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%Tutorial slides on Python.

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% Author: Prabhu Ramachandran <prabhu at aero.iitb.ac.in>

% Copyright (c) 2005-2009, Prabhu Ramachandran

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% Title page

\title[Basic Python]{Python:\\A formal approach}

\author[FOSSEE Team] {The FOSSEE Group}

\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}

\date[] {1, November 2009\\Day 2, Session 1}

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%% Delete this, if you do not want the table of contents to pop up at

%% the beginning of each subsection:

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{

  \begin{frame}<beamer>

    \frametitle{Outline}

    \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]

  \end{frame}

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  \begin{frame}<beamer>

    \frametitle{Outline}

    \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]

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% DOCUMENT STARTS

\begin{document}

\begin{frame}

  \titlepage

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}

  \frametitle{Outline}

  \tableofcontents

  % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]

\end{frame}

\section{Data types}

\begin{frame}

  \frametitle{Primitive Data types}

  \begin{itemize}

    \item Numbers: float, int, complex

    \item Strings

    \item Boolean

  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\subsection{Numbers}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

  \frametitle{Numbers}

  \begin{itemize}

    \item \kwrd{int}\\ Any whole number is an \kwrd{int}, no matter what the size!

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: a = 13

In []: a = 99999999999999999999

  \end{lstlisting}

    \item \kwrd{float}

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: fl = 3.141592

  \end{lstlisting}

  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{Complex numbers}

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: cplx = 3+4j

In []: abs(cplx)

Out[]: 5.0

In []: cplx.imag

Out[]: 4.0

In []: cplx.real

Out[]: 3.0

  \end{lstlisting}

\end{frame}

\subsection{Boolean}

\begin{frame}{Boolean}

  \begin{itemize}

    \item \kwrd{True}

    \item \kwrd{False}

    \item \kwrd{not}

    \item \kwrd{and}

    \item \kwrd{or}

  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\subsection{Strings}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

  \frametitle{String methods}

Strings were introduced previously, let us now look at them in a little more detail.

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: a = 'hello world'

In []: a.startswith('hell')

Out[]: True

In []: a.endswith('ld')

Out[]: True

  \end{lstlisting}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{Still with strings}

We saw split() previously. join() is the opposite of split()

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: ''.join(['a', 'b', 'c'])

Out[]: 'abc'

  \end{lstlisting}

  \begin{block}{Note:}

Strings are immutable.\\ That is string variables cannot be changed.

  \end{block}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{String formatting}

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: x, y = 1, 1.234

In []: 'x is %s, y is %s' %(x, y)

Out[]: 'x is 1, y is 1.234'

  \end{lstlisting}

  \small

\url{docs.python.org/lib/typesseq-strings.html}\\

\inctime{10}

\end{frame}

\section{Relational and logical operators}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

  \frametitle{Relational and logical operators}

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: pos, zer, neg = 1, 0, -1

In []: pos == neg

Out[]: False

In []: pos >= neg

Out[]: True

In []: neg < zer < pos

Out[]: True

In []: pos + neg != zer

Out[]: False

  \end{lstlisting}

\inctime{5}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}

  {A classic problem}

  \begin{block}

    {Interchange values}

    How to interchange values of two variables? 

  \end{block}

  \pause

  \begin{block}{Note:}

    This Python idiom works for all types of variables.\\

They need not be of the same type!

  \end{block}

  \inctime{}

\end{frame}

\section{Control flow}

\begin{frame}

  \frametitle{Control flow constructs}  

  \begin{itemize}

  \item \kwrd{if/elif/else}: branching

  \item \kwrd{while}: looping

  \item \kwrd{for}: iterating 

  \item \kwrd{break, continue}: modify loop 

  \item \kwrd{pass}: syntactic filler

  \end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\subsection{Basic Conditional flow}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

  \frametitle{\typ{If...elif...else} example}

\begin{lstlisting}

x = int(raw_input("Enter an integer:"))

if x < 0:

     print 'Be positive!'

elif x == 0:

     print 'Zero'

elif x == 1:

     print 'Single'

else:

     print 'More'

\end{lstlisting}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Simple IO}

  \begin{block}

    {Console Input}

    \texttt{raw\_input()} waits for user input.\\Prompt string is optional.\\

    All keystrokes are Strings!\\\texttt{int()} converts string to int.

  \end{block}

  \begin{block}

    {Console output}

    \texttt{print} is straight forward. Note the distinction between \texttt{print x} and \texttt{print x,}

  \end{block}

\end{frame}

\subsection{Basic Looping}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

  \frametitle{\kwrd{while}}

Example: Fibonacci series

  \begin{lstlisting}

# the sum of two elements

# defines the next

a, b = 0, 1

while b < 10:

    print b,

    a, b = b, a + b 

\end{lstlisting}

\typ{1 1 2 3 5 8}\\  

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{\kwrd{range()}}

\kwrd{range([start,] stop[, step])}\\

\begin{itemize}

  \item \alert {range() returns a list of integers}

  \item \alert {The start and the step arguments are optional}  

\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

  \frametitle{\kwrd{for}}

Example: print squares of first \typ{n} numbers

  \begin{lstlisting}

In []: for i in range(5):

 ....:     print i, i * i

 ....:     

 ....:     

0 0

1 1

2 4

3 9

4 16

\end{lstlisting}

\inctime{15}

\end{frame}

\section{Lists}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{More List methods}

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: lst = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]

In []: lst.reverse()

In []: lst

Out[]: [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

In []: lst.extend([0, -1, -2])

In []: lst

Out[]: [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, -1]

In []: lst.remove(0)

In []: lst

Out[]: [8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, -1]

\end{lstlisting}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{List containership}

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: a = 8

In []: a in lst

Out[]: True

In []: b = 10

In []: b in lst

Out[]: False

In []: b not in lst

Out[]: True

\end{lstlisting}

\inctime{10}

\end{frame}

\section{Tuples}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{Tuples: Immutable lists}

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: tup = (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)

In []: tup[0]+tup[3]+tup[-1]

Out[]: 13

\end{lstlisting}

\begin{block}{Note:}

\begin{itemize}

\item Tuples are immutable - cannot be changed

\item Multiple return values in a function are actually tuples

\item Tuples are working behind the scenes in exchanging values - Tuple Unpacking

\end{itemize}

\end{block}

\inctime{5}

\end{frame}

\section{Dictionaries}

\begin{frame}[fragile]

\frametitle{Dictionaries}

  \alert {lists and tuples: integer indexes :: dictionaries: string indexes}

\begin{lstlisting}

In []: player = {'Mat': 134,'Inn': 233, 

           'Runs': 10823, 'Avg': 52.53}

In []: player['Avg']

Out[]: 52.530000000000001

In []: player.keys()

Out[]: ['Runs', 'Inn', 'Avg', 'Mat']

In []: player.values()

Out[]: [10823, 233, 

       52.530000000000001, 134]

\end{lstlisting}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Dictionaries}

\begin{itemize}

\item Duplicate keys are not allowed!

\item Dictionaries are iterable through keys.

\end{itemize}

\inctime{5}

\end{frame}

\end{document}