
   120            </a>
   127            </a>
   121           </span>
   128           </span>
   122          </dt>
   129          </dt>
   123         </dl>
   130         </dl>
   124        </dd>
   131        </dd>
   125        <dt>
   132        <dt>
   126         <span class="section">
   133         <span class="section">
   127          <a href="#id2663534">
   134          <a href="#id2968601">
   128           4. Getting Help
   135           4. Getting Help
   129          </a>
   136          </a>
   130         </span>
   137         </span>
   131        </dt>
   138        </dt>
   132        <dd>
   139        <dd>
   133         <dl>
   140         <dl>
   134          <dt>
   141          <dt>
   135           <span class="section">
   142           <span class="section">
   136            <a href="#id2663542">
   143            <a href="#id2968610">
   137             4.1. apropos and whatis
   144             4.1. apropos and whatis
   138            </a>
   145            </a>
   139           </span>
   146           </span>
   140          </dt>
   147          </dt>
   141          <dt>
   148          <dt>
   142           <span class="section">
   149           <span class="section">
   143            <a href="#id2663636">
   150            <a href="#id2967107">
   144             4.2. man
   151             4.2. man
   145            </a>
   152            </a>
   146           </span>
   153           </span>
   147          </dt>
   154          </dt>
   148          <dt>
   155          <dt>
   149           <span class="section">
   156           <span class="section">
   150            <a href="#id2663847">
   157            <a href="#id2969025">
   151             4.3. info
   158             4.3. info
   152            </a>
   159            </a>
   153           </span>
   160           </span>
   154          </dt>
   161          </dt>
   155          <dt>
   162          <dt>
   156           <span class="section">
   163           <span class="section">
   157            <a href="#id2663939">
   164            <a href="#id2969112">
   158             4.4. --help
   165             4.4. --help
   159            </a>
   166            </a>
   160           </span>
   167           </span>
   161          </dt>
   168          </dt>
   162         </dl>
   169         </dl>
   163        </dd>
   170        </dd>
   164        <dt>
   171        <dt>
   165         <span class="section">
   172         <span class="section">
   166          <a href="#id2663992">
   173          <a href="#id2969165">
   167           5. Basic file handling
   174           5. Basic file handling
   168          </a>
   175          </a>
   169         </span>
   176         </span>
   170        </dt>
   177        </dt>
   171        <dd>
   178        <dd>
   172         <dl>
   179         <dl>
   173          <dt>
   180          <dt>
   174           <span class="section">
   181           <span class="section">
   175            <a href="#id2664000">
   182            <a href="#id2969173">
   176             5.1. cp
   183             5.1. cp
   177            </a>
   184            </a>
   178           </span>
   185           </span>
   179          </dt>
   186          </dt>
   180          <dt>
   187          <dt>
   181           <span class="section">
   188           <span class="section">
   182            <a href="#id2664315">
   189            <a href="#id2969486">
   183             5.2. mv
   190             5.2. mv
   184            </a>
   191            </a>
   185           </span>
   192           </span>
   186          </dt>
   193          </dt>
   187          <dt>
   194          <dt>
   188           <span class="section">
   195           <span class="section">
   189            <a href="#id2664447">
   196            <a href="#id2969618">
   190             5.3. rm
   197             5.3. rm
   191            </a>
   198            </a>
   192           </span>
   199           </span>
   193          </dt>
   200          </dt>
   194         </dl>
   201         </dl>
   195        </dd>
   202        </dd>
   196        <dt>
   203        <dt>
   197         <span class="section">
   204         <span class="section">
   198          <a href="#id2664756">
   205          <a href="#id2969786">
   199           6. Command Line Arguments
   206           6. Command Line Arguments
   200          </a>
   207          </a>
   201         </span>
   208         </span>
   202        </dt>
   209        </dt>
   203        <dt>
   210        <dt>
   204         <span class="section">
   211         <span class="section">
   205          <a href="#id2664849">
   212          <a href="#id2969880">
   206           7. Basic Text Processing
   213           7. Basic Text Processing
   207          </a>
   214          </a>
   208         </span>
   215         </span>
   209        </dt>
   216        </dt>
   210        <dd>
   217        <dd>
   211         <dl>
   218         <dl>
   212          <dt>
   219          <dt>
   213           <span class="section">
   220           <span class="section">
   214            <a href="#id2664858">
   221            <a href="#id2969888">
   215             7.1. head
   222             7.1. head
   216            </a>
   223            </a>
   217           </span>
   224           </span>
   218          </dt>
   225          </dt>
   219          <dt>
   226          <dt>
   220           <span class="section">
   227           <span class="section">
   221            <a href="#id2664945">
   228            <a href="#id2969975">
   222             7.2. tail
   229             7.2. tail
   223            </a>
   230            </a>
   224           </span>
   231           </span>
   225          </dt>
   232          </dt>
   226          <dt>
   233          <dt>
   227           <span class="section">
   234           <span class="section">
   228            <a href="#id2665073">
   235            <a href="#id2970103">
   229             7.3. cut
   236             7.3. cut
   230            </a>
   237            </a>
   231           </span>
   238           </span>
   232          </dt>
   239          </dt>
   233          <dt>
   240          <dt>
   234           <span class="section">
   241           <span class="section">
   235            <a href="#id2665160">
   242            <a href="#id2970190">
   236             7.4. paste
   243             7.4. paste
   237            </a>
   244            </a>
   238           </span>
   245           </span>
   239          </dt>
   246          </dt>
   240         </dl>
   247         </dl>
   241        </dd>
   248        </dd>
   242        <dt>
   249        <dt>
   243         <span class="section">
   250         <span class="section">
   244          <a href="#id2665294">
   251          <a href="#id2970324">
   245           8. Shell Meta Characters
   252           8. Shell Meta Characters
   246          </a>
   253          </a>
   247         </span>
   254         </span>
   248        </dt>
   255        </dt>
   249        <dt>
   256        <dt>
   250         <span class="section">
   257         <span class="section">
   251          <a href="#id2665403">
   258          <a href="#id2970430">
   252           9. Looking At Files
   259           9. Looking At Files
   253          </a>
   260          </a>
   254         </span>
   261         </span>
   255        </dt>
   262        </dt>
   256        <dd>
   263        <dd>
   257         <dl>
   264         <dl>
   258          <dt>
   265          <dt>
   259           <span class="section">
   266           <span class="section">
   260            <a href="#id2665411">
   267            <a href="#id2970438">
   261             9.1. cat
   268             9.1. cat
   262            </a>
   269            </a>
   263           </span>
   270           </span>
   264          </dt>
   271          </dt>
   265          <dt>
   272          <dt>
   266           <span class="section">
   273           <span class="section">
   267            <a href="#id2665599">
   274            <a href="#id2970626">
   268             9.2. more
   275             9.2. more
   269            </a>
   276            </a>
   270           </span>
   277           </span>
   271          </dt>
   278          </dt>
   272          <dt>
   279          <dt>
   273           <span class="section">
   280           <span class="section">
   274            <a href="#id2665710">
   281            <a href="#id2970737">
   275             9.3. less
   282             9.3. less
   276            </a>
   283            </a>
   277           </span>
   284           </span>
   278          </dt>
   285          </dt>
   279         </dl>
   286         </dl>
   280        </dd>
   287        </dd>
   281        <dt>
   288        <dt>
   282         <span class="section">
   289         <span class="section">
   283          <a href="#id2665953">
   290          <a href="#id2970978">
   284           10. Directory Structure
   291           10. Directory Structure
   285          </a>
   292          </a>
   286         </span>
   293         </span>
   287        </dt>
   294        </dt>
   288        <dd>
   295        <dd>
   289         <dl>
   296         <dl>
   290          <dt>
   297          <dt>
   291           <span class="section">
   298           <span class="section">
   292            <a href="#id2666228">
   299            <a href="#id2971252">
   293             10.1. man hier
   300             10.1. man hier
   294            </a>
   301            </a>
   295           </span>
   302           </span>
   296          </dt>
   303          </dt>
   297          <dt>
   304          <dt>
   298           <span class="section">
   305           <span class="section">
   299            <a href="#id2666244">
   306            <a href="#id2971268">
   300             10.2. ls -l
   307             10.2. ls -l
   301            </a>
   308            </a>
   302           </span>
   309           </span>
   303          </dt>
   310          </dt>
   304         </dl>
   311         </dl>
   305        </dd>
   312        </dd>
   306        <dt>
   313        <dt>
   307         <span class="section">
   314         <span class="section">
   308          <a href="#id2666267">
   315          <a href="#id2971291">
   309           11. Permissions and Ownership
   316           11. Permissions and Ownership
   310          </a>
   317          </a>
   311         </span>
   318         </span>
   312        </dt>
   319        </dt>
   313        <dd>
   320        <dd>
   314         <dl>
   321         <dl>
   315          <dt>
   322          <dt>
   316           <span class="section">
   323           <span class="section">
   317            <a href="#id2666276">
   324            <a href="#id2971300">
   318             11.1. chmod
   325             11.1. chmod
   319            </a>
   326            </a>
   320           </span>
   327           </span>
   321          </dt>
   328          </dt>
   322         </dl>
   329         </dl>
   323        </dd>
   330        </dd>
   324        <dt>
   331        <dt>
   325         <span class="section">
   332         <span class="section">
   326          <a href="#id2667054">
   333          <a href="#id2972077">
   327           12. Redirection and Piping
   334           12. Redirection and Piping
   328          </a>
   335          </a>
   329         </span>
   336         </span>
   330        </dt>
   337        </dt>
   331        <dd>
   338        <dd>
   332         <dl>
   339         <dl>
   333          <dt>
   340          <dt>
   334           <span class="section">
   341           <span class="section">
   335            <a href="#id2667089">
   342            <a href="#id2972112">
   336             12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output
   343             12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output
   337            </a>
   344            </a>
   338           </span>
   345           </span>
   339          </dt>
   346          </dt>
   340          <dt>
   347          <dt>
   341           <span class="section">
   348           <span class="section">
   342            <a href="#id2667158">
   349            <a href="#id2972182">
   343             12.2. Piping
   350             12.2. Piping
   344            </a>
   351            </a>
   345           </span>
   352           </span>
   346          </dt>
   353          </dt>
   347          <dt>
   354          <dt>
   348           <span class="section">
   355           <span class="section">
   349            <a href="#id2667219">
   356            <a href="#id2972244">
   350             12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
   357             12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
   351            </a>
   358            </a>
   352           </span>
   359           </span>
   353          </dt>
   360          </dt>
   354          <dt>
   361          <dt>
   355           <span class="section">
   362           <span class="section">
   356            <a href="#id2667427">
   363            <a href="#id2972451">
   357             12.4. Chained pipelines
   364             12.4. Chained pipelines
   358            </a>
   365            </a>
   359           </span>
   366           </span>
   360          </dt>
   367          </dt>
   361          <dt>
   368          <dt>
   362           <span class="section">
   369           <span class="section">
   363            <a href="#id2667461">
   370            <a href="#id2972486">
   364             12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs
   371             12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs
   365            </a>
   372            </a>
   366           </span>
   373           </span>
   367          </dt>
   374          </dt>
   368         </dl>
   375         </dl>
   369        </dd>
   376        </dd>
   370        <dt>
   377        <dt>
   371         <span class="section">
   378         <span class="section">
   372          <a href="#id2667492">
   379          <a href="#id2972516">
   373           13. More Text Processing
   380           13. More Text Processing
   374          </a>
   381          </a>
   375         </span>
   382         </span>
   376        </dt>
   383        </dt>
   377        <dd>
   384        <dd>
   378         <dl>
   385         <dl>
   379          <dt>
   386          <dt>
   380           <span class="section">
   387           <span class="section">
   381            <a href="#id2667501">
   388            <a href="#id2972525">
   382             13.1. grep
   389             13.1. grep
   383            </a>
   390            </a>
   384           </span>
   391           </span>
   385          </dt>
   392          </dt>
   386          <dt>
   393          <dt>
   387           <span class="section">
   394           <span class="section">
   388            <a href="#id2667691">
   395            <a href="#id2972715">
   389             13.2. tr
   396             13.2. tr
   390            </a>
   397            </a>
   391           </span>
   398           </span>
   392          </dt>
   399          </dt>
   393         </dl>
   400         </dl>
   394        </dd>
   401        </dd>
   395        <dt>
   402        <dt>
   396         <span class="section">
   403         <span class="section">
   397          <a href="#id2667842">
   404          <a href="#id2972866">
   398           14. Elementary Regex
   405           14. Elementary Regex
   399          </a>
   406          </a>
   400         </span>
   407         </span>
   401        </dt>
   408        </dt>
   402        <dd>
   409        <dd>
   403         <dl>
   410         <dl>
   404          <dt>
   411          <dt>
   405           <span class="section">
   412           <span class="section">
   406            <a href="#id2668066">
   413            <a href="#id2973079">
   407             14.1. Lazy quantification
   414             14.1. Lazy quantification
   408            </a>
   415            </a>
   409           </span>
   416           </span>
   410          </dt>
   417          </dt>
   411         </dl>
   418         </dl>
   412        </dd>
   419        </dd>
   413        <dt>
   420        <dt>
   414         <span class="section">
   421         <span class="section">
   415          <a href="#id2668143">
   422          <a href="#id2973154">
   416           15. One Liners
   423           15. One Liners
   417          </a>
   424          </a>
   418         </span>
   425         </span>
   419        </dt>
   426        </dt>
   420       </dl>
   427       </dl>
   423    </div>
   430    </div>
   424    <div class="article">
   431    <div class="article">
   425     <div class="titlepage">
   432     <div class="titlepage">
   426      <div>
   433      <div>
   427       <div>
   434       <div>
   428        <h2 class="title" id="id2611170">
   435        <h2 class="title" id="id2916253">
   429        </h2>
   436        </h2>
   430       </div>
   437       </div>
   431      </div>
   438      </div>
   432      <hr />
   439      <hr />
   433     </div>
   440     </div>
   438       </b>
   445       </b>
   439      </p>
   446      </p>
   440      <dl>
   447      <dl>
   441       <dt>
   448       <dt>
   442        <span class="section">
   449        <span class="section">
   443         <a href="#id2421294">
   450         <a href="#id2726378">
   444          1. Introducing Linux
   451          1. Introducing Linux
   445         </a>
   452         </a>
   446        </span>
   453        </span>
   447       </dt>
   454       </dt>
   448       <dd>
   455       <dd>
   449        <dl>
   456        <dl>
   450         <dt>
   457         <dt>
   451          <span class="section">
   458          <span class="section">
   452           <a href="#id2610974">
   459           <a href="#id2916058">
   453            1.1. Historical Background
   460            1.1. Historical Background
   454           </a>
   461           </a>
   455          </span>
   462          </span>
   456         </dt>
   463         </dt>
   457         <dt>
   464         <dt>
   458          <span class="section">
   465          <span class="section">
   459           <a href="#id2662231">
   466           <a href="#id2967315">
   460            1.2. Design and Implications
   467            1.2. Design and Implications
   461           </a>
   468           </a>
   462          </span>
   469          </span>
   463         </dt>
   470         </dt>
   464         <dt>
   471         <dt>
   465          <span class="section">
   472          <span class="section">
   466           <a href="#id2662505">
   473           <a href="#id2967589">
   467            1.3. Reasons for Using Linux
   474            1.3. Reasons for Using Linux
   468           </a>
   475           </a>
   469          </span>
   476          </span>
   470         </dt>
   477         </dt>
   471        </dl>
   478        </dl>
   472       </dd>
   479       </dd>
   473       <dt>
   480       <dt>
   474        <span class="section">
   481        <span class="section">
   475         <a href="#id2662646">
   482         <a href="#id2967729">
   476          2. Getting Started
   483          2. Getting Started
   477         </a>
   484         </a>
   478        </span>
   485        </span>
   479       </dt>
   486       </dt>
   480       <dd>
   487       <dd>
   481        <dl>
   488        <dl>
   482         <dt>
   489         <dt>
   483          <span class="section">
   490          <span class="section">
   484           <a href="#id2662654">
   491           <a href="#id2967738">
   485            2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
   492            2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
   486           </a>
   493           </a>
   487          </span>
   494          </span>
   488         </dt>
   495         </dt>
   489        </dl>
   496        </dl>
   490       </dd>
   497       </dd>
   491       <dt>
   498       <dt>
   492        <span class="section">
   499        <span class="section">
   493         <a href="#id2662934">
   500         <a href="#id2968018">
   494          3. Basic Commands
   501          3. Basic Commands
   495         </a>
   502         </a>
   496        </span>
   503        </span>
   497       </dt>
   504       </dt>
   498       <dd>
   505       <dd>
   499        <dl>
   506        <dl>
   500         <dt>
   507         <dt>
   501          <span class="section">
   508          <span class="section">
   502           <a href="#id2662942">
   509           <a href="#id2968026">
   503            3.1. ls
   510            3.1. ls
   504           </a>
   511           </a>
   505          </span>
   512          </span>
   506         </dt>
   513         </dt>
   507         <dt>
   514         <dt>
   508          <span class="section">
   515          <span class="section">
   509           <a href="#id2663106">
   516           <a href="#id2968189">
   510            3.2. date
   517            3.2. date
   511           </a>
   518           </a>
   512          </span>
   519          </span>
   513         </dt>
   520         </dt>
   514         <dt>
   521         <dt>
   515          <span class="section">
   522          <span class="section">
   516           <a href="#id2663167">
   523           <a href="#id2968249">
   517            3.3. cd
   524            3.3. cd
   518           </a>
   525           </a>
   519          </span>
   526          </span>
   520         </dt>
   527         </dt>
   521         <dt>
   528         <dt>
   522          <span class="section">
   529          <span class="section">
   523           <a href="#id2663271">
   530           <a href="#id2968351">
   524            3.4. who
   531            3.4. who
   525           </a>
   532           </a>
   526          </span>
   533          </span>
   527         </dt>
   534         </dt>
   528         <dt>
   535         <dt>
   529          <span class="section">
   536          <span class="section">
   530           <a href="#id2663353">
   537           <a href="#id2968434">
   531            3.5. mkdir
   538            3.5. mkdir
   532           </a>
   539           </a>
   533          </span>
   540          </span>
   534         </dt>
   541         </dt>
   535        </dl>
   542        </dl>
   536       </dd>
   543       </dd>
   537       <dt>
   544       <dt>
   538        <span class="section">
   545        <span class="section">
   539         <a href="#id2663534">
   546         <a href="#id2968601">
   540          4. Getting Help
   547          4. Getting Help
   541         </a>
   548         </a>
   542        </span>
   549        </span>
   543       </dt>
   550       </dt>
   544       <dd>
   551       <dd>
   545        <dl>
   552        <dl>
   546         <dt>
   553         <dt>
   547          <span class="section">
   554          <span class="section">
   548           <a href="#id2663542">
   555           <a href="#id2968610">
   549            4.1. apropos and whatis
   556            4.1. apropos and whatis
   550           </a>
   557           </a>
   551          </span>
   558          </span>
   552         </dt>
   559         </dt>
   553         <dt>
   560         <dt>
   554          <span class="section">
   561          <span class="section">
   555           <a href="#id2663636">
   562           <a href="#id2967107">
   556            4.2. man
   563            4.2. man
   557           </a>
   564           </a>
   558          </span>
   565          </span>
   559         </dt>
   566         </dt>
   560         <dt>
   567         <dt>
   561          <span class="section">
   568          <span class="section">
   562           <a href="#id2663847">
   569           <a href="#id2969025">
   563            4.3. info
   570            4.3. info
   564           </a>
   571           </a>
   565          </span>
   572          </span>
   566         </dt>
   573         </dt>
   567         <dt>
   574         <dt>
   568          <span class="section">
   575          <span class="section">
   569           <a href="#id2663939">
   576           <a href="#id2969112">
   570            4.4. --help
   577            4.4. --help
   571           </a>
   578           </a>
   572          </span>
   579          </span>
   573         </dt>
   580         </dt>
   574        </dl>
   581        </dl>
   575       </dd>
   582       </dd>
   576       <dt>
   583       <dt>
   577        <span class="section">
   584        <span class="section">
   578         <a href="#id2663992">
   585         <a href="#id2969165">
   579          5. Basic file handling
   586          5. Basic file handling
   580         </a>
   587         </a>
   581        </span>
   588        </span>
   582       </dt>
   589       </dt>
   583       <dd>
   590       <dd>
   584        <dl>
   591        <dl>
   585         <dt>
   592         <dt>
   586          <span class="section">
   593          <span class="section">
   587           <a href="#id2664000">
   594           <a href="#id2969173">
   588            5.1. cp
   595            5.1. cp
   589           </a>
   596           </a>
   590          </span>
   597          </span>
   591         </dt>
   598         </dt>
   592         <dt>
   599         <dt>
   593          <span class="section">
   600          <span class="section">
   594           <a href="#id2664315">
   601           <a href="#id2969486">
   595            5.2. mv
   602            5.2. mv
   596           </a>
   603           </a>
   597          </span>
   604          </span>
   598         </dt>
   605         </dt>
   599         <dt>
   606         <dt>
   600          <span class="section">
   607          <span class="section">
   601           <a href="#id2664447">
   608           <a href="#id2969618">
   602            5.3. rm
   609            5.3. rm
   603           </a>
   610           </a>
   604          </span>
   611          </span>
   605         </dt>
   612         </dt>
   606        </dl>
   613        </dl>
   607       </dd>
   614       </dd>
   608       <dt>
   615       <dt>
   609        <span class="section">
   616        <span class="section">
   610         <a href="#id2664756">
   617         <a href="#id2969786">
   611          6. Command Line Arguments
   618          6. Command Line Arguments
   612         </a>
   619         </a>
   613        </span>
   620        </span>
   614       </dt>
   621       </dt>
   615       <dt>
   622       <dt>
   616        <span class="section">
   623        <span class="section">
   617         <a href="#id2664849">
   624         <a href="#id2969880">
   618          7. Basic Text Processing
   625          7. Basic Text Processing
   619         </a>
   626         </a>
   620        </span>
   627        </span>
   621       </dt>
   628       </dt>
   622       <dd>
   629       <dd>
   623        <dl>
   630        <dl>
   624         <dt>
   631         <dt>
   625          <span class="section">
   632          <span class="section">
   626           <a href="#id2664858">
   633           <a href="#id2969888">
   627            7.1. head
   634            7.1. head
   628           </a>
   635           </a>
   629          </span>
   636          </span>
   630         </dt>
   637         </dt>
   631         <dt>
   638         <dt>
   632          <span class="section">
   639          <span class="section">
   633           <a href="#id2664945">
   640           <a href="#id2969975">
   634            7.2. tail
   641            7.2. tail
   635           </a>
   642           </a>
   636          </span>
   643          </span>
   637         </dt>
   644         </dt>
   638         <dt>
   645         <dt>
   639          <span class="section">
   646          <span class="section">
   640           <a href="#id2665073">
   647           <a href="#id2970103">
   641            7.3. cut
   648            7.3. cut
   642           </a>
   649           </a>
   643          </span>
   650          </span>
   644         </dt>
   651         </dt>
   645         <dt>
   652         <dt>
   646          <span class="section">
   653          <span class="section">
   647           <a href="#id2665160">
   654           <a href="#id2970190">
   648            7.4. paste
   655            7.4. paste
   649           </a>
   656           </a>
   650          </span>
   657          </span>
   651         </dt>
   658         </dt>
   652        </dl>
   659        </dl>
   653       </dd>
   660       </dd>
   654       <dt>
   661       <dt>
   655        <span class="section">
   662        <span class="section">
   656         <a href="#id2665294">
   663         <a href="#id2970324">
   657          8. Shell Meta Characters
   664          8. Shell Meta Characters
   658         </a>
   665         </a>
   659        </span>
   666        </span>
   660       </dt>
   667       </dt>
   661       <dt>
   668       <dt>
   662        <span class="section">
   669        <span class="section">
   663         <a href="#id2665403">
   670         <a href="#id2970430">
   664          9. Looking At Files
   671          9. Looking At Files
   665         </a>
   672         </a>
   666        </span>
   673        </span>
   667       </dt>
   674       </dt>
   668       <dd>
   675       <dd>
   669        <dl>
   676        <dl>
   670         <dt>
   677         <dt>
   671          <span class="section">
   678          <span class="section">
   672           <a href="#id2665411">
   679           <a href="#id2970438">
   673            9.1. cat
   680            9.1. cat
   674           </a>
   681           </a>
   675          </span>
   682          </span>
   676         </dt>
   683         </dt>
   677         <dt>
   684         <dt>
   678          <span class="section">
   685          <span class="section">
   679           <a href="#id2665599">
   686           <a href="#id2970626">
   680            9.2. more
   687            9.2. more
   681           </a>
   688           </a>
   682          </span>
   689          </span>
   683         </dt>
   690         </dt>
   684         <dt>
   691         <dt>
   685          <span class="section">
   692          <span class="section">
   686           <a href="#id2665710">
   693           <a href="#id2970737">
   687            9.3. less
   694            9.3. less
   688           </a>
   695           </a>
   689          </span>
   696          </span>
   690         </dt>
   697         </dt>
   691        </dl>
   698        </dl>
   692       </dd>
   699       </dd>
   693       <dt>
   700       <dt>
   694        <span class="section">
   701        <span class="section">
   695         <a href="#id2665953">
   702         <a href="#id2970978">
   696          10. Directory Structure
   703          10. Directory Structure
   697         </a>
   704         </a>
   698        </span>
   705        </span>
   699       </dt>
   706       </dt>
   700       <dd>
   707       <dd>
   701        <dl>
   708        <dl>
   702         <dt>
   709         <dt>
   703          <span class="section">
   710          <span class="section">
   704           <a href="#id2666228">
   711           <a href="#id2971252">
   705            10.1. man hier
   712            10.1. man hier
   706           </a>
   713           </a>
   707          </span>
   714          </span>
   708         </dt>
   715         </dt>
   709         <dt>
   716         <dt>
   710          <span class="section">
   717          <span class="section">
   711           <a href="#id2666244">
   718           <a href="#id2971268">
   712            10.2. ls -l
   719            10.2. ls -l
   713           </a>
   720           </a>
   714          </span>
   721          </span>
   715         </dt>
   722         </dt>
   716        </dl>
   723        </dl>
   717       </dd>
   724       </dd>
   718       <dt>
   725       <dt>
   719        <span class="section">
   726        <span class="section">
   720         <a href="#id2666267">
   727         <a href="#id2971291">
   721          11. Permissions and Ownership
   728          11. Permissions and Ownership
   722         </a>
   729         </a>
   723        </span>
   730        </span>
   724       </dt>
   731       </dt>
   725       <dd>
   732       <dd>
   726        <dl>
   733        <dl>
   727         <dt>
   734         <dt>
   728          <span class="section">
   735          <span class="section">
   729           <a href="#id2666276">
   736           <a href="#id2971300">
   730            11.1. chmod
   737            11.1. chmod
   731           </a>
   738           </a>
   732          </span>
   739          </span>
   733         </dt>
   740         </dt>
   734        </dl>
   741        </dl>
   735       </dd>
   742       </dd>
   736       <dt>
   743       <dt>
   737        <span class="section">
   744        <span class="section">
   738         <a href="#id2667054">
   745         <a href="#id2972077">
   739          12. Redirection and Piping
   746          12. Redirection and Piping
   740         </a>
   747         </a>
   741        </span>
   748        </span>
   742       </dt>
   749       </dt>
   743       <dd>
   750       <dd>
   744        <dl>
   751        <dl>
   745         <dt>
   752         <dt>
   746          <span class="section">
   753          <span class="section">
   747           <a href="#id2667089">
   754           <a href="#id2972112">
   748            12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output
   755            12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output
   749           </a>
   756           </a>
   750          </span>
   757          </span>
   751         </dt>
   758         </dt>
   752         <dt>
   759         <dt>
   753          <span class="section">
   760          <span class="section">
   754           <a href="#id2667158">
   761           <a href="#id2972182">
   755            12.2. Piping
   762            12.2. Piping
   756           </a>
   763           </a>
   757          </span>
   764          </span>
   758         </dt>
   765         </dt>
   759         <dt>
   766         <dt>
   760          <span class="section">
   767          <span class="section">
   761           <a href="#id2667219">
   768           <a href="#id2972244">
   762            12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
   769            12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
   763           </a>
   770           </a>
   764          </span>
   771          </span>
   765         </dt>
   772         </dt>
   766         <dt>
   773         <dt>
   767          <span class="section">
   774          <span class="section">
   768           <a href="#id2667427">
   775           <a href="#id2972451">
   769            12.4. Chained pipelines
   776            12.4. Chained pipelines
   770           </a>
   777           </a>
   771          </span>
   778          </span>
   772         </dt>
   779         </dt>
   773         <dt>
   780         <dt>
   774          <span class="section">
   781          <span class="section">
   775           <a href="#id2667461">
   782           <a href="#id2972486">
   776            12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs
   783            12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs
   777           </a>
   784           </a>
   778          </span>
   785          </span>
   779         </dt>
   786         </dt>
   780        </dl>
   787        </dl>
   781       </dd>
   788       </dd>
   782       <dt>
   789       <dt>
   783        <span class="section">
   790        <span class="section">
   784         <a href="#id2667492">
   791         <a href="#id2972516">
   785          13. More Text Processing
   792          13. More Text Processing
   786         </a>
   793         </a>
   787        </span>
   794        </span>
   788       </dt>
   795       </dt>
   789       <dd>
   796       <dd>
   790        <dl>
   797        <dl>
   791         <dt>
   798         <dt>
   792          <span class="section">
   799          <span class="section">
   793           <a href="#id2667501">
   800           <a href="#id2972525">
   794            13.1. grep
   801            13.1. grep
   795           </a>
   802           </a>
   796          </span>
   803          </span>
   797         </dt>
   804         </dt>
   798         <dt>
   805         <dt>
   799          <span class="section">
   806          <span class="section">
   800           <a href="#id2667691">
   807           <a href="#id2972715">
   801            13.2. tr
   808            13.2. tr
   802           </a>
   809           </a>
   803          </span>
   810          </span>
   804         </dt>
   811         </dt>
   805        </dl>
   812        </dl>
   806       </dd>
   813       </dd>
   807       <dt>
   814       <dt>
   808        <span class="section">
   815        <span class="section">
   809         <a href="#id2667842">
   816         <a href="#id2972866">
   810          14. Elementary Regex
   817          14. Elementary Regex
   811         </a>
   818         </a>
   812        </span>
   819        </span>
   813       </dt>
   820       </dt>
   814       <dd>
   821       <dd>
   815        <dl>
   822        <dl>
   816         <dt>
   823         <dt>
   817          <span class="section">
   824          <span class="section">
   818           <a href="#id2668066">
   825           <a href="#id2973079">
   819            14.1. Lazy quantification
   826            14.1. Lazy quantification
   820           </a>
   827           </a>
   821          </span>
   828          </span>
   822         </dt>
   829         </dt>
   823        </dl>
   830        </dl>
   824       </dd>
   831       </dd>
   825       <dt>
   832       <dt>
   826        <span class="section">
   833        <span class="section">
   827         <a href="#id2668143">
   834         <a href="#id2973154">
   828          15. One Liners
   835          15. One Liners
   829         </a>
   836         </a>
   830        </span>
   837        </span>
   831       </dt>
   838       </dt>
   832      </dl>
   839      </dl>
   834     <div class="section" title="1.Introducing Linux">
   841     <div class="section" title="1.Introducing Linux">
   835      <div class="titlepage">
   842      <div class="titlepage">
   836       <div>
   843       <div>
   837        <div>
   844        <div>
   838         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
   845         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
   839          <a name="id2421294">
   846          <a name="id2726378">
   840          </a>
   847          </a>
   841          1.Introducing Linux
   848          1.Introducing Linux
   842         </h2>
   849         </h2>
   843        </div>
   850        </div>
   844       </div>
   851       </div>
   858      <div class="section" title="1.1.Historical Background">
   865      <div class="section" title="1.1.Historical Background">
   859       <div class="titlepage">
   866       <div class="titlepage">
   860        <div>
   867        <div>
   861         <div>
   868         <div>
   862          <h3 class="title">
   869          <h3 class="title">
   863           <a name="id2610974">
   870           <a name="id2916058">
   864           </a>
   871           </a>
   865           1.1.Historical Background
   872           1.1.Historical Background
   866          </h3>
   873          </h3>
   867         </div>
   874         </div>
   868        </div>
   875        </div>
   870       <div class="section" title="1.1.1.Events leading to the creation">
   877       <div class="section" title="1.1.1.Events leading to the creation">
   871        <div class="titlepage">
   878        <div class="titlepage">
   872         <div>
   879         <div>
   873          <div>
   880          <div>
   874           <h4 class="title">
   881           <h4 class="title">
   875            <a name="id2608955">
   882            <a name="id2914039">
   876            </a>
   883            </a>
   877            1.1.1.Events leading to the creation
   884            1.1.1.Events leading to the creation
   878           </h4>
   885           </h4>
   879          </div>
   886          </div>
   880         </div>
   887         </div>
   897       <div class="section" title="1.1.2.The Creation of Linux">
   904       <div class="section" title="1.1.2.The Creation of Linux">
   898        <div class="titlepage">
   905        <div class="titlepage">
   899         <div>
   906         <div>
   900          <div>
   907          <div>
   901           <h4 class="title">
   908           <h4 class="title">
   902            <a name="id2662186">
   909            <a name="id2967270">
   903            </a>
   910            </a>
   904            1.1.2.The Creation of Linux
   911            1.1.2.The Creation of Linux
   905           </h4>
   912           </h4>
   906          </div>
   913          </div>
   907         </div>
   914         </div>
   917      <div class="section" title="1.2.Design and Implications">
   924      <div class="section" title="1.2.Design and Implications">
   918       <div class="titlepage">
   925       <div class="titlepage">
   919        <div>
   926        <div>
   920         <div>
   927         <div>
   921          <h3 class="title">
   928          <h3 class="title">
   922           <a name="id2662231">
   929           <a name="id2967315">
   923           </a>
   930           </a>
   924           1.2.Design and Implications
   931           1.2.Design and Implications
   925          </h3>
   932          </h3>
   926         </div>
   933         </div>
   927        </div>
   934        </div>
   932       <div class="section" title="1.2.1.User Interface">
   939       <div class="section" title="1.2.1.User Interface">
   933        <div class="titlepage">
   940        <div class="titlepage">
   934         <div>
   941         <div>
   935          <div>
   942          <div>
   936           <h4 class="title">
   943           <h4 class="title">
   937            <a name="id2662256">
   944            <a name="id2967340">
   938            </a>
   945            </a>
   939            1.2.1.User Interface
   946            1.2.1.User Interface
   940           </h4>
   947           </h4>
   941          </div>
   948          </div>
   942         </div>
   949         </div>
   951       <div class="section" title="1.2.2.Development">
   958       <div class="section" title="1.2.2.Development">
   952        <div class="titlepage">
   959        <div class="titlepage">
   953         <div>
   960         <div>
   954          <div>
   961          <div>
   955           <h4 class="title">
   962           <h4 class="title">
   956            <a name="id2662310">
   963            <a name="id2967393">
   957            </a>
   964            </a>
   958            1.2.2.Development
   965            1.2.2.Development
   959           </h4>
   966           </h4>
   960          </div>
   967          </div>
   961         </div>
   968         </div>
   973       <div class="section" title="1.2.3.Community">
   980       <div class="section" title="1.2.3.Community">
   974        <div class="titlepage">
   981        <div class="titlepage">
   975         <div>
   982         <div>
   976          <div>
   983          <div>
   977           <h4 class="title">
   984           <h4 class="title">
   978            <a name="id2662367">
   985            <a name="id2967450">
   979            </a>
   986            </a>
   980            1.2.3.Community
   987            1.2.3.Community
   981           </h4>
   988           </h4>
   982          </div>
   989          </div>
   983         </div>
   990         </div>
   995       <div class="section" title="1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux?">
  1002       <div class="section" title="1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux?">
   996        <div class="titlepage">
  1003        <div class="titlepage">
   997         <div>
  1004         <div>
   998          <div>
  1005          <div>
   999           <h4 class="title">
  1006           <h4 class="title">
  1000            <a name="id2662412">
  1007            <a name="id2967495">
  1001            </a>
  1008            </a>
  1002            1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux?
  1009            1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux?
  1003           </h4>
  1010           </h4>
  1004          </div>
  1011          </div>
  1005         </div>
  1012         </div>
  1011       <div class="section" title="1.2.5.Programming on Linux">
  1018       <div class="section" title="1.2.5.Programming on Linux">
  1012        <div class="titlepage">
  1019        <div class="titlepage">
  1013         <div>
  1020         <div>
  1014          <div>
  1021          <div>
  1015           <h4 class="title">
  1022           <h4 class="title">
  1016            <a name="id2662458">
  1023            <a name="id2967541">
  1017            </a>
  1024            </a>
  1018            1.2.5.Programming on Linux
  1025            1.2.5.Programming on Linux
  1019           </h4>
  1026           </h4>
  1020          </div>
  1027          </div>
  1021         </div>
  1028         </div>
  1034      <div class="section" title="1.3.Reasons for Using Linux">
  1041      <div class="section" title="1.3.Reasons for Using Linux">
  1035       <div class="titlepage">
  1042       <div class="titlepage">
  1036        <div>
  1043        <div>
  1037         <div>
  1044         <div>
  1038          <h3 class="title">
  1045          <h3 class="title">
  1039           <a name="id2662505">
  1046           <a name="id2967589">
  1040           </a>
  1047           </a>
  1041           1.3.Reasons for Using Linux
  1048           1.3.Reasons for Using Linux
  1042          </h3>
  1049          </h3>
  1043         </div>
  1050         </div>
  1044        </div>
  1051        </div>
  1122     <div class="section" title="2.Getting Started">
  1129     <div class="section" title="2.Getting Started">
  1123      <div class="titlepage">
  1130      <div class="titlepage">
  1124       <div>
  1131       <div>
  1125        <div>
  1132        <div>
  1126         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  1133         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  1127          <a name="id2662646">
  1134          <a name="id2967729">
  1128          </a>
  1135          </a>
  1129          2.Getting Started
  1136          2.Getting Started
  1130         </h2>
  1137         </h2>
  1131        </div>
  1138        </div>
  1132       </div>
  1139       </div>
  1134      <div class="section" title="2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out">
  1141      <div class="section" title="2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out">
  1135       <div class="titlepage">
  1142       <div class="titlepage">
  1136        <div>
  1143        <div>
  1137         <div>
  1144         <div>
  1138          <h3 class="title">
  1145          <h3 class="title">
  1139           <a name="id2662654">
  1146           <a name="id2967738">
  1140           </a>
  1147           </a>
  1141           2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
  1148           2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
  1142          </h3>
  1149          </h3>
  1143         </div>
  1150         </div>
  1144        </div>
  1151        </div>
  1149       <div class="section" title="2.1.1.Graphical Mode">
  1156       <div class="section" title="2.1.1.Graphical Mode">
  1150        <div class="titlepage">
  1157        <div class="titlepage">
  1151         <div>
  1158         <div>
  1152          <div>
  1159          <div>
  1153           <h4 class="title">
  1160           <h4 class="title">
  1154            <a name="id2662685">
  1161            <a name="id2967768">
  1155            </a>
  1162            </a>
  1156            2.1.1.Graphical Mode
  1163            2.1.1.Graphical Mode
  1157           </h4>
  1164           </h4>
  1158          </div>
  1165          </div>
  1159         </div>
  1166         </div>
  1272       <div class="section" title="2.1.2.Text Mode">
  1279       <div class="section" title="2.1.2.Text Mode">
  1273        <div class="titlepage">
  1280        <div class="titlepage">
  1274         <div>
  1281         <div>
  1275          <div>
  1282          <div>
  1276           <h4 class="title">
  1283           <h4 class="title">
  1277            <a name="id2662844">
  1284            <a name="id2967928">
  1278            </a>
  1285            </a>
  1279            2.1.2.Text Mode
  1286            2.1.2.Text Mode
  1280           </h4>
  1287           </h4>
  1281          </div>
  1288          </div>
  1282         </div>
  1289         </div>
  1327     <div class="section" title="3.Basic Commands">
  1334     <div class="section" title="3.Basic Commands">
  1328      <div class="titlepage">
  1335      <div class="titlepage">
  1329       <div>
  1336       <div>
  1330        <div>
  1337        <div>
  1331         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  1338         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  1332          <a name="id2662934">
  1339          <a name="id2968018">
  1333          </a>
  1340          </a>
  1334          3.Basic Commands
  1341          3.Basic Commands
  1335         </h2>
  1342         </h2>
  1336        </div>
  1343        </div>
  1337       </div>
  1344       </div>
  1339      <div class="section" title="3.1.ls">
  1346      <div class="section" title="3.1.ls">
  1340       <div class="titlepage">
  1347       <div class="titlepage">
  1341        <div>
  1348        <div>
  1342         <div>
  1349         <div>
  1343          <h3 class="title">
  1350          <h3 class="title">
  1344           <a name="id2662942">
  1351           <a name="id2968026">
  1345           </a>
  1352           </a>
  1346           3.1.ls
  1353           3.1.ls
  1347          </h3>
  1354          </h3>
  1348         </div>
  1355         </div>
  1349        </div>
  1356        </div>
  1385          ls
  1392          ls
  1386         </em>
  1393         </em>
  1387        </span>
  1394        </span>
  1388        displays files in a bare format. This bare format however makes it difficult to establish the type, permissions, and size of the files. The most common options to reveal this information or change the list of files are:
  1395        displays files in a bare format. This bare format however makes it difficult to establish the type, permissions, and size of the files. The most common options to reveal this information or change the list of files are:
  1389       </p>
  1396       </p>
  1390       <span style="color: red">
  1397       <div class="itemizedlist">
  1391        &lt;block_quote&gt;
  1398        <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  1392        <div class="itemizedlist">
  1399         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1393         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  1400          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_34">
  1394          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1401           <span class="emphasis">
  1395           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_34">
  1402            <em>
  1396            <span class="emphasis">
  1403             -l
  1397             <em>
  1404            </em>
  1398              -l
  1405           </span>
  1399             </em>
  1406           long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, date, and filename
  1400            </span>
  1407          </p>
  1401            long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, date, and filename
  1408         </li>
  1402           </p>
  1409         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1403          </li>
  1410          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_35">
  1404          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1411           <span class="emphasis">
  1405           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_35">
  1412            <em>
  1406            <span class="emphasis">
  1413             -F
  1407             <em>
  1414            </em>
  1408              -F
  1415           </span>
  1409             </em>
  1416           appends a character revealing the nature of a file, for example, * for an executable, or / for a directory. Regular files have no suffix.
  1410            </span>
  1417          </p>
  1411            appends a character revealing the nature of a file, for example, * for an executable, or / for a directory. Regular files have no suffix.
  1418         </li>
  1412           </p>
  1419         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1413          </li>
  1420          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_36">
  1414          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1421           <span class="emphasis">
  1415           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_36">
  1422            <em>
  1416            <span class="emphasis">
  1423             -a
  1417             <em>
  1424            </em>
  1418              -a
  1425           </span>
  1419             </em>
  1426           lists all files in the given directory, including those whose names start with "." (which are hidden files in Unix). By default, these files are excluded from the list.
  1420            </span>
  1427          </p>
  1421            lists all files in the given directory, including those whose names start with "." (which are hidden files in Unix). By default, these files are excluded from the list.
  1428         </li>
  1422           </p>
  1429         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1423          </li>
  1430          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_37">
  1424          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1431           <span class="emphasis">
  1425           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_37">
  1432            <em>
  1426            <span class="emphasis">
  1433             -R
  1427             <em>
  1434            </em>
  1428              -R
  1435           </span>
  1429             </em>
  1436           recursively lists subdirectories. The command ls -R / would therefore list all files.
  1430            </span>
  1437          </p>
  1431            recursively lists subdirectories. The command ls -R / would therefore list all files.
  1438         </li>
  1432           </p>
  1439         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1433          </li>
  1440          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_38">
  1434          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1441           <span class="emphasis">
  1435           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_38">
  1442            <em>
  1436            <span class="emphasis">
  1443             -d
  1437             <em>
  1444            </em>
  1438              -d
  1445           </span>
  1439             </em>
  1446           shows information about a symbolic link or directory, rather than about the link's target or listing the contents of a directory.
  1440            </span>
  1447          </p>
  1441            shows information about a symbolic link or directory, rather than about the link's target or listing the contents of a directory.
  1448         </li>
  1442           </p>
  1449         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1443          </li>
  1450          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_39">
  1444          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1451           <span class="emphasis">
  1445           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_39">
  1452            <em>
  1446            <span class="emphasis">
  1453             -t
  1447             <em>
  1454            </em>
  1448              -t
  1455           </span>
  1449             </em>
  1456           sort the list of files by modification time.
  1450            </span>
  1457          </p>
  1451            sort the list of files by modification time.
  1458         </li>
  1452           </p>
  1459         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1453          </li>
  1460          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_3a">
  1454          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1461           <span class="emphasis">
  1455           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_3a">
  1462            <em>
  1456            <span class="emphasis">
  1463             -h
  1457             <em>
  1464            </em>
  1458              -h
  1465           </span>
  1459             </em>
  1466           print sizes in human readable format. (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.)
  1460            </span>
  1467          </p>
  1461            print sizes in human readable format. (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.)
  1468         </li>
  1462           </p>
  1469        </ul>
  1463          </li>
  1470       </div>
  1464         </ul>
       
  1465        </div>
       
  1466        &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  1467       </span>
       
  1468       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_3b">
  1471       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_3b">
  1469        In some environments, providing the option
  1472        In some environments, providing the option
  1470        <span class="emphasis">
  1473        <span class="emphasis">
  1471         <em>
  1474         <em>
  1472          --color
  1475          --color
  1513      <div class="section" title="3.2.date">
  1516      <div class="section" title="3.2.date">
  1514       <div class="titlepage">
  1517       <div class="titlepage">
  1515        <div>
  1518        <div>
  1516         <div>
  1519         <div>
  1517          <h3 class="title">
  1520          <h3 class="title">
  1518           <a name="id2663106">
  1521           <a name="id2968189">
  1519           </a>
  1522           </a>
  1520           3.2.date
  1523           3.2.date
  1521          </h3>
  1524          </h3>
  1522         </div>
  1525         </div>
  1523        </div>
  1526        </div>
  1569      <div class="section" title="3.3.cd">
  1572      <div class="section" title="3.3.cd">
  1570       <div class="titlepage">
  1573       <div class="titlepage">
  1571        <div>
  1574        <div>
  1572         <div>
  1575         <div>
  1573          <h3 class="title">
  1576          <h3 class="title">
  1574           <a name="id2663167">
  1577           <a name="id2968249">
  1575           </a>
  1578           </a>
  1576           3.3.cd
  1579           3.3.cd
  1577          </h3>
  1580          </h3>
  1578         </div>
  1581         </div>
  1579        </div>
  1582        </div>
  1591        You can also use cd absolute path or cd relative path (see below):
  1594        You can also use cd absolute path or cd relative path (see below):
  1592       </p>
  1595       </p>
  1593       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_46">
  1596       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_46">
  1594        Absolute paths:
  1597        Absolute paths:
  1595       </p>
  1598       </p>
  1596       <span style="color: red">
       
  1597        &lt;block_quote&gt;
       
  1598       </span>
       
  1599       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_47">
  1599       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_47">
  1600        An  absolute path is easily recognised from the leading forward slash, /. The / means that you start at the top level directory and continue down.
  1600        An  absolute path is easily recognised from the leading forward slash, /. The / means that you start at the top level directory and continue down.
  1601       </p>
  1601       </p>
  1602       &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  1603       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_48">
  1602       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_48">
  1604        For example to get to /boot/grub you would type:
  1603        For example to get to /boot/grub you would type:
  1605       </p>
  1604       </p>
  1606       <pre class="programlisting">
  1605       <pre class="programlisting">
  1607        $cd /boot/grub
  1606        $cd /boot/grub
  1610        This is an absolute path because you start at the top of the hierarchy and go downwards from there (it doesn't matter where in the filesystem you were when you typed the command).
  1609        This is an absolute path because you start at the top of the hierarchy and go downwards from there (it doesn't matter where in the filesystem you were when you typed the command).
  1611       </p>
  1610       </p>
  1612       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4a">
  1611       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4a">
  1613        Relative paths:
  1612        Relative paths:
  1614       </p>
  1613       </p>
  1615       <span style="color: red">
       
  1616        &lt;block_quote&gt;
       
  1617       </span>
       
  1618       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4b">
  1614       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4b">
  1619        A  relative path doesn't have a preceding slash. Use a relative path when you start from a directory below the top level directory structure. This is dependent on where you are in the filesystem.
  1615        A  relative path doesn't have a preceding slash. Use a relative path when you start from a directory below the top level directory structure. This is dependent on where you are in the filesystem.
  1620       </p>
  1616       </p>
  1621       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4c">
  1617       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4c">
  1622        For example if you are in root's home directory and want to get to /root/music, you type:
  1618        For example if you are in root's home directory and want to get to /root/music, you type:
  1623       </p>
  1619       </p>
  1624       <pre class="programlisting">
  1620       <pre class="programlisting">
  1625        $ cd music
  1621        $ cd music
  1626       </pre>
  1622       </pre>
  1627       &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  1628       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4d">
  1623       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_4d">
  1629        Please note that there is no / using the above cd command. Using a / would cause this to be an absolute path, working from the top of the hierarchy downward.
  1624        Please note that there is no / using the above cd command. Using a / would cause this to be an absolute path, working from the top of the hierarchy downward.
  1630       </p>
  1625       </p>
  1631      </div>
  1626      </div>
  1632      <div class="section" title="3.4.who">
  1627      <div class="section" title="3.4.who">
  1633       <div class="titlepage">
  1628       <div class="titlepage">
  1634        <div>
  1629        <div>
  1635         <div>
  1630         <div>
  1636          <h3 class="title">
  1631          <h3 class="title">
  1637           <a name="id2663271">
  1632           <a name="id2968351">
  1638           </a>
  1633           </a>
  1639           3.4.who
  1634           3.4.who
  1640          </h3>
  1635          </h3>
  1641         </div>
  1636         </div>
  1642        </div>
  1637        </div>
  1730      <div class="section" title="3.5.mkdir">
  1725      <div class="section" title="3.5.mkdir">
  1731       <div class="titlepage">
  1726       <div class="titlepage">
  1732        <div>
  1727        <div>
  1733         <div>
  1728         <div>
  1734          <h3 class="title">
  1729          <h3 class="title">
  1735           <a name="id2663353">
  1730           <a name="id2968434">
  1736           </a>
  1731           </a>
  1737           3.5.mkdir
  1732           3.5.mkdir
  1738          </h3>
  1733          </h3>
  1739         </div>
  1734         </div>
  1740        </div>
  1735        </div>
  1763       <div class="section" title="3.5.1.Options">
  1758       <div class="section" title="3.5.1.Options">
  1764        <div class="titlepage">
  1759        <div class="titlepage">
  1765         <div>
  1760         <div>
  1766          <div>
  1761          <div>
  1767           <h4 class="title">
  1762           <h4 class="title">
  1768            <a name="id2663385">
  1763            <a name="id2968466">
  1769            </a>
  1764            </a>
  1770            3.5.1.Options
  1765            3.5.1.Options
  1771           </h4>
  1766           </h4>
  1772          </div>
  1767          </div>
  1773         </div>
  1768         </div>
  1779           mkdir
  1774           mkdir
  1780          </em>
  1775          </em>
  1781         </span>
  1776         </span>
  1782         takes options. Three of the most common options are:
  1777         takes options. Three of the most common options are:
  1783        </p>
  1778        </p>
  1784        <span style="color: red">
  1779        <div class="itemizedlist">
  1785         &lt;block_quote&gt;
  1780         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  1786         <div class="itemizedlist">
  1781          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1787          <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  1782           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_56">
  1788           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1783            <span class="emphasis">
  1789            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_56">
  1784             <em>
  1790             <span class="emphasis">
  1785              -p
  1791              <em>
  1786             </em>
  1792               -p
  1787            </span>
  1793              </em>
  1788            : will also create all directories leading up to the given directory that do not exist already. If the given directory already exists, ignore the error.
  1794             </span>
  1789           </p>
  1795             : will also create all directories leading up to the given directory that do not exist already. If the given directory already exists, ignore the error.
  1790          </li>
  1796            </p>
  1791          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1797           </li>
  1792           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_57">
  1798           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1793            <span class="emphasis">
  1799            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_57">
  1794             <em>
  1800             <span class="emphasis">
  1795              -v
  1801              <em>
  1796             </em>
  1802               -v
  1797            </span>
  1803              </em>
  1798            : display each directory that mkdir creates. Most often used with -p.
  1804             </span>
  1799           </p>
  1805             : display each directory that mkdir creates. Most often used with -p.
  1800          </li>
  1806            </p>
  1801          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1807           </li>
  1802           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_58">
  1808           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1803            <span class="emphasis">
  1809            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_58">
  1804             <em>
  1810             <span class="emphasis">
  1805              -m
  1811              <em>
  1806             </em>
  1812               -m
  1807            </span>
  1813              </em>
  1808            : specify the octal permissions of directories created by mkdir.
  1814             </span>
  1809           </p>
  1815             : specify the octal permissions of directories created by mkdir.
  1810          </li>
  1816            </p>
  1811         </ul>
  1817           </li>
  1812        </div>
  1818          </ul>
       
  1819         </div>
       
  1820         &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  1821        </span>
       
  1822        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_59">
  1813        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_59">
  1823         <span class="emphasis">
  1814         <span class="emphasis">
  1824          <em>
  1815          <em>
  1825           -p
  1816           -p
  1826          </em>
  1817          </em>
  1831       <div class="section" title="3.5.2.Examples">
  1822       <div class="section" title="3.5.2.Examples">
  1832        <div class="titlepage">
  1823        <div class="titlepage">
  1833         <div>
  1824         <div>
  1834          <div>
  1825          <div>
  1835           <h4 class="title">
  1826           <h4 class="title">
  1836            <a name="id2663447">
  1827            <a name="id2968525">
  1837            </a>
  1828            </a>
  1838            3.5.2.Examples
  1829            3.5.2.Examples
  1839           </h4>
  1830           </h4>
  1840          </div>
  1831          </div>
  1841         </div>
  1832         </div>
  1886         $mkdir -p tmpdir/{trunk/sources/{includes,docs},branches,tags}
  1877         $mkdir -p tmpdir/{trunk/sources/{includes,docs},branches,tags}
  1887        </pre>
  1878        </pre>
  1888        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_5d">
  1879        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_5d">
  1889         This will create:
  1880         This will create:
  1890        </p>
  1881        </p>
  1891        <span style="color: red">
  1882        tmpdir  - branches
  1892         &lt;definition_list&gt;
  1883        <div class="itemizedlist">
  1893         <span style="color: red">
  1884         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  1894          &lt;definition_list_item&gt;
  1885          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1895          <span style="color: red">
  1886           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_5e">
  1896           &lt;term&gt;tmpdir  - branches&lt;/term&gt;
  1887            tag
  1897          </span>
  1888           </p>
  1898          <span style="color: red">
  1889          </li>
  1899           &lt;definition&gt;
  1890          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
       
  1891           trunk - sources - includes
  1900           <div class="itemizedlist">
  1892           <div class="itemizedlist">
  1901            <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  1893            <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  1902             <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1894             <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  1903              <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_5e">
  1895              <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_5f">
  1904               tag
  1896               docs
  1905              </p>
  1897              </p>
  1906             </li>
       
  1907             <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
       
  1908              <span style="color: red">
       
  1909               &lt;definition_list&gt;
       
  1910               <span style="color: red">
       
  1911                &lt;definition_list_item&gt;
       
  1912                <span style="color: red">
       
  1913                 &lt;term&gt;trunk - sources - includes&lt;/term&gt;
       
  1914                </span>
       
  1915                <span style="color: red">
       
  1916                 &lt;definition&gt;
       
  1917                 <div class="itemizedlist">
       
  1918                  <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
       
  1919                   <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
       
  1920                    <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_5f">
       
  1921                     docs
       
  1922                    </p>
       
  1923                   </li>
       
  1924                  </ul>
       
  1925                 </div>
       
  1926                 &lt;/definition&gt;
       
  1927                </span>
       
  1928                &lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
       
  1929               </span>
       
  1930               &lt;/definition_list&gt;
       
  1931              </span>
       
  1932             </li>
  1898             </li>
  1933            </ul>
  1899            </ul>
  1934           </div>
  1900           </div>
  1935           &lt;/definition&gt;
  1901          </li>
  1936          </span>
  1902         </ul>
  1937          &lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
  1903        </div>
  1938         </span>
       
  1939         &lt;/definition_list&gt;
       
  1940        </span>
       
  1941       </div>
  1904       </div>
  1942      </div>
  1905      </div>
  1943     </div>
  1906     </div>
  1944     <div class="section" title="4.Getting Help">
  1907     <div class="section" title="4.Getting Help">
  1945      <div class="titlepage">
  1908      <div class="titlepage">
  1946       <div>
  1909       <div>
  1947        <div>
  1910        <div>
  1948         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  1911         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  1949          <a name="id2663534">
  1912          <a name="id2968601">
  1950          </a>
  1913          </a>
  1951          4.Getting Help
  1914          4.Getting Help
  1952         </h2>
  1915         </h2>
  1953        </div>
  1916        </div>
  1954       </div>
  1917       </div>
  1956      <div class="section" title="4.1.apropos and whatis">
  1919      <div class="section" title="4.1.apropos and whatis">
  1957       <div class="titlepage">
  1920       <div class="titlepage">
  1958        <div>
  1921        <div>
  1959         <div>
  1922         <div>
  1960          <h3 class="title">
  1923          <h3 class="title">
  1961           <a name="id2663542">
  1924           <a name="id2968610">
  1962           </a>
  1925           </a>
  1963           4.1.apropos and whatis
  1926           4.1.apropos and whatis
  1964          </h3>
  1927          </h3>
  1965         </div>
  1928         </div>
  1966        </div>
  1929        </div>
  2038      <div class="section" title="4.2.man">
  2001      <div class="section" title="4.2.man">
  2039       <div class="titlepage">
  2002       <div class="titlepage">
  2040        <div>
  2003        <div>
  2041         <div>
  2004         <div>
  2042          <h3 class="title">
  2005          <h3 class="title">
  2043           <a name="id2663636">
  2006           <a name="id2967107">
  2044           </a>
  2007           </a>
  2045           4.2.man
  2008           4.2.man
  2046          </h3>
  2009          </h3>
  2047         </div>
  2010         </div>
  2048        </div>
  2011        </div>
  2119       <div class="section" title="4.2.1.Layout">
  2082       <div class="section" title="4.2.1.Layout">
  2120        <div class="titlepage">
  2083        <div class="titlepage">
  2121         <div>
  2084         <div>
  2122          <div>
  2085          <div>
  2123           <h4 class="title">
  2086           <h4 class="title">
  2124            <a name="id2663719">
  2087            <a name="id2968914">
  2125            </a>
  2088            </a>
  2126            4.2.1.Layout
  2089            4.2.1.Layout
  2127           </h4>
  2090           </h4>
  2128          </div>
  2091          </div>
  2129         </div>
  2092         </div>
  2130        </div>
  2093        </div>
  2131        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6b">
  2094        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6b">
  2132         All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple ASCII text display, possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. Sections present may include:
  2095         All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple ASCII text display, possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. Sections present may include:
  2133        </p>
  2096        </p>
  2134        <span style="color: red">
  2097        NAME
  2135         &lt;definition_list&gt;
       
  2136         <span style="color: red">
       
  2137          &lt;definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2138          <span style="color: red">
       
  2139           &lt;term&gt;NAME&lt;/term&gt;
       
  2140          </span>
       
  2141          <span style="color: red">
       
  2142           &lt;definition&gt;
       
  2143          </span>
       
  2144         </span>
       
  2145        </span>
       
  2146        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6c">
  2098        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6c">
  2147         The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does.
  2099         The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does.
  2148        </p>
  2100        </p>
  2149        &lt;/definition&gt;
  2101        SYNOPSIS
  2150        &lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2151        <span style="color: red">
       
  2152         &lt;definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2153         <span style="color: red">
       
  2154          &lt;term&gt;SYNOPSIS&lt;/term&gt;
       
  2155         </span>
       
  2156         <span style="color: red">
       
  2157          &lt;definition&gt;
       
  2158         </span>
       
  2159        </span>
       
  2160        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6d">
  2102        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6d">
  2161         In the case of a command, you get a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its definition. For experienced users, this may be all the documentation they need.
  2103         In the case of a command, you get a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its definition. For experienced users, this may be all the documentation they need.
  2162        </p>
  2104        </p>
  2163        &lt;/definition&gt;
  2105        DESCRIPTION
  2164        &lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2165        <span style="color: red">
       
  2166         &lt;definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2167         <span style="color: red">
       
  2168          &lt;term&gt;DESCRIPTION&lt;/term&gt;
       
  2169         </span>
       
  2170         <span style="color: red">
       
  2171          &lt;definition&gt;
       
  2172         </span>
       
  2173        </span>
       
  2174        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6e">
  2106        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6e">
  2175         A textual description of the functioning of the command or function.
  2107         A textual description of the functioning of the command or function.
  2176        </p>
  2108        </p>
  2177        &lt;/definition&gt;
  2109        EXAMPLES
  2178        &lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2179        <span style="color: red">
       
  2180         &lt;definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2181         <span style="color: red">
       
  2182          &lt;term&gt;EXAMPLES&lt;/term&gt;
       
  2183         </span>
       
  2184         <span style="color: red">
       
  2185          &lt;definition&gt;
       
  2186         </span>
       
  2187        </span>
       
  2188        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6f">
  2110        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_6f">
  2189         Some examples of common usage.
  2111         Some examples of common usage.
  2190        </p>
  2112        </p>
  2191        &lt;/definition&gt;
  2113        SEE ALSO
  2192        &lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2193        <span style="color: red">
       
  2194         &lt;definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2195         <span style="color: red">
       
  2196          &lt;term&gt;SEE ALSO&lt;/term&gt;
       
  2197         </span>
       
  2198         <span style="color: red">
       
  2199          &lt;definition&gt;
       
  2200         </span>
       
  2201        </span>
       
  2202        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_70">
  2114        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_70">
  2203         A list of related commands or functions.
  2115         A list of related commands or functions.
  2204        </p>
  2116        </p>
  2205        &lt;/definition&gt;
       
  2206        &lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
       
  2207        &lt;/definition_list&gt;
       
  2208        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_71">
  2117        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_71">
  2209         Other sections may be present, but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, ENVIRONMENT, KNOWN BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS, HISTORY and COPYRIGHT.
  2118         Other sections may be present, but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, ENVIRONMENT, KNOWN BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS, HISTORY and COPYRIGHT.
  2210        </p>
  2119        </p>
  2211        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_72">
  2120        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_72">
  2212         These days virtually every Unix command line application comes with its man page, and many Unix users perceive a lack of man pages as a sign of low quality; indeed, some projects, such as Debian, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. Few alternatives to
  2121         These days virtually every Unix command line application comes with its man page, and many Unix users perceive a lack of man pages as a sign of low quality; indeed, some projects, such as Debian, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. Few alternatives to
  2234      <div class="section" title="4.3.info">
  2143      <div class="section" title="4.3.info">
  2235       <div class="titlepage">
  2144       <div class="titlepage">
  2236        <div>
  2145        <div>
  2237         <div>
  2146         <div>
  2238          <h3 class="title">
  2147          <h3 class="title">
  2239           <a name="id2663847">
  2148           <a name="id2969025">
  2240           </a>
  2149           </a>
  2241           4.3.info
  2150           4.3.info
  2242          </h3>
  2151          </h3>
  2243         </div>
  2152         </div>
  2244        </div>
  2153        </div>
  2263          info
  2172          info
  2264         </em>
  2173         </em>
  2265        </span>
  2174        </span>
  2266        processes info files, which are Texinfo formatted files, and presents the documentation as a tree, with simple commands to traverse the tree and to follow cross references. For instance
  2175        processes info files, which are Texinfo formatted files, and presents the documentation as a tree, with simple commands to traverse the tree and to follow cross references. For instance
  2267       </p>
  2176       </p>
  2268       <span style="color: red">
  2177       <div class="itemizedlist">
  2269        &lt;block_quote&gt;
  2178        <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  2270        <div class="itemizedlist">
  2179         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2271         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  2180          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7a">
  2272          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2181           <span class="emphasis">
  2273           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7a">
  2182            <em>
  2274            <span class="emphasis">
  2183             n
  2275             <em>
  2184            </em>
  2276              n
  2185           </span>
  2277             </em>
  2186           goes to the next page.
  2278            </span>
  2187          </p>
  2279            goes to the next page.
  2188         </li>
  2280           </p>
  2189         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2281          </li>
  2190          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7b">
  2282          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2191           <span class="emphasis">
  2283           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7b">
  2192            <em>
  2284            <span class="emphasis">
  2193             p
  2285             <em>
  2194            </em>
  2286              p
  2195           </span>
  2287             </em>
  2196           goes to the previous page.
  2288            </span>
  2197          </p>
  2289            goes to the previous page.
  2198         </li>
  2290           </p>
  2199         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2291          </li>
  2200          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7c">
  2292          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2201           <span class="emphasis">
  2293           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7c">
  2202            <em>
  2294            <span class="emphasis">
  2203             u
  2295             <em>
  2204            </em>
  2296              u
  2205           </span>
  2297             </em>
  2206           goes to the upper page.
  2298            </span>
  2207          </p>
  2299            goes to the upper page.
  2208         </li>
  2300           </p>
  2209         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2301          </li>
  2210          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7d">
  2302          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2211           <span class="emphasis">
  2303           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7d">
  2212            <em>
  2304            <span class="emphasis">
  2213             l
  2305             <em>
  2214            </em>
  2306              l
  2215           </span>
  2307             </em>
  2216           goes to the last(visited) node
  2308            </span>
  2217          </p>
  2309            goes to the last(visited) node
  2218         </li>
  2310           </p>
  2219         <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2311          </li>
  2220          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7e">
  2312          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2221           To follow a cross reference, the cursor can be moved over a link (a word preceded by a *) and enter pressed.
  2313           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7e">
  2222          </p>
  2314            To follow a cross reference, the cursor can be moved over a link (a word preceded by a
  2223         </li>
  2315            <span style="color: red">
  2224        </ul>
  2316             &lt;title_reference&gt;*&lt;/title_reference&gt;
  2225       </div>
  2317            </span>
       
  2318            ) and enter pressed.
       
  2319           </p>
       
  2320          </li>
       
  2321         </ul>
       
  2322        </div>
       
  2323        &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  2324       </span>
       
  2325       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7f">
  2226       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_7f">
  2326        info was initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems.
  2227        info was initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems.
  2327       </p>
  2228       </p>
  2328      </div>
  2229      </div>
  2329      <div class="section" title="4.4.--help">
  2230      <div class="section" title="4.4.--help">
  2330       <div class="titlepage">
  2231       <div class="titlepage">
  2331        <div>
  2232        <div>
  2332         <div>
  2233         <div>
  2333          <h3 class="title">
  2234          <h3 class="title">
  2334           <a name="id2663939">
  2235           <a name="id2969112">
  2335           </a>
  2236           </a>
  2336           4.4.--help
  2237           4.4.--help
  2337          </h3>
  2238          </h3>
  2338         </div>
  2239         </div>
  2339        </div>
  2240        </div>
  2378     <div class="section" title="5.Basic file handling">
  2279     <div class="section" title="5.Basic file handling">
  2379      <div class="titlepage">
  2280      <div class="titlepage">
  2380       <div>
  2281       <div>
  2381        <div>
  2282        <div>
  2382         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  2283         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  2383          <a name="id2663992">
  2284          <a name="id2969165">
  2384          </a>
  2285          </a>
  2385          5.Basic file handling
  2286          5.Basic file handling
  2386         </h2>
  2287         </h2>
  2387        </div>
  2288        </div>
  2388       </div>
  2289       </div>
  2390      <div class="section" title="5.1.cp">
  2291      <div class="section" title="5.1.cp">
  2391       <div class="titlepage">
  2292       <div class="titlepage">
  2392        <div>
  2293        <div>
  2393         <div>
  2294         <div>
  2394          <h3 class="title">
  2295          <h3 class="title">
  2395           <a name="id2664000">
  2296           <a name="id2969173">
  2396           </a>
  2297           </a>
  2397           5.1.cp
  2298           5.1.cp
  2398          </h3>
  2299          </h3>
  2399         </div>
  2300         </div>
  2400        </div>
  2301        </div>
  2410       <div class="section" title="5.1.1.Usage">
  2311       <div class="section" title="5.1.1.Usage">
  2411        <div class="titlepage">
  2312        <div class="titlepage">
  2412         <div>
  2313         <div>
  2413          <div>
  2314          <div>
  2414           <h4 class="title">
  2315           <h4 class="title">
  2415            <a name="id2664018">
  2316            <a name="id2969191">
  2416            </a>
  2317            </a>
  2417            5.1.1.Usage
  2318            5.1.1.Usage
  2418           </h4>
  2319           </h4>
  2419          </div>
  2320          </div>
  2420         </div>
  2321         </div>
  2442       <div class="section" title="5.1.2.Flags">
  2343       <div class="section" title="5.1.2.Flags">
  2443        <div class="titlepage">
  2344        <div class="titlepage">
  2444         <div>
  2345         <div>
  2445          <div>
  2346          <div>
  2446           <h4 class="title">
  2347           <h4 class="title">
  2447            <a name="id2664052">
  2348            <a name="id2969225">
  2448            </a>
  2349            </a>
  2449            5.1.2.Flags
  2350            5.1.2.Flags
  2450           </h4>
  2351           </h4>
  2451          </div>
  2352          </div>
  2452         </div>
  2353         </div>
  2481           -p
  2382           -p
  2482          </em>
  2383          </em>
  2483         </span>
  2384         </span>
  2484         (preserve)  duplicates the following characteristics of each SourceFile/SourceDirectory in the corresponding TargetFile and/or TargetDirectory:
  2385         (preserve)  duplicates the following characteristics of each SourceFile/SourceDirectory in the corresponding TargetFile and/or TargetDirectory:
  2485        </p>
  2386        </p>
  2486        <span style="color: red">
  2387        <div class="itemizedlist">
  2487         &lt;block_quote&gt;
  2388         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  2488         <div class="itemizedlist">
  2389          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2489          <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  2390           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_89">
  2490           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2391            The time of the last data modification and the time of the last access.
  2491            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_89">
  2392           </p>
  2492             The time of the last data modification and the time of the last access.
  2393          </li>
  2493            </p>
  2394          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2494           </li>
  2395           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_8a">
  2495           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2396            The user ID and group ID (only if it has permissions to do this)
  2496            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_8a">
  2397           </p>
  2497             The user ID and group ID (only if it has permissions to do this)
  2398          </li>
  2498            </p>
  2399          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2499           </li>
  2400           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_8b">
  2500           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2401            The file permission bits and the SUID and SGID bits.
  2501            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_8b">
  2402           </p>
  2502             The file permission bits and the SUID and SGID bits.
  2403          </li>
  2503            </p>
  2404         </ul>
  2504           </li>
  2405        </div>
  2505          </ul>
       
  2506         </div>
       
  2507         &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  2508        </span>
       
  2509        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_8c">
  2406        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_8c">
  2510         <span class="emphasis">
  2407         <span class="emphasis">
  2511          <em>
  2408          <em>
  2512           -R
  2409           -R
  2513          </em>
  2410          </em>
  2518       <div class="section" title="5.1.3.Examples">
  2415       <div class="section" title="5.1.3.Examples">
  2519        <div class="titlepage">
  2416        <div class="titlepage">
  2520         <div>
  2417         <div>
  2521          <div>
  2418          <div>
  2522           <h4 class="title">
  2419           <h4 class="title">
  2523            <a name="id2664151">
  2420            <a name="id2969323">
  2524            </a>
  2421            </a>
  2525            5.1.3.Examples
  2422            5.1.3.Examples
  2526           </h4>
  2423           </h4>
  2527          </div>
  2424          </div>
  2528         </div>
  2425         </div>
  2600         This copies only the files in the clients directory to the customers directory.
  2497         This copies only the files in the clients directory to the customers directory.
  2601        </p>
  2498        </p>
  2602        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_95">
  2499        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_95">
  2603         To copy a directory, including all its files and subdirectories, to another directory, enter:
  2500         To copy a directory, including all its files and subdirectories, to another directory, enter:
  2604        </p>
  2501        </p>
  2605        <span style="color: red">
       
  2606         &lt;block_quote&gt;
       
  2607        </span>
       
  2608        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_96">
  2502        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_96">
  2609         $ cp -R /home/hhgg/clients /home/hhgg/customers
  2503         $ cp -R /home/hhgg/clients /home/hhgg/customers
  2610        </p>
  2504        </p>
  2611        &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  2612        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_97">
  2505        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_97">
  2613         This copies the clients directory, including all its files, subdirectories, and the files in those subdirectories, to the customers/clients directory.
  2506         This copies the clients directory, including all its files, subdirectories, and the files in those subdirectories, to the customers/clients directory.
  2614        </p>
  2507        </p>
  2615        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_98">
  2508        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_98">
  2616         To copy a specific set of files of any extension to another directory, enter:
  2509         To copy a specific set of files of any extension to another directory, enter:
  2665      <div class="section" title="5.2.mv">
  2558      <div class="section" title="5.2.mv">
  2666       <div class="titlepage">
  2559       <div class="titlepage">
  2667        <div>
  2560        <div>
  2668         <div>
  2561         <div>
  2669          <h3 class="title">
  2562          <h3 class="title">
  2670           <a name="id2664315">
  2563           <a name="id2969486">
  2671           </a>
  2564           </a>
  2672           5.2.mv
  2565           5.2.mv
  2673          </h3>
  2566          </h3>
  2674         </div>
  2567         </div>
  2675        </div>
  2568        </div>
  2691       <div class="section" title="5.2.1.Conflicting existing file">
  2584       <div class="section" title="5.2.1.Conflicting existing file">
  2692        <div class="titlepage">
  2585        <div class="titlepage">
  2693         <div>
  2586         <div>
  2694          <div>
  2587          <div>
  2695           <h4 class="title">
  2588           <h4 class="title">
  2696            <a name="id2664339">
  2589            <a name="id2969510">
  2697            </a>
  2590            </a>
  2698            5.2.1.Conflicting existing file
  2591            5.2.1.Conflicting existing file
  2699           </h4>
  2592           </h4>
  2700          </div>
  2593          </div>
  2701         </div>
  2594         </div>
  2707       <div class="section" title="5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete">
  2600       <div class="section" title="5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete">
  2708        <div class="titlepage">
  2601        <div class="titlepage">
  2709         <div>
  2602         <div>
  2710          <div>
  2603          <div>
  2711           <h4 class="title">
  2604           <h4 class="title">
  2712            <a name="id2664358">
  2605            <a name="id2969529">
  2713            </a>
  2606            </a>
  2714            5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete
  2607            5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete
  2715           </h4>
  2608           </h4>
  2716          </div>
  2609          </div>
  2717         </div>
  2610         </div>
  2723       <div class="section" title="5.2.3.Examples">
  2616       <div class="section" title="5.2.3.Examples">
  2724        <div class="titlepage">
  2617        <div class="titlepage">
  2725         <div>
  2618         <div>
  2726          <div>
  2619          <div>
  2727           <h4 class="title">
  2620           <h4 class="title">
  2728            <a name="id2664389">
  2621            <a name="id2969560">
  2729            </a>
  2622            </a>
  2730            5.2.3.Examples
  2623            5.2.3.Examples
  2731           </h4>
  2624           </h4>
  2732          </div>
  2625          </div>
  2733         </div>
  2626         </div>
  2784      <div class="section" title="5.3.rm">
  2677      <div class="section" title="5.3.rm">
  2785       <div class="titlepage">
  2678       <div class="titlepage">
  2786        <div>
  2679        <div>
  2787         <div>
  2680         <div>
  2788          <h3 class="title">
  2681          <h3 class="title">
  2789           <a name="id2664447">
  2682           <a name="id2969618">
  2790           </a>
  2683           </a>
  2791           5.3.rm
  2684           5.3.rm
  2792          </h3>
  2685          </h3>
  2793         </div>
  2686         </div>
  2794        </div>
  2687        </div>
  2811       <div class="section" title="5.3.1.Options">
  2704       <div class="section" title="5.3.1.Options">
  2812        <div class="titlepage">
  2705        <div class="titlepage">
  2813         <div>
  2706         <div>
  2814          <div>
  2707          <div>
  2815           <h4 class="title">
  2708           <h4 class="title">
  2816            <a name="id2661975">
  2709            <a name="id2969648">
  2817            </a>
  2710            </a>
  2818            5.3.1.Options
  2711            5.3.1.Options
  2819           </h4>
  2712           </h4>
  2820          </div>
  2713          </div>
  2821         </div>
  2714         </div>
  2822        </div>
  2715        </div>
  2823        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a3">
  2716        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a3">
  2824         Common options that rm accepts include:
  2717         Common options that rm accepts include:
  2825        </p>
  2718        </p>
  2826        <span style="color: red">
  2719        <div class="itemizedlist">
  2827         &lt;block_quote&gt;
  2720         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  2828         <div class="itemizedlist">
  2721          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2829          <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  2722           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a4">
  2830           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2723            <span class="emphasis">
  2831            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a4">
  2724             <em>
  2832             <span class="emphasis">
  2725              -r
  2833              <em>
  2726             </em>
  2834               -r
  2727            </span>
  2835              </em>
  2728            , which removes directories, removing the contents recursively beforehand (so as not to leave files without a directory to reside in) ("recursive")
  2836             </span>
  2729           </p>
  2837             , which removes directories, removing the contents recursively beforehand (so as not to leave files without a directory to reside in) ("recursive")
  2730          </li>
  2838            </p>
  2731          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2839           </li>
  2732           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a5">
  2840           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2733            <span class="emphasis">
  2841            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a5">
  2734             <em>
  2842             <span class="emphasis">
  2735              -i
  2843              <em>
  2736             </em>
  2844               -i
  2737            </span>
  2845              </em>
  2738            , which asks for every deletion to be confirmed ("interactive")
  2846             </span>
  2739           </p>
  2847             , which asks for every deletion to be confirmed ("interactive")
  2740          </li>
  2848            </p>
  2741          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2849           </li>
  2742           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a6">
  2850           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2743            <span class="emphasis">
  2851            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a6">
  2744             <em>
  2852             <span class="emphasis">
  2745              -f
  2853              <em>
  2746             </em>
  2854               -f
  2747            </span>
  2855              </em>
  2748            , which ignores non-existent files and overrides any confirmation prompts ("force")
  2856             </span>
  2749           </p>
  2857             , which ignores non-existent files and overrides any confirmation prompts ("force")
  2750          </li>
  2858            </p>
  2751          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2859           </li>
  2752           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a7">
  2860           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  2753            <span class="emphasis">
  2861            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a7">
  2754             <em>
  2862             <span class="emphasis">
  2755              -v
  2863              <em>
  2756             </em>
  2864               -v
  2757            </span>
  2865              </em>
  2758            , which shows what is being removed as it happens ("verbose")
  2866             </span>
  2759           </p>
  2867             , which shows what is being removed as it happens ("verbose")
  2760          </li>
  2868            </p>
  2761         </ul>
  2869           </li>
  2762        </div>
  2870          </ul>
       
  2871         </div>
       
  2872         &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  2873        </span>
       
  2874        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a8">
  2763        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_a8">
  2875         <span class="emphasis">
  2764         <span class="emphasis">
  2876          <em>
  2765          <em>
  2877           rm
  2766           rm
  2878          </em>
  2767          </em>
  2883         <span class="emphasis">
  2772         <span class="emphasis">
  2884          <em>
  2773          <em>
  2885           rm -rf
  2774           rm -rf
  2886          </em>
  2775          </em>
  2887         </span>
  2776         </span>
  2888         (variously, rm -rf /, rm -rf
  2777         (variously, rm -rf /, rm -rf *, and others) is frequently used in jokes and anecdotes about Unix disasters. The rm -rf variant of the command, if run by a superuser on the root directory, would cause the contents of every writable mounted filesystem on the computer to be deleted.
  2889         <span style="color: red">
       
  2890          &lt;title_reference&gt;*&lt;/title_reference&gt;
       
  2891         </span>
       
  2892         , and others) is frequently used in jokes and anecdotes about Unix disasters. The rm -rf variant of the command, if run by a superuser on the root directory, would cause the contents of every writable mounted filesystem on the computer to be deleted.
       
  2893        </p>
  2778        </p>
  2894        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_aa">
  2779        <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_aa">
  2895         <span class="emphasis">
  2780         <span class="emphasis">
  2896          <em>
  2781          <em>
  2897           rm
  2782           rm
  2915       <div class="section" title="5.3.2.Permissions">
  2800       <div class="section" title="5.3.2.Permissions">
  2916        <div class="titlepage">
  2801        <div class="titlepage">
  2917         <div>
  2802         <div>
  2918          <div>
  2803          <div>
  2919           <h4 class="title">
  2804           <h4 class="title">
  2920            <a name="id2662078">
  2805            <a name="id2969747">
  2921            </a>
  2806            </a>
  2922            5.3.2.Permissions
  2807            5.3.2.Permissions
  2923           </h4>
  2808           </h4>
  2924          </div>
  2809          </div>
  2925         </div>
  2810         </div>
  2939     <div class="section" title="6.Command Line Arguments">
  2824     <div class="section" title="6.Command Line Arguments">
  2940      <div class="titlepage">
  2825      <div class="titlepage">
  2941       <div>
  2826       <div>
  2942        <div>
  2827        <div>
  2943         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  2828         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  2944          <a name="id2664756">
  2829          <a name="id2969786">
  2945          </a>
  2830          </a>
  2946          6.Command Line Arguments
  2831          6.Command Line Arguments
  2947         </h2>
  2832         </h2>
  2948        </div>
  2833        </div>
  2949       </div>
  2834       </div>
  3024     <div class="section" title="7.Basic Text Processing">
  2909     <div class="section" title="7.Basic Text Processing">
  3025      <div class="titlepage">
  2910      <div class="titlepage">
  3026       <div>
  2911       <div>
  3027        <div>
  2912        <div>
  3028         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  2913         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  3029          <a name="id2664849">
  2914          <a name="id2969880">
  3030          </a>
  2915          </a>
  3031          7.Basic Text Processing
  2916          7.Basic Text Processing
  3032         </h2>
  2917         </h2>
  3033        </div>
  2918        </div>
  3034       </div>
  2919       </div>
  3036      <div class="section" title="7.1.head">
  2921      <div class="section" title="7.1.head">
  3037       <div class="titlepage">
  2922       <div class="titlepage">
  3038        <div>
  2923        <div>
  3039         <div>
  2924         <div>
  3040          <h3 class="title">
  2925          <h3 class="title">
  3041           <a name="id2664858">
  2926           <a name="id2969888">
  3042           </a>
  2927           </a>
  3043           7.1.head
  2928           7.1.head
  3044          </h3>
  2929          </h3>
  3045         </div>
  2930         </div>
  3046        </div>
  2931        </div>
  3086       <div class="section" title="7.1.1.Flags">
  2971       <div class="section" title="7.1.1.Flags">
  3087        <div class="titlepage">
  2972        <div class="titlepage">
  3088         <div>
  2973         <div>
  3089          <div>
  2974          <div>
  3090           <h4 class="title">
  2975           <h4 class="title">
  3091            <a name="id2664909">
  2976            <a name="id2969940">
  3092            </a>
  2977            </a>
  3093            7.1.1.Flags
  2978            7.1.1.Flags
  3094           </h4>
  2979           </h4>
  3095          </div>
  2980          </div>
  3096         </div>
  2981         </div>
  3126      <div class="section" title="7.2.tail">
  3011      <div class="section" title="7.2.tail">
  3127       <div class="titlepage">
  3012       <div class="titlepage">
  3128        <div>
  3013        <div>
  3129         <div>
  3014         <div>
  3130          <h3 class="title">
  3015          <h3 class="title">
  3131           <a name="id2664945">
  3016           <a name="id2969975">
  3132           </a>
  3017           </a>
  3133           7.2.tail
  3018           7.2.tail
  3134          </h3>
  3019          </h3>
  3135         </div>
  3020         </div>
  3136        </div>
  3021        </div>
  3192       <div class="section" title="7.2.1.File monitoring">
  3077       <div class="section" title="7.2.1.File monitoring">
  3193        <div class="titlepage">
  3078        <div class="titlepage">
  3194         <div>
  3079         <div>
  3195          <div>
  3080          <div>
  3196           <h4 class="title">
  3081           <h4 class="title">
  3197            <a name="id2665024">
  3082            <a name="id2970054">
  3198            </a>
  3083            </a>
  3199            7.2.1.File monitoring
  3084            7.2.1.File monitoring
  3200           </h4>
  3085           </h4>
  3201          </div>
  3086          </div>
  3202         </div>
  3087         </div>
  3241      <div class="section" title="7.3.cut">
  3126      <div class="section" title="7.3.cut">
  3242       <div class="titlepage">
  3127       <div class="titlepage">
  3243        <div>
  3128        <div>
  3244         <div>
  3129         <div>
  3245          <h3 class="title">
  3130          <h3 class="title">
  3246           <a name="id2665073">
  3131           <a name="id2970103">
  3247           </a>
  3132           </a>
  3248           7.3.cut
  3133           7.3.cut
  3249          </h3>
  3134          </h3>
  3250         </div>
  3135         </div>
  3251        </div>
  3136        </div>
  3320      <div class="section" title="7.4.paste">
  3205      <div class="section" title="7.4.paste">
  3321       <div class="titlepage">
  3206       <div class="titlepage">
  3322        <div>
  3207        <div>
  3323         <div>
  3208         <div>
  3324          <h3 class="title">
  3209          <h3 class="title">
  3325           <a name="id2665160">
  3210           <a name="id2970190">
  3326           </a>
  3211           </a>
  3327           7.4.paste
  3212           7.4.paste
  3328          </h3>
  3213          </h3>
  3329         </div>
  3214         </div>
  3330        </div>
  3215        </div>
  3405     <div class="section" title="8.Shell Meta Characters">
  3290     <div class="section" title="8.Shell Meta Characters">
  3406      <div class="titlepage">
  3291      <div class="titlepage">
  3407       <div>
  3292       <div>
  3408        <div>
  3293        <div>
  3409         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  3294         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  3410          <a name="id2665294">
  3295          <a name="id2970324">
  3411          </a>
  3296          </a>
  3412          8.Shell Meta Characters
  3297          8.Shell Meta Characters
  3413         </h2>
  3298         </h2>
  3414        </div>
  3299        </div>
  3415       </div>
  3300       </div>
  3446      </pre>
  3331      </pre>
  3447      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_e5">
  3332      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_e5">
  3448       because the c* matches that long file name.
  3333       because the c* matches that long file name.
  3449      </p>
  3334      </p>
  3450      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_e6">
  3335      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_e6">
  3451       Filenames containing metacharacters can pose many problems and should never be intentionally created. If you do find that you've created a file with metacharacters, and you would like to remove it, you have three options. You may use wildcards to match metacharacter, use the  to directly enter the filename, or put the command in double quotes (except in the case of double quotes within the file name, these must be captured with one of the first two methods). For example, deleting a file named
  3336       Filenames containing metacharacters can pose many problems and should never be intentionally created. If you do find that you've created a file with metacharacters, and you would like to remove it, you have three options. You may use wildcards to match metacharacter, use the  to directly enter the filename, or put the command in double quotes (except in the case of double quotes within the file name, these must be captured with one of the first two methods). For example, deleting a file named "``*`|more"` can be accomplished with:
  3452       <span style="color: red">
       
  3453        &lt;title_reference&gt;"``*`|more&lt;/title_reference&gt;
       
  3454       </span>
       
  3455       "` can be accomplished with:
       
  3456      </p>
  3337      </p>
  3457      <pre class="programlisting">
  3338      <pre class="programlisting">
  3458       $ rm ??more
  3339       $ rm ??more
  3459      </pre>
  3340      </pre>
  3460      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_e7">
  3341      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_e7">
  3473     <div class="section" title="9.Looking At Files">
  3354     <div class="section" title="9.Looking At Files">
  3474      <div class="titlepage">
  3355      <div class="titlepage">
  3475       <div>
  3356       <div>
  3476        <div>
  3357        <div>
  3477         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  3358         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  3478          <a name="id2665403">
  3359          <a name="id2970430">
  3479          </a>
  3360          </a>
  3480          9.Looking At Files
  3361          9.Looking At Files
  3481         </h2>
  3362         </h2>
  3482        </div>
  3363        </div>
  3483       </div>
  3364       </div>
  3485      <div class="section" title="9.1.cat">
  3366      <div class="section" title="9.1.cat">
  3486       <div class="titlepage">
  3367       <div class="titlepage">
  3487        <div>
  3368        <div>
  3488         <div>
  3369         <div>
  3489          <h3 class="title">
  3370          <h3 class="title">
  3490           <a name="id2665411">
  3371           <a name="id2970438">
  3491           </a>
  3372           </a>
  3492           9.1.cat
  3373           9.1.cat
  3493          </h3>
  3374          </h3>
  3494         </div>
  3375         </div>
  3495        </div>
  3376        </div>
  3530       <div class="section" title="9.1.1.Jargon File Definition">
  3411       <div class="section" title="9.1.1.Jargon File Definition">
  3531        <div class="titlepage">
  3412        <div class="titlepage">
  3532         <div>
  3413         <div>
  3533          <div>
  3414          <div>
  3534           <h4 class="title">
  3415           <h4 class="title">
  3535            <a name="id2665455">
  3416            <a name="id2970482">
  3536            </a>
  3417            </a>
  3537            9.1.1.Jargon File Definition
  3418            9.1.1.Jargon File Definition
  3538           </h4>
  3419           </h4>
  3539          </div>
  3420          </div>
  3540         </div>
  3421         </div>
  3574       <div class="section" title="9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat'">
  3455       <div class="section" title="9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat'">
  3575        <div class="titlepage">
  3456        <div class="titlepage">
  3576         <div>
  3457         <div>
  3577          <div>
  3458          <div>
  3578           <h4 class="title">
  3459           <h4 class="title">
  3579            <a name="id2665494">
  3460            <a name="id2970521">
  3580            </a>
  3461            </a>
  3581            9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat'
  3462            9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat'
  3582           </h4>
  3463           </h4>
  3583          </div>
  3464          </div>
  3584         </div>
  3465         </div>
  3626       <div class="section" title="9.1.3.zcat">
  3507       <div class="section" title="9.1.3.zcat">
  3627        <div class="titlepage">
  3508        <div class="titlepage">
  3628         <div>
  3509         <div>
  3629          <div>
  3510          <div>
  3630           <h4 class="title">
  3511           <h4 class="title">
  3631            <a name="id2665565">
  3512            <a name="id2970592">
  3632            </a>
  3513            </a>
  3633            9.1.3.zcat
  3514            9.1.3.zcat
  3634           </h4>
  3515           </h4>
  3635          </div>
  3516          </div>
  3636         </div>
  3517         </div>
  3677      <div class="section" title="9.2.more">
  3558      <div class="section" title="9.2.more">
  3678       <div class="titlepage">
  3559       <div class="titlepage">
  3679        <div>
  3560        <div>
  3680         <div>
  3561         <div>
  3681          <h3 class="title">
  3562          <h3 class="title">
  3682           <a name="id2665599">
  3563           <a name="id2970626">
  3683           </a>
  3564           </a>
  3684           9.2.more
  3565           9.2.more
  3685          </h3>
  3566          </h3>
  3686         </div>
  3567         </div>
  3687        </div>
  3568        </div>
  3698       <div class="section" title="9.2.1.Usage">
  3579       <div class="section" title="9.2.1.Usage">
  3699        <div class="titlepage">
  3580        <div class="titlepage">
  3700         <div>
  3581         <div>
  3701          <div>
  3582          <div>
  3702           <h4 class="title">
  3583           <h4 class="title">
  3703            <a name="id2665618">
  3584            <a name="id2970645">
  3704            </a>
  3585            </a>
  3705            9.2.1.Usage
  3586            9.2.1.Usage
  3706           </h4>
  3587           </h4>
  3707          </div>
  3588          </div>
  3708         </div>
  3589         </div>
  3801      <div class="section" title="9.3.less">
  3682      <div class="section" title="9.3.less">
  3802       <div class="titlepage">
  3683       <div class="titlepage">
  3803        <div>
  3684        <div>
  3804         <div>
  3685         <div>
  3805          <h3 class="title">
  3686          <h3 class="title">
  3806           <a name="id2665710">
  3687           <a name="id2970737">
  3807           </a>
  3688           </a>
  3808           9.3.less
  3689           9.3.less
  3809          </h3>
  3690          </h3>
  3810         </div>
  3691         </div>
  3811        </div>
  3692        </div>
  3833       <div class="section" title="9.3.1.Usage">
  3714       <div class="section" title="9.3.1.Usage">
  3834        <div class="titlepage">
  3715        <div class="titlepage">
  3835         <div>
  3716         <div>
  3836          <div>
  3717          <div>
  3837           <h4 class="title">
  3718           <h4 class="title">
  3838            <a name="id2665739">
  3719            <a name="id2970765">
  3839            </a>
  3720            </a>
  3840            9.3.1.Usage
  3721            9.3.1.Usage
  3841           </h4>
  3722           </h4>
  3842          </div>
  3723          </div>
  3843         </div>
  3724         </div>
  3887       <div class="section" title="9.3.2.Frequently Used Options">
  3768       <div class="section" title="9.3.2.Frequently Used Options">
  3888        <div class="titlepage">
  3769        <div class="titlepage">
  3889         <div>
  3770         <div>
  3890          <div>
  3771          <div>
  3891           <h4 class="title">
  3772           <h4 class="title">
  3892            <a name="id2665794">
  3773            <a name="id2970820">
  3893            </a>
  3774            </a>
  3894            9.3.2.Frequently Used Options
  3775            9.3.2.Frequently Used Options
  3895           </h4>
  3776           </h4>
  3896          </div>
  3777          </div>
  3897         </div>
  3778         </div>
  3898        </div>
  3779        </div>
  3899        <span style="color: red">
  3780        <div class="itemizedlist">
  3900         &lt;block_quote&gt;
  3781         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  3901         <div class="itemizedlist">
  3782          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3902          <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  3783           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_fe">
  3903           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3784            -g: Highlights just the current match of any searched string.
  3904            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_fe">
  3785           </p>
  3905             -g: Highlights just the current match of any searched string.
  3786          </li>
  3906            </p>
  3787          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3907           </li>
  3788           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_ff">
  3908           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3789            -I: Case-insensitive searches.
  3909            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_ff">
  3790           </p>
  3910             -I: Case-insensitive searches.
  3791          </li>
  3911            </p>
  3792          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3912           </li>
  3793           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_100">
  3913           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3794            -M: Shows more detailed prompt, including file position.
  3914            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_100">
  3795           </p>
  3915             -M: Shows more detailed prompt, including file position.
  3796          </li>
  3916            </p>
  3797          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3917           </li>
  3798           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_101">
  3918           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3799            -N: Shows line numbers (useful for source code viewing).
  3919            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_101">
  3800           </p>
  3920             -N: Shows line numbers (useful for source code viewing).
  3801          </li>
  3921            </p>
  3802          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3922           </li>
  3803           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_102">
  3923           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3804            -S: Disables line wrap ("chop long lines"). Long lines can be seen by side scrolling.
  3924            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_102">
  3805           </p>
  3925             -S: Disables line wrap ("chop long lines"). Long lines can be seen by side scrolling.
  3806          </li>
  3926            </p>
  3807          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3927           </li>
  3808           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_103">
  3928           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3809            -?: Shows help.
  3929            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_103">
  3810           </p>
  3930             -?: Shows help.
  3811          </li>
  3931            </p>
  3812         </ul>
  3932           </li>
  3813        </div>
  3933          </ul>
       
  3934         </div>
       
  3935         &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  3936        </span>
       
  3937       </div>
  3814       </div>
  3938       <div class="section" title="9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands">
  3815       <div class="section" title="9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands">
  3939        <div class="titlepage">
  3816        <div class="titlepage">
  3940         <div>
  3817         <div>
  3941          <div>
  3818          <div>
  3942           <h4 class="title">
  3819           <h4 class="title">
  3943            <a name="id2665847">
  3820            <a name="id2970872">
  3944            </a>
  3821            </a>
  3945            9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands
  3822            9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands
  3946           </h4>
  3823           </h4>
  3947          </div>
  3824          </div>
  3948         </div>
  3825         </div>
  3949        </div>
  3826        </div>
  3950        <span style="color: red">
  3827        <div class="itemizedlist">
  3951         &lt;block_quote&gt;
  3828         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  3952         <div class="itemizedlist">
  3829          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3953          <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  3830           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_104">
  3954           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3831            [Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]: Navigation.
  3955            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_104">
  3832           </p>
  3956             [Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]: Navigation.
  3833          </li>
  3957            </p>
  3834          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3958           </li>
  3835           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_105">
  3959           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3836            [Space bar]: Next page.
  3960            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_105">
  3837           </p>
  3961             [Space bar]: Next page.
  3838          </li>
  3962            </p>
  3839          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3963           </li>
  3840           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_106">
  3964           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3841            b: Previous page.
  3965            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_106">
  3842           </p>
  3966             b: Previous page.
  3843          </li>
  3967            </p>
  3844          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3968           </li>
  3845           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_107">
  3969           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3846            ng: Jump to line number n. Default is the start of the file.
  3970            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_107">
  3847           </p>
  3971             ng: Jump to line number n. Default is the start of the file.
  3848          </li>
  3972            </p>
  3849          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3973           </li>
  3850           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_108">
  3974           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3851            nG: Jump to line number n. Default is the end of the file.
  3975            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_108">
  3852           </p>
  3976             nG: Jump to line number n. Default is the end of the file.
  3853          </li>
  3977            </p>
  3854          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3978           </li>
  3855           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_109">
  3979           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3856            /pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used.
  3980            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_109">
  3857           </p>
  3981             /pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used.
  3858          </li>
  3982            </p>
  3859          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3983           </li>
  3860           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10a">
  3984           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3861            '^ or g: Go to start of file.
  3985            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10a">
  3862           </p>
  3986             '^ or g: Go to start of file.
  3863          </li>
  3987            </p>
  3864          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3988           </li>
  3865           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10b">
  3989           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3866            '$ or G: Go to end of file.
  3990            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10b">
  3867           </p>
  3991             '$ or G: Go to end of file.
  3868          </li>
  3992            </p>
  3869          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3993           </li>
  3870           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10c">
  3994           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3871            s: Save current content (got from another program like grep) in a file.
  3995            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10c">
  3872           </p>
  3996             s: Save current content (got from another program like grep) in a file.
  3873          </li>
  3997            </p>
  3874          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3998           </li>
  3875           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10d">
  3999           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3876            =: File information.
  4000            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10d">
  3877           </p>
  4001             =: File information.
  3878          </li>
  4002            </p>
  3879          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  4003           </li>
  3880           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10e">
  4004           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3881            h: Help.
  4005            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10e">
  3882           </p>
  4006             h: Help.
  3883          </li>
  4007            </p>
  3884          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  4008           </li>
  3885           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10f">
  4009           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  3886            q: Quit.
  4010            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_10f">
  3887           </p>
  4011             q: Quit.
  3888          </li>
  4012            </p>
  3889         </ul>
  4013           </li>
  3890        </div>
  4014          </ul>
       
  4015         </div>
       
  4016         &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  4017        </span>
       
  4018       </div>
  3891       </div>
  4019       <div class="section" title="9.3.4.Examples">
  3892       <div class="section" title="9.3.4.Examples">
  4020        <div class="titlepage">
  3893        <div class="titlepage">
  4021         <div>
  3894         <div>
  4022          <div>
  3895          <div>
  4023           <h4 class="title">
  3896           <h4 class="title">
  4024            <a name="id2665938">
  3897            <a name="id2970962">
  4025            </a>
  3898            </a>
  4026            9.3.4.Examples
  3899            9.3.4.Examples
  4027           </h4>
  3900           </h4>
  4028          </div>
  3901          </div>
  4029         </div>
  3902         </div>
  4040     <div class="section" title="10.Directory Structure">
  3913     <div class="section" title="10.Directory Structure">
  4041      <div class="titlepage">
  3914      <div class="titlepage">
  4042       <div>
  3915       <div>
  4043        <div>
  3916        <div>
  4044         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  3917         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  4045          <a name="id2665953">
  3918          <a name="id2970978">
  4046          </a>
  3919          </a>
  4047          10.Directory Structure
  3920          10.Directory Structure
  4048         </h2>
  3921         </h2>
  4049        </div>
  3922        </div>
  4050       </div>
  3923       </div>
  4066      <div class="section" title="10.1.man hier">
  3939      <div class="section" title="10.1.man hier">
  4067       <div class="titlepage">
  3940       <div class="titlepage">
  4068        <div>
  3941        <div>
  4069         <div>
  3942         <div>
  4070          <h3 class="title">
  3943          <h3 class="title">
  4071           <a name="id2666228">
  3944           <a name="id2971252">
  4072           </a>
  3945           </a>
  4073           10.1.man hier
  3946           10.1.man hier
  4074          </h3>
  3947          </h3>
  4075         </div>
  3948         </div>
  4076        </div>
  3949        </div>
  4085      <div class="section" title="10.2.ls -l">
  3958      <div class="section" title="10.2.ls -l">
  4086       <div class="titlepage">
  3959       <div class="titlepage">
  4087        <div>
  3960        <div>
  4088         <div>
  3961         <div>
  4089          <h3 class="title">
  3962          <h3 class="title">
  4090           <a name="id2666244">
  3963           <a name="id2971268">
  4091           </a>
  3964           </a>
  4092           10.2.ls -l
  3965           10.2.ls -l
  4093          </h3>
  3966          </h3>
  4094         </div>
  3967         </div>
  4095        </div>
  3968        </div>
  4108     <div class="section" title="11.Permissions and Ownership">
  3981     <div class="section" title="11.Permissions and Ownership">
  4109      <div class="titlepage">
  3982      <div class="titlepage">
  4110       <div>
  3983       <div>
  4111        <div>
  3984        <div>
  4112         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  3985         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  4113          <a name="id2666267">
  3986          <a name="id2971291">
  4114          </a>
  3987          </a>
  4115          11.Permissions and Ownership
  3988          11.Permissions and Ownership
  4116         </h2>
  3989         </h2>
  4117        </div>
  3990        </div>
  4118       </div>
  3991       </div>
  4120      <div class="section" title="11.1.chmod">
  3993      <div class="section" title="11.1.chmod">
  4121       <div class="titlepage">
  3994       <div class="titlepage">
  4122        <div>
  3995        <div>
  4123         <div>
  3996         <div>
  4124          <h3 class="title">
  3997          <h3 class="title">
  4125           <a name="id2666276">
  3998           <a name="id2971300">
  4126           </a>
  3999           </a>
  4127           11.1.chmod
  4000           11.1.chmod
  4128          </h3>
  4001          </h3>
  4129         </div>
  4002         </div>
  4130        </div>
  4003        </div>
  4141       <div class="section" title="11.1.1.Usage">
  4014       <div class="section" title="11.1.1.Usage">
  4142        <div class="titlepage">
  4015        <div class="titlepage">
  4143         <div>
  4016         <div>
  4144          <div>
  4017          <div>
  4145           <h4 class="title">
  4018           <h4 class="title">
  4146            <a name="id2666302">
  4019            <a name="id2971326">
  4147            </a>
  4020            </a>
  4148            11.1.1.Usage
  4021            11.1.1.Usage
  4149           </h4>
  4022           </h4>
  4150          </div>
  4023          </div>
  4151         </div>
  4024         </div>
  4172       <div class="section" title="11.1.2.Command line options">
  4045       <div class="section" title="11.1.2.Command line options">
  4173        <div class="titlepage">
  4046        <div class="titlepage">
  4174         <div>
  4047         <div>
  4175          <div>
  4048          <div>
  4176           <h4 class="title">
  4049           <h4 class="title">
  4177            <a name="id2666330">
  4050            <a name="id2971354">
  4178            </a>
  4051            </a>
  4179            11.1.2.Command line options
  4052            11.1.2.Command line options
  4180           </h4>
  4053           </h4>
  4181          </div>
  4054          </div>
  4182         </div>
  4055         </div>
  4188           chmod
  4061           chmod
  4189          </em>
  4062          </em>
  4190         </span>
  4063         </span>
  4191         command has a number of command line options that affect its behavior. The most common options are:
  4064         command has a number of command line options that affect its behavior. The most common options are:
  4192        </p>
  4065        </p>
  4193        <span style="color: red">
  4066        <div class="itemizedlist">
  4194         &lt;block_quote&gt;
  4067         <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  4195         <div class="itemizedlist">
  4068          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  4196          <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
  4069           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_13d">
  4197           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  4070            -R: Changes the modes of directories and files recursively
  4198            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_13d">
  4071           </p>
  4199             -R: Changes the modes of directories and files recursively
  4072          </li>
  4200            </p>
  4073          <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  4201           </li>
  4074           <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_13e">
  4202           <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
  4075            -v: Verbose mode; lists all files as they are being processed
  4203            <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_13e">
  4076           </p>
  4204             -v: Verbose mode; lists all files as they are being processed
  4077          </li>
  4205            </p>
  4078         </ul>
  4206           </li>
  4079        </div>
  4207          </ul>
       
  4208         </div>
       
  4209         &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  4210        </span>
       
  4211        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes">
  4080        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes">
  4212         <div class="titlepage">
  4081         <div class="titlepage">
  4213          <div>
  4082          <div>
  4214           <div>
  4083           <div>
  4215            <h5 class="title">
  4084            <h5 class="title">
  4216             <a name="id2666367">
  4085             <a name="id2971390">
  4217             </a>
  4086             </a>
  4218             11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes
  4087             11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes
  4219            </h5>
  4088            </h5>
  4220           </div>
  4089           </div>
  4221          </div>
  4090          </div>
  4282        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples">
  4151        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples">
  4283         <div class="titlepage">
  4152         <div class="titlepage">
  4284          <div>
  4153          <div>
  4285           <div>
  4154           <div>
  4286            <h5 class="title">
  4155            <h5 class="title">
  4287             <a name="id2666928">
  4156             <a name="id2971951">
  4288             </a>
  4157             </a>
  4289             11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples
  4158             11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples
  4290            </h5>
  4159            </h5>
  4291           </div>
  4160           </div>
  4292          </div>
  4161          </div>
  4331        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.3.Octal numbers">
  4200        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.3.Octal numbers">
  4332         <div class="titlepage">
  4201         <div class="titlepage">
  4333          <div>
  4202          <div>
  4334           <div>
  4203           <div>
  4335            <h5 class="title">
  4204            <h5 class="title">
  4336             <a name="id2666971">
  4205             <a name="id2971994">
  4337             </a>
  4206             </a>
  4338             11.1.2.3.Octal numbers
  4207             11.1.2.3.Octal numbers
  4339            </h5>
  4208            </h5>
  4340           </div>
  4209           </div>
  4341          </div>
  4210          </div>
  4382        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.4.Special modes">
  4251        <div class="section" title="11.1.2.4.Special modes">
  4383         <div class="titlepage">
  4252         <div class="titlepage">
  4384          <div>
  4253          <div>
  4385           <div>
  4254           <div>
  4386            <h5 class="title">
  4255            <h5 class="title">
  4387             <a name="id2667009">
  4256             <a name="id2972033">
  4388             </a>
  4257             </a>
  4389             11.1.2.4.Special modes
  4258             11.1.2.4.Special modes
  4390            </h5>
  4259            </h5>
  4391           </div>
  4260           </div>
  4392          </div>
  4261          </div>
  4434     <div class="section" title="12.Redirection and Piping">
  4303     <div class="section" title="12.Redirection and Piping">
  4435      <div class="titlepage">
  4304      <div class="titlepage">
  4436       <div>
  4305       <div>
  4437        <div>
  4306        <div>
  4438         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  4307         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  4439          <a name="id2667054">
  4308          <a name="id2972077">
  4440          </a>
  4309          </a>
  4441          12.Redirection and Piping
  4310          12.Redirection and Piping
  4442         </h2>
  4311         </h2>
  4443        </div>
  4312        </div>
  4444       </div>
  4313       </div>
  4476      <div class="section" title="12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output">
  4345      <div class="section" title="12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output">
  4477       <div class="titlepage">
  4346       <div class="titlepage">
  4478        <div>
  4347        <div>
  4479         <div>
  4348         <div>
  4480          <h3 class="title">
  4349          <h3 class="title">
  4481           <a name="id2667089">
  4350           <a name="id2972112">
  4482           </a>
  4351           </a>
  4483           12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output
  4352           12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output
  4484          </h3>
  4353          </h3>
  4485         </div>
  4354         </div>
  4486        </div>
  4355        </div>
  4551      <div class="section" title="12.2.Piping">
  4420      <div class="section" title="12.2.Piping">
  4552       <div class="titlepage">
  4421       <div class="titlepage">
  4553        <div>
  4422        <div>
  4554         <div>
  4423         <div>
  4555          <h3 class="title">
  4424          <h3 class="title">
  4556           <a name="id2667158">
  4425           <a name="id2972182">
  4557           </a>
  4426           </a>
  4558           12.2.Piping
  4427           12.2.Piping
  4559          </h3>
  4428          </h3>
  4560         </div>
  4429         </div>
  4561        </div>
  4430        </div>
  4609      <div class="section" title="12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles">
  4478      <div class="section" title="12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles">
  4610       <div class="titlepage">
  4479       <div class="titlepage">
  4611        <div>
  4480        <div>
  4612         <div>
  4481         <div>
  4613          <h3 class="title">
  4482          <h3 class="title">
  4614           <a name="id2667219">
  4483           <a name="id2972244">
  4615           </a>
  4484           </a>
  4616           12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
  4485           12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
  4617          </h3>
  4486          </h3>
  4618         </div>
  4487         </div>
  4619        </div>
  4488        </div>
  4731      <div class="section" title="12.4.Chained pipelines">
  4600      <div class="section" title="12.4.Chained pipelines">
  4732       <div class="titlepage">
  4601       <div class="titlepage">
  4733        <div>
  4602        <div>
  4734         <div>
  4603         <div>
  4735          <h3 class="title">
  4604          <h3 class="title">
  4736           <a name="id2667427">
  4605           <a name="id2972451">
  4737           </a>
  4606           </a>
  4738           12.4.Chained pipelines
  4607           12.4.Chained pipelines
  4739          </h3>
  4608          </h3>
  4740         </div>
  4609         </div>
  4741        </div>
  4610        </div>
  4765      <div class="section" title="12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs">
  4634      <div class="section" title="12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs">
  4766       <div class="titlepage">
  4635       <div class="titlepage">
  4767        <div>
  4636        <div>
  4768         <div>
  4637         <div>
  4769          <h3 class="title">
  4638          <h3 class="title">
  4770           <a name="id2667461">
  4639           <a name="id2972486">
  4771           </a>
  4640           </a>
  4772           12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs
  4641           12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs
  4773          </h3>
  4642          </h3>
  4774         </div>
  4643         </div>
  4775        </div>
  4644        </div>
  4800     <div class="section" title="13.More Text Processing">
  4669     <div class="section" title="13.More Text Processing">
  4801      <div class="titlepage">
  4670      <div class="titlepage">
  4802       <div>
  4671       <div>
  4803        <div>
  4672        <div>
  4804         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  4673         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  4805          <a name="id2667492">
  4674          <a name="id2972516">
  4806          </a>
  4675          </a>
  4807          13.More Text Processing
  4676          13.More Text Processing
  4808         </h2>
  4677         </h2>
  4809        </div>
  4678        </div>
  4810       </div>
  4679       </div>
  4812      <div class="section" title="13.1.grep">
  4681      <div class="section" title="13.1.grep">
  4813       <div class="titlepage">
  4682       <div class="titlepage">
  4814        <div>
  4683        <div>
  4815         <div>
  4684         <div>
  4816          <h3 class="title">
  4685          <h3 class="title">
  4817           <a name="id2667501">
  4686           <a name="id2972525">
  4818           </a>
  4687           </a>
  4819           13.1.grep
  4688           13.1.grep
  4820          </h3>
  4689          </h3>
  4821         </div>
  4690         </div>
  4822        </div>
  4691        </div>
  4850       <div class="section" title="13.1.1.Usage">
  4719       <div class="section" title="13.1.1.Usage">
  4851        <div class="titlepage">
  4720        <div class="titlepage">
  4852         <div>
  4721         <div>
  4853          <div>
  4722          <div>
  4854           <h4 class="title">
  4723           <h4 class="title">
  4855            <a name="id2667532">
  4724            <a name="id2972556">
  4856            </a>
  4725            </a>
  4857            13.1.1.Usage
  4726            13.1.1.Usage
  4858           </h4>
  4727           </h4>
  4859          </div>
  4728          </div>
  4860         </div>
  4729         </div>
  4925        <div class="section" title="13.1.1.1.Variations">
  4794        <div class="section" title="13.1.1.1.Variations">
  4926         <div class="titlepage">
  4795         <div class="titlepage">
  4927          <div>
  4796          <div>
  4928           <div>
  4797           <div>
  4929            <h5 class="title">
  4798            <h5 class="title">
  4930             <a name="id2667611">
  4799             <a name="id2972636">
  4931             </a>
  4800             </a>
  4932             13.1.1.1.Variations
  4801             13.1.1.1.Variations
  4933            </h5>
  4802            </h5>
  4934           </div>
  4803           </div>
  4935          </div>
  4804          </div>
  5020      <div class="section" title="13.2.tr">
  4889      <div class="section" title="13.2.tr">
  5021       <div class="titlepage">
  4890       <div class="titlepage">
  5022        <div>
  4891        <div>
  5023         <div>
  4892         <div>
  5024          <h3 class="title">
  4893          <h3 class="title">
  5025           <a name="id2667691">
  4894           <a name="id2972715">
  5026           </a>
  4895           </a>
  5027           13.2.tr
  4896           13.2.tr
  5028          </h3>
  4897          </h3>
  5029         </div>
  4898         </div>
  5030        </div>
  4899        </div>
  5162     <div class="section" title="14.Elementary Regex">
  5031     <div class="section" title="14.Elementary Regex">
  5163      <div class="titlepage">
  5032      <div class="titlepage">
  5164       <div>
  5033       <div>
  5165        <div>
  5034        <div>
  5166         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  5035         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  5167          <a name="id2667842">
  5036          <a name="id2972866">
  5168          </a>
  5037          </a>
  5169          14.Elementary Regex
  5038          14.Elementary Regex
  5170         </h2>
  5039         </h2>
  5171        </div>
  5040        </div>
  5172       </div>
  5041       </div>
  5212      <div class="section" title="14.1.Lazy quantification">
  5081      <div class="section" title="14.1.Lazy quantification">
  5213       <div class="titlepage">
  5082       <div class="titlepage">
  5214        <div>
  5083        <div>
  5215         <div>
  5084         <div>
  5216          <h3 class="title">
  5085          <h3 class="title">
  5217           <a name="id2668066">
  5086           <a name="id2973079">
  5218           </a>
  5087           </a>
  5219           14.1.Lazy quantification
  5088           14.1.Lazy quantification
  5220          </h3>
  5089          </h3>
  5221         </div>
  5090         </div>
  5222        </div>
  5091        </div>
  5226       </p>
  5095       </p>
  5227       <pre class="programlisting">
  5096       <pre class="programlisting">
  5228        Another whale explosion occurred on &lt;January 26&gt;, &lt;2004&gt;.
  5097        Another whale explosion occurred on &lt;January 26&gt;, &lt;2004&gt;.
  5229       </pre>
  5098       </pre>
  5230       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1ca">
  5099       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1ca">
  5231        ...would likely come up with the pattern &lt;.*&gt;, or similar. However, this pattern will actually return "&lt;January 26&gt;, &lt;2004&gt;" instead of the "&lt;January 26&gt;" which might be expected, because the
  5100        ...would likely come up with the pattern &lt;.*&gt;, or similar. However, this pattern will actually return "&lt;January 26&gt;, &lt;2004&gt;" instead of the "&lt;January 26&gt;" which might be expected, because the * quantifier is greedy  it will consume as many characters as possible from the input, and "January 26&gt;, &lt;2004" has more characters than "January 26".
  5232        <span style="color: red">
       
  5233         &lt;title_reference&gt;*&lt;/title_reference&gt;
       
  5234        </span>
       
  5235        quantifier is greedy  it will consume as many characters as possible from the input, and "January 26&gt;, &lt;2004" has more characters than "January 26".
       
  5236       </p>
  5101       </p>
  5237       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1cb">
  5102       <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1cb">
  5238        Though this problem can be avoided in a number of ways (e.g., by specifying the text that is not to be matched: &lt;[^&gt;]*&gt;), modern regular expression tools allow a quantifier to be specified as
  5103        Though this problem can be avoided in a number of ways (e.g., by specifying the text that is not to be matched: &lt;[^&gt;]*&gt;), modern regular expression tools allow a quantifier to be specified as
  5239        <span class="emphasis">
  5104        <span class="emphasis">
  5240         <em>
  5105         <em>
  5248     <div class="section" title="15.One Liners">
  5113     <div class="section" title="15.One Liners">
  5249      <div class="titlepage">
  5114      <div class="titlepage">
  5250       <div>
  5115       <div>
  5251        <div>
  5116        <div>
  5252         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  5117         <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
  5253          <a name="id2668143">
  5118          <a name="id2973154">
  5254          </a>
  5119          </a>
  5255          15.One Liners
  5120          15.One Liners
  5256         </h2>
  5121         </h2>
  5257        </div>
  5122        </div>
  5258       </div>
  5123       </div>
  5267       is textual input to the command-line of an operating system shell that performs some function in just one line of input.
  5132       is textual input to the command-line of an operating system shell that performs some function in just one line of input.
  5268      </p>
  5133      </p>
  5269      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1cd">
  5134      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1cd">
  5270       The one liner can be
  5135       The one liner can be
  5271      </p>
  5136      </p>
  5272      <span style="color: red">
  5137      <div class="orderedlist">
  5273       &lt;block_quote&gt;
  5138       <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
  5274       <div class="orderedlist">
  5139        <li class="listitem">
  5275        <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
  5140         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1ce">
  5276         <li class="listitem">
  5141          An expression written in the language of the shell.
  5277          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1ce">
  5142         </p>
  5278           An expression written in the language of the shell.
  5143        </li>
  5279          </p>
  5144        <li class="listitem">
  5280         </li>
  5145         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1cf">
  5281         <li class="listitem">
  5146          The invocation of an interpreter together with program source for the interpreter to run.
  5282          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1cf">
  5147         </p>
  5283           The invocation of an interpreter together with program source for the interpreter to run.
  5148        </li>
  5284          </p>
  5149        <li class="listitem">
  5285         </li>
  5150         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d0">
  5286         <li class="listitem">
  5151          The invocation of a compiler together with source to compile and
  5287          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d0">
       
  5288           The invocation of a compiler together with source to compile and
       
  5289 instructions for executing the compiled program.
  5152 instructions for executing the compiled program.
  5290          </p>
  5153         </p>
  5291         </li>
  5154        </li>
  5292        </ol>
  5155       </ol>
  5293       </div>
  5156      </div>
  5294       &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  5295      </span>
       
  5296      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d1">
  5157      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d1">
  5297       Certain dynamic scripting languages such as AWK, sed, and perl have traditionally been adept at expressing one-liners. Specialist shell interpreters such as these Unix shells or the Windows PowerShell, allow for the construction of powerful one-liners.
  5158       Certain dynamic scripting languages such as AWK, sed, and perl have traditionally been adept at expressing one-liners. Specialist shell interpreters such as these Unix shells or the Windows PowerShell, allow for the construction of powerful one-liners.
  5298      </p>
  5159      </p>
  5299      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d2">
  5160      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d2">
  5300       The use of the phrase one-liner has been widened to also include program-source for any language that does something useful in one line.
  5161       The use of the phrase one-liner has been widened to also include program-source for any language that does something useful in one line.
  5324       The TAPL book contains 20 examples of One-liners (A Handful of Useful awk One-Liners) at the end of the book's first chapter.
  5185       The TAPL book contains 20 examples of One-liners (A Handful of Useful awk One-Liners) at the end of the book's first chapter.
  5325      </p>
  5186      </p>
  5326      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d6">
  5187      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d6">
  5327       Here are the first few of them:
  5188       Here are the first few of them:
  5328      </p>
  5189      </p>
  5329      <span style="color: red">
  5190      <div class="orderedlist">
  5330       &lt;block_quote&gt;
  5191       <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
  5331       <div class="orderedlist">
  5192        <li class="listitem">
  5332        <ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
  5193         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d7">
  5333         <li class="listitem">
  5194          Print the total number of input lines:
  5334          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d7">
  5195         </p>
  5335           Print the total number of input lines:
  5196         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d8">
  5336          </p>
  5197          END { print NR }
  5337          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d8">
  5198         </p>
  5338           END { print NR }
  5199        </li>
  5339          </p>
  5200        <li class="listitem">
  5340         </li>
  5201         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d9">
  5341         <li class="listitem">
  5202          Print the tenth input line:
  5342          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1d9">
  5203         </p>
  5343           Print the tenth input line:
  5204         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1da">
  5344          </p>
  5205          NR == 10
  5345          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1da">
  5206         </p>
  5346           NR == 10
  5207        </li>
  5347          </p>
  5208        <li class="listitem">
  5348         </li>
  5209         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1db">
  5349         <li class="listitem">
  5210          Print the last field of every input line:
  5350          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1db">
  5211         </p>
  5351           Print the last field of every input line:
  5212         <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1dc">
  5352          </p>
  5213          { print $NF }
  5353          <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1dc">
  5214         </p>
  5354           { print $NF }
  5215        </li>
  5355          </p>
  5216       </ol>
  5356         </li>
  5217      </div>
  5357        </ol>
       
  5358       </div>
       
  5359       &lt;/block_quote&gt;
       
  5360      </span>
       
  5361      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1dd">
  5218      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1dd">
  5362       One-liners are also used to show off the differential expressive power of programming languages. Frequently, one-liners are used to demonstrate programming ability. Contests are often held to see who can create the most exceptional one-liner.
  5219       One-liners are also used to show off the differential expressive power of programming languages. Frequently, one-liners are used to demonstrate programming ability. Contests are often held to see who can create the most exceptional one-liner.
  5363      </p>
  5220      </p>
  5364      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1de">
  5221      <p id="ch8ult_module_plan_1de">
  5365       The following example is a C program (a winning entry in the "Best one-liner" category of the IOCCC, here split to two lines for presentation).:
  5222       The following example is a C program (a winning entry in the "Best one-liner" category of the IOCCC, here split to two lines for presentation).: