SEES: comparison latex/handout.rst

equal deleted inserted replaced

-:70b86355e851
+:7a16c80c584d
 LaTeX
 =====
 Introduction
 ------------
-LaTeX is a typesetting program used to produce excellently typeset documents. It is extensively used for producing high quality scientific and mathematical documents. It may also be used for producing other kinds of documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters
+LaTeX is a typesetting program that produces excellently typeset
+documents. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style
-TeX & LaTeX
+formatting defined, so that content looks as intended. It is
-~~~~~~~~~~~
+extensively used for producing high quality scientific and
+mathematical documents. It is also used for producing other kinds of
-TeX
+documents, ranging from simple one page articles or letters to
-+++
+books. LaTeX is based on the TeX typesetting language.
-TeX is a typesetting system designed by Donald Knuth, the renowned Computer Scientist and Emeritus professor at Stanford University. Typesetting is placing text onto a page with all the style formatting defined, so that content looks as intended.
-It was designed with two goals in mind-
-1. To allow anybody to produce high-quality books using a reasonable amount of effort.
-2. To provide a system that would give the exact same results on all computers, now and in the future
-TeX is well known for it's stability and portability.
-TeX is pronounced as "tech".
-The current version of TeX is 3.1415926 and is converging to π.
-LaTeX
-+++++
-LaTeX was originally written by Leslie Lamport in the early 1980s. It is an extension of TeX, consisting of TeX macros and a program to parse the LaTeX files. It is easier to use than TeX itself, at the same time producing the same quality of output.
 LaTeX is pronounced either as "Lah-tech" or "Lay-tech"
-WYSIWG vs. WYSIWM
+In this course, we shall use the sample document, ``sample.pdf``, as a
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+tool to learn various commands of LaTeX. By the end of the sessions on
+LaTeX, we will have produced a copy of that document, starting from
-WYSIWG is an acronym for "What You See Is What You Get". Word processors, are typically WYSIWG tools. LaTeX, TeX or other TeX based tools are not. They are typesetting or text formatting or document description programs. They can be called WYSIWM or "What You See Is What you Mean" systems, since you give a description of how things look, and LaTeX typesets the document for you.
+scratch.
-Here are a few reasons, why you should use LaTeX -
+A Look at the Sample Document
+-----------------------------
-* LaTeX produces documents with excellent visual quality, especially mathematical and scientific documents.
-* It does the typesetting to you. Typically, when one works with a word-processor, the user is doing the text formatting or typesetting along with typing out the content. LaTeX allows the user to concentrate on the content leaving aside the typesetting to LaTeX.
+Let's first look at the basic structure of the sample document.
-* It is light on your resources as compared to most of the word processors available today.
-* It is well known for it's stability and for it's virtually bug free code base.
+Slides with screen shots of
-* It encourages users to structure documents by meaning rather than appearance, thereby helping produce well structured documents.
-* It uses plain text files as input, which have a lot of well known advantages over binary files. To state a few, they can be opened with any editor on any operating system, they are smaller in size compared to the binaries, can be version controlled and can be processed using widely used text processing utilities.
+* Title, Author, Date
-* The output can be generated in more than one formats.
+* Abstract
+* Sections
+* Subsections
+* Appendix
+* References/Bibliography
+* Tables
+* Figures
+* Math
+Writing the source & compiling it
+---------------------------------
+Let's begin with a simple hello world, to see how to write a LaTeX
+document and compile it.  Write the following code into the file
+``draft.tex``.  ::
+\documentclass{article}
+\begin{document}
+SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.
+\end{document}
+To compile the document, do the following in your terminal::
+$ pdfLaTeX draft.tex
+This produces the output file ``draft.pdf``
+Note: The ``LaTeX`` command is often used, instead of ``pdfLaTeX`` to
+get the ``dvi`` output. But, throughout this course, we shall use
+pdfLaTeX to compile our documents.
+``\documentclass``
+------------------
+The documentclass command, defines the structure and formatting of our
+document. LaTeX typsets the document, based on the documentclass.
+LaTeX is a document based markup language.
+First of all, a markup language is a system of annotating text or
+adding in extra information to the text that specifies it's structure
+or presentation.
+LaTeX is a document based markup and not an element based one. You
+generally don't have to worry about typesetting each of the elements
+of your document. Choosing an appropriate documentclass, gives you a
+suitable typesetting. You as an author can worry about the content of
+the document, rather than the appearance or presentation of the
+document.
+Why should you use it?
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+A few reasons for using LaTeX -
+* It produces documents with excellent visual quality.
+* It does the typesetting for you, leaving you - the author - to
+focus on writing the content.
+* It makes writing math just as easy as writing simple text.
+* It's renowned for it's stability and a virtually bug free code
+base.
+* It is light on your resources as compared to most of the word
+processors available today.
+* It uses plain text files as input and can give output in a variety
+of formats including PDFs and html making it platform independent.
 * It is free software (free as in freedom) and gratis too.
-* It is widely used.
+* It is widely used and has a large user community.
-Hello World
-~~~~~~~~~~~
+``\begin`` and ``\end`` commands define environments. In our document,
+we have the document environment, which defines the beginning and end
-OK, let's get started with our first LaTeX document. Open up your favorite editor and type in the following code.
+of the content of the document. We place all the content of the
+document within this environment.
+Also, as you may have noticed, all the commands in LaTeX begin with a
+``\``. Note that they are case sensitive. Command names in LaTeX
+usually have only alpha characters. Any characters other than alpha
+characters, terminate the command name. Parameters to commands are
+passed in ``{ }``.
+Top Matter
+----------
+Let us begin with adding the Title, Author's name and the date to the
+document.
 ::
-%hello.tex - First LaTeX document
 \documentclass{article}
+\title{A Glimpse at Scipy}
+\author{FOSSEE}
+\date{June 2010}
 \begin{document}
-Hello, World!
+\maketitle
+SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.
 \end{document}
-Save the file as ``hello.tex`` and open up a terminal to compile your ``tex`` file to get the output in a ``pdf`` format.
+We add the title, the author and the date to the document before the
+``\begin{document}`` directive. We compile the document to see if the
-Compiling & Output
+details appear in the document, but they donot. These details do not
-++++++++++++++++++
+appear in the document until we use the ``\maketitle`` command with
+the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter
+information into the document. Now the document has these details, on
+compiling again.
+If no date is specified, LaTeX automatically inserts the current date.
+Abstract
+--------
+Next we shall add an abstract to our document. LaTeX provides an
+environment, for adding an abstract to the document.  ::
+\documentclass{article}
+\title{A Glimpse at Scipy}
+\author{FOSSEE}
+\date{June 2010}
+\begin{document}
+\maketitle
+\begin{abstract}
+This document shows a glimpse of the features of Scipy that will be explored during this course.
+\end{abstract}
+SciPy is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering.
+\end{document}
+The abstract environment is placed at the location where we wish it to
+appear in the document.
+Sections
+--------
+Now let's look at how to add (chapters,) sections and sub-sections to
+our document. Let's add the section headings and sub headings present
+in our sample document to the working copy of our document.
+``\section``, ``\subsection``, ``\subsubsection``
+On compiling, we can see that the headings of the sections and the
+sub-sections appear in the document.
+You may have noticed that LaTeX automatically numbers the sections. To
+prevent a section from getting numbered, an asterix is appended to the
+corresponding sectioning command.
+If the document was a longer document, we could have used a report or
+a book class. (Note: Books donot have the abstract environment.) Let's
+look at what happens to the document, when we change it to the report
+class.
+The numbering strangely begins from zero, now. This is because,
+chapters have an additional sectioning command called
+``\chapter``. The chapter is one level above a section and since, our
+document does not have a ``\chapter`` command, the sections are
+numbered from 0. To change this, we add a chapter command before the
+first section. We say::
+\chapter{One}
+Now, observe that we now have a chapter title appearing and the
+numbering starting from 1.
+Also, note that the subsubsections donot get a numbering now. This is
+controlled by a variable called the secnumdepth. By default it is set
+to 2. We can now, change it to 3 and get numbering for subsubsections
+also.  ::
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+What do you expect to happen if we changed the secnumdepth to 1? What
+if it is 0? -1? {Lab excercise}
+Appendix
+--------
+Notice that our document also has an appendix. Let's add an appendix
+to our document.
 ::
-$pdflatex hello.tex
+\appendix
+\section{Plotting using Pylab}
-Output written on hello.pdf (1 page, 5733 bytes).
-Transcript written on hello.log.
+Table of Contents
+-----------------
-Open the ``hello.pdf`` to see the output as shown.
+Our sample document is not long enough to warrant a table of contents,
-.. image:: examples/hello.jpg
+but let us learn to add a table of contents to a LaTeX document. If
+you ever tried adding a table of contents, to a document in a
-Note: The command ``latex`` is often used to get the ``dvi`` output. But, throughout this course, we shall use pdflatex to compile our documents.
+wordprocessor, you would know how much of a trouble it is. In LaTeX,
+it is a matter of just one command and placing the command at the
-A peek at the source
+location where you would want to have the table of contents. Let's now
-++++++++++++++++++++
+add a table of contents to our draft. Now, compile the document and
+look at the output document. It does not have the table of contents!
-``%hello.tex - First LaTeX document``
+On the first compilation only the "Contents" heading appears in the
-This line is a comment. LaTeX ignores this line and it is meant only for the human readers. LaTeX ignores anything after a ``%`` symbol to the end of the line.
+document, but the actual table does not appear. You will need to
+compile your document once more, for the actual table to appear in
-``\documentclass{article}``
+your document. On the first run, LaTeX has gone through your document
+and generated a temporary file (``.toc``), with the entries that
-This line is a command and sets the ``documentclass`` of the document to ``article``. LaTeX has other classes like ``report``, ``book``, ``letter``, etc. The typesetting of the document varies depending on the ``documentclass`` of the document.
+should go into the table of contents. These entries are made, when you
+compile your document for the second time.
-``\begin{document}``
+Note that any section/block that has been numbered automatically
+appears in the table of contents. It is possible to get un-numbered
-This line informs LaTeX that this is the beginning of the content of the document.
+sections, for instance a Preface or a Foreword section to appear in
+the Table of Contents.
-``Hello, World!``
+Let's change our Introduction section to be an un-numbered one and try
-This is the actual text displayed in the document.
+to make it appear in the table-of-contents.  ::
-``\end{document}``
-This line tells LaTeX that the document is complete and LaTeX will simply ignore anything written after this line.
-Where do we want to go
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-During the course of this session we will learn how to do various things in LaTeX and try to produce the sample document provided.
-Some Basics
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-Before we get started with creating the document, let's try to understand a few things that would be useful during the course of this session.
-Spaces
-++++++
-LaTeX treats multiple empty spaces (or lines) as a single space (or line). An empty line between two lines of text is considered as a change of paragraphs.
-Line & Page Breaks
-++++++++++++++++++
-LaTeX usually does the job of breaking up your content into lines and pages, and does it well. But under some circumstances, you might want to instruct LaTeX to break line or start a new page at a particular point.
-``\\`` or ``\newline`` command is used to create a new line at the point where the command is issued.
-Appending ``*`` to ``\\``,  instructs LaTeX to create a new line, without creating a new page at that point.
-Paragraphs
-++++++++++
-As already mentioned, LaTeX considers an empty line between two lines of text as a new paragraph. ``\par`` command may also be used to start a newline. It is equivalent to the blank line.
-By default LaTeX indents new paragraphs. If you do not wish to have the paragraph indented, you can use the ``\nointend`` command at the beginning of the paragraph.
-Special Characters
-++++++++++++++++++
-LaTeX associates special meaning to the  characters ``~ # $ % ^ & _ { } \``.
-To have these characters in the text of your document, you need to prefix a backslash to them. ``\~ \# \% \$ \^ \& \_ \{ \} \textbackslash``
-Commands
-++++++++
-* All LaTeX commands start with a backslash ``\``.
-* Like the commands in Linux, they are case sensitive.
-* They usually have a backslash followed by a consisting of letters only. Any character other than letters, like space, numbers or special characters terminate the command.
-* The commands for producing special characters in the text, is an exception. They contain a backslash followed by a single special character.
-* Commands may have parameters, which are supplied to them by enclosing them in curly braces ``{ }``.
-* They may also have a few optional parameters which are added after the name in square brackets ``[ ]``.
-Environments
-++++++++++++
-Environments are very similar to the commands, except that they effect larger parts of the document. For example, we used the ``document`` environment in our first LaTeX document.
-* They begin with a ``\begin`` and end with a ``\end``
-* In general environments can be nested within each other.
-Some Structural Elements
-------------------------
-``\documentclass``
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-As already stated, the ``documentclass`` command tells LaTeX, the type of the document that you intend to create. Each class has a few differences in how the content of the document is typeset. We presently have it set to the article class. Let us try changing it to the report class.
-Note that the top matter of the document appears in a different page for the report class.
-Some of the LaTeX classes that you may want to use are, article, proc, report, book, slides, letter.
-The ``documentclass`` command also accepts a few optional parameters. For example::
-\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,oneside,draft]{report}
-``12pt`` specifies the size of the main font in the document. The relative sizes of the various fonts is maintained, when the font size is changed. If no size is specified, ``10pt`` is assumed by default.
-``a4paper`` specifies the size of the paper to be used for the document.
-``oneside`` specifies that the document will be printed only on one side of the paper. The ``article`` and ``report`` classes are ``oneside`` by default and the ``book`` class is ``twoside``.
-``draft`` marks the hyphenation and justification problems in the document with a small square in the right hand margin of the document, so that they can be easily spotted.
-Note: Everything written in between the ``\documentclass`` command and the ``\begin{document}`` command is called the Preamble.
-Parts, Chapters and Sections
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Often documents are divided into various parts, chapters, sections and subsections. LaTeX provides an intuitive mechanism to include this in your documents. It has various commands like ``part``, ``chapter``, ``section``, ``subsection``, ``subsubsection``, ``paragraph`` and ``subparagraph``. Note that all these commands are not available in all the document classes. The ``chapter`` command is available only in books and reports. Also, the ``letter`` document class does not have any of these commands.
-Let us now give our document some structure, using these commands.
-Note that you do not need to provide any numbers to the commands. LaTeX automatically takes care of the numbering.
-Also, you do not need to enclose the text of a block within ``\begin`` and ``\end`` commands. LaTeX starts a new block each time it finds a sectioning command.
-::
-\section[Short Title]{This is a very long title and the Short Title will appear in the Table of Contents.}
-Section Numbering
-+++++++++++++++++
-As already, you don't need to explicitly do any numbering in LaTeX. Parts are numbered using roman numerals; Chapters and sections are numbered using decimal numbers. When the table of contents is inserted into a document, all the numbered headings automatically appear in it.
-By default LaTeX has numbering up 2 levels, i.e, the parts, chapters, sections and subsections are numbered. You can change this by setting the ``secnumdepth`` counter using the ``\setcounter`` command. The following command removes numbering of the subsections. Only parts, chapters and sections are numbered.
-::
-\setcounter{secnumdepth}{1}
-A sectioning command appended with an asterisk gives an unnumbered heading that is not included in the table of contents.
-::
 \section*{Introduction}
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Intro}
-Top Matter
-~~~~~~~~~~
+We shall talk about adding and managing bibliographies, later in the
+course.
-The information about the document such as it's title, the date, the author(s) information etc, is collectively known as the topmatter. Though there is no command called ``topmatter``, the term topmatter is frequently used in LaTeX documentation.
+Now, that we have the basic structure of the document, let's get into
-Let us input the top matter for our document now.
+the content and the details of it.
-::
+Typesetting Text
-\title{LaTeX - A How-to}
+----------------
-\author{The FOSSEE Team}
-\date
+Let's begin with adding the second paragraph to the introduction
+section. Let's place the text of the second para, after the first
-The  commands ``\title`` and  ``\author`` are self explanatory.
+line, that we already have. Now, compile the document.
-The ``\date`` command automatically puts in today's date into the document. Now let us compile and look at the result.
+Notice, that the second para appears in continuation with the previous
-You would observe that the details do not appear in the document after recompilation. This is because, LaTeX has not been instructed what to do with the top matter information that you have given it. Use the ``\maketitle`` command within the document environment to instruct LaTeX to place the top matter information into the document.
+line. To start a new paragraph in LaTeX, we need to insert an empty
+line. Multiple empty lines are considered as a single empty line. To
-Abstract
+start a new line, use the ``\newline`` or ``\\`` command. Notice the
-~~~~~~~~
+difference (in the output), in starting a new paragraph and starting a
-Lets now place and abstract in the document using the ``abstract`` environment of LaTeX. The abstract appears in the document after the topmatter but before the main body of the document.
+newline. A new paragraph is indented.
-::
-\begin{abstract}
-The abstract abstract.
-\end{abstract}
-Appendices
-~~~~~~~~~~
-LaTeX allows for separate numbering for appendices. ``\appendix`` command indicates that the sections following are to be included in the appendix.
-::
-\appendix
-\chapter{First Appendix}
-Table of Contents
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Parts, chapters or sections that have been auto numbered by LaTeX automatically appear in the Table of Contents (ToC). ``\tableofcontents`` command places a the ToC, where the command has been issued.
-The counter ``tocdepth`` specifies the depth up to which headings appear in the ToC. It can be set using the ``\setcounter`` command as shown below.
-::
-\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
-Unnumbered sections can be placed in the table of contents using the ``\addcontentsline`` command as shown below.
-::
-\section*{Introduction}
-\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Introduction}
-Note: To get the correct entries in your table of contents, you will need to run one extra compilation, each time. This is because, the entries of the table of contents are collected during each compilation of the document and utilized during the next compilation.
-Elementary Text Typesetting
----------------------------
-Emphasizing
-~~~~~~~~~~~
-*Italic* font is generally used to emphasize text. The ``\emph`` command may be used to achieve this effect in LaTeX.
-::
-This is the \emph{emphasized text}.
-If the ``\emph`` command is nested within another emphasize command, LaTeX emphasized that text using normal fonts.
-::
-\emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?
-*This is emphasized text, and* this is emphasized text with normal font *, within* emphasized text.
 Quotation Marks
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+---------------
-When typing in LaTeX, the double quotation mark ``"`` character shouldn't be used. The grave accent ````` character produces the left quote and the apostrophe ``'`` character produces the right quote. To obtain double quotes they are, each, used twice.
+Look at the quotation marks around the text, Sigh Pie. They are not
-::
+formatted properly. To place quotation marks in LaTeX, you should use
+````` character for the left quote & ``'`` character for the right
-`` Here is an example of putting `text' in quotes ''
+quote. For double quotes, they should be used twice.
-Dashes and Hyphens
+Fonts
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+-----
-LaTeX has four dashes of different lengths. Three of them can be produces with different number of consecutive dashes. The short dashes are used for hyphens, slightly longer ones for number ranges and the longest ones for comments. The fourth one is a mathematical symbol, the minus sign.
+The names of the software tools, Scilab, Matlab, etc. appear in
-::
+italics or emphasized as it is called in LaTeX. To emphasize text, the
+``\emph`` command is used.
-The names of these dashes are: `-' hyphen, `--' en-dash, `---' em-dash and `$-$' minus sign.
+Let's also add the contents of the subsection "Sub-packages of
-The names for these dashes are: ‘‐’ hyphen, ‘–’ en-dash, ‘—’ em-dash and ‘−’ minus sign.
+Scipy". We shall add the table as plain text, until we learn how to
+edit tables.
-Footnotes
-~~~~~~~~~
+Let's try and form a tabular structure by separating the left and
+right columns using spaces. On compiling we find that LaTeX doesn't
-With the command::
+add multiple spaces between words. Just like multiple empty lines,
+multiple spaces are considered as a single space.
-\footnote{footnote text}
+The names of the sub-packages appear in a fixed width font in the
-a footnote is printed at the foot of the current page. Footnotes should always be put after the word or sentence they refer to. Footnotes referring to a sentence or part of it should therefore be put after the comma or period.
+sample document provided to us. The headings of the columns appear in
+bold-face. Let's make changes to this effect.
-Note: Look at the ``\marginpar`` command to insert margin notes
+``\textbf`` is used to change text to bold face and ``\texttt`` is
-Flushleft, Flushright, and Center
+used to change text to fixed width font.
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+We could also change the separating - (hyphen) to an em-dash (or
-The environments ``flushleft`` and ``flushright`` generate paragraphs that are either left- or right-aligned.
+en-dash) -- is em-dash and --- is an em-dash, to improve the
+appearance of the document.
-The ``center`` environment generates centered text.
+Lists
-Itemize, Enumerate, and Description
+-----
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-LaTeX has three different environments for producing lists. Itemize, Enumerate and Description allow you to produce lists of various types in LaTeX.
+The section on Use of Scipy in this course, contains lists. Let's now
+add lists to our document. The ``enumerate`` environment adds numbered
-Itemize is used to produce unnumbered lists. The bullets of the list can be easily changed to use any character. Enumerate environment allows you to produce auto-numbered lists. The description environment, allows you to produce a list of definitions. These environments can be nested within each other, easily.
+lists to our document and the ``itemize`` environment adds un-numbered
+lists. ``\item`` command adds a new entry to a list. Note, that LaTeX
-::
+can easily handle nested lists. In fact most environments can be
+embedded within other environments, without any problems.
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Now we move onto some elementary \emph{Text Typesetting}.
+LaTeX also has a description list, which shall be looked at, during
-\item How do we get \emph{emphasized or italic text}?
+the lab sessions.
-\item \emph{Did you wonder what happens when we try \emph{emphasizing text} within \emph{emphasized text}}?
-\item ``Beautiful is better than ugly.''
+Footnotes, Labels and References
-\end{itemize}
+--------------------------------
-\begin{description}
+Let's now add the footnote to pylab. LaTeX provides a footnote command
-\item[Description] This list is a description list.
+to add a footnote.
-\item[Enumerate] Numbered lists are often useful.
-\begin{enumerate}
+We added the footnote with Appendix A, as plain text. But, in case we
-\item First
+added another Appendix before the section on using ``pylab``, the
-\item Second
+footnote will have to be edited. To avoid this, LaTeX provides a handy
-\item Third
+system of labels and referencing.
-\item \ldots
-\end{enumerate}
+We first add a label to the section that we want to refer in this
-\item[Itemize] The list above this description list is an itemize list.
+footnote. Then, we change the footnote, and add the reference to this
-\end{description}
+label instead of the character A. If you look at the output after
+compiling the document once, you will see that the footnote has
-Quote, Quotation, and Verse
+question marks instead of the section number.  You will have to
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+compile once again, for the section number to appear in the footnote.
-LaTeX provides a ``quote`` environment that can be used for quoting, highlighting important material, etc.
-::
+Including code
+--------------
-The Zen of Python
-\begin{quote}
+In the footnote above, and in the table for the sub-packages list, we
-The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
+used the ``\texttt`` command to get a fixed width font. But we could
+instead use an environment provided by LaTeX to include pre-formatted
-Beautiful is better than ugly.
+text or code. LaTeX by default provides the verbatim environment to
-Explicit is better than implicit.
+include pre-formatted text. You can try that out during the lab
-Simple is better than complex.
+session. We shall look at using the listings package, specifically
-Complex is better than complicated.
+meant for including code in our document.
-Flat is better than nested.
-Sparse is better than dense.
+First of all you need to tell LaTeX, that you want to use the listings
-Readability counts.
+package in your document. We add the directive
-Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
+``\usepackage{listings}`` to the preamble of our document.
-Although practicality beats purity.
-Errors should never pass silently.
+Then we set the language of the code that we are going to embed into
-Unless explicitly silenced.
+our document. For this we use the lstset command.  ::
-In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
-There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
+\lstset{language=Python,
-Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
+showstringspaces=false,}
-Now is better than never.
-Although never is often better than *right* now.
+The listings package allows you to use color and do a lot of things
-If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
+with your embedded code, but all that during a lab exercise.
-If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
-Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
+Now, to put a line of code, inline and not as a separate block, we use
-\end{quote}
+the ``\lstinline`` command. We change the name pylab in the footnote
+to use lstinline instead of the texttt. To embed a block of code, we
-LaTeX provides two other similar environments, the quotation and the verse environments.
+use the lstlisting environment (``\begin{lstlisting}`` and
+``\end{lstlisting}``). For example, let's add the code to the Appendix
-The quotation environment can be used for longer quotes which have several paragraphs, since it indents the first line of each paragraph.
+of our document.
-The verse environment may be used to quote verses or poems, since the line breaks are important in quoting them. The lines are separated using ``\\\\`` at the end of a line and an empty line after each verse.
+Figures, Tables and Floats
+--------------------------
-Verbatim
-~~~~~~~~
+Let's now add the figure, to the appendix.
-The verbatim environment allows us to insert pre-formatted text in a LaTeX document. It is useful for inserting code samples within the document. The verbatim text needs to be enclosed between ``\begin{verbatim}`` and ``\end{verbatim}``.
-::
+To include graphics in a LaTeX document, we need to use the graphicx
+package. Add the ``\usepackage{graphicx}`` directive to the preamble
-\begin{verbatim}
+of the document.
-from numpy import *
-a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)
+To add the graphic, use the ``includegraphics`` command. The relative
-\end{verbatim}
+path of the image that we wish to include is passed as an argument to
+includegraphics. It takes an optional argument of scaling the
-from numpy import *
+image. We use a scale of 0.4 to scale our image.
-a = linspace(0, 5, 50, endpoint = False)
+It takes other optional arguments.
-To insert verbatim text in-line, the ``\verb`` command can be used.
-::
+``width=x``, ``height=x``
+If only the height or width is specified,
-The verb command allows placing \verb|verbatim text| in-line.
+the image is scaled, maintaining the aspect ratio.
-The | is just an example of a delimiter character. You can use any character except letters, * or space.
+``keepaspectratio``
+This parameter can either be set to true or false. When set to
-Tables, Figures and Captions
+true, the image is scaled according to both width and height,
-----------------------------
+without changing the aspect ratio, so that it does not exceed both
+the width and the height dimensions.
-The ``\tabular`` environment
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+``angle=x``
+This option can be used to rotate the image by ``x`` degrees,
-The ``tabular`` environment allows you to typeset tables in LaTeX. ``\begin{tabular}[pos]{col fmt}`` command can be used to specify the parameters of the table and start creating the table.
+counter-clockwise.
-The ``pos`` argument specifies the vertical position of the table relative to the baseline of the surrounding text. It can take on the values ``t`` for top, ``b`` for bottom, or ``c`` for center.
+Figures (and tables) are treated specially because, they cannot be
+broken across pages. They are "floated" across to the next page, if
+they donot fit on the current page, filling the current page with
-The ``col fmt`` argument specifies the formatting of the columns of the table. You need to explicitly specify the formatting for each of the columns in the table. The ``col fmt`` argument can take on the following values.
+text.
+To make our graphic into a float, we should enlose it within a figure
+environment. For a table, the table environment should be used. We now
+move our graphic into a figure environment. The figure environment
+takes an additional parameter for the location of the
+float. ``\begin{figure}[hbtp!]``. The specifiers ``htbp`` are
+permissions to place the float at various locations. ``t`` for top of
+page, ``b`` for bottom of page, ``p`` for a separate page for floats
+and ``h`` for here, as in the same place where the command appears in
+the source. ``!`` mark overrides a few of LaTeX's internal parameters
+for good position of floats.
+The figure environment also, allows us to add a caption to the graphic
+using the ``\caption`` command.
+To place the graphic in the center aligned in the page, we use the
+center environment.
+To label a figure, we just add a label with in the figure
+environment. Note, that the label to a figure should be added after
+the caption command. Also, note that tables are auto-numbered.
+Let us finish the appendix, by adding the content present at the
+beginning of the appendix. The bibliographic citations will be dealt
+with later.
+Tables
+~~~~~~
+Now, let us look at the other kind of floats - Tables. We shall
+convert the list of sub-packages in the sub-packages section to a
+table.
+To begin a table, we use the tabular environment. And to make this a
+float, it is enclosed in the table environment. The table environment
+also allows us to add captions to the table and Tables are also auto
+numbered.
+The tabular environment takes as arguments the columns and the
+formatting of each column. The possible arguments to the tabular
+environment are
 +---------------+------------------------------------+
 | ``l``         | left justified column content      |
 +---------------+------------------------------------+
 | ``r``         | right justified column content     |
 +---------------+------------------------------------+
 | ``c``         | centered column content            |
 +---------------+------------------------------------+
-| ``*{n}{col}`` | produces ``n`` columns with the    |
-|               | ``col`` type of formatting         |
-|               | ``*{3}{c}`` is the same as {c c c} |
-+---------------+------------------------------------+
 | ``|``         | produces a vertical line.          |
 +---------------+------------------------------------+
-Now we look at how to input the actual entries of the tables. Each horizontal row in a table is separated by ``\\``. Each column entry of a row is separated by ``&``.
+It also takes an optional parameter that specifies the position of the
+table; ``t`` for top, ``b`` for bottom, or ``c`` for center.
-The ``\hline`` command allows you to draw horizontal lines between two rows of the table. But it does not allow you do draw partial lines. ``\cline{a-b}`` draws a horizontal line from column ``a`` to column ``b``.
-::
+Each column of a table is separated by an ``&`` symbol and each row is
+separated by a new line. The ``\hline`` command allows you to draw
-\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
+horizontal lines between two rows of the table. But it does not allow
-\hline
+you do draw partial lines. ``\cline{a-b}`` draws a horizontal line
-\verb+l+ & left justified column content\\
+from column ``a`` to column ``b``.
-\hline
-\verb+r+ & right justified column content\\
+We also add a label to the table and refer to it in the first line of
-\hline
+the section.
-\verb+c+ & centered column content\\
-\hline
+You could also add a listoftables or listoffigures to the document,
-\verb+*{n}{col}+ & produces \verb+n+ columns with the\\
+similar to the way we added table of contents.
-& \verb+col+ type of formatting\\
-\cline{2-2}
+Typesetting Math
-&\verb+*{3}{c}+ is the same as \verb+{c c c}+ \\
+----------------
-\hline
-\verb+|+ & produces a vertical line\\
+Now we shall move to typesetting the Math in the sample document given
-\hline
+to us. We shall start with the Matrices subsection.
-\end{tabular}
+In general, it is advised to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset
-Importing Graphics
+mathematics in LaTeX. AMS-LaTeX is a collection of packages and
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+classes for mathematical typesetting.
-To include images in LaTeX, we require to use an additional package known as ``graphicx``.  To load a package, we use the ``\usepackage`` directive in the preamble of the document.
+We load ``amsmath`` by issuing the ``\usepackage{amsmath}`` in the
-::
+preamble. Through out this section, it is assumed that the ``amsmath``
+package has been loaded.
-\usepackage{graphicx}
+Let's now typeset the matrix A.
-When compiling with ``pdflatex`` command,  **jpg**, **png**, **gif** and **pdf** images can be inserted.
+To typeset math, we just have to enclose it within ``\(`` and ``\)``
-::
+or a pair of ``$`` signs.
-\includegraphics[optional arguments]{imagename}
+To typeset the matrix A, we use the ``bmatrix`` environment. It works
+similar to a tabular environment - ``&`` is used to demarcate columns
-A few ``optional arguments``:
+and ``\\`` is used to add a new row. ``bmatrix`` environment gives the
+``[`` ``]`` as delimiters. There are 5 other matrix environments
-``width=x``, ``height=x``
+giving matrices with other delimiters - ``matrix`` (none), ``pmatrix``
-If only the height or width is specified, the image is scaled, maintaining the aspect ratio.
+``(``, ``Bmatrix`` ``{``, ``vmatrix`` ``|`` and ``Vmatrix`` ``||``.
-``keepaspectratio``
+To write the name of the matrix A, a bold-faced A is used. This is
-This parameter can either be set to true or false. When set to true, the image is scaled according to both width and height, without changing the aspect ratio, so that it does not exceed both the width and the height dimensions.
+obtained by using the ``\mathbf`` command.
-``scale=x``
+This subsection doesn't have much more math. The next section on
-Scale the image by a factor of ``x``. For example, ``scale=2``, will double the image size.
+inverse doesn't have anything new except for writing inverse of A.
-``angle=x``
+To typeset superscripts in LaTeX, the ``^`` character is used. The
-This option can be used to rotate the image by ``x`` degrees, counter-clockwise.
+carat operator just acts on the next character. To have multiple
+characters as superscript they must be enclosed in ``{ }``. Similarly
-::
+for typesetting text as subscripts the ``_`` character is used.
-\includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}
+To typeset the summation symbol, use the command ``\sum.`` The upper
+and lower limits are specified using the ``^`` and ``_``
-Floats
+characters. Similarly, the integral symbol is obtained using the
-~~~~~~
+``\int`` command.
-Tables and Figures need to be treated in a special manner, since they cannot be split over pages, and they are referred to as floats in LaTeX.
+Next, let us type in the equation present in the section on
+Determinants. Note that it is different from all the math we've typed
-When there is not enough space on a page, to fit in a table or figure, it is floated over to the next page filling up the current page with text. LaTeX has float environments called table and figure for tables and images, respectively.
+until now, since it is not inline and is "displayed", in the LaTeX
+lingo. LaTeX has a number of environments for displaying equations,
-Anything enclosed within the table or figure environments will be treated as floats.
+with minor subtle differences. In general use ``\[`` ``\]`` to typeset
-::
+displayed equations without numbering them. ``\begin{equation*}`` is
+equivalent to it.  To obtain numbered equations use
-\begin{figure}[pos] or
+``\begin{equation}``.
-\begin{table}[pos]
+Next we wish to typeset a group of equations. The equation environment
-The ``pos`` parameter specifies the placement of the float. The possible values it can take are as follows.
+does not accept ``\\`` to get a new line. For multiple equations
+amsmath has a handful of environments with subtle differences. We
-+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+shall use the ``eqnarray`` environment. ``eqnarray*`` environment
-| Specifier | Permission                                                        |
+gives unnumbered equations, as expected. The ``eqnarray`` environment
-+===========+===================================================================+
+works similar to a table environment. The parts of the equation that
-|   h       |  at approximately the same place where it occurs in the source    |
+need to be aligned are indicated using an ``&`` symbol. The
-+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+``newline`` command is used to enter a every new equation after the
-|   t       |  at the top of the page.                                          |
+first one. We now typeset the equations in the section on linear
-+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+equations using the ``eqnarray`` environment. (The equations in the
-|   b       |  at the bottom of the page.                                       |
+determinants section use ``eqnarray*``)
-+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
-|   p       |  on a special page for floats only.                               |
+We next typeset the math in the section on polynomials. To typeset
-+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+fractions use the ``\frac`` command. To typeset surds, we use the
-|   !       |  Override LaTeX's internal parameters for good positions          |
+``\sqrt`` command with the optional paramter of ``[n]``.
-+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
-|   H       |  nearly equivalent to h!                                          |
+Inserting Greek letters into LaTeX is simple. ``\alpha``, ``\beta``,
-+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
+``\gamma``, ... on for small letters and ``\Alpha``, ``\Beta``,
+``\Gamma``, ... for capital.
-Examples::
+Also, math environments do not give extra spaces using the space or
-\begin{figure}[h]
+tab characters. The following commands are available to specify the
-\centering
+spacing required.
-\includegraphics[scale=0.8, angle=30]{lion_orig.png}
-\end{figure}
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| Abbrev. | Spelled out        | Example |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
-Captions
+| ``\,``  | ``\thinspace``     |         |
-~~~~~~~~
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| ``\:``  | ``\medspace``      |         |
-The ``\caption{text}`` command allows you to add captions to images or tables. LaTeX automatically numbers your tables and figures and you need not include numbers in the captions that you write. The caption appears below or on top of the image (or table), depending on whether you place it after or before the ``importgraphics`` (or ``tabular``) command.
++---------+--------------------+---------+
+| ``\;``  | ``\thickspace``    |         |
-::
++---------+--------------------+---------+
-\begin{figure}[h]
+|         | ``\quad``          |         |
-\centering
++---------+--------------------+---------+
-\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{lion_orig.png}
+|         | ``\qquad``         |         |
-\caption{CTAN lion drawing by Duane Bibby; thanks to www.ctan.org}
++---------+--------------------+---------+
-\end{figure}
+| ``\!``  | ``\negthinspace``  |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
-The caption command also, like the section command, has the short caption optional parameter. The short caption will appear in the list of tables or figures.
+|         | ``\negmedspace``   |         |
++---------+--------------------+---------+
-List of Figures, Tables
+|         | ``\negthickspace`` |         |
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
++---------+--------------------+---------+
-LaTeX can automatically generate a List of Tables or Figures, with the table or figure numbers, the captions and page numbers on which they appear. This can be done using the ``\listoftables`` or ``listoffigures`` commands.
-Note: Just like table of contents, these lists also require an extra compilation.
-Cross References
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-LaTeX has a very efficient mechanism of inserting cross-references in documents.
-The command ``\label{name}`` is used to label figures, tables or segments of text. ``\ref{name}`` refers to the object marked by the ``name`` by it's numbering (figure, table, section etc.) ``\pageref{name}`` gives the page number of the object which has been labeled with ``name``.
-Note: Cross referencing also requires an extra compilation, like table of contents.
 Bibliography
 ------------
-Bibliography or references can be added to LaTeX documents in two ways - using the ``thebibliography`` environment, or using BibTeX. Let's first look at using the ``\thebibliography`` environment and then move on to BibTeX.
+Let's now look at how to write bibliography and cite references.
-``thebibliography`` environment
+Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the ``thebibliography``
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the
+bibliography items within the bibliography environment.
-Writing bibliographies in LaTeX using the ``thebibliography`` environment is pretty easy. You simply have to list down all the bibliography items within the bibliography environment.
+Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command
-Each entry of the bibliography begins with the command ``\bibitem[label]{name}``. The name is used to cite the bibliography item within the document using  ``\cite{name}``. The label option replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given.
+``\bibitem[label]{name}``. The name is used to cite the bibliography
-::
+item within the document using ``\cite{name}``. The label option
+replaces the numbers from the auto enumeration with the labels given.
-He used this lion in the illustrations for D Knuth's original TeXbook\cite{DKnuth}, for L Lamport's LaTeX book\cite{LLamport}
+The ``9`` passed as an argument to ``thebibliography`` command
-\begin{thebibliography}{99}
+indicates the maximum width of the label that the references will
-\bibitem{DKnuth} Donald E. Knuth (1984). \emph{The TeXbook} (Computers and Typesetting, Volume A). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
+have. In our sample document, we have less than 10 items in the
+Bibliography and therefore we use 9.
-\bibitem{LLamport} Lamport, Leslie (1994). \emph{LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference}.
-illustrations by Duane Bibby (2nd ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Professional.
+Presentations with Beamer
-\end{thebibliography}
+-------------------------
-The ``99`` in the example above indicates the maximum width of the label that the references may get. We here assume that the number of Bibliography items will be less than 100. If your document has less than 10 references, you may want to replace ``99`` with ``9``.
+Using beamer for you presentations is a good idea, since you can use
+the LaTeX that you have used for the report/document for the
-BibTeX
+presentation as well.
-~~~~~~
+To write a ``beamer`` presentation, it is recommended that we use one
-The previous section explained the process of listing references at the end of a document and embedding cross references. In this section let us explore the BibTeX environment for keeping track of references.
+of the templates that beamer provides. We shall use the
+``speaker_introduction`` template to get started with beamer.
-Using BibTeX is a very convenient method to use, when writing multiple documents in a single area or field. BibTeX allows you to create a database of all your references and use them as and when required.
+As you can see, the document begins with the ``documentclass`` being
-The BibTeX database is stored in a ``.bib`` file. The structure of the file is quite simple and an example is shown below.
+set to beamer.
-::
+``\usetheme`` command sets the theme to be used in the presentation.
-@book{Lamport94,
-author    = "Leslie Lamport",
+``\usecolortheme`` command sets the color theme of the presentation.
-title     = "A Document Preparation System: User's Guide and Reference",
-publisher = "Addison-Wesley Professional",
+Notice that each slide is enclosed within ``\begin{frame}`` and
-year      = "1994",
+``\end{frame}`` commands. The ``\begin{frame}`` command can be passed
-edition    = "second",
+the Title and Subtitle of the slide as parameters.
-note      = "illustrations by Duane Bibby"
-}
+The title page of the presentation can be set like any other LaTeX
+document.
-Each bibliography entry starts with a declaration of the type of the reference being mentioned. The reference is in the above example is of the book type. BibTeX has a wide range of reference types, for example, ``article, book, conference, manual, proceedings, unpublished``.
+To do overlays, use the ``\pause`` command. It does sequential
-The type of reference is followed by a left curly brace, and immediately followed by the citation key. The citation key, ``Lamport94`` in the example above is used to cite this reference using the command ``\cite{Lamport94}``.
+overlays. Non sequential overlays can also be done. (Lab exercise.)
-This is followed by the relevant fields and their values, listed one by one. Each entry must be followed by a comma to delimit one field from the other.
+If you have fragile environments like ``verbatim`` or ``lstlisting``,
+you need to give the frame an optional parameter ``[fragile]``.
-To get your LaTeX document to use the bibliography database, you just add the following lines to your LaTeX document.
-::
+To achieve more with beamer, it is highly recommended that you look at
+the ``beameruserguide``.
-\bibliographystyle{plain}
-\bibliography{LaTeX}
-Bibliography styles are files that tell BibTeX how to format the information stored in the ``.bib`` database file. The style file for this example is ``plain.bst``. Note that you do not need to add the ``.bst`` extension to the filename.  If you wish to achieve a particular style of listing the bibliography items and citing them, you should use an appropriate style file.
-The ``bibliography`` command specifies the file that should be used as the database for references. The file used in this example is ``LaTeX.bib``
-Compiling
-+++++++++
-Adding BibTeX based references, slightly complicates the process of compiling the document to obtain the desired output. The exact workings of LaTeX and BibTeX will not be explained here. The procedure for obtaining the output (without any explanations) is as follows:
-1. Compile the ``.tex`` file using ``pdflatex`` - ``$pdflatex LaTeX(.tex)``
-2. Compile the ``.bib`` file using ``bibtex`` -  ``$bibtex LaTeX(.bib)``
-3. Compile the ``.tex`` file again.
-4. Compile the ``.tex`` file for one last time!
-Typesetting Math
-----------------
-It is advisable to use the AMS-LaTeX bundle to typeset mathematics in LaTeX. It is a collection of packages and classes for mathematical typesetting.
-We load ``amsmath`` by issuing the ``\usepackage{amsmath}`` in the preamble. Through out this section, it is assumed that the ``amsmath`` package has been loaded.
-Math Mode
-~~~~~~~~~
-There are a few differences between the *math mode* and the *text mode*:
-1. Most spaces and line breaks do not have any significance, as all spaces are either derived logically from the mathematical expressions, or have to be specified with special commands such as ``\``, ``\quad`` or ``\qquad``
-2. Empty lines are not allowed.
-3. Each letter is considered to be the name of a variable and will be typeset as such. If you want to typeset normal text within a formula, then you have to enter the text using the \text{...} command
-Single Equations
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Mathematical equations can be inserted in-line within a paragraph (*text style*), or the paragraph can be broken to typeset it separately (*display style*).
-A mathematical equation within a paragraph is entered between ``$`` and ``$``. Larger equations are set apart from the paragraph, by enclosing them within ``\begin{equation}`` and ``\end{equation}``. If you don't wish to number a particular equation, the starred version of equation can be used. ``\begin{equation*}`` and ``\end{equation*}``
-The equation can also be cross referenced using the ``\label`` and ``\eqref`` commands.
-Basic Elements
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Greek Letters can are entered as ``\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, ...`` for lowercase letters and ``\Alpha, \Beta, \Gamma, ...`` for uppercase ones.
-Exponents and subscripts can be typeset using the carat ``^`` and the underscore ``_`` respectively. Most of the math mode commands act only on the next character. If you want a command to affect several characters, they need to be enclosed in curly braces.
-The ``\sqrt`` command is used to typeset the square root symbol. LaTeX of the root sign is determined automatically. The nth root is generated with ``\sqrt[n]``.
-To explicitly show a multiplication a dot may be shown. ``\cdot`` could be used, which typesets the dot to the center. ``\cdots`` is three centered dots while ``\ldots`` sets the dots on the baseline. Besides that ``\vdots`` for vertical and ``\ddots`` can be used for diagonal dots.
-A fraction can be typeset with the command ``\frac{..}{..}``
-The integral operator is generated with ``\int``, the sum operator with ``\sum``, and the product operator with ``\prod``. The upper and lower limits are specified with ``^`` and ``_`` like subscripts and superscripts.
-LaTeX provides all kinds of braces as delimiters. The round and square brackets can be produces using the keys on the keyboard and appending a backslash. Other delimiters can be produced using special commands of LaTeX. Placing ``\left`` in front of an opening delimiter and ``\right`` in front of a closing delimiter, instructs LaTeX to automatically take care of the sizes of the delimiters.
-Multiple Equations
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Long formulae that run over several lines or equation systems, can be typeset using the ``align`` or ``align*`` environments. ``align`` numbers each of the lines in the environment, and ``align*`` as expected, does not number any of them.
-The ``&`` is used to align the equations vertically and the ``\\`` command is used to break the lines. Line numbering can be skipped for a particular line in the ``align`` environment by placing a ``\nonumber`` before the line break.
-::
-\begin{align}
-\alpha^2 + \beta^2 &= \gamma^2 \\
-\sum_{i=1}^ni &= \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\\
-\sqrt{-1} &= \pm1 \nonumber
-\end{align}
-Arrays and Matrices
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-To typeset arrays, use the ``array`` environment. It works similar to the ``tabular`` environment. The ``\\`` command is used to break the lines.
-::
-\begin{equation*}
-\mathbf{X} = \left(
-\begin{array}{ccc}
-a_1 & a_2 & \ldots \\
-b_1 & b_2 & \ldots \\
-\vdots & \vdots & \ddots
-\end{array} \right)
-\end{equation*}
-The ``array`` environment can also be used to typeset piecewise functions by using a “.” as an invisible ``\right`` delimiter
-::
-\begin{equation*}
-f(x) = \left\{
-\begin{array}{rl}
-0 & \text{if } x \le 0\\
-1 & \text{if } x > 0
-\end{array} \right.
-\end{equation*}
-Six different types of matrix environments are available in the ``amsmath`` package for typesetting matrices.  They essentially have different delimiters: ``matrix`` (none), ``pmatrix`` (, ``bmatrix`` [, ``Bmatrix`` {, ``vmatrix`` | and ``Vmatrix`` ‖. In these matrix environments, the number of columns need not be specified, unlike the ``array`` environment.
-::
-\begin{equation*}
-\begin{matrix}
-1 & 2 \\
-3 & 4
-\end{matrix} \qquad
-\begin{bmatrix}
-1 & 2 & 3 \\
-4 & 5 & 6 \\
-7 & 8 & 9
-\end{bmatrix}
-\end{equation*}
-Miscellaneous Stuff
--------------------
-Presentations
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-LaTeX has quite a few options to produce presentation slides. We shall look at the ``beamer`` class, which is well developed and easy to use. We shall only briefly look at some of the features of beamer. For the best documentation, look at the beamer user guide.
-To write a ``beamer`` presentation, it is recommended that you use one of the templates that beamer provides. We shall use the ``speaker_introduction`` template to get started with beamer.
-As you can see, the document begins with the ``documentclass`` being set to beamer.
-The ``\setbeamertemplate`` command sets the template for various parameters. The ``background canvas``, ``headline`` and ``footline`` are being set using the command.
-``\usetheme`` command sets the theme to be used in the presentation.
-Notice that each slide is enclosed within ``\begin{frame}`` and ``\end{frame}`` commands. The ``\begin{frame}`` command can be passed the Title and Subtitle of the slide as parameters.
-To achieve more with beamer, it is highly recommended that you look at the ``beameruserguide``.
-Including Code
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-The ``listings`` package can be used to embed source code into your LaTeX document. We shall briefly explore inserting python code into our document.
-Obviously, you first need to tell LaTeX that you want it to use the ``listings`` package, using the ``\usepackage`` command.
-::
-\usepackage{listings}
-Then, we tell LaTeX that we are going to embed Python code into this document. A simple code highlighting for Python code can be achieved using this.
-::
-\lstset{language=Python,
-showstringspaces=false,
-}
-You might want to customize the code highlighting further using other variables like ``basicstyle``, ``commentstyle``, ``stringstyle``, ``keywordstyle`` etc. For detailed information on all this, you should look at the ``listings`` package documentation.
-You include a block of code into your document by enclosing it within the ``lstlisting`` environment.
-::
-\begin{lstlisting}
-string="Hello, World! "
-for i in range(10):
-print string*i
-\end{lstlisting}
-You can also include source code files directly into your latex document, using the ``lstinputlisting`` command.
-::
-\lstinputlisting[lastline=20]{lstexample.py}
-This command includes the first 20 lines of the file ``lstexample.py`` into out LaTeX document.
-Including files
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-When working on a large document, it is convenient sometimes, to split the large file into smaller input files and club them together at the time of compiling.
-The ``\input`` or ``\include`` commands may be used to embed one LaTeX file into another. The ``\input`` command is equivalent to a copy and paste of the document, just before the compilation. The ``\include`` command is exactly similar, except for the fact that it creates a new page every time it is issued.
-``\input{file}`` or ``\include{file}`` commands will include the file ``file1.tex`` with in the file where the command has been issued. Note that you do not need to specify the ``.tex`` extension of the file.
-The ``\includeonly`` is useful for debugging or testing the LaTeX document that you are creating, since it restricts the ``\include`` command. Only the files which are given as arguments to the ``\includeonly`` command will be included in the document (wherever a ``\include`` command for those files, has been issued).
-A note on filenames
-+++++++++++++++++++
-Never use filenames or directories that contain spaces. Make filenames as long or short as you would like, but strictly avoid spaces. Stick to upper or lower case letters (without accents), the digits, the hyphen and the full stop or period.
-Recommended Reading
--------------------
-1. *LaTeX Wikibook*
-2. *The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX2e* by Tobias Oetikar et al..

changeset 123	7a16c80c584d
parent 104	828c65311bdf
child 157	3174d4803cd5