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%Tutorial slides on Python.
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% Author: FOSSEE 
% Copyright (c) 2009, FOSSEE, IIT Bombay
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% Title page
\title[Matrices \& Equations]{Python for Science and Engg: Matrices, Least Square Fit, \& Solution of equations}

\author[FOSSEE] {FOSSEE}

\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
\date[] {31 October, 2009\\Day 1, Session 4}
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%% Delete this, if you do not want the table of contents to pop up at
%% the beginning of each subsection:
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  \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
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% DOCUMENT STARTS
\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
  \titlepage
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Outline}
  \tableofcontents
%  \pausesections
\end{frame}

\section{Matrices}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Matrices: Introduction}
\alert{All matrix operations are done using \kwrd{arrays}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Matrices: Initializing}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: A = array([[ 1,  1,  2, -1],
                  [ 2,  5, -1, -9],
                  [ 2,  1, -1,  3],
                  [ 1, -3,  2,  7]])
In []: A
Out[]: 
array([[ 1,  1,  2, -1],
       [ 2,  5, -1, -9],
       [ 2,  1, -1,  3],
       [ 1, -3,  2,  7]])
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Accessing elements}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: C = array([[1,1,2],
                  [2,4,1],
                  [-1,3,7]])

In []: C[1][2]
Out[]: 1

In []: C[1,2]
Out[]: 1

In []: C[1]
Out[]: array([2, 4, 1])
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Changing elements}
  \begin{small}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: C[1,1] = -2
In []: C
Out[]: 
array([[ 1,  1,  2],
       [ 2, -2,  1],
       [-1,  3,  7]])

In []: C[1] = [0,0,0]
In []: C
Out[]: 
array([[ 1,  1,  2],
       [ 0,  0,  0],
       [-1,  3,  7]])
  \end{lstlisting}
  \end{small}
How to change one \alert{column}?
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Slicing}
\begin{small}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: C[:,1]
Out[]: array([1, 0, 3])

In []: C[1,:]
Out[]: array([0, 0, 0])

In []: C[0:2,:]
Out[]: 
array([[1, 1, 2],
       [0, 0, 0]])

In []: C[1:3,:]
Out[]: 
array([[ 0,  0,  0],
       [-1,  3,  7]])
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{small}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Slicing \ldots}
\begin{small}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: C[:2,:]
Out[]: 
array([[1, 1, 2],
       [0, 0, 0]])

In []: C[1:,:]
Out[]: 
array([[ 0,  0,  0],
       [-1,  3,  7]])

In []: C[1:,:2]
Out[]: 
array([[ 0,  0],
       [-1,  3]])
  \end{lstlisting}

\end{small}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Striding}
  \begin{small}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: C[::2,:]
Out[]: 
array([[ 1,  1,  2],
       [-1,  3,  7]])

In []: C[:,::2]
Out[]: 
xarray([[ 1,  2],
       [ 0,  0],
       [-1,  7]])

In []: C[::2,::2]
Out[]: 
array([[ 1,  2],
       [-1,  7]])
  \end{lstlisting}
  \end{small}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Slicing \& Striding Exercises}
\begin{small}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: A = imread('lena.png')

In []: imshow(A)
Out[]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0xa0384cc>

In []: A.shape 
Out[]: (512, 512, 4)
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{small}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Crop the image to get the top-left quarter
  \item Crop the image to get only the face
  \item Resize image to half by dropping alternate pixels
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Slicing \& Striding Exercises \ldots}
\begin{small}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: imshow(A[:256,:256])
Out[]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0xb6f658c>

In []: imshow(A[200:400,200:400])
Out[]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0xb757c2c>

In []: imshow(A[::2,::2])
Out[]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0xb765c8c>
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{small}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Transpose of a Matrix}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: A.T
Out[]:
array([[ 1,  2,  2,  1],
       [ 1,  5,  1, -3],
       [ 2, -1, -1,  2],
       [-1, -9,  3,  7]])
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Sum of all elements}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: sum(A)
Out[]: 12
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
  \frametitle{Matrix Addition}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: B = array([[3,2,-1,5],
                  [2,-2,4,9],
                  [-1,0.5,-1,-7],
                  [9,-5,7,3]])
In []: A + B
Out[]: 
array([[  4. ,   3. ,   1. ,   4. ],
       [  4. ,   3. ,   3. ,   0. ],
       [  1. ,   1.5,  -2. ,  -4. ],
       [ 10. ,  -8. ,   9. ,  10. ]])
  \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Elementwise Multiplication}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: A*B
Out[]: 
array([[  3. ,   2. ,  -2. ,  -5. ],
       [  4. , -10. ,  -4. , -81. ],
       [ -2. ,   0.5,   1. , -21. ],
       [  9. ,  15. ,  14. ,  21. ]])

\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Matrix Multiplication}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: dot(A,B)
Out[]: 
array([[ -6. ,   6. ,  -6. ,  -3. ],
       [-64. ,  38.5, -44. ,  35. ],
       [ 36. , -13.5,  24. ,  35. ],
       [ 58. , -26. ,  34. , -15. ]])
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Inverse of a Matrix}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: inv(A)
\end{lstlisting}
\begin{small}
\begin{lstlisting}
Out[]: 
array([[-0.5 ,  0.55, -0.15,  0.7 ],
       [ 0.75, -0.5 ,  0.5 , -0.75],
       [ 0.5 , -0.15, -0.05, -0.1 ],
       [ 0.25, -0.25,  0.25, -0.25]])
\end{lstlisting}
\end{small}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Determinant}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: det(A)
Out[]: 80.0
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

%%use S=array(X,Y)
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Eigenvalues and Eigen Vectors}
\begin{small}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: E = array([[3,2,4],[2,0,2],[4,2,3]])

In []: eig(E)
Out[]: 
(array([-1.,  8., -1.]),
 array([[-0.74535599,  0.66666667, -0.1931126 ],
        [ 0.2981424 ,  0.33333333, -0.78664085],
        [ 0.59628479,  0.66666667,  0.58643303]]))

In []: eigvals(E)
Out[]: array([-1.,  8., -1.])
\end{lstlisting}
\end{small}
\end{frame}

%% \begin{frame}[fragile]
%% \frametitle{Computing Norms}
%% \begin{lstlisting}
%% In []: norm(E)
%% Out[]: 8.1240384046359608
%% \end{lstlisting}
%% \end{frame}

%% \begin{frame}[fragile]
%%   \frametitle{Singular Value Decomposition}
%%   \begin{small}
%%   \begin{lstlisting}
%% In []: svd(E)
%% Out[]: 
%% (array(
%% [[ -6.66666667e-01,  -1.23702565e-16,   7.45355992e-01],
%%  [ -3.33333333e-01,  -8.94427191e-01,  -2.98142397e-01],
%%  [ -6.66666667e-01,   4.47213595e-01,  -5.96284794e-01]]),
%%  array([ 8.,  1.,  1.]),
%%  array([[-0.66666667, -0.33333333, -0.66666667],
%%         [-0.        ,  0.89442719, -0.4472136 ],
%%         [-0.74535599,  0.2981424 ,  0.59628479]]))
%%   \end{lstlisting}
%%   \end{small}
%% \inctime{15}
%% \end{frame}

\section{Least Squares Fit}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{$L$ vs. $T^2$}
\vspace{-0.15in}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{data/L-Tsq-points}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{$L$ vs. $T^2$}
\vspace{-0.15in}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{data/L-Tsq-Line}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Least Squares Fit}
\vspace{-0.15in}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=4in]{data/least-sq-fit}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Least Square Fit Curve}
\begin{itemize}
\item $T^2$ and $L$ have a linear relationship
\item Hence, Least Square Fit Curve is a line
\item we shall use the \typ{lstsq} function
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{\typ{lstsq}}
\begin{itemize}
\item We need to fit a line through points for the equation $T^2 = m \cdot L+c$
\item The equation can be re-written as $T^2 = A \cdot p$
\item where A is   
  $\begin{bmatrix}
  L_1 & 1 \\
  L_2 & 1 \\
  \vdots & \vdots\\
  L_N & 1 \\
  \end{bmatrix}$
  and p is 
  $\begin{bmatrix}
  m\\
  c\\
  \end{bmatrix}$
\item We need to find $p$ to plot the line
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Generating $A$}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: A = array([L, ones_like(L)])
In []: A = A.T
\end{lstlisting}
\begin{small}
\begin{block}{}
  \begin{lstlisting}
In []: ones((3,5))
Out[]: 
array([[ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.,  1.],
       [ 1.,  1.,  1.,  1.,  1.]])

In []: ones_like([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) 
Out[]: array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])   
  \end{lstlisting}
Also available \alert{\typ{zeros, zeros_like, empty, empty_like}}
\end{block}
\end{small}

%% \begin{itemize}
%% \item A is also called a Van der Monde matrix
%% \item It can also be generated using \typ{vander}
%% \end{itemize}
%% \begin{lstlisting}
%% In []: A = vander(L, 2)
%% \end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{\typ{lstsq} \ldots}
\begin{itemize}
\item Now use the \typ{lstsq} function
\item Along with a lot of things, it returns the least squares solution
\end{itemize}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: result = lstsq(A,TSq)
In []: coef = result[0]
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Least Square Fit Line \ldots}
We get the points of the line from \typ{coef}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: Tline = coef[0]*L + coef[1]
\end{lstlisting}
\begin{itemize}
\item Now plot Tline vs. L, to get the Least squares fit line. 
\end{itemize}
\begin{lstlisting}
In []: plot(L, Tline)
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}

\section{Summary}
\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{What did we learn??}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Matrices
    \begin{itemize}
      \item Accessing elements
      \item Transpose
      \item Addition
      \item Multiplication
      \item Inverse of a matrix
      \item Determinant
      \item Eigenvalues and Eigen vector
      %% \item Norms
      %% \item Singular Value Decomposition
    \end{itemize}
  \item Least Square Curve fitting
  \end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\end{document}
