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%Tutorial slides on Python.
%
% Author: FOSSEE 
% Copyright (c) 2009, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay
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\usepackage{listings}
\lstset{language=Python,
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% Title page
\title[Basic Python]{Python language: Basics}

\author[FOSSEE Team] {The FOSSEE Group}

\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
\date[] {8 November, 2009\\Day 2, Session 1}
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%% Delete this, if you do not want the table of contents to pop up at
%% the beginning of each subsection:
\AtBeginSubsection[]
{
  \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
  \end{frame}
}

\AtBeginSection[]
{
  \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
  \end{frame}
}

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% DOCUMENT STARTS
\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
  \titlepage
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Outline}
  \tableofcontents
  % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
\end{frame}

\section{Data types}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Primitive Data types}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Numbers: float, int, complex
    \item Strings
    \item Booleans
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Numbers}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Numbers}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item \kwrd{int}\\ whole number, no matter what the size!
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = 13

In []: b = 99999999999999999999
  \end{lstlisting}
    \item \kwrd{float}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: p = 3.141592
  \end{lstlisting}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Complex numbers}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: c = 3+4j

In []: abs(c)
Out[]: 5.0

In []: c.imag
Out[]: 4.0

In []: c.real
Out[]: 3.0
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Booleans}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Booleans}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: t = True

In []: f = not t

In []: f or t
Out[]: True

In []: f and t
Out[]: False
  \end{lstlisting}
  \inctime{5}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{( )  for precedence}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = False
In []: b = True
In []: c = True

In []: (a and b) or c
Out[]: True

In []: a and (b or c)
Out[]: False
  \end{lstlisting}
  \inctime{5}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Strings}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Strings}
Strings were introduced previously, let us now look at them in a little more detail.
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: w = "hello"

In []: print w[0] + w[2] + w[-1]
Out[]: hlo

In []: len(w)
Out[]: 5
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Strings \ldots}
  \emphbar{Strings are immutable}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: w[0] = 'H' 
  \end{lstlisting}
  \pause
  \begin{lstlisting}
--------------------------------------------
TypeError  Traceback (most recent call last)

/<ipython console> in <module>()

TypeError: 'str' object does not
         support item assignment
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{String methods}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = 'Hello World'
In []: a.startswith('Hell')
Out[]: True

In []: a.endswith('ld')
Out[]: True

In []: a.upper()
Out[]: 'HELLO WORLD'

In []: a.lower()
Out[]: 'hello world'
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{A bit about IPython}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item IPython provides better help
    \item object.function?
    \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = 'Hello World'
In []: a.lower?
    \end{lstlisting}
    \item It provides tab completion
        \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a.s<Tab>
    \end{lstlisting}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Still with strings}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item We saw split() yesterday
    \item join() is the opposite of split()
  \end{itemize}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: ''.join(['a', 'b', 'c'])
Out[]: 'abc'
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{String formatting}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: x, y = 1, 1.234

In []: 'x is %s, y is %s' %(x, y)
Out[]: 'x is 1, y is 1.234'
  \end{lstlisting}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item \emph{\%d}, \emph{\%f} etc. available
  \end{itemize}
  \emphbar{\url{http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html}}
  \inctime{10}
\end{frame}

\section{Operators}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Arithmetic operators}
  \small
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: 1786 % 12
Out[]: 10

In []: 45 % 2
Out[]: 1

In []: 864675 % 10
Out[]: 5

In []: 3124 * 126789
Out[]: 396088836

In []: big = 1234567891234567890 ** 3

In []: verybig = big * big * big * big
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Arithmetic operators}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: 17 / 2
Out[]: 8

In []: 17 / 2.0
Out[]: 8.5

In []: 17.0 / 2
Out[]: 8.5

In []: 17.0 / 8.5
Out[]: 2.0
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Arithmetic operators}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = 7546

In []: a += 1
In []: a
Out[]: 7547

In []: a -= 5
In []: a

In []: a *= 2

In []: a /= 5
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{String operations}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: s = 'Hello'

In []: p = 'World'

In []: s + p 
Out[]: 'HelloWorld'

In []: s * 4
Out[]: 'HelloHelloHelloHello'
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{String operations \ldots}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: s * s
  \end{lstlisting}
  \pause
  \begin{lstlisting}
--------------------------------------------
TypeError  Traceback (most recent call last)

/<ipython console> in <module>()

TypeError: can`t multiply sequence by
                non-int of type `str`
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Relational and logical operators}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: p, z, n = 1, 0, -1
In []: p == n
Out[]: False

In []: p >= n
Out[]: True

In []: n < z < p
Out[]: True

In []: p + n != z
Out[]: False
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Built-ins}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: int(17 / 2.0)
Out[]: 8

In []: float(17 / 2)
Out[]: 8.0

In []: str(17 / 2.0)
Out[]: '8.5'

In []: round( 7.5 )
Out[]: 8.0
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Odds and ends}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Case sensitive
    \item Dynamically typed $\Rightarrow$ need not specify a type
      \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = 1
In []: a = 1.1
In []: a = "Now I am a string!"
      \end{lstlisting}
    \item Comments:
      \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = 1  # In-line comments
In []: # A comment line.
In []: a = "# Not a comment!"
      \end{lstlisting}
  \end{itemize}
  \inctime{15}
\end{frame}

\section{Simple IO}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Simple IO: Console Input}
  \small
  \begin{itemize}
    \item raw\_input() waits for user input.
      \begin{lstlisting}
In []: a = raw_input()
5

In []: a = raw_input('Enter a value: ')
Enter a value: 5
      \end{lstlisting}
    \item Prompt string is optional.
    \item All keystrokes are Strings!
    \item \texttt{int()} converts string to int.
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Simple IO: Console output}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item \texttt{print} is straight forward
    \item Put the following code snippet in a file \emph{hello1.py}
  \end{itemize}
  \begin{lstlisting}
print "Hello"
print "World"


In []: %run -i hello1.py
Hello
World
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Simple IO: Console output \ldots}
Put the following code snippet in a file \emph{hello2.py}
  \begin{lstlisting}
print "Hello",
print "World"


In []: %run -i hello2.py
Hello World
  \end{lstlisting}

\emphbar{Note the distinction between \texttt{print x} and \texttt{print x,}}
\end{frame}

\section{Control flow}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Control flow constructs}  
  \begin{itemize}
  \item \kwrd{if/elif/else}: branching
  \item \kwrd{C if X else Y}: Ternary conditional operator
  \item \kwrd{while}: looping
  \item \kwrd{for}: iterating
  \item \kwrd{break, continue}: modify loop 
  \item \kwrd{pass}: syntactic filler
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Basic Conditional flow}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{\typ{If...elif...else} example}
  \small
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: x = int(raw_input("Enter an integer:"))

In []: if x < 0:
  ...:     print 'Be positive!'
  ...: elif x == 0:
  ...:     print 'Zero'
  ...: elif x == 1:
  ...:     print 'Single'
  ...: else:
  ...:     print 'More'
  ...:
  ...:
  \end{lstlisting}
  \inctime{10}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Ternary conditional operator}
  \begin{lstlisting}
...
a = raw_input('Enter number(Q to quit):')
num = int(a) if a != 'Q' else 0
...
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{What did we learn?}
  \begin{itemize}
    \item Data types: int, float, complex, boolean, string
    \item Operators: +, -, *, /, \%, **, +=, -=, *=, /=, >, <, <=, >=, ==, !=, a < b < c
    \item Simple IO: \kwrd{raw\_input} and \kwrd{print}
    \item Conditional structures: \kwrd{if/elif/else},\\ \kwrd{C if X else Y}
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\end{document}