SEES-hacks: comparison SEESenv/web/html/ch5func.html

equal deleted inserted replaced

-:71038eb0e790
+:f2383fee6584
 <head>
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
 <title>
 Chapter. func
 </title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="hgbook.css" type="text/css" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" href="/review/support/styles.css" type="text/css" />
-<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.1" />
+<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" />
+<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="/review/support/figs/favicon.png" />
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/jquery-min.js">
+</script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/form.js">
+</script>
+<script type="text/javascript" src="/review/support/hsbook.js">
+</script>
 </head>
 <body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
 <div class="chapter" id="func">
 <div class="titlepage">
 </div>
 </b>
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="article">
-<a href="#id2475933">
+<a href="#id2832695">
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2286058">
+<a href="#id2642820">
 1. Introducing Linux
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2473753">
+<a href="#id2830514">
 1.1. Historical Background
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2526992">
+<a href="#id2883754">
 1.2. Design and Implications
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527257">
+<a href="#id2884019">
 1.3. Reasons for Using Linux
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527384">
+<a href="#id2884146">
 2. Getting Started
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527392">
+<a href="#id2884154">
 2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527664">
+<a href="#id2884426">
 3. Basic Commands
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527672">
+<a href="#id2884434">
 3.1. ls
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527830">
+<a href="#id2884591">
 3.2. date
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527888">
+<a href="#id2884648">
 3.3. cd
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527985">
+<a href="#id2884743">
 3.4. who
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528066">
+<a href="#id2884824">
 3.5. mkdir
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528239">
+<a href="#id2884984">
 4. Getting Help
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528248">
+<a href="#id2884993">
 4.1. apropos and whatis
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528328">
+<a href="#id2885075">
 4.2. man
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528531">
+<a href="#id2885261">
 4.3. info
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528622">
+<a href="#id2885347">
 4.4. --help
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528676">
+<a href="#id2885401">
 5. Basic file handling
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528684">
+<a href="#id2885409">
 5.1. cp
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528995">
+<a href="#id2885718">
 5.2. mv
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2526789">
+<a href="#id2883527">
 5.3. rm
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529435">
+<a href="#id2886163">
 6. Command Line Arguments
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529528">
+<a href="#id2886256">
 7. Basic Text Processing
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529536">
+<a href="#id2886264">
 7.1. head
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529624">
+<a href="#id2886352">
 7.2. tail
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529751">
+<a href="#id2886479">
 7.3. cut
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529837">
+<a href="#id2886565">
 7.4. paste
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529971">
+<a href="#id2886699">
 8. Shell Meta Characters
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530078">
+<a href="#id2886803">
 9. Looking At Files
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530087">
+<a href="#id2886811">
 9.1. cat
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530275">
+<a href="#id2886999">
 9.2. more
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530389">
+<a href="#id2887113">
 9.3. less
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530627">
+<a href="#id2887349">
 10. Directory Structure
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530892">
+<a href="#id2887614">
 10.1. man hier
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530908">
+<a href="#id2887630">
 10.2. ls -l
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530930">
+<a href="#id2887652">
 11. Permissions and Ownership
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530939">
+<a href="#id2887661">
 11.1. chmod
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531698">
+<a href="#id2888420">
 12. Redirection and Piping
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531735">
+<a href="#id2888457">
 12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531803">
+<a href="#id2888526">
 12.2. Piping
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531864">
+<a href="#id2888586">
 12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532065">
+<a href="#id2888787">
 12.4. Chained pipelines
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532099">
+<a href="#id2888821">
 12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532129">
+<a href="#id2888851">
 13. More Text Processing
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532138">
+<a href="#id2888860">
 13.1. grep
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532326">
+<a href="#id2889048">
 13.2. tr
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532473">
+<a href="#id2889196">
 14. Elementary Regex
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532683">
+<a href="#id2889402">
 14.1. Lazy quantification
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532759">
+<a href="#id2889478">
 15. One Liners
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </div>
 <div class="article">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
-<h2 class="title" id="id2475933">
+<h2 class="title" id="id2832695">
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <hr />
 </div>
 </b>
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2286058">
+<a href="#id2642820">
 1. Introducing Linux
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2473753">
+<a href="#id2830514">
 1.1. Historical Background
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2526992">
+<a href="#id2883754">
 1.2. Design and Implications
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527257">
+<a href="#id2884019">
 1.3. Reasons for Using Linux
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527384">
+<a href="#id2884146">
 2. Getting Started
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527392">
+<a href="#id2884154">
 2.1. Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527664">
+<a href="#id2884426">
 3. Basic Commands
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527672">
+<a href="#id2884434">
 3.1. ls
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527830">
+<a href="#id2884591">
 3.2. date
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527888">
+<a href="#id2884648">
 3.3. cd
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2527985">
+<a href="#id2884743">
 3.4. who
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528066">
+<a href="#id2884824">
 3.5. mkdir
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528239">
+<a href="#id2884984">
 4. Getting Help
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528248">
+<a href="#id2884993">
 4.1. apropos and whatis
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528328">
+<a href="#id2885075">
 4.2. man
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528531">
+<a href="#id2885261">
 4.3. info
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528622">
+<a href="#id2885347">
 4.4. --help
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528676">
+<a href="#id2885401">
 5. Basic file handling
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528684">
+<a href="#id2885409">
 5.1. cp
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2528995">
+<a href="#id2885718">
 5.2. mv
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2526789">
+<a href="#id2883527">
 5.3. rm
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529435">
+<a href="#id2886163">
 6. Command Line Arguments
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529528">
+<a href="#id2886256">
 7. Basic Text Processing
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529536">
+<a href="#id2886264">
 7.1. head
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529624">
+<a href="#id2886352">
 7.2. tail
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529751">
+<a href="#id2886479">
 7.3. cut
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529837">
+<a href="#id2886565">
 7.4. paste
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2529971">
+<a href="#id2886699">
 8. Shell Meta Characters
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530078">
+<a href="#id2886803">
 9. Looking At Files
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530087">
+<a href="#id2886811">
 9.1. cat
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530275">
+<a href="#id2886999">
 9.2. more
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530389">
+<a href="#id2887113">
 9.3. less
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530627">
+<a href="#id2887349">
 10. Directory Structure
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530892">
+<a href="#id2887614">
 10.1. man hier
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530908">
+<a href="#id2887630">
 10.2. ls -l
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530930">
+<a href="#id2887652">
 11. Permissions and Ownership
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2530939">
+<a href="#id2887661">
 11.1. chmod
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531698">
+<a href="#id2888420">
 12. Redirection and Piping
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531735">
+<a href="#id2888457">
 12.1. Redirecting standard input and standard output
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531803">
+<a href="#id2888526">
 12.2. Piping
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2531864">
+<a href="#id2888586">
 12.3. Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532065">
+<a href="#id2888787">
 12.4. Chained pipelines
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532099">
+<a href="#id2888821">
 12.5. Redirect to multiple outputs
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532129">
+<a href="#id2888851">
 13. More Text Processing
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532138">
+<a href="#id2888860">
 13.1. grep
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532326">
+<a href="#id2889048">
 13.2. tr
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532473">
+<a href="#id2889196">
 14. Elementary Regex
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 <dd>
 <dl>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532683">
+<a href="#id2889402">
 14.1. Lazy quantification
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 </dd>
 <dt>
 <span class="section">
-<a href="#id2532759">
+<a href="#id2889478">
 15. One Liners
 </a>
 </span>
 </dt>
 </dl>
 <div class="section" title="1.Introducing Linux">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2286058">
+<a name="id2642820">
 </a>
 1.Introducing Linux
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.1.Historical Background">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2473753">
+<a name="id2830514">
 </a>
 1.1.Historical Background
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.1.1.Events leading to the creation">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2473627">
+<a name="id2830388">
 </a>
 1.1.1.Events leading to the creation
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.1.2.The Creation of Linux">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2526948">
+<a name="id2883709">
 </a>
 1.1.2.The Creation of Linux
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.2.Design and Implications">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2526992">
+<a name="id2883754">
 </a>
 1.2.Design and Implications
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.2.1.User Interface">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2527017">
+<a name="id2883778">
 </a>
 1.2.1.User Interface
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.2.2.Development">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2527069">
+<a name="id2883830">
 </a>
 1.2.2.Development
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.2.3.Community">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2527124">
+<a name="id2883886">
 </a>
 1.2.3.Community
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux?">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2527168">
+<a name="id2883929">
 </a>
 1.2.4.Can I make a profit out of running a business involving Linux?
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.2.5.Programming on Linux">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2527213">
+<a name="id2883975">
 </a>
 1.2.5.Programming on Linux
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="1.3.Reasons for Using Linux">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2527257">
+<a name="id2884019">
 </a>
 1.3.Reasons for Using Linux
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="2.Getting Started">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2527384">
+<a name="id2884146">
 </a>
 2.Getting Started
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2527392">
+<a name="id2884154">
 </a>
 2.1.Logging in, activating the user interface and logging out
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="2.1.1.Graphical Mode">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2527422">
+<a name="id2884184">
 </a>
 2.1.1.Graphical Mode
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="2.1.2.Text Mode">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2527577">
+<a name="id2884338">
 </a>
 2.1.2.Text Mode
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="3.Basic Commands">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2527664">
+<a name="id2884426">
 </a>
 3.Basic Commands
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="3.1.ls">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2527672">
+<a name="id2884434">
 </a>
 3.1.ls
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 ls
 </em>
 </span>
 displays files in a bare format. This bare format however makes it difficult to establish the type, permissions, and size of the files. The most common options to reveal this information or change the list of files are:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_34">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_34">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-l
-<em>
+</em>
--l
+</span>
-</em>
+long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, date, and filename
-</span>
+</p>
-long format, displaying Unix file types, permissions, number of hard links, owner, group, size, date, and filename
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_35">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_35">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-F
-<em>
+</em>
--F
+</span>
-</em>
+appends a character revealing the nature of a file, for example, * for an executable, or / for a directory. Regular files have no suffix.
-</span>
+</p>
-appends a character revealing the nature of a file, for example, * for an executable, or / for a directory. Regular files have no suffix.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_36">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_36">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-a
-<em>
+</em>
--a
+</span>
-</em>
+lists all files in the given directory, including those whose names start with "." (which are hidden files in Unix). By default, these files are excluded from the list.
-</span>
+</p>
-lists all files in the given directory, including those whose names start with "." (which are hidden files in Unix). By default, these files are excluded from the list.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_37">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_37">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-R
-<em>
+</em>
--R
+</span>
-</em>
+recursively lists subdirectories. The command ls -R / would therefore list all files.
-</span>
+</p>
-recursively lists subdirectories. The command ls -R / would therefore list all files.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_38">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_38">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-d
-<em>
+</em>
--d
+</span>
-</em>
+shows information about a symbolic link or directory, rather than about the link's target or listing the contents of a directory.
-</span>
+</p>
-shows information about a symbolic link or directory, rather than about the link's target or listing the contents of a directory.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_39">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_39">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-t
-<em>
+</em>
--t
+</span>
-</em>
+sort the list of files by modification time.
-</span>
+</p>
-sort the list of files by modification time.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_3a">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_3a">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-h
-<em>
+</em>
--h
+</span>
-</em>
+print sizes in human readable format. (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.)
-</span>
+</p>
-print sizes in human readable format. (e.g., 1K, 234M, 2G, etc.)
+</li>
-</p>
+</ul>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_3b">
 In some environments, providing the option
 <span class="emphasis">
 <em>
 --color
 <div class="section" title="3.2.date">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2527830">
+<a name="id2884591">
 </a>
 3.2.date
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="3.3.cd">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2527888">
+<a name="id2884648">
 </a>
 3.3.cd
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 You can also use cd absolute path or cd relative path (see below):
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_46">
 Absolute paths:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_47">
 An  absolute path is easily recognised from the leading forward slash, /. The / means that you start at the top level directory and continue down.
 </p>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
 <p id="ch5func_48">
 For example to get to /boot/grub you would type:
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting">
 $cd /boot/grub
 This is an absolute path because you start at the top of the hierarchy and go downwards from there (it doesn't matter where in the filesystem you were when you typed the command).
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_4a">
 Relative paths:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_4b">
 A  relative path doesn't have a preceding slash. Use a relative path when you start from a directory below the top level directory structure. This is dependent on where you are in the filesystem.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_4c">
 For example if you are in root's home directory and want to get to /root/music, you type:
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting">
 $ cd music
 </pre>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
 <p id="ch5func_4d">
 Please note that there is no / using the above cd command. Using a / would cause this to be an absolute path, working from the top of the hierarchy downward.
 </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="3.4.who">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2527985">
+<a name="id2884743">
 </a>
 3.4.who
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="3.5.mkdir">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2528066">
+<a name="id2884824">
 </a>
 3.5.mkdir
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="3.5.1.Options">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2528096">
+<a name="id2884854">
 </a>
 3.5.1.Options
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 mkdir
 </em>
 </span>
 takes options. Three of the most common options are:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_56">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_56">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-p
-<em>
+</em>
--p
+</span>
-</em>
+: will also create all directories leading up to the given directory that do not exist already. If the given directory already exists, ignore the error.
-</span>
+</p>
-: will also create all directories leading up to the given directory that do not exist already. If the given directory already exists, ignore the error.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_57">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_57">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-v
-<em>
+</em>
--v
+</span>
-</em>
+: display each directory that mkdir creates. Most often used with -p.
-</span>
+</p>
-: display each directory that mkdir creates. Most often used with -p.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_58">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_58">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-m
-<em>
+</em>
--m
+</span>
-</em>
+: specify the octal permissions of directories created by mkdir.
-</span>
+</p>
-: specify the octal permissions of directories created by mkdir.
+</li>
-</p>
+</ul>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_59">
 <span class="emphasis">
 <em>
 -p
 </em>
 <div class="section" title="3.5.2.Examples">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2528156">
+<a name="id2884911">
 </a>
 3.5.2.Examples
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 $mkdir -p tmpdir/{trunk/sources/{includes,docs},branches,tags}
 </pre>
 <p id="ch5func_5d">
 This will create:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+tmpdir  - branches
-&lt;definition_list&gt;
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-<span style="color: red">
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-&lt;definition_list_item&gt;
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<span style="color: red">
+<p id="ch5func_5e">
-&lt;term&gt;tmpdir  - branches&lt;/term&gt;
+tag
-</span>
+</p>
-<span style="color: red">
+</li>
-&lt;definition&gt;
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+trunk - sources - includes
 <div class="itemizedlist">
 <ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
 <li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<p id="ch5func_5e">
+<p id="ch5func_5f">
-tag
+docs
 </p>
-</li>
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition_list&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;term&gt;trunk - sources - includes&lt;/term&gt;
-</span>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition&gt;
-<div class="itemizedlist">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<p id="ch5func_5f">
-docs
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/definition&gt;
-</span>
-&lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
-</span>
-&lt;/definition_list&gt;
-</span>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
-&lt;/definition&gt;
+</li>
-</span>
+</ul>
-&lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
+</div>
-</span>
-&lt;/definition_list&gt;
-</span>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="4.Getting Help">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2528239">
+<a name="id2884984">
 </a>
 4.Getting Help
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="4.1.apropos and whatis">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2528248">
+<a name="id2884993">
 </a>
 4.1.apropos and whatis
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="4.2.man">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2528328">
+<a name="id2885075">
 </a>
 4.2.man
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="4.2.1.Layout">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2528408">
+<a name="id2885155">
 </a>
 4.2.1.Layout
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <p id="ch5func_6b">
 All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple ASCII text display, possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. Sections present may include:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+NAME
-&lt;definition_list&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;term&gt;NAME&lt;/term&gt;
-</span>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition&gt;
-</span>
-</span>
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_6c">
 The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does.
 </p>
-&lt;/definition&gt;
+SYNOPSIS
-&lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;term&gt;SYNOPSIS&lt;/term&gt;
-</span>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition&gt;
-</span>
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_6d">
 In the case of a command, you get a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its definition. For experienced users, this may be all the documentation they need.
 </p>
-&lt;/definition&gt;
+DESCRIPTION
-&lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;term&gt;DESCRIPTION&lt;/term&gt;
-</span>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition&gt;
-</span>
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_6e">
 A textual description of the functioning of the command or function.
 </p>
-&lt;/definition&gt;
+EXAMPLES
-&lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;term&gt;EXAMPLES&lt;/term&gt;
-</span>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition&gt;
-</span>
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_6f">
 Some examples of common usage.
 </p>
-&lt;/definition&gt;
+SEE ALSO
-&lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition_list_item&gt;
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;term&gt;SEE ALSO&lt;/term&gt;
-</span>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;definition&gt;
-</span>
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_70">
 A list of related commands or functions.
 </p>
-&lt;/definition&gt;
-&lt;/definition_list_item&gt;
-&lt;/definition_list&gt;
 <p id="ch5func_71">
 Other sections may be present, but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, ENVIRONMENT, KNOWN BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS, HISTORY and COPYRIGHT.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_72">
 These days virtually every Unix command line application comes with its man page, and many Unix users perceive a lack of man pages as a sign of low quality; indeed, some projects, such as Debian, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. Few alternatives to
 <div class="section" title="4.3.info">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2528531">
+<a name="id2885261">
 </a>
 4.3.info
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 info
 </em>
 </span>
 processes info files, which are Texinfo formatted files, and presents the documentation as a tree, with simple commands to traverse the tree and to follow cross references. For instance
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_7a">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_7a">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+n
-<em>
+</em>
-n
+</span>
-</em>
+goes to the next page.
-</span>
+</p>
-goes to the next page.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_7b">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_7b">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+p
-<em>
+</em>
-p
+</span>
-</em>
+goes to the previous page.
-</span>
+</p>
-goes to the previous page.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_7c">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_7c">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+u
-<em>
+</em>
-u
+</span>
-</em>
+goes to the upper page.
-</span>
+</p>
-goes to the upper page.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_7d">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_7d">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+l
-<em>
+</em>
-l
+</span>
-</em>
+goes to the last(visited) node
-</span>
+</p>
-goes to the last(visited) node
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_7e">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+To follow a cross reference, the cursor can be moved over a link (a word preceded by a *) and enter pressed.
-<p id="ch5func_7e">
+</p>
-To follow a cross reference, the cursor can be moved over a link (a word preceded by a
+</li>
-<span style="color: red">
+</ul>
-&lt;title_reference&gt;*&lt;/title_reference&gt;
+</div>
-</span>
-) and enter pressed.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_7f">
 info was initially written for use with GNU/Linux and then ported to other Unix-like operating systems.
 </p>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="4.4.--help">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2528622">
+<a name="id2885347">
 </a>
 4.4.--help
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.Basic file handling">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2528676">
+<a name="id2885401">
 </a>
 5.Basic file handling
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.1.cp">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2528684">
+<a name="id2885409">
 </a>
 5.1.cp
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.1.1.Usage">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2528702">
+<a name="id2885426">
 </a>
 5.1.1.Usage
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.1.2.Flags">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2528736">
+<a name="id2885461">
 </a>
 5.1.2.Flags
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 -p
 </em>
 </span>
 (preserve)  duplicates the following characteristics of each SourceFile/SourceDirectory in the corresponding TargetFile and/or TargetDirectory:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_89">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+The time of the last data modification and the time of the last access.
-<p id="ch5func_89">
+</p>
-The time of the last data modification and the time of the last access.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_8a">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+The user ID and group ID (only if it has permissions to do this)
-<p id="ch5func_8a">
+</p>
-The user ID and group ID (only if it has permissions to do this)
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_8b">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+The file permission bits and the SUID and SGID bits.
-<p id="ch5func_8b">
+</p>
-The file permission bits and the SUID and SGID bits.
+</li>
-</p>
+</ul>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_8c">
 <span class="emphasis">
 <em>
 -R
 </em>
 <div class="section" title="5.1.3.Examples">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2528833">
+<a name="id2885557">
 </a>
 5.1.3.Examples
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 This copies only the files in the clients directory to the customers directory.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_95">
 To copy a directory, including all its files and subdirectories, to another directory, enter:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_96">
 $ cp -R /home/hhgg/clients /home/hhgg/customers
 </p>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
 <p id="ch5func_97">
 This copies the clients directory, including all its files, subdirectories, and the files in those subdirectories, to the customers/clients directory.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_98">
 To copy a specific set of files of any extension to another directory, enter:
 <div class="section" title="5.2.mv">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2528995">
+<a name="id2885718">
 </a>
 5.2.mv
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.2.1.Conflicting existing file">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2529019">
+<a name="id2885742">
 </a>
 5.2.1.Conflicting existing file
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2529038">
+<a name="id2885761">
 </a>
 5.2.2.Differences with copy and delete
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.2.3.Examples">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2526730">
+<a name="id2885791">
 </a>
 5.2.3.Examples
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.3.rm">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2526789">
+<a name="id2883527">
 </a>
 5.3.rm
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="5.3.1.Options">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2526818">
+<a name="id2883556">
 </a>
 5.3.1.Options
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <p id="ch5func_a3">
 Common options that rm accepts include:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_a4">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_a4">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-r
-<em>
+</em>
--r
+</span>
-</em>
+, which removes directories, removing the contents recursively beforehand (so as not to leave files without a directory to reside in) ("recursive")
-</span>
+</p>
-, which removes directories, removing the contents recursively beforehand (so as not to leave files without a directory to reside in) ("recursive")
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_a5">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_a5">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-i
-<em>
+</em>
--i
+</span>
-</em>
+, which asks for every deletion to be confirmed ("interactive")
-</span>
+</p>
-, which asks for every deletion to be confirmed ("interactive")
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_a6">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_a6">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-f
-<em>
+</em>
--f
+</span>
-</em>
+, which ignores non-existent files and overrides any confirmation prompts ("force")
-</span>
+</p>
-, which ignores non-existent files and overrides any confirmation prompts ("force")
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_a7">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+<span class="emphasis">
-<p id="ch5func_a7">
+<em>
-<span class="emphasis">
+-v
-<em>
+</em>
--v
+</span>
-</em>
+, which shows what is being removed as it happens ("verbose")
-</span>
+</p>
-, which shows what is being removed as it happens ("verbose")
+</li>
-</p>
+</ul>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_a8">
 <span class="emphasis">
 <em>
 rm
 </em>
 <span class="emphasis">
 <em>
 rm -rf
 </em>
 </span>
-(variously, rm -rf /, rm -rf
+(variously, rm -rf /, rm -rf *, and others) is frequently used in jokes and anecdotes about Unix disasters. The rm -rf variant of the command, if run by a superuser on the root directory, would cause the contents of every writable mounted filesystem on the computer to be deleted.
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;title_reference&gt;*&lt;/title_reference&gt;
-</span>
-, and others) is frequently used in jokes and anecdotes about Unix disasters. The rm -rf variant of the command, if run by a superuser on the root directory, would cause the contents of every writable mounted filesystem on the computer to be deleted.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_aa">
 <span class="emphasis">
 <em>
 rm
 <div class="section" title="5.3.2.Permissions">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2529395">
+<a name="id2886113">
 </a>
 5.3.2.Permissions
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="6.Command Line Arguments">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2529435">
+<a name="id2886163">
 </a>
 6.Command Line Arguments
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="7.Basic Text Processing">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2529528">
+<a name="id2886256">
 </a>
 7.Basic Text Processing
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="7.1.head">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2529536">
+<a name="id2886264">
 </a>
 7.1.head
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="7.1.1.Flags">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2529588">
+<a name="id2886316">
 </a>
 7.1.1.Flags
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="7.2.tail">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2529624">
+<a name="id2886352">
 </a>
 7.2.tail
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="7.2.1.File monitoring">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2529702">
+<a name="id2886430">
 </a>
 7.2.1.File monitoring
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="7.3.cut">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2529751">
+<a name="id2886479">
 </a>
 7.3.cut
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="7.4.paste">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2529837">
+<a name="id2886565">
 </a>
 7.4.paste
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="8.Shell Meta Characters">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2529971">
+<a name="id2886699">
 </a>
 8.Shell Meta Characters
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 </pre>
 <p id="ch5func_e5">
 because the c* matches that long file name.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_e6">
-Filenames containing metacharacters can pose many problems and should never be intentionally created. If you do find that you've created a file with metacharacters, and you would like to remove it, you have three options. You may use wildcards to match metacharacter, use the  to directly enter the filename, or put the command in double quotes (except in the case of double quotes within the file name, these must be captured with one of the first two methods). For example, deleting a file named
+Filenames containing metacharacters can pose many problems and should never be intentionally created. If you do find that you've created a file with metacharacters, and you would like to remove it, you have three options. You may use wildcards to match metacharacter, use the  to directly enter the filename, or put the command in double quotes (except in the case of double quotes within the file name, these must be captured with one of the first two methods). For example, deleting a file named "``*`|more"` can be accomplished with:
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;title_reference&gt;"``*`|more&lt;/title_reference&gt;
-</span>
-"` can be accomplished with:
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting">
 $ rm ??more
 </pre>
 <p id="ch5func_e7">
 <div class="section" title="9.Looking At Files">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2530078">
+<a name="id2886803">
 </a>
 9.Looking At Files
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.1.cat">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2530087">
+<a name="id2886811">
 </a>
 9.1.cat
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.1.1.Jargon File Definition">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530130">
+<a name="id2886855">
 </a>
 9.1.1.Jargon File Definition
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat'">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530169">
+<a name="id2886894">
 </a>
 9.1.2.Useless Use of 'cat'
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.1.3.zcat">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530239">
+<a name="id2886963">
 </a>
 9.1.3.zcat
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.2.more">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2530275">
+<a name="id2886999">
 </a>
 9.2.more
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.2.1.Usage">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530295">
+<a name="id2887020">
 </a>
 9.2.1.Usage
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.3.less">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2530389">
+<a name="id2887113">
 </a>
 9.3.less
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.3.1.Usage">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530418">
+<a name="id2887142">
 </a>
 9.3.1.Usage
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.3.2.Frequently Used Options">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530472">
+<a name="id2887196">
 </a>
 9.3.2.Frequently Used Options
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_fe">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-g: Highlights just the current match of any searched string.
-<p id="ch5func_fe">
+</p>
--g: Highlights just the current match of any searched string.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_ff">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-I: Case-insensitive searches.
-<p id="ch5func_ff">
+</p>
--I: Case-insensitive searches.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_100">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-M: Shows more detailed prompt, including file position.
-<p id="ch5func_100">
+</p>
--M: Shows more detailed prompt, including file position.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_101">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-N: Shows line numbers (useful for source code viewing).
-<p id="ch5func_101">
+</p>
--N: Shows line numbers (useful for source code viewing).
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_102">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-S: Disables line wrap ("chop long lines"). Long lines can be seen by side scrolling.
-<p id="ch5func_102">
+</p>
--S: Disables line wrap ("chop long lines"). Long lines can be seen by side scrolling.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_103">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-?: Shows help.
-<p id="ch5func_103">
+</p>
--?: Shows help.
+</li>
-</p>
+</ul>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530524">
+<a name="id2887247">
 </a>
 9.3.3.Frequently Used Commands
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_104">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+[Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]: Navigation.
-<p id="ch5func_104">
+</p>
-[Arrows]/[Page Up]/[Page Down]/[Home]/[End]: Navigation.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_105">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+[Space bar]: Next page.
-<p id="ch5func_105">
+</p>
-[Space bar]: Next page.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_106">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+b: Previous page.
-<p id="ch5func_106">
+</p>
-b: Previous page.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_107">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+ng: Jump to line number n. Default is the start of the file.
-<p id="ch5func_107">
+</p>
-ng: Jump to line number n. Default is the start of the file.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_108">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+nG: Jump to line number n. Default is the end of the file.
-<p id="ch5func_108">
+</p>
-nG: Jump to line number n. Default is the end of the file.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_109">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+/pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used.
-<p id="ch5func_109">
+</p>
-/pattern: Search for pattern. Regular expressions can be used.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_10a">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+'^ or g: Go to start of file.
-<p id="ch5func_10a">
+</p>
-'^ or g: Go to start of file.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_10b">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+'$ or G: Go to end of file.
-<p id="ch5func_10b">
+</p>
-'$ or G: Go to end of file.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_10c">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+s: Save current content (got from another program like grep) in a file.
-<p id="ch5func_10c">
+</p>
-s: Save current content (got from another program like grep) in a file.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_10d">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+=: File information.
-<p id="ch5func_10d">
+</p>
-=: File information.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_10e">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+h: Help.
-<p id="ch5func_10e">
+</p>
-h: Help.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_10f">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+q: Quit.
-<p id="ch5func_10f">
+</p>
-q: Quit.
+</li>
-</p>
+</ul>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="9.3.4.Examples">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530612">
+<a name="id2887334">
 </a>
 9.3.4.Examples
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="10.Directory Structure">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2530627">
+<a name="id2887349">
 </a>
 10.Directory Structure
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="10.1.man hier">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2530892">
+<a name="id2887614">
 </a>
 10.1.man hier
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="10.2.ls -l">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2530908">
+<a name="id2887630">
 </a>
 10.2.ls -l
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="11.Permissions and Ownership">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2530930">
+<a name="id2887652">
 </a>
 11.Permissions and Ownership
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="11.1.chmod">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2530939">
+<a name="id2887661">
 </a>
 11.1.chmod
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="11.1.1.Usage">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530965">
+<a name="id2887687">
 </a>
 11.1.1.Usage
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="11.1.2.Command line options">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2530992">
+<a name="id2887714">
 </a>
 11.1.2.Command line options
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 chmod
 </em>
 </span>
 command has a number of command line options that affect its behavior. The most common options are:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="itemizedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
-<div class="itemizedlist">
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-<ul class="itemizedlist" type="*">
+<p id="ch5func_13d">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-R: Changes the modes of directories and files recursively
-<p id="ch5func_13d">
+</p>
--R: Changes the modes of directories and files recursively
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_13e">
-<li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: *">
+-v: Verbose mode; lists all files as they are being processed
-<p id="ch5func_13e">
+</p>
--v: Verbose mode; lists all files as they are being processed
+</li>
-</p>
+</ul>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ul>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <div class="section" title="11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h5 class="title">
-<a name="id2531028">
+<a name="id2887749">
 </a>
 11.1.2.1.Symbolic modes
 </h5>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h5 class="title">
-<a name="id2531576">
+<a name="id2888297">
 </a>
 11.1.2.2.Symbolic examples
 </h5>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="11.1.2.3.Octal numbers">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h5 class="title">
-<a name="id2531617">
+<a name="id2888338">
 </a>
 11.1.2.3.Octal numbers
 </h5>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="11.1.2.4.Special modes">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h5 class="title">
-<a name="id2531654">
+<a name="id2888375">
 </a>
 11.1.2.4.Special modes
 </h5>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="12.Redirection and Piping">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2531698">
+<a name="id2888420">
 </a>
 12.Redirection and Piping
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2531735">
+<a name="id2888457">
 </a>
 12.1.Redirecting standard input and standard output
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="12.2.Piping">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2531803">
+<a name="id2888526">
 </a>
 12.2.Piping
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2531864">
+<a name="id2888586">
 </a>
 12.3.Redirecting to and from the standard file handles
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="12.4.Chained pipelines">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2532065">
+<a name="id2888787">
 </a>
 12.4.Chained pipelines
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2532099">
+<a name="id2888821">
 </a>
 12.5.Redirect to multiple outputs
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="13.More Text Processing">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2532129">
+<a name="id2888851">
 </a>
 13.More Text Processing
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="13.1.grep">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2532138">
+<a name="id2888860">
 </a>
 13.1.grep
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="13.1.1.Usage">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h4 class="title">
-<a name="id2532169">
+<a name="id2888891">
 </a>
 13.1.1.Usage
 </h4>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="13.1.1.1.Variations">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h5 class="title">
-<a name="id2532247">
+<a name="id2888969">
 </a>
 13.1.1.1.Variations
 </h5>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="13.2.tr">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2532326">
+<a name="id2889048">
 </a>
 13.2.tr
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="14.Elementary Regex">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2532473">
+<a name="id2889196">
 </a>
 14.Elementary Regex
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="section" title="14.1.Lazy quantification">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h3 class="title">
-<a name="id2532683">
+<a name="id2889402">
 </a>
 14.1.Lazy quantification
 </h3>
 </div>
 </div>
 </p>
 <pre class="programlisting">
 Another whale explosion occurred on &lt;January 26&gt;, &lt;2004&gt;.
 </pre>
 <p id="ch5func_1ca">
-...would likely come up with the pattern &lt;.*&gt;, or similar. However, this pattern will actually return "&lt;January 26&gt;, &lt;2004&gt;" instead of the "&lt;January 26&gt;" which might be expected, because the
+...would likely come up with the pattern &lt;.*&gt;, or similar. However, this pattern will actually return "&lt;January 26&gt;, &lt;2004&gt;" instead of the "&lt;January 26&gt;" which might be expected, because the * quantifier is greedy  it will consume as many characters as possible from the input, and "January 26&gt;, &lt;2004" has more characters than "January 26".
-<span style="color: red">
-&lt;title_reference&gt;*&lt;/title_reference&gt;
-</span>
-quantifier is greedy  it will consume as many characters as possible from the input, and "January 26&gt;, &lt;2004" has more characters than "January 26".
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_1cb">
 Though this problem can be avoided in a number of ways (e.g., by specifying the text that is not to be matched: &lt;[^&gt;]*&gt;), modern regular expression tools allow a quantifier to be specified as
 <span class="emphasis">
 <em>
 <div class="section" title="15.One Liners">
 <div class="titlepage">
 <div>
 <div>
 <h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
-<a name="id2532759">
+<a name="id2889478">
 </a>
 15.One Liners
 </h2>
 </div>
 </div>
 is textual input to the command-line of an operating system shell that performs some function in just one line of input.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_1cd">
 The one liner can be
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="orderedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<div class="orderedlist">
+<li class="listitem">
-<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<p id="ch5func_1ce">
-<li class="listitem">
+An expression written in the language of the shell.
-<p id="ch5func_1ce">
+</p>
-An expression written in the language of the shell.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_1cf">
-<li class="listitem">
+The invocation of an interpreter together with program source for the interpreter to run.
-<p id="ch5func_1cf">
+</p>
-The invocation of an interpreter together with program source for the interpreter to run.
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_1d0">
-<li class="listitem">
+The invocation of a compiler together with source to compile and
-<p id="ch5func_1d0">
-The invocation of a compiler together with source to compile and
 instructions for executing the compiled program.
 </p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_1d1">
 Certain dynamic scripting languages such as AWK, sed, and perl have traditionally been adept at expressing one-liners. Specialist shell interpreters such as these Unix shells or the Windows PowerShell, allow for the construction of powerful one-liners.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_1d2">
 The use of the phrase one-liner has been widened to also include program-source for any language that does something useful in one line.
 The TAPL book contains 20 examples of One-liners (A Handful of Useful awk One-Liners) at the end of the book's first chapter.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_1d6">
 Here are the first few of them:
 </p>
-<span style="color: red">
+<div class="orderedlist">
-&lt;block_quote&gt;
+<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
-<div class="orderedlist">
+<li class="listitem">
-<ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
+<p id="ch5func_1d7">
-<li class="listitem">
+Print the total number of input lines:
-<p id="ch5func_1d7">
+</p>
-Print the total number of input lines:
+<p id="ch5func_1d8">
-</p>
+END { print NR }
-<p id="ch5func_1d8">
+</p>
-END { print NR }
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_1d9">
-<li class="listitem">
+Print the tenth input line:
-<p id="ch5func_1d9">
+</p>
-Print the tenth input line:
+<p id="ch5func_1da">
-</p>
+NR == 10
-<p id="ch5func_1da">
+</p>
-NR == 10
+</li>
-</p>
+<li class="listitem">
-</li>
+<p id="ch5func_1db">
-<li class="listitem">
+Print the last field of every input line:
-<p id="ch5func_1db">
+</p>
-Print the last field of every input line:
+<p id="ch5func_1dc">
-</p>
+{ print $NF }
-<p id="ch5func_1dc">
+</p>
-{ print $NF }
+</li>
-</p>
+</ol>
-</li>
+</div>
-</ol>
-</div>
-&lt;/block_quote&gt;
-</span>
 <p id="ch5func_1dd">
 One-liners are also used to show off the differential expressive power of programming languages. Frequently, one-liners are used to demonstrate programming ability. Contests are often held to see who can create the most exceptional one-liner.
 </p>
 <p id="ch5func_1de">
 The following example is a C program (a winning entry in the "Best one-liner" category of the IOCCC, here split to two lines for presentation).:

changeset 15	f2383fee6584
parent 6	1ce9b33fb6ff
child 16	2e3d2cadbcb6