Merged branches.
--- a/day1/session1.tex Wed Oct 28 16:02:38 2009 +0530
+++ b/day1/session1.tex Wed Oct 28 16:03:11 2009 +0530
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@
\includegraphics[height=2in, interpolate=true]{data/firstplot}
\column{0.8\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
- \small
+ \begin{small}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 51)
In []: plot(x, sin(x))
\end{lstlisting}
- \small
+ \end{small}
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
--- a/day1/session3.tex Wed Oct 28 16:02:38 2009 +0530
+++ b/day1/session3.tex Wed Oct 28 16:03:11 2009 +0530
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@
%% % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
%% \end{frame}
+\section{Statistics}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{More on data processing}
\begin{block}{}
@@ -178,8 +179,10 @@
\item Pass/Fail (P/F)
\item Withdrawn (W)
\end{itemize}
+ \inctime{5}
\end{frame}
+\subsection{Data processing}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{File reading and parsing \ldots}
\begin{lstlisting}
@@ -188,22 +191,23 @@
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
+\subsection{Dictionary}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Dictionary: Introduction}
\begin{itemize}
\item lists index: 0 \ldots n
\item dictionaries index using strings
\end{itemize}
-\begin{block}{Example}
+ \begin{block}{Example}
d = \{ ``Hitchhiker's guide'' : 42,
``Terminator'' : ``I'll be back''\}\\
d[``Terminator''] => ``I'll be back''
-\end{block}
+ \end{block}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Dictionary: Introduction}
-\begin{lstlisting}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
In [1]: d = {"Hitchhiker's guide" : 42,
"Terminator" : "I'll be back"}
@@ -215,24 +219,24 @@
In [4]: "Guido" in d
Out[4]: False
-\end{lstlisting}
+ \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Dictionary: Introduction}
-\begin{lstlisting}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
In [5]: d.keys()
Out[5]: ['Terminator', "Hitchhiker's
guide"]
In [6]: d.values()
Out[6]: ["I'll be back", 42]
-\end{lstlisting}
+ \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{enumerate: Iterating through list indices}
-\begin{lstlisting}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
In [1]: names = ["Guido","Alex", "Tim"]
In [2]: for i, name in enumerate(names):
@@ -241,15 +245,16 @@
0 Guido
1 Alex
2 Tim
-\end{lstlisting}
+ \end{lstlisting}
+ \inctime{5}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Dictionary: Building parsed data}
- Let our dictionary be:
- \begin{lstlisting}
+ Let our dictionary be:
+ \begin{lstlisting}
science = {} # is an empty dictionary
- \end{lstlisting}
+ \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
@@ -291,6 +296,7 @@
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
+\subsection{Visualizing the data}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Pie charts}
\small
@@ -308,6 +314,7 @@
\includegraphics[height=2in, interpolate=true]{data/science}
\column{0.8\textwidth}
\end{columns}
+ \inctime{5}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
@@ -381,6 +388,7 @@
\includegraphics[height=3in, interpolate=true]{data/all_regions}
\end{frame}
+\subsection{Obtaining stastics}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Obtaining statistics}
\begin{lstlisting}
@@ -395,6 +403,7 @@
print "Standard Deviation: ",
std(math_scores)
\end{lstlisting}
+ \inctime{15}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
--- a/day1/session5.tex Wed Oct 28 16:02:38 2009 +0530
+++ b/day1/session5.tex Wed Oct 28 16:03:11 2009 +0530
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
\author[FOSSEE] {FOSSEE}
\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
-\date[] {31, October 2009\\Day 1, Session 4}
+\date[] {31, October 2009\\Day 1, Session 5}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.75cm]{iitmlogo}{iitmlogo}
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@
\end{frame}
}
-%%\AtBeginSection[]
-%%{
- %%\begin{frame}<beamer>
-%% \frametitle{Outline}
- %% \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
- %%\end{frame}
-%%}
+\AtBeginSection[]
+{
+ \begin{frame}<beamer>
+ \frametitle{Outline}
+ \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
+ \end{frame}
+}
% If you wish to uncover everything in a step-wise fashion, uncomment
% the following command:
@@ -124,9 +124,203 @@
% \pausesections
\end{frame}
-\section{Integration}
+\section{Interpolation}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Interpolation}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Let us begin with interpolation
+\item Let's use the L and T arrays and interpolate this data to obtain data at new points
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: L = []
+In []: T = []
+In []: for line in open('pendulum.txt'):
+ l, t = line.split()
+ L.append(float(l))
+ T.append(float(t))
+In []: L = array(L)
+In []: T = array(T)
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+%% \begin{frame}[fragile]
+%% \frametitle{Interpolation \ldots}
+%% \begin{small}
+%% \typ{In []: from scipy.interpolate import interp1d}
+%% \end{small}
+%% \begin{itemize}
+%% \item The \typ{interp1d} function returns a function
+%% \begin{lstlisting}
+%% In []: f = interp1d(L, T)
+%% \end{lstlisting}
+%% \item Functions can be assigned to variables
+%% \item This function interpolates between known data values to obtain unknown
+%% \end{itemize}
+%% \end{frame}
+
+%% \begin{frame}[fragile]
+%% \frametitle{Interpolation \ldots}
+%% \begin{lstlisting}
+%% In []: Ln = arange(0.1,0.99,0.005)
+%% # Interpolating!
+%% # The new values in range of old data
+%% In []: plot(L, T, 'o', Ln, f(Ln), '-')
+%% In []: f = interp1d(L, T, kind='cubic')
+%% # When kind not specified, it's linear
+%% # Others are ...
+%% # 'nearest', 'zero',
+%% # 'slinear', 'quadratic'
+%% \end{lstlisting}
+%% \end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Spline Interpolation}
+\begin{small}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: from scipy.interpolate import splrep
+In []: from scipy.interpolate import splev
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{small}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Involves two steps
+ \begin{enumerate}
+ \item Find out the spline curve, coefficients
+ \item Evaluate the spline at new points
+ \end{enumerate}
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{\typ{splrep}}
+To find the B-spline representation
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: tck = splrep(L, T)
+\end{lstlisting}
+Returns
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item the vector of knots,
+\item the B-spline coefficients
+\item the degree of the spline (default=3)
+\end{enumerate}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{\typ{splev}}
+To Evaluate a B-spline and it's derivatives
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: Lnew = arange(0.1,1,0.005)
+In []: Tnew = splev(Lnew, tck)
+
+#To obtain derivatives of the spline
+#use der=1, 2,.. for 1st, 2nd,.. order
+In []: Tnew = splev(Lnew, tck, der=1)
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
-\subsection{Quadrature}
+%% \begin{frame}[fragile]
+%% \frametitle{Interpolation \ldots}
+%% \begin{itemize}
+%% \item
+%% \end{itemize}
+%% \end{frame}
+
+\section{Differentiation}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Numerical Differentiation}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Given function $f(x)$ or data points $y=f(x)$
+\item We wish to calculate $f^{'}(x)$ at points $x$
+\item Taylor series - finite difference approximations
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{l l}
+$f(x+h)=f(x)+h.f^{'}(x)$ &Forward \\
+$f(x-h)=f(x)-h.f^{'}(x)$ &Backward
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Forward Difference}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: x = linspace(0, 2*pi, 100)
+In []: y = sin(x)
+In []: deltax = x[1] - x[0]
+\end{lstlisting}
+Obtain the finite forward difference of y
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Forward Difference \ldots}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: fD = (y[1:] - y[:-1]) / deltax
+In []: plot(x, y, x[:-1], fD)
+\end{lstlisting}
+\begin{center}
+ \includegraphics[height=2in, interpolate=true]{data/fwdDiff}
+\end{center}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Example}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Given x, y positions of a particle in \typ{pos.txt}
+\item Find velocity \& acceleration in x, y directions
+\end{itemize}
+\small{
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{| c | c | c |}
+\hline
+$X$ & $Y$ \\ \hline
+0. & 0.\\ \hline
+0.25 & 0.47775\\ \hline
+0.5 & 0.931\\ \hline
+0.75 & 1.35975\\ \hline
+1. & 1.764\\ \hline
+1.25 & 2.14375\\ \hline
+\vdots & \vdots\\ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Example \ldots}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Read the file
+\item Obtain an array of x, y
+\item Obtain velocity and acceleration
+\item use \typ{deltaT = 0.05}
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: X = []
+In []: Y = []
+In []: for line in open('location.txt'):
+ .... points = line.split()
+ .... X.append(float(points[0]))
+ .... Y.append(float(points[1]))
+In []: S = array([X, Y])
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Example \ldots}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item use \typ{deltaT = 0.05}
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: deltaT = 0.05
+
+In []: v = (S[:,1:]-S[:,:-1])/deltaT
+
+In []: a = (v[:,1:]-v[:,:-1])/deltaT
+\end{lstlisting}
+Try Plotting the position, velocity \& acceleration.
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Quadrature}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Quadrature}
@@ -135,7 +329,9 @@
\item Area under $(sin(x) + x^2)$ in $(0,1)$
\item scipy has functions to do that
\end{itemize}
-\small{\typ{In []: from scipy.integrate import quad}}
+\begin{small}
+ \typ{In []: from scipy.integrate import quad}
+\end{small}
\begin{itemize}
\item Inputs - function to integrate, limits
\end{itemize}
@@ -143,12 +339,15 @@
In []: x = 0
In []: quad(sin(x)+x**2, 0, 1)
\end{lstlisting}
+\begin{small}
\alert{\typ{error:}}
\typ{First argument must be a callable function.}
+\end{small}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Functions - Definition}
+We have been using them all along. Now let's see how to define them.
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: def f(x):
return sin(x)+x**2
@@ -156,6 +355,7 @@
\end{lstlisting}
\begin{itemize}
\item \typ{def}
+\item name
\item arguments
\item \typ{return}
\end{itemize}
@@ -175,50 +375,7 @@
In []: f(1)
Out[]: 1.8414709848078965
\end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{Functions - Default Arguments}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: def f(x=1):
- return sin(x)+x**2
-In []: f(10)
-Out[]: 99.455978889110625
-In []: f(1)
-Out[]: 1.8414709848078965
-In []: f()
-Out[]: 1.8414709848078965
-\end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{Functions - Keyword Arguments}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: def f(x=1, y=pi):
- return sin(y)+x**2
-In []: f()
-Out[]: 1.0000000000000002
-In []: f(2)
-Out[]: 4.0
-In []: f(y=2)
-Out[]: 1.9092974268256817
-In []: f(y=pi/2,x=0)
-Out[]: 1.0
-\end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
- \frametitle{More on functions}
- \begin{itemize}
- \item Scope of variables in the function is local
- \item Mutable items are \alert{passed by reference}
- \item First line after definition may be a documentation string
- (\alert{recommended!})
- \item Function definition and execution defines a name bound to the
- function
- \item You \emph{can} assign a variable to a function!
- \end{itemize}
+More on Functions later \ldots
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
@@ -228,74 +385,16 @@
\end{lstlisting}
Returns the integral and an estimate of the absolute error in the result.
\begin{itemize}
-\item Use \typ{dblquad} for Double integrals
+\item Look at \typ{dblquad} for Double integrals
\item Use \typ{tplquad} for Triple integrals
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
-\subsection{ODEs}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{ODE Integration}
-We shall use the simple ODE of a simple pendulum.
-\begin{equation*}
-\ddot{\theta} = -\frac{g}{L}sin(\theta)
-\end{equation*}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item This equation can be written as a system of two first order ODEs
-\end{itemize}
-\begin{align}
-\dot{\theta} &= \omega \\
-\dot{\omega} &= -\frac{g}{L}sin(\theta) \\
- \text{At}\ t &= 0 : \nonumber \\
- \theta = \theta_0\quad & \&\quad \omega = 0 \nonumber
-\end{align}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{Solving ODEs using SciPy}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item We use the \typ{odeint} function from scipy to do the integration
-\item Define a function as below
-\end{itemize}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: def pend_int(unknown, t, p):
- .... theta, omega = unknown
- .... g, L = p
- .... f=[omega, -(g/L)*sin(theta)]
- .... return f
- ....
-\end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{Solving ODEs using SciPy \ldots}
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \typ{t} is the time variable \\
-\item \typ{p} has the constants \\
-\item \typ{initial} has the initial values
-\end{itemize}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: t = linspace(0, 10, 101)
-In []: p=(-9.81, 0.2)
-In []: initial = [10*2*pi/360, 0]
-\end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
-\begin{frame}[fragile]
-\frametitle{Solving ODEs using SciPy \ldots}
-
-\small{\typ{In []: from scipy.integrate import odeint}}
-\begin{lstlisting}
-In []: pend_sol = odeint(pend_int,
- initial,t,
- args=(p,))
-\end{lstlisting}
-\end{frame}
-
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Things we have learned}
\begin{itemize}
+ \item Interpolation
+ \item Differentiation
\item Functions
\begin{itemize}
\item Definition
--- a/day1/session6.tex Wed Oct 28 16:02:38 2009 +0530
+++ b/day1/session6.tex Wed Oct 28 16:03:11 2009 +0530
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Title page
-\title[]{Finding Roots}
+\title[]{ODEs \& Finding Roots}
\author[FOSSEE] {FOSSEE}
@@ -123,6 +123,68 @@
%% % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
%% \end{frame}
+\section{ODEs}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{ODE Integration}
+We shall use the simple ODE of a simple pendulum.
+\begin{equation*}
+\ddot{\theta} = -\frac{g}{L}sin(\theta)
+\end{equation*}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item This equation can be written as a system of two first order ODEs
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{align}
+\dot{\theta} &= \omega \\
+\dot{\omega} &= -\frac{g}{L}sin(\theta) \\
+ \text{At}\ t &= 0 : \nonumber \\
+ \theta = \theta_0\quad & \&\quad \omega = 0 \nonumber
+\end{align}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Solving ODEs using SciPy}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item We use the \typ{odeint} function from scipy to do the integration
+\item Define a function as below
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: def pend_int(unknown, t, p):
+ .... theta, omega = unknown
+ .... g, L = p
+ .... f=[omega, -(g/L)*sin(theta)]
+ .... return f
+ ....
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Solving ODEs using SciPy \ldots}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \typ{t} is the time variable \\
+\item \typ{p} has the constants \\
+\item \typ{initial} has the initial values
+\end{itemize}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: t = linspace(0, 10, 101)
+In []: p=(-9.81, 0.2)
+In []: initial = [10*2*pi/360, 0]
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Solving ODEs using SciPy \ldots}
+\begin{small}
+ \typ{In []: from scipy.integrate import odeint}
+\end{small}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: pend_sol = odeint(pend_int,
+ initial,t,
+ args=(p,))
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Finding Roots}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Roots of $f(x)=0$}
@@ -136,8 +198,8 @@
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Initial Estimates}
\begin{itemize}
-\item Find the roots of $cosx-x^2$ between $-\pi/2$ and $\pi/2$
-\item We shall use a crude method to get an initial estimate first
+\item Find roots of $cosx-x^2$ in $(-\pi/2, \pi/2)$
+\item How to get a rough initial estimate?
\end{itemize}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Check for change of signs of $f(x)$ in the given interval
@@ -288,15 +350,28 @@
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Scipy Methods \dots}
-\small{
+\begin{small}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: from scipy.optimize import fixed_point
In []: from scipy.optimize import bisect
In []: from scipy.optimize import newton
-\end{lstlisting}}
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{small}
\end{frame}
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Things we have learned}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Solving ODEs
+ \item Finding Roots
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Estimating Interval
+ \item Newton Raphson
+ \item Scipy methods
+ \end{itemize}
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
\end{document}
--- a/day2/session1.tex Wed Oct 28 16:02:38 2009 +0530
+++ b/day2/session1.tex Wed Oct 28 16:03:11 2009 +0530
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@
In [4]: f and t
Out[4]: False
\end{lstlisting}
+ \inctime{5}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Strings}
@@ -252,10 +253,8 @@
In [2]: 'x is %s, y is %s' %(x, y)
Out[2]: 'x is 1, y is 1.234'
\end{lstlisting}
-\emphbar{
-\url{http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html}\\
-}
-\inctime{10}
+ \emphbar{\url{http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html}}
+ \inctime{10}
\end{frame}
\section{Operators}
@@ -338,7 +337,6 @@
In [5]: pos + neg != zer
Out[5]: False
\end{lstlisting}
-\inctime{5}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
@@ -378,19 +376,6 @@
\inctime{15}
\end{frame}
-\begin{frame}[fragile] \frametitle{A question of good style}
- \begin{lstlisting}
- amount = 12.68
- denom = 0.05
- nCoins = round(amount/denom)
- rAmount = nCoins * denom
- \end{lstlisting}
- \pause
- \begin{block}{Style Rule \#1}
- Naming is 80\% of programming
- \end{block}
-\end{frame}
-
\section{Simple IO}
\begin{frame}{Simple IO}
\begin{block}
@@ -419,7 +404,7 @@
\subsection{Basic Conditional flow}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{\typ{If...elif...else} example}
-\begin{lstlisting}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
x = int(raw_input("Enter an integer:"))
if x < 0:
print 'Be positive!'
@@ -429,7 +414,8 @@
print 'Single'
else:
print 'More'
-\end{lstlisting}
+ \end{lstlisting}
+ \inctime{10}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Basic Looping}
@@ -470,7 +456,7 @@
3 9
4 16
\end{lstlisting}
-\inctime{15}
+\inctime{5}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Exercises}
@@ -496,10 +482,9 @@
\item It appears that for all starting values there is a cycle of 4, 2, 1 at which the procedure loops.
\end{enumerate}
Write a program that accepts the starting value and prints out the Collatz sequence.
-
\end{frame}
-\begin{frame}[fragile]{Problem 1.4}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]{Problem 1.3}
Write a program that prints the following pyramid on the screen.
\begin{lstlisting}
1
@@ -510,7 +495,17 @@
The number of lines must be obtained from the user as input.\\
\pause
\emphbar{When can your code fail?}
-\only<2->{\inctime{20}}
+\only<2->{\inctime{10}}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{What did we learn?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Basic data types
+ \item Arithematic, logical and relational operations
+ \item Conditional structures
+ \item Loops
+ \end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/day2/session2.tex Wed Oct 28 16:03:11 2009 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%Tutorial slides on Python.
+%
+% Author: Prabhu Ramachandran <prabhu at aero.iitb.ac.in>
+% Copyright (c) 2005-2009, Prabhu Ramachandran
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\documentclass[14pt,compress]{beamer}
+%\documentclass[draft]{beamer}
+%\documentclass[compress,handout]{beamer}
+%\usepackage{pgfpages}
+%\pgfpagesuselayout{2 on 1}[a4paper,border shrink=5mm]
+
+% Modified from: generic-ornate-15min-45min.de.tex
+\mode<presentation>
+{
+ \usetheme{Warsaw}
+ \useoutertheme{split}
+ \setbeamercovered{transparent}
+}
+
+\usepackage[english]{babel}
+\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}
+%\usepackage{times}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+
+% Taken from Fernando's slides.
+\usepackage{ae,aecompl}
+\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler}
+\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet}
+
+\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0}
+
+\usepackage{listings}
+\lstset{language=Python,
+ basicstyle=\ttfamily\bfseries,
+ commentstyle=\color{red}\itshape,
+ stringstyle=\color{darkgreen},
+ showstringspaces=false,
+ keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Macros
+\setbeamercolor{emphbar}{bg=blue!20, fg=black}
+\newcommand{\emphbar}[1]
+{\begin{beamercolorbox}[rounded=true]{emphbar}
+ {#1}
+ \end{beamercolorbox}
+}
+\newcounter{time}
+\setcounter{time}{0}
+\newcommand{\inctime}[1]{\addtocounter{time}{#1}{\tiny \thetime\ m}}
+
+\newcommand{\typ}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
+
+\newcommand{\kwrd}[1]{ \texttt{\textbf{\color{blue}{#1}}} }
+
+%%% This is from Fernando's setup.
+% \usepackage{color}
+% \definecolor{orange}{cmyk}{0,0.4,0.8,0.2}
+% % Use and configure listings package for nicely formatted code
+% \usepackage{listings}
+% \lstset{
+% language=Python,
+% basicstyle=\small\ttfamily,
+% commentstyle=\ttfamily\color{blue},
+% stringstyle=\ttfamily\color{orange},
+% showstringspaces=false,
+% breaklines=true,
+% postbreak = \space\dots
+% }
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% Title page
+\title[Basic Python]{Python:\\A formal approach}
+
+\author[FOSSEE Team] {The FOSSEE Group}
+
+\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
+\date[] {1, November 2009\\Day 2, Session 2}
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.75cm]{iitmlogo}{iitmlogo}
+%\logo{\pgfuseimage{iitmlogo}}
+
+
+%% Delete this, if you do not want the table of contents to pop up at
+%% the beginning of each subsection:
+\AtBeginSubsection[]
+{
+ \begin{frame}<beamer>
+ \frametitle{Outline}
+ \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
+ \end{frame}
+}
+
+\AtBeginSection[]
+{
+ \begin{frame}<beamer>
+ \frametitle{Outline}
+ \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
+ \end{frame}
+}
+
+% If you wish to uncover everything in a step-wise fashion, uncomment
+% the following command:
+%\beamerdefaultoverlayspecification{<+->}
+
+%\includeonlyframes{current,current1,current2,current3,current4,current5,current6}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% DOCUMENT STARTS
+\begin{document}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \titlepage
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Outline}
+ \tableofcontents
+ % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Data structures}
+\subsection{Lists}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Lists}
+\begin{block}{We already know that}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+num = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
+ \end{lstlisting}
+\centerline{is a list}
+\end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Lists: methods}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+In []: num.reverse()
+In []: num
+Out[]: [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+
+In []: num.extend([0, -1, -2])
+In []: num
+Out[]: [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1]
+
+In []: num.remove(0)
+In []: num
+Out[]: [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1]
+ \end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{List containership}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: a = 8
+
+In []: a in num
+Out[]: True
+
+In []: b = 10
+In []: b in num
+Out[]: False
+
+In []: b not in num
+Out[]: True
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Tuples}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+\frametitle{Tuples: Immutable lists}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+In []: t = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
+In []: t[0] + t[3] + t[-1]
+Out[]: 13
+\end{lstlisting}
+\begin{block}{Note:}
+\begin{itemize}
+ \item Tuples are immutable - cannot be changed
+\end{itemize}
+\end{block}
+ \inctime{10}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ {A classic problem}
+ \begin{block}
+ {Interchange values}
+ How to interchange values of two variables?
+ \end{block}
+ \pause
+ \begin{block}{Note:}
+ This Python idiom works for all types of variables.\\
+They need not be of the same type!
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Dictionaries}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Dictionaries: Recall}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+In []: player = {'Mat': 134,'Inn': 233,
+ 'Runs': 10823, 'Avg': 52.53}
+
+In []: player['Avg']
+Out[]: 52.530000000000001
+ \end{lstlisting}
+ \begin{block}{Note!}
+ Duplicate keys are not allowed!\\
+ Dictionaries are iterable through keys.
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame} {Problem Set 2.1: Problem 2.1.1}
+You are given date strings of the form ``29, Jul 2009'', or ``4 January 2008''. In other words a number a string and another number, with a comma sometimes separating the items.Write a function that takes such a string and returns a tuple (yyyy, mm, dd) where all three elements are ints.
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Set}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Set}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Simplest container, mutable
+ \item No ordering, no duplicates
+ \item usual suspects: union, intersection, subset \ldots
+ \item >, >=, <, <=, in, \ldots
+ \end{itemize}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+>>> f10 = set([1,2,3,5,8])
+>>> p10 = set([2,3,5,7])
+>>> f10|p10
+set([1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8])
+>>> f10&p10
+set([2, 3, 5])
+>>> f10-p10
+set([8, 1])
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Set}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+>>> p10-f10, f10^p10
+set([7]), set([1, 7, 8])
+>>> set([2,3]) < p10
+True
+>>> set([2,3]) <= p10
+True
+>>> 2 in p10
+True
+>>> 4 in p10
+False
+>>> len(f10)
+5
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Problem set 2.2}
+ \begin{description}
+ \item[2.2.1] Given a dictionary of the names of students and their marks, identify how many duplicate marks are there? and what are these?
+ \item[2.2.2] Given a string of the form ``4-7, 9, 12, 15'' find the numbers missing in this list for a given range.
+\end{description}
+\inctime{15}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Functions}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Functions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \kwrd{def} - keyword to define a function
+ \item Arguments are local to a function
+ \item Docstrings are important!
+ \item Functions can return multiple values
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Functions: example}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+def signum( r ):
+ """returns 0 if r is zero
+ -1 if r is negative
+ +1 if r is positive"""
+ if r < 0:
+ return -1
+ elif r > 0:
+ return 1
+ else:
+ return 0
+ \end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ {What does this function do?}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+def what( n ):
+ i = 1
+ while i * i < n:
+ i += 1
+ return i * i == n, i
+ \end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Default arguments}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Functions: default arguments}
+ \small
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+def ask_ok(prompt, complaint='Yes or no!'):
+ while True:
+ ok = raw_input(prompt)
+ if ok in ('y', 'ye', 'yes'):
+ return True
+ if ok in ('n', 'no', 'nop',
+ 'nope'):
+ return False
+ print complaint
+
+ask_ok('?')
+ask_ok('?', '[Y/N]')
+ \end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Built-in functions}
+\begin{frame}
+ {Before writing a function}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Variety of builtin functions are available
+ \item \typ{abs, any, all, len, max, min}
+ \item \typ{pow, range, sum, type}
+ \item Refer here:
+ \url{http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \inctime{10}
+\end{frame}
+
+\subsection{Exercises}
+\begin{frame}{Problem set 3: Problem 3.1}
+ Write a function to return the gcd of two numbers.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Problem 3.2}
+Write a program to print all primitive pythagorean triads (a, b, c) where a, b are in the range 1---100 \\
+A pythagorean triad $(a,b,c)$ has the property $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$.\\By primitive we mean triads that do not `depend' on others. For example, (4,3,5) is a variant of (3,4,5) and hence is not primitive. And (10,24,26) is easily derived from (5,12,13) and is also not primitive.
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Problem 3.3}
+ Write a program that generates a list of all four digit numbers that have all their digits even and are perfect squares.\newline\\\emph{For example, the output should include 6400 but not 8100 (one digit is odd) or 4248 (not a perfect square).}
+\inctime{15}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Modules}
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ {Modules}
+\begin{lstlisting}
+>>> sqrt(2)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
+NameError: name 'sqrt' is not defined
+>>> import math
+>>> math.sqrt(2)
+1.4142135623730951
+\end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ {Modules}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item The \kwrd{import} keyword ``loads'' a module
+ \item One can also use:
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+>>> from math import sqrt
+>>> from math import *
+ \end{lstlisting}
+ \item What is the difference?
+ \item \alert{Use the latter only in interactive mode}
+ \end{itemize}
+ \emphbar{Package hierarchies}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+>>> from os.path import exists
+ \end{lstlisting}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{Modules: Standard library}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Very powerful, ``Batteries included''
+ \item Some standard modules:
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Math: \typ{math}, \typ{random}
+ \item Internet access: \typ{urllib2}, \typ{smtplib}
+ \item System, Command line arguments: \typ{sys}
+ \item Operating system interface: \typ{os}
+ \item Regular expressions: \typ{re}
+ \item Compression: \typ{gzip}, \typ{zipfile}, and \typ{tarfile}
+ \item And a whole lot more!
+ \end{itemize}
+ \item Check out the Python Library reference:
+ \url{http://docs.python.org/library/}
+ \end{itemize}
+\inctime{5}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Coding Style}
+\begin{frame}{Readability and Consistency}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Readability Counts!\\Code is read more often than its written.
+ \item Consistency!
+ \item Know when to be inconsistent.
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile] \frametitle{A question of good style}
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+ amount = 12.68
+ denom = 0.05
+ nCoins = round(amount/denom)
+ rAmount = nCoins * denom
+ \end{lstlisting}
+ \pause
+ \begin{block}{Style Rule \#1}
+ Naming is 80\% of programming
+ \end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Code Layout}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Indentation
+ \item Tabs or Spaces??
+ \item Maximum Line Length
+ \item Blank Lines
+ \item Encodings
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Whitespaces in Expressions}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When to use extraneous whitespaces??
+ \item When to avoid extra whitespaces??
+ \item Use one statement per line
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Comments}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item No comments better than contradicting comments
+ \item Block comments
+ \item Inline comments
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Docstrings}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item When to write docstrings?
+ \item Ending the docstrings
+ \item One liner docstrings
+ \end{itemize}
+More information at PEP8: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
+\inctime{5}
+\end{frame}
+
+\section{Objects}
+\begin{frame}{Objects in general}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item What is an Object? (Types and classes)
+ \item identity
+ \item type
+ \item method
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Almost everything is an Object!}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item \typ{list}
+ \item \typ{tuple}
+ \item \typ{string}
+ \item \typ{dictionary}
+ \item \typ{function}
+ \item Of course, user defined class objects!
+ \end{itemize}
+\end {frame}
+
+\begin{frame}{Using Objects}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Creating Objects: Initialization
+ \item Object Manipulation: Object methods and ``.'' operator
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[fragile]
+ \frametitle{Objects provide consistency}
+ \small
+ \begin{lstlisting}
+for element in (1, 2, 3):
+ print element
+for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}:
+ print key
+for char in "123":
+ print char
+for line in open("myfile.txt"):
+ print line
+for line in urllib2.urlopen('http://site.com'):
+ print line
+ \end{lstlisting}
+\inctime{10}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+ \frametitle{What did we learn?}
+ \begin{itemize}
+ \item Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, Sets: creation and manipulation
+ \item More about functions
+ \item Coding style
+ \item Objects: creation and manipulation
+ \end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}