diff -r f05b1c457120 -r df494695e061 day2/session3.tex --- a/day2/session3.tex Tue Nov 10 12:21:29 2009 +0530 +++ b/day2/session3.tex Tue Nov 10 16:26:47 2009 +0530 @@ -1,48 +1,33 @@ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% Tutorial slides on Python. +%Tutorial slides on Python. % -% Author: Prabhu Ramachandran -% Copyright (c) 2005-2009, Prabhu Ramachandran +% Author: FOSSEE +% Copyright (c) 2009, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -\documentclass[compress,14pt]{beamer} -% \documentclass[handout]{beamer} -% \usepackage{pgfpages} -% \pgfpagesuselayout{4 on 1}[a4paper,border, shrink=5mm,landscape] -\usepackage{tikz} -\newcommand{\hyperlinkmovie}{} -%\usepackage{movie15} +\documentclass[14pt,compress]{beamer} +%\documentclass[draft]{beamer} +%\documentclass[compress,handout]{beamer} +%\usepackage{pgfpages} +%\pgfpagesuselayout{2 on 1}[a4paper,border shrink=5mm] -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% Note that in presentation mode -% \paperwidth 364.19536pt -% \paperheight 273.14662pt -% h/w = 0.888 - - +% Modified from: generic-ornate-15min-45min.de.tex \mode { \usetheme{Warsaw} - %\usetheme{Boadilla} - %\usetheme{default} \useoutertheme{infolines} \setbeamercovered{transparent} } -% To remove navigation symbols -\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} - -\usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} -\usepackage{times} +%\usepackage{times} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Taken from Fernando's slides. \usepackage{ae,aecompl} \usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler} \usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet} -\usepackage{pgf} \definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,0.5,0} @@ -55,65 +40,50 @@ keywordstyle=\color{blue}\bfseries} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% My Macros -\setbeamercolor{postit}{bg=yellow,fg=black} +% Macros \setbeamercolor{emphbar}{bg=blue!20, fg=black} \newcommand{\emphbar}[1] {\begin{beamercolorbox}[rounded=true]{emphbar} {#1} \end{beamercolorbox} } -%{\centerline{\fcolorbox{gray!50} {blue!10}{ -%\begin{minipage}{0.9\linewidth} -% {#1} -%\end{minipage} -% }}} - -\newcommand{\myemph}[1]{\structure{\emph{#1}}} -\newcommand{\PythonCode}[1]{\lstinline{#1}} - -\newcommand{\tvtk}{\texttt{tvtk}} -\newcommand{\mlab}{\texttt{mlab}} - \newcounter{time} \setcounter{time}{0} -\newcommand{\inctime}[1]{\addtocounter{time}{#1}{\vspace*{0.1in}\tiny \thetime\ m}} +\newcommand{\inctime}[1]{\addtocounter{time}{#1}{\tiny \thetime\ m}} + +\newcommand{\typ}[1]{\lstinline{#1}} + +\newcommand{\kwrd}[1]{ \texttt{\textbf{\color{blue}{#1}}} } -\newcommand\BackgroundPicture[1]{% - \setbeamertemplate{background}{% - \parbox[c][\paperheight]{\paperwidth}{% - \vfill \hfill - \hfill \vfill -}}} - -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -% Configuring the theme -%\setbeamercolor{normal text}{fg=white} -%\setbeamercolor{background canvas}{bg=black} - +%%% This is from Fernando's setup. +% \usepackage{color} +% \definecolor{orange}{cmyk}{0,0.4,0.8,0.2} +% % Use and configure listings package for nicely formatted code +% \usepackage{listings} +% \lstset{ +% language=Python, +% basicstyle=\small\ttfamily, +% commentstyle=\ttfamily\color{blue}, +% stringstyle=\ttfamily\color{orange}, +% showstringspaces=false, +% breaklines=true, +% postbreak = \space\dots +% } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Title page -\title[3D Plotting]{3D data Visualization} +\title[Basic Python]{Python language: Functions, modules and objects} -\author[FOSSEE] {FOSSEE} +\author[FOSSEE Team] {The FOSSEE Group} \institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay} -\date[] {8 November, 2009\\Day 2, Session 5} - +\date[] {8 November, 2009\\Day 2, Session 3} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.75cm]{iitblogo}{iitblogo} -%\logo{\pgfuseimage{iitblogo}} +%\pgfdeclareimage[height=0.75cm]{iitmlogo}{iitmlogo} +%\logo{\pgfuseimage{iitmlogo}} -\AtBeginSection[] -{ - \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Outline} - \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection] - \end{frame} -} %% Delete this, if you do not want the table of contents to pop up at %% the beginning of each subsection: @@ -132,12 +102,19 @@ \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection] \end{frame} } + +% If you wish to uncover everything in a step-wise fashion, uncomment +% the following command: +%\beamerdefaultoverlayspecification{<+->} + +%\includeonlyframes{current,current1,current2,current3,current4,current5,current6} + %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % DOCUMENT STARTS \begin{document} \begin{frame} - \maketitle + \titlepage \end{frame} \begin{frame} @@ -146,419 +123,312 @@ % You might wish to add the option [pausesections] \end{frame} -\section{3D Data Visualization} +\section{Functions} +\subsection{Default arguments} +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Functions: default arguments} + \begin{lstlisting} +In []: greet = 'hello world' -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{What is visualization?} - \Large - \begin{center} - Visual representation of data - \end{center} +In []: greet.split() +Out[]: ['hello', 'world'] + +In []: line = 'Rossum, Guido, 54, 46, 55' + +In []: line.split(',') +Out[]: ['Rossum', ' Guido', ' 54', + ' 46', ' 55'] + \end{lstlisting} \end{frame} +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Functions: default arguments \ldots} + \begin{lstlisting} +In []: def welcome(greet, name="World"): + .... print greet, name -%% \begin{frame} -%% \frametitle{Is this new?} -%% \begin{center} -%% We have moved from: -%% \end{center} -%% \begin{columns} -%% \column{} -%% \hspace*{-1in} -%% \includegraphics[width=1.75in,height=1.75in, interpolate=true]{data/3832} -%% \column{}\hspace*{-0.25in} -%% To -%% \column{} -%% \hspace*{-1in} -%% \includegraphics[width=1.75in, height=1.75in, interpolate=true]{data/torus} -%% \end{columns} -%% \end{frame} +In []: welcome("Hello") +Hello World + +In []: welcome("Hi", "Guido") +Hi Guido + \end{lstlisting} +\end{frame} + +\subsection{Keyword arguments} +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Functions: Keyword arguments} +We have seen the following +\begin{lstlisting} +In []: legend(['sin(2y)'], + loc = 'center') + +In []: plot(y, sin(y), 'g', + linewidth = 2) -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{3D visualization} - \Large - \begin{center} - Harder but important - \end{center} +In []: annotate('local max', + xy = (1.5, 1)) + +In []: pie(science.values(), + labels = science.keys()) + \end{lstlisting} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Functions: keyword arguments \ldots} + \begin{lstlisting} +In []: def welcome(greet, name="World"): + .... print greet, name + +In []: welcome("Hello", "James") +Hello James + +In []: welcome("Hi", name="Guido") +Hi Guido + +In []: welcome(name="Guido", greet="Hey") +Hey Guido + \end{lstlisting} \end{frame} +\subsection{Built-in functions} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{Is this Graphics?} - \Large - \begin{center} - Visualization is about data! - \end{center} + {Before writing a function} + \begin{itemize} + \item Variety of built-in functions are available + \item \typ{abs, any, all, len, max, min} + \item \typ{pow, range, sum, type} + \item Refer here: + \url{http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html} + \end{itemize} + \inctime{10} +\end{frame} + +\subsection{Exercises} +\begin{frame}{Problem set 3: Problem 3.1} + Write a function to return the gcd of two numbers. \end{frame} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Examples: trajectory in space} - \Large - \begin{center} - \pgfimage[width=2.5in]{MEDIA/m2/mlab/plot3d_ex} - \end{center} +\begin{frame}{Problem 3.2} +Write a program to print all primitive pythagorean triads (a, b, c) where a, b are in the range 1---100 \\ +A pythagorean triad $(a,b,c)$ has the property $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$.\\By primitive we mean triads that do not `depend' on others. For example, (4,3,5) is a variant of (3,4,5) and hence is not primitive. And (10,24,26) is easily derived from (5,12,13) and is also not primitive. +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}{Problem 3.3} + Write a program that generates a list of all four digit numbers that have all their digits even and are perfect squares.\newline\\\emph{For example, the output should include 6400 but not 8100 (one digit is odd) or 4248 (not a perfect square).} + +\inctime{15} +\end{frame} + +\section{Modules} +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{\texttt{from} \ldots \texttt{import} magic} + \begin{lstlisting} +from scipy.integrate import odeint + +from scipy.optimize import fsolve + \end{lstlisting} +\emphbar{Above statements import a function to our namespace} \end{frame} -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Examples: Fire in a room} - \Large - \begin{center} - Demo of data - \end{center} -\inctime{10} +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Running scripts from command line} + \small + \begin{itemize} + \item Fire up a terminal + \item python four\_plot.py + \end{itemize} + \pause + \begin{lstlisting} +Traceback (most recent call last): + File "four_plot.py", line 1, in + x = linspace(-5*pi, 5*pi, 500) +NameError: name 'linspace' is not defined + \end{lstlisting} \end{frame} -\section{Tools available} - -\subsection{mlab} +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Remedy} + \begin{lstlisting} +from scipy import * + \end{lstlisting} +\alert{Now run python four\_plot.py again!} + \pause + \begin{lstlisting} +Traceback (most recent call last): + File "four_plot.py", line 4, in + plot(x, x, 'b') +NameError: name 'plot' is not defined + \end{lstlisting} +\end{frame} -\begin{frame} - {Overview} - \Large - \begin{itemize} - \item Simple - \item Convenient - \item Full-featured +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Remedy \ldots} + \begin{lstlisting} +from pylab import * + \end{lstlisting} +\alert{Now run python four\_plot.py again!!} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Modules} + \begin{itemize} + \item The \kwrd{import} keyword ``loads'' a module + \item One can also use: + \begin{lstlisting} +In []: from scipy import * +In []: from scipy import linspace + \end{lstlisting} + \item What is the difference? + \item \alert{Use the former only in interactive mode} \end{itemize} \end{frame} \begin{frame}[fragile] - - \frametitle{Getting started} - \myemph{\Large Vanilla:} - \begin{lstlisting}[language=bash] - $ ipython -wthread - \end{lstlisting} - \myemph{\Large with Pylab:} - \begin{lstlisting}[language=bash] - $ ipython -pylab -wthread - \end{lstlisting} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Using mlab} - - \begin{lstlisting} -In []:from enthought.mayavi import mlab - \end{lstlisting} - - \vspace*{0.5in} - - \myemph{\Large Try these} - - \vspace*{0.25in} - - \begin{lstlisting} -In []: mlab.test_ -In []: mlab.test_contour3d() -In []: mlab.test_contour3d?? - \end{lstlisting} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame} - {Exploring the view} - \begin{columns} - \column{0.6\textwidth} - \pgfimage[width=3in]{MEDIA/m2/contour3d} - \column{0.4\textwidth} - \begin{itemize} - \item Mouse - \item Keyboard - \item Toolbar - \item Mayavi icon\pgfimage[width=0.2in]{MEDIA/m2/m2_icon} - \end{itemize} - \end{columns} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Clearing the plot area} - \PythonCode{In []: mlab.clf()} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{\mlab\ plotting functions} - \begin{columns} - \column{0.25\textwidth} - \myemph{\Large 0D data} - \column{0.5\textwidth} - \pgfimage[width=2in]{MEDIA/m2/mlab/points3d_ex} - \end{columns} - - \begin{lstlisting} -In []: t = linspace(0, 2*pi, 50) -In []: u = cos(t) * pi -In []: x, y, z = sin(u), cos(u), sin(t) - \end{lstlisting} - \emphbar{\PythonCode{In []: mlab.points3d(x, y, z)}} -\end{frame} + \frametitle{Package hierarchies} + \begin{lstlisting} +from scipy.integrate import odeint -\begin{frame} - \begin{columns} - \column{0.25\textwidth} - \myemph{\Large 1D data} - \column{0.5\textwidth} - \pgfimage[width=2.5in]{MEDIA/m2/mlab/plot3d_ex} - \end{columns} - \PythonCode{In []: mlab.clf()} - \emphbar{\PythonCode{In []: mlab.plot3d(x, y, z, t)}} - - Plots lines between the points - -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \begin{columns} - \column{0.25\textwidth} - \myemph{\Large 2D data} - \column{0.5\textwidth} - \pgfimage[width=2in]{MEDIA/m2/mlab/surf_ex} - \end{columns} - \begin{lstlisting} -In []: x, y = mgrid[-3:3:100j,-3:3:100j] -In []: z = sin(x*x + y*y) - \end{lstlisting} - - \emphbar{\PythonCode{In []: mlab.surf(x, y, z)}} - - \alert{Assumes the points are rectilinear} - -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{mgrid} - \begin{lstlisting} -In []: mgrid[0:3,0:3] -Out[]: -array([[[0, 0, 0], - [1, 1, 1], - [2, 2, 2]], - - [[0, 1, 2], - [0, 1, 2], - [0, 1, 2]]]) - -In []: mgrid[-1:1:5j] -Out[]: array([-1., -0.5, 0., 0.5, 1.]) -\end{lstlisting} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Example} - \begin{lstlisting} -In []: x, y = mgrid[-1:1:5j, -1:1:5j] -In []: z = x*x + y*y - -In []: z -Out[]: -array([[ 2. , 1.25, 1. , 1.25, 2. ], - [ 1.25, 0.5 , 0.25, 0.5 , 1.25], - [ 1. , 0.25, 0. , 0.25, 1. ], - [ 1.25, 0.5 , 0.25, 0.5 , 1.25], - [ 2. , 1.25, 1. , 1.25, 2. ]]) -\end{lstlisting} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \myemph{\Large 2D data: \texttt{mlab.mesh}} - \vspace*{0.25in} - - \emphbar{\PythonCode{In []: mlab.mesh(x, y, z)}} - - \alert{Points needn't be regular} - - \vspace*{0.25in} -\begin{lstlisting} -In []: phi, theta = mgrid[0:pi:20j, -... 0:2*pi:20j] -In []: x = sin(phi)*cos(theta) -In []: y = sin(phi)*sin(theta) -In []: z = cos(phi) -In []: mlab.mesh(x, y, z, -... representation= -... 'wireframe') -\end{lstlisting} - +from scipy.optimize import fsolve + \end{lstlisting} \end{frame} \begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{\texttt{from} \ldots \texttt{import} - conventional way!} + \small + \begin{lstlisting} +from scipy import linspace, pi, sin +from pylab import plot, legend, annotate +from pylab import xlim, ylim - \begin{columns} - \column{0.25\textwidth} - \myemph{\Large 3D data} - \column{0.5\textwidth} - \pgfimage[width=1.5in]{MEDIA/m2/mlab/contour3d}\\ - \end{columns} -\begin{lstlisting} -In []: x, y, z = mgrid[-5:5:64j, -... -5:5:64j, -... -5:5:64j] -In []: mlab.contour3d(x*x*0.5 + y*y + - z*z*2) -\end{lstlisting} +x = linspace(-5*pi, 5*pi, 500) +plot(x, x, 'b') +plot(x, -x, 'b') +plot(x, sin(x), 'g', linewidth=2) +plot(x, x*sin(x), 'r', linewidth=3) +legend(['x', '-x', 'sin(x)', 'xsin(x)']) +annotate('origin', xy = (0, 0)) +xlim(-5*pi, 5*pi) +ylim(-5*pi, 5*pi) + \end{lstlisting} \end{frame} \begin{frame}[fragile] - - \myemph{\Large 3D vector data: \PythonCode{mlab.quiver3d}} - \vspace*{0.25in} - - \pgfimage[width=2in]{MEDIA/m2/mlab/quiver3d_ex}\\ - -\begin{lstlisting} -In []: mlab.test_quiver3d() -\end{lstlisting} - -\emphbar{\PythonCode{obj = mlab.quiver3d(x, y, z, u, v, w)}} -\inctime{20} -\end{frame} - - -\subsection{Mayavi2} - -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Introduction to Mayavi} - \begin{itemize} - \item Most scientists not interested in details of visualization - \item Visualization of data files with a nice UI - \item Interactive visualization of data (think Matlab) - \item Embedding visualizations in applications - \item Customization - \end{itemize} - \pause - \begin{block}{The Goal} - Provide a \alert{flexible} library/app for all of these needs! - \end{block} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame} - {Overview of features} - \vspace*{-0.3in} - \begin{center} - \hspace*{-0.2in}\pgfimage[width=5in]{MEDIA/m2/m2_app3_3} - \end{center} -\end{frame} - - -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Mayavi in applications} - \vspace*{-0.3in} - \begin{center} - \hspace*{-0.2in}\pgfimage[width=4.5in]{MEDIA/m2/m2_envisage} - \end{center} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Live in your dialogs} - \vspace*{0.1in} - \begin{center} - \hspace*{-0.2in}\pgfimage[width=2.5in]{MEDIA/m2/mlab_tui} - \end{center} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame} - {Exploring the documentation} - \begin{center} - \pgfimage[width=4in]{MEDIA/m2/m2_ug_doc} - \end{center} -\end{frame} - + \frametitle{\texttt{from} \ldots \texttt{import} - conventional way!} + \small + \begin{lstlisting} +import scipy +import pylab -\begin{frame} - \frametitle{Summary} - \begin{itemize} - \item \url{http://code.enthought.com/projects/mayavi} - \item Uses VTK (\url{www.vtk.org}) - \item BSD license - \item Linux, win32 and Mac OS X - \item Highly scriptable - \item Embed in Traits UIs (wxPython and PyQt4) - \item Envisage Plugins - \item Debian/Ubuntu/Fedora - \item \alert{Pythonic} - \end{itemize} - - \inctime{10} - -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame} - {Getting hands dirty!} - - \begin{block}{Motivational problem} - Atmospheric data of temperature over the surface of the earth. - Let temperature ($T$) vary linearly with height ($z$): - \begin{center} - $T = 288.15 - 6.5z$ - \end{center} - \end{block} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Simple solution} - - \begin{lstlisting} -lat = linspace(-89, 89, 37) -lon = linspace(0, 360, 37) -z = linspace(0, 100, 11) - \end{lstlisting} -\pause - \begin{lstlisting} -x, y, z = mgrid[0:360:37j,-89:89:37j, - 0:100:11j] -t = 288.15 - 6.5*z -mlab.contour3d(x, y, z, t) -mlab.outline() -mlab.colorbar() - \end{lstlisting} -\end{frame} - -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Exercise: Lorenz equation} - \begin{columns} - \column{0.25\textwidth} - \begin{eqnarray*} - \frac{d x}{dt} &=& s (y-x)\\ - \frac{d y}{d t} &=& rx -y -xz\\ - \frac{d z}{d t} &=& xy - bz\\ - \end{eqnarray*} - \column{0.25\textwidth} - Let $s=10,$ - $r=28,$ - $b=8./3.$ - \end{columns} - \structure{\Large Region of interest} - \begin{lstlisting} -x, y, z = mgrid[-50:50:20j,-50:50:20j, - -10:60:20j] - \end{lstlisting} -\inctime{20} - -\end{frame} -\begin{frame}[fragile] - \frametitle{Solution} - \begin{lstlisting} -def lorenz(x,y,z,s=10.,r=28.,b=8./3.): - u = s*(y-x) - v = r*x-y-x*z - w = x*y-b*z - return u,v,w -x,y,z = mgrid [-50:50:20j,-50:50:20j, - -10:60:20j ] -u,v,w = lorenz( x , y , z ) -# Your plot here -# -mlab.show() - +x = scipy.linspace(-5*scipy.pi, 5*scipy.pi, 500) +pylab.plot(x, x, 'b') +pylab.plot(x, -x, 'b') +pylab.plot(x, scipy.sin(x), 'g', linewidth=2) +pylab.plot(x, x*scipy.sin(x), 'r', linewidth=3) +pylab.legend(['x', '-x', 'sin(x)', 'xsin(x)']) +pylab.annotate('origin', xy = (0, 0)) +pylab.xlim(-5*scipy.pi, 5*scipy.pi) +pylab.ylim(-5*scipy.pi, 5*scipy.pi) \end{lstlisting} \end{frame} \begin{frame} - \frametitle{We have covered:} + \frametitle{Modules: Standard library} \begin{itemize} - \item Need of visualization. - \item Using mlab to create 3 D plots. - \item Mayavi Toolkit. + \item Very powerful, ``Batteries included'' + \item Some standard modules: + \begin{itemize} + \item Math: \typ{math}, \typ{random} + \item Internet access: \typ{urllib2}, \typ{smtplib} + \item System, Command line arguments: \typ{sys} + \item Operating system interface: \typ{os} + \item Regular expressions: \typ{re} + \item Compression: \typ{gzip}, \typ{zipfile}, and \typ{tarfile} + \item And a whole lot more! + \end{itemize} + \item Check out the Python Library reference: + \url{http://docs.python.org/library/} + \end{itemize} +\inctime{5} +\end{frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Modules of special interest} + \begin{description}[matplotlibfor2d] + \item[\texttt{pylab}] Easy, interactive, 2D plotting + + \item[\texttt{scipy}] arrays, statistics, optimization, integration, linear + algebra, Fourier transforms, signal and image processing, + genetic algorithms, ODE solvers, special functions, and more + + \item[\texttt{Mayavi}] Easy, interactive, 3D plotting + \end{description} +\end{frame} + +\section{Objects} +\begin{frame}{Everything is an Object!} + \begin{itemize} + \item \typ{int} + \item \typ{float} + \item \typ{str} + \item \typ{list} + \item \typ{tuple} + \item \typ{string} + \item \typ{dictionary} + \item \typ{function} + \item User defined class is also an object! + \end{itemize} +\end {frame} + +\begin{frame}[fragile] +\frametitle{Using Objects} + \begin{itemize} + \item Creating Objects + \begin{itemize} + \item Initialization + \end{itemize} + \begin{lstlisting} +In []: a = str() + +In []: b = "Hello World" + \end{lstlisting} + \item Object Manipulation + \begin{itemize} + \item Object methods + \item ``.'' operator + \end{itemize} + \begin{lstlisting} +In []: "Hello World".split() +Out[]: ['Hello', 'World'] + \end{lstlisting} \end{itemize} \end{frame} -\end{document} +\begin{frame}[fragile] + \frametitle{Objects provide consistency} + \small + \begin{lstlisting} +for element in (1, 2, 3): + print element +for key in {'one':1, 'two':2}: + print key +for char in "123": + print char +for line in open("myfile.txt"): + print line +for line in urllib2.urlopen('http://site.com'): + print line + \end{lstlisting} + \inctime{10} +\end{frame} +\begin{frame} + \frametitle{What did we learn?} + \begin{itemize} + \item Functions: Default and Keyword arguments + \item Modules + \item Objects + \end{itemize} +\end{frame} + +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file