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% Version Control Systems
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% Author: FOSSEE
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% Title page
\title[Version Control Systems]{SEES: Version Control Systems}
\author[FOSSEE] {FOSSEE}
\institute[IIT Bombay] {Department of Aerospace Engineering\\IIT Bombay}
\date[]{}
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\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\maketitle
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% CREATING TOC
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Outline}
\tableofcontents
% You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
\end{frame}
%% There are some %$ used just to minimise the effect of $ sign used in lstlisting. In emacs it looks unhealthy.
% Introduction to course-need of version control, history, options available.
\section{Introduction}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{What is Version Control?}
\begin{block}{From a blog post}
``Version control (or source control) is nothing more arcane than keeping copies of ones work as one make changes to it.''
\end{block}
\pause
\begin{block}{}
It is better to use these tools rather than wasting creativity to invent VCS which have files with names like \begin{color}{red}{prog1.py, prog2.py}\end{color} or \begin{color}{red}prog-old.py, prog.py.\end{color}
\end{block}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Motivation behind such tools}
\begin{itemize}
\item Track the history and evolution of a program.
\item To collaborate effectively on a project.
\item \begin{color}{red}``To err is Human''\end{color} \pause for recovery we have ``Version Control''
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%% Introduction to how logs are managed in VCS.
%% A analogy in logs and day-to-day life?
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{How does it work?}
It can roughly be related to Computer/Video Games.
\begin{itemize}
\item We play games in stages.
\item We pass a stage/task- \begin{color}{red}we SAVE the game.\end{color}
\item We resume playing from there onwards.
\item In-case we want to replay or revisit some particular stage, we start from position we saved earlier.
\item Even we can change the course of play henceforth.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Better way to say:}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.5in,width=2.5in, interpolate=true]{mario}
\end{center}
\emphbar{VCS provides power to save and resume from a stage.}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{How is it done?}
\begin{itemize}
\item It keeps track of changes you make to a file. You can improvise, revisit, and amend.
\item All procedure is logged/recorded, so you and others can follow the development cycle.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Do we really need this?}
\emphbar{For team of people working remotely(even different computers/machines) on a project, use of version control is inevitable!}
\vspace{0.15in}
\emphbar{For single person: managing projects and assignments becomes easy}
\vspace{0.15in}
\pause
\emphbar{\color{red}{It is a good habit!}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Whats on the menu!}
\begin{itemize}
\item cvs (Concurrent Version System)
\item svn (Subversion)
\item hg (Mercurial)
\item bzr (Bazaar)
\item git
\end{itemize}
\inctime{10}
\end{frame}
% Introduction to jargon
\section{Learning the Lingo!}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Common jargon: Basic setup}
\begin{itemize}
\item Repository(repo):\\
The folder with all files.
\item Server:\\
Machine with main inventory/repo.
\item Client:\\
Local machines with copy of main repo.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Actions}
\begin{itemize}
\item Add:\\
Adding file into the repo for the first time.
\item Version:\\
Version number(Die Hard 4.0).
\item Head/Tip:\\
Most recent revision/stage.
\item Check out/Clone:\\
Initial download of working copy.
\item Commit:\\
Saving(recording) a change.
\item Change log/History:\\
List of all past changes.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Actions cont...}
\begin{itemize}
\item Branch:\\
Separate local copy for bug fixing, testing.
\item Diff/Change:\\
Changes made in a file in two different versions.
\item Merge (or patch):\\
Appling the changes to file, to make it up-to-date.
\item Conflict:\\
When merging a file is not obvious.
\item Resolve:\\
Fixing the conflict manually.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
% Types of Version Controls
\section{Types of VCS}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Types:}
Based on ways of managing the repo there are two types of VCS:
\begin{itemize}
\item Centralized VCS\\
cvs, svn fall under this category.
\item Distributed VCS\\
hg, bzr, git follows this methodology.
\end{itemize}
\emphbar{We would be covering \typ{hg}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Why hg?}
\includegraphics[height=.75in, interpolate=true]{mercurial}
\begin{itemize}
\item Easy to learn and use.
\item Lightweight.
\item Scales excellently.
\item Written in Python.
\end{itemize}
\inctime{10}
\end{frame}
% Initializing the repo, cloning, committing changes, pushing, pulling to repo.
\section{Getting Started}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Getting comfortable:}
For checking \typ{hg} installation and its version try:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg version
\end{lstlisting}
To get broad help on \typ{hg} and commands available:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ man hg
$ hg help
\end{lstlisting}
To get help on particular \typ{hg} related option try:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg help diff
\end{lstlisting} %$
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Getting working/existing code base}
\typ{clone} is used to make a copy of an existing repository. It can be both local or remote.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg clone
http://hg.serpentine.com/tutorial/hello
localCopyhello
\end{lstlisting}
And we get a local copy of this repository.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ ls localCopyhello/
hello.c Makefile
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{To start track-record on existing files}
I have some files which I want to bring under version control. \typ{hg} provides \typ{init} command for this:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ ls -a circulate/
. .. lena.png pendulum.txt points.txt pos.txt sslc1.py sslc1.txt
$ cd circulate/
$ hg init
$ ls -a
. .. .hg lena.png pendulum.txt points.txt pos.txt sslc1.py sslc1.txt
\end{lstlisting}
\emphbar{\typ{.hg} directory keeps log of changes made henceforth.}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Starting fresh}
We can use \typ{init} to start a new repository also
\begin{lstlisting}
$ mkdir Fevicol
$ cd Fevicol/
$ echo "print 'Yeh Fevicol ka majboot
jod hai'" > feviStick.py
$ ls -a
. .. feviStick.py
$ hg init
$ ls -a
. .. feviStick.py .hg
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Making copies: Branching}
All \typ{hg} repositories are self-contained, and independent which can be copied(cloned):
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg clone localCopyhello newCopy
updating working directory
2 files updated, 0 files merged,
0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
\end{lstlisting}
or
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg clone Fevicol Fevicol-pull
updating working directory
0 files updated, 0 files merged,
0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
\end{lstlisting}
\inctime{20}
\end{frame}
%% Should we here stress on how are distribute VCS have
%% different approach then centralized ones? Maybe a pic
%% or some other graphical representation.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Revisiting saved points:history/logs}
In \typ{hg}, the difference between consecutive stages is termed as changeset.\\
Once we have saved stages, we need a mechanism to review and access them, for that use \typ{log} command.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ cd localCopyhello
$ hg log
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Understanding output}
The output provides following information:
\begin{itemize}
\item changeset: Identifiers for the changeset.
\item user: Person who created the changeset.
\item date: Date and time of creation of changeset.
\item summary: One line description.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{History/Logs cont...}
By default \typ{log} returns complete list of all changes. \\
For selective view try:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg log -r 3
$ hg log -r 2:4
\end{lstlisting}
tip/latest changes can be seen via:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg tip
\end{lstlisting} %%$
\inctime{5}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Advancing through a stage:status}
We often need to add/delete some files from directory(repo). The structure keeps on evolving, and tools for handling them are needed.\\
We will use the Fevicol repo we created earlier.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ cd Fevicol
$ hg log
$ hg st
? feviStick.py
\end{lstlisting} %%$
\typ{st} (aka status) is command to show changed files in the working directory.\\
\end{frame}
%% track record is confusing for some. Duma have some doubts :(
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Adding files}
"?" indicates that these file are aliens to track record.\\
\typ{add} command is available to add new files to present structure.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg add feviStick.py
$ hg st
A feviStick.py
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Saving present stage: committing}
\emphbar{This is equivalent to completing tasks, before reaching a stage where you want to save.}
\typ{hg} uses \typ{ci}(aka \typ{commit}) command to save changes. So after adding file, we have to commit it also:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg ci -u "Shantanu <shantanu@fossee.in>"
-m "First commit."
$ hg log
changeset: 0:84f5e91f4de1
tag: tip
user: Shantanu <shantanu@fossee.in>
date: Fri Aug 21 23:37:13 2009 +0530
summary: First commit.
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Other operations}
\typ{hg} supports basic file-management functions like copy, remove, rename etc.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg cp feviStick.py pidiLite.py
$ hg rename pidiLite.py feviCol.py
$ hg st
A feviCol.py
$ hg ci -u "Shantanu <shantanu@fossee.in>"
-m "Added feviCol.py."
$ hg tip| grep summary
summary: Added feviCol.py.
\end{lstlisting} %$
%% Other commands which can be handy are \typ{remove}, \typ{revert} etc.
\inctime{10}
\end{frame}
% Introduction to concepts of branches, merging patch?
\section{Sharing and Collaborating}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Distributing changes}
\begin{itemize}
\item All directory-structure(repo) are self-contained.
\item Changes created are local.
\begin{itemize}
\item Until we sync. previously cloned repos.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg pull
pulling from /home/baali/Fevicol
requesting all changes
adding changesets
adding manifests
adding file changes
added 2 changesets with 2 changes to 2 files
(run 'hg update' to get a working copy)
\end{lstlisting} %$
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Pulling changesets cont...}
\typ{pull} command doesn't update current directory, it just imports changesets. To add all these changes, use \typ{up}:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ cd Fevicol-pull
$ ls -a
. .. .hg
$ hg up
2 files updated, 0 files merged,
0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
$ ls -a
. .. feviCol.py feviStick.py .hg
\end{lstlisting}
\pause
\emphbar{Why \typ{pull} and \typ{up} are needed separately?}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Making changes across branches}
\begin{lstlisting}
$ cd Fevicol-pull/
\end{lstlisting} %$
Lets edit and correct the feviStick.py
\begin{lstlisting}
$ echo "print 'Ab no more Chip Chip'"
> feviStick.py
$ hg st
M feviStick.py
\end{lstlisting}
'M' sign indicates that \typ{hg} has noticed change.\\
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Revisiting changes}
To view changes made \typ{hg} provides \typ{diff}:
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg diff
diff -r a7912d45f47c feviStick.py
--- a/feviStick.py Sun Aug 23 22:34:35 2009 +0530
+++ b/feviStick.py Sun Aug 23 22:47:49 2009 +0530
@@ -1,1 +1,1 @@
-print 'Yeh Fevicol ka Majboot jod hai'
+print 'Ab no more Chip Chip'
\end{lstlisting} %$
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Saving the changes}
We have to commit these changes.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg ci -u "Shantanu <shantanu@fossee.in>"
-m "Changed tagline for feviStick.py."
\end{lstlisting} %$
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Syncing two repos}
To bring both the repos at same stage we have to \typ{push} differences.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg push
pushing to /home/baali/Fevicol
searching for changes
adding changesets
adding manifests
adding file changes
added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files
\end{lstlisting} %$
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Syncing cont...}
Same as pulling, pushing wont update the main directory by default.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ cd Fevicol
$ hg tip
$ cat feviStick.py
\end{lstlisting}
\typ{tip} shows latest changeset, but content of file are not updated. We have to use \typ{up} on main branch
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg up
1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
\end{lstlisting} %$
\inctime{15}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Merging: Scenario}
One very useful feature is merging work of different peers working on same project.\\
We consider scenario, two person on one project, both have local copies, and one among them is main branch.\\
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=1in, interpolate=true]{scenario}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Making changes to one of repo}
\begin{lstlisting}
$ cd Fevicol-pull
$ echo "print 'Yeh Fevicol ka Majboot jod
hai, tootega nahin'" > feviCol.py
$ hg st
M feviStick.py
$ hg ci -u "Shantanu <shantanu@fossee.in>"
-m "Updated tag line for feviCol.py."
$ hg tip| grep changeset
changeset: 3:caf986b15e05
\end{lstlisting} %$
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{In the meanwhile, other repo is ...}
\begin{lstlisting}
$ cd Fevicol
$ echo "print 'Jor laga ke hayyiya'"
> firstAdd.py
$ hg add
$ hg st
A firstAdd.py
$ hg ci -u "Shantanu <shantanu@fossee.in>"
-m "Added firsAdd.py."
$ hg tip|grep changeset
changeset: 3:fadbd6492cc4
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
%%\hspace*{-0.5in}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Situation}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{\center{main directory}}
\includegraphics[height=2in, interpolate=true]{main}
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{\center{cloned directory}}
\includegraphics[height=2in, interpolate=true]{clone}
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Merging}
\emphbar{Lets sync both these branches!}
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg pull ../Fevicol-pull
pulling from ../Fevicol-pull
searching for changes
adding changesets
adding manifests
adding file changes
added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files (+1 heads)
(run 'hg heads' to see heads, 'hg merge' to merge)
\end{lstlisting} %$
\begin{itemize}
\item \typ{pull} can be done from a branch explicitly also.
\item Output is already suggesting something!
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%% Here one can mention the point of having push and pull separate. Because of this policy, changes made are not lost.
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Analyzing events in detail}
Since hg \typ{pull} don't update the files directly, our changes are still safe. \typ{hg} provides some commands to help understand such problems.
\begin{tiny}
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg heads
changeset: 4:c5f40fda69cf
tag: tip
parent: 2:0b8286c48e88
user: Shantanu <shantanuc@fosse.in>
date: Fri Jan 22 19:43:46 2010 +0530
summary: Updated tagline for feviCol.py.
changeset: 3:60edf0e499e7
user: Shantanu <shantanuc@fosse.in>
date: Fri Jan 22 19:47:58 2010 +0530
summary: Added firstAdd.py.
\end{lstlisting} %%$
\end{tiny}
It shows current repository heads or show branch head
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{What went wrong: Analysis}
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg glog
\end{lstlisting} %%$
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2in]{glog}
\end{center}
It shows history alongside an ASCII revision graph.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{What went wrong: Analysis cont...}
Because of different 'pasts', \typ{up} command fails.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg up
abort: crosses branches (use 'hg merge' or 'hg update -C')
\end{lstlisting} %$
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Merging}
To deal such situations \typ{hg merge} command merge working directory with another revision.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg merge
1 files updated, 0 files merged, 0 files removed, 0 files unresolved
(branch merge, don't forget to commit)
\end{lstlisting} %$
After merging two branches, we have to commit the results to create a common head.
\begin{lstlisting}
$ hg ci -u "Shantanu <shantanu@fossee.in>"
-m "Merged branches."
\end{lstlisting} %$
\inctime{15}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{\typ{glog}}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{glog-2}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{More information}
\begin{itemize}
\item \typ{merge} fails if there are conflicting changes.
\begin{itemize}
\item Like two persons editing same file, same line and pushing it upstream.
\end{itemize}
\item In conflicts, one have to perform \typ{merge} manually.
\item \typ{hg} provides \typ{incoming} command, which checks the would-be imported changes
\begin{itemize}
\item To avoid conflicting changes before importing.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
% Steps to follow to make life easier. How to avoid/handle manual merges.
\section{Work flow: DOS and DON'Ts}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Motto behind hg}
\begin{center}
\color{red}{``Commit Early Commit Often.''}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Cheat Sheet}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.8in]{mod}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Steps to be followed}
\begin{itemize}
\item Make changes.
\item Commit.
\item Pull changesets.
\item Merge(if required).
\item Push.
\end{itemize}
\inctime{20}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Suggested Readings:}
\begin{itemize}
\item \url{http://mercurial.selenic.com/guide/}
\item \url{http://hgbook.red-bean.com/}
\item \url{http://karlagius.com/2009/01/09/version-control-for-the-masses/}
\item Articles related to version control available on \url{http://betterexplained.com/}
\item \url{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control}
\item \url{http://wiki.alliedmods.net/Mercurial_Tutorial}
\item Mario game images are taken from wikipedia.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
Notes
-----
From http://mercurial.selenic.com/
Quick Start
Clone a project and push changes
$ hg clone http://selenic.com/repo/hello
$ cd hello
$ (edit files)
$ hg add (new files)
$ hg commit -m 'My changes'
$ hg push
Create a project and commit
$ hg init (project-directory)
$ cd (project-directory)
$ (add some files)
$ hg add
$ hg commit -m 'Initial commit'