author | Santosh G. Vattam <vattam.santosh@gmail.com> |
Tue, 27 Apr 2010 15:31:46 +0530 | |
changeset 388 | 2b552b390d0d |
parent 346 | e9961fb16c58 |
permissions | -rwxr-xr-x |
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\documentclass[12pt]{article} |
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\title{Python: Basics} |
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\author{FOSSEE} |
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\usepackage{listings} |
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\lstset{language=Python, |
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basicstyle=\ttfamily, |
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commentstyle=\itshape\bfseries, |
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showstringspaces=false |
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} |
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\newcommand{\typ}[1]{\lstinline{#1}} |
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\usepackage[english]{babel} |
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\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc} |
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\usepackage{times} |
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\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} |
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\usepackage{ae,aecompl} |
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\usepackage{mathpazo,courier,euler} |
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\usepackage[scaled=.95]{helvet} |
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\usepackage{url} |
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|
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\begin{document} |
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\date{} |
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\vspace{-1in} |
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\begin{center} |
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\LARGE{Python: Basics}\\ |
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\large{FOSSEE} |
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\end{center} |
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\section{Data types} |
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\subsection{int and float} |
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A whole number is a \typ{int} variable. |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: a = 13 |
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In []: type(a) |
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Out[]: <type 'int'> |
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In []: b = -2 |
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In []: type(b) |
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Out[]: <type 'int'> |
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In []: c = 500000000 |
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In []: type(c) |
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Out[]: <type 'int'> |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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A number with decimal is a \typ{float}. |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: p = 3.141592 |
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In []: type(p) |
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Out[]: <type 'float'> |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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\subsection{Complex Numbers} |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: c = 3+4j #coeff of j specifies imaginary part |
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In []: abs(c) #absolute value of complex number |
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Out[]: 5.0 |
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In []: c.imag #accessing imaginary part of c |
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Out[]: 4.0 |
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In []: c.real #accessing real part of c |
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Out[]: 3.0 |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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\newpage |
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\subsection{Boolean} |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: a = False |
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In []: b = True |
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In []: c = True |
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In []: (a and b) or c #Boolean operations |
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Out[]: True |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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\textbf{Note:} Python is case sensitive language, \typ{True} is \typ{bool} type, but \typ{true} would be a variable. and hence following assignment fails:\\ |
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\typ{In []: a = true}\\ |
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\subsection{Strings} |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: w = "hello" #w is string variable |
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In []: print w[1] |
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Out[]: e |
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In []: print w[-1] #last character of string |
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Out[]: o |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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\textbf{Note:} For a string variable, individual elements can be accessed using indices.\\ |
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\textbf{Note:} All slicing and striding operations works with strings as well. |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: len(w) #function to calculate length of string |
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Out[]: 5 |
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In []: w[0] = 'H' # ERROR: Strings are immutable |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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\subsection{String methods} |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: a = 'Hello World' |
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In []: a.startswith('Hell') # 'a' starts with 'Hell' |
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Out[]: True |
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In []: a.endswith('ld') # 'a' ends with 'ld' |
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Out[]: True |
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In []: a.upper() # all characters to upper case |
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Out[]: 'HELLO WORLD' |
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In []: a.lower() # all characters to lower case |
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Out[]: 'hello world' |
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In []: ''.join(['a', 'b', 'c']) |
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Out[]: 'abc' |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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\typ{join} function joins all the list member passed as argument with the string it is called upon. In above case it is \typ{empty string}. |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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In []: ' '.join(['a','b','c']) |
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Out[]: 'a b c' |
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In []: ','.join(['a','b','c']) |
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Out[]: 'a,b,c' |
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\end{lstlisting} |
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\subsection{String formatting} |
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\begin{lstlisting} |
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108 |
In []: x, y = 1, 1.234 #initializing two variables |
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109 |
In []: 'x is %s, y is %s' %(x, y) |
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110 |
Out[]: 'x is 1, y is 1.234' |
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111 |
\end{lstlisting} |
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112 |
\textbf{Note:} \typ{\%s} used in above formatting specifies \typ{'str'} representation of variables. One can also try:\\ |
321
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113 |
\typ{\%d} for \typ{int} representation\\ |
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114 |
\typ{\%f} for \typ{float} representation |
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115 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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116 |
In []: 'x is %f, y is %f' %(x, y) |
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117 |
Out[]: 'x is 1.000000, y is 1.234000' |
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118 |
|
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119 |
In []: 'x is %d, y is %d' %(x, y) |
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120 |
Out[]: 'x is 1, y is 1' |
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121 |
\end{lstlisting} |
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122 |
\subsection{Arithmetic Operators} |
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123 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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124 |
In []: 45 % 2 # Modulo operator |
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125 |
Out[]: 1 |
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126 |
In []: 5 ** 3 # Power |
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127 |
Out[]: 125 |
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128 |
In []: a = 5 |
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129 |
In []: a += 1 #increment by 1, translates to a = a + 1 |
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130 |
In []: a *= 2 |
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131 |
\end{lstlisting} |
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132 |
\subsection{String Operations} |
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133 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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134 |
In []: s = 'Hello' |
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135 |
In []: p = 'World' |
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136 |
In []: s + p #concatenating two strings |
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137 |
Out[]: 'HelloWorld' |
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138 |
In []: s * 4 #repeat string for given number of times |
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139 |
Out[]: 'HelloHelloHelloHello' |
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140 |
\end{lstlisting} |
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141 |
\subsection{Relational and Logical Operators} |
301
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142 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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143 |
In []: p, z, n = 1, 0, -1 #initializing three variables |
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144 |
In []: p == n #equivalency check |
301
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145 |
Out[]: False |
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146 |
In []: p >= n |
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147 |
Out[]: True |
321
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148 |
In []: n < z < p #finding largest number among three |
301
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149 |
Out[]: True |
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150 |
In []: p + n != z |
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151 |
Out[]: False |
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152 |
\end{lstlisting} |
321
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153 |
\subsection{Built-ins} |
301
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154 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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155 |
In []: int(17 / 2.0) #converts arguments to integer |
301
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156 |
Out[]: 8 |
321
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157 |
In []: float(17 / 2) #argument is already integer(17 / 2 = 8) |
301
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158 |
Out[]: 8.0 |
321
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|
159 |
In []: str(17 / 2.0) #converts to string |
301
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|
160 |
Out[]: '8.5' |
321
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|
161 |
In []: round( 7.5 ) |
301
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|
162 |
Out[]: 8.0 |
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163 |
\end{lstlisting} |
321
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164 |
\subsection{Console Input} |
301
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165 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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166 |
In []: a = raw_input('Enter a value: ') |
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167 |
Enter a value: 5 |
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168 |
\end{lstlisting} |
321
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169 |
\textbf{Note:} \typ{raw_input} always returns string representation of user input and hence: |
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170 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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|
171 |
In []: type(a) |
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|
172 |
Out[]: <type 'str'> |
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173 |
\end{lstlisting} |
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|
174 |
To get integer or floating point of this input, one has to perform type conversion:\\ |
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|
175 |
\typ{In []: b = int(a)} |
301
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|
176 |
\section{Conditionals} |
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|
177 |
\typ{if} |
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178 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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|
179 |
In []: x = int(raw_input("Enter an integer:")) |
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|
180 |
In []: if x < 0: |
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|
181 |
...: print 'Be positive!' |
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|
182 |
...: elif x == 0: |
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|
183 |
...: print 'Zero' |
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|
184 |
...: elif x == 1: |
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185 |
...: print 'Single' |
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|
186 |
...: else: |
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187 |
...: print 'More' |
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|
188 |
\end{lstlisting} |
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|
189 |
Ternary Operator |
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|
190 |
\begin{lstlisting} |
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|
191 |
In []: a = raw_input('Enter number(Q to quit):') |
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|
192 |
In []: num = int(a) if a != 'Q' else 0 |
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193 |
\end{lstlisting} |
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|
194 |
Above statement can be read as ``num is int of a, if a is not equal to 'Q', otherwise 0 `` |
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|
195 |
\section{Links and References} |
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|
196 |
\begin{itemize} |
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197 |
\item Reference manual to describe the standard libraries that are distributed with Python is available at \url{http://docs.python.org/library/} |
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198 |
\item To read more on strings refer to: \\ \url{http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods} |
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199 |
\end{itemize} |
301
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|
200 |
\end{document} |