# HG changeset patch
# User Puneeth Chaganti <punchagan@gmail.com>
# Date 1284619216 -19800
# Node ID 476ea1730aeec9a340abd512737bf6ab1b17a22d
# Parent  e75538bca17804756776f1934e95a8697e69eb74
Added rst files for scripts.

diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee accessing-pieces-arrays.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/accessing-pieces-arrays.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+
+{{{ Screen shows welcome slide }}}
+
+Welcome to the tutorial on accessing pieces of arrays
+
+{{{ Show the outline for this tutorial }}} 
+
+In this tutorial we shall learn to access individual elements of
+arrays, get rows and columns and other chunks of arrays using
+slicing and striding. 
+
+{{{ switch back to the terminal }}}
+
+As usual, we start IPython, using 
+::
+
+  ipython -pylab 
+
+Let us have two arrays, A and C, as the sample arrays that we will
+use to work through this tutorial. 
+
+::
+
+  A = array([12, 23, 34, 45, 56])
+
+  C = array([[11, 12, 13, 14, 15],
+             [21, 22, 23, 24, 25],
+             [31, 32, 33, 34, 35],
+             [41, 42, 43, 44, 45],
+             [51, 52, 53, 54, 55]])
+
+Pause the video here and make sure you have the arrays A and C,
+typed in correctly.
+
+Let us begin with the most elementary thing, accessing individual
+elements. Also, let us first do it with the one-dimensional array
+A, and then do the same thing with the two-dimensional array. 
+
+To access, the element 34 in A, we say, 
+
+::
+
+  A[1]
+
+Like lists, indexing starts from 0 in arrays, too. So, 34, the
+third element has the index 2. 
+
+Now, let us access the element 34 from C. To do this, we say
+::
+
+  C[2, 3]
+
+34 is in the third row and the fourth column, and since indexing
+begins from zero, the row index is 2 and column index is 3. 
+
+Now, that we have accessed one element of the array, let us change
+it. We shall change the 34 to -34 in both A and C. To do this, we
+simply assign the new value after accessing the element. 
+::
+
+  A[2] = -34
+  C[2, 3] = -34
+
+Now that we have accessed and changed a single element, let us
+access and change more than one element at a time; first rows and
+then columns.
+
+Let us access one row of C, say the third row. We do it by saying, 
+::
+
+  C[2] 
+
+How do we access the last row of C? We could say,
+::
+
+  C[4] 
+
+for the fifth row, or as with lists, use negative indexing and say
+::
+
+  C[-1]
+
+Now, we could change the last row into all zeros, using either 
+::
+
+  C[-1] = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
+
+or 
+
+::
+  
+  C[-1] = 0
+
+Now, how do we access one column of C? As with accessing
+individual elements, the column is the second parameter to be
+specified (after the comma). The first parameter, is now replaced
+with a ``:`` to say, that we want all the elements of that
+dimension, instead of one particular element. We access the third
+column by
+
+::
+  
+  C[:, 2]
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and change the last column of C to
+zeroes and then resume the video.
+
+::
+  
+  C[:, -1] = 0
+
+Since A is one dimensional, rows and columns of A don't make much
+sense. It has just one row and 
+::
+
+  A[:] 
+
+gives the whole of A. 
+
+%%2%% Pause the video here and change ``A`` to ``[11, 12, 13, 14, 15]``
+and then resume the video. 
+
+To change A, we say
+::
+
+  A[:] = [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
+
+Now, that we know how to access, rows and columns of an array, we
+shall learn how to access other pieces of an array. For this
+purpose, we will be using image arrays. 
+
+To read an image into an array, we use the ``imread`` command. We
+shall use the image ``squares.png`` present in ``/home/fossee``. We
+shall first navigate to that path in the OS and see what the image
+contains. 
+
+{{{ switch to the browser and show the image }}}
+
+{{{ switch back to the ipython terminal }}}
+
+Let us now read the data in ``squares.png`` into the array ``I``. 
+::
+
+  I = imread('/home/fossee/squares.png')
+
+We can see the contents of the image, using the command
+``imshow``. We say, 
+::
+
+  imshow(I) 
+
+to see what has been read into ``I``.
+
+To see that ``I`` is really, just an array, we say, 
+::
+
+  I 
+
+at the prompt, and see that an array is displayed. 
+
+To check the dimensions of any array, we can use the method
+shape. We say
+::
+
+  I.shape 
+
+to get the dimensions of the image. As we can see, ``squares.png``
+has the dimensions of 300x300. 
+
+Our goal for this part of the tutorial would be to get the
+top-left quadrant of the image. To do this, we need to access, a
+few of the rows and a few of the columns of the array. 
+
+To access, the third column of C, we said, ``C[:, 2]``. Essentially,
+we are accessing all the rows in column three of C. Now, let us
+modify this to access only the first three rows, of column three
+of C. 
+
+We say, 
+::
+
+  C[0:3, 2]
+
+to get the elements of rows indexed from 0 to 3, 3 not included
+and column indexed 2. Note that, the index before the colon is
+included and the index after it is not included, in the slice that
+we have obtained. This is very similar to the ``range`` function,
+where ``range`` returns a list, in which the upper limit or stop
+value is not included.
+
+Now, if we wish to access the elements of row with index 2, and in
+columns indexed 0 to 2 (included), we say, 
+::
+
+  C[2, 0:3]
+
+E%% %% Pause the video here, and first, obtain the elements [22,
+23] from C. Then, obtain the elements [11, 21, 31, 41] from
+C. Finally, obtain the elements [21, 31, 41, 0]. Then, resume the
+video.
+::
+
+  C[1, 1:3] 
+
+gives the elements [22, 23]
+::
+
+  C[0:4, 0]
+
+gives the elements [11, 21, 31, 41]
+::
+
+  C[1:5, 0]
+
+gives the elements [21, 31, 41, 0]
+
+Note that when specifying ranges, if you are starting from or
+going up-to the end, the corresponding element may be dropped. So,
+in the previous example to obtain [11, 21, 31, 41], we could have
+simply said, 
+::
+
+  C[:4, 0]
+
+and 
+::
+
+  C[1:, 0]
+
+gives the elements [21, 31, 41, 0]. If we skip both the indexes,
+we get the slice from end to end, as we already know. 
+
+E%% %% Pause the video here. Obtain the elements [[23, 24], [33,
+-34]] and then resume the video. 
+::
+
+  C[1:3, 2:4] 
+
+gives us the elements, [[23, 24], [33, -34]]. 
+
+Now, we wish to obtain the top left quarter of the image. How do
+we go about doing it? Since, we know the shape of the image to be
+300, we know that we need to get the first 150 rows and first 150
+columns. 
+::
+
+  I[:150, :150]
+
+gives us the top-left corner of the image. 
+
+We use the ``imshow`` command to see the slice we obtained in the
+form of an image and confirm. 
+::
+
+  imshow(I[:150, :150])
+
+E%% %% Pause the video here, and obtain the square in the center
+of the image. 
+::
+
+  imshow(I[75:225, 75:225])
+
+Our next goal is to compress the image, using a very simple
+technique to reduce the space that the image takes on disk while
+not compromising too heavily on the image quality. The idea is to
+drop alternate rows and columns of the image and save it. This way
+we will be reducing the data to a fourth of the original data but
+losing only so much of visual information. 
+
+We shall first learn the idea of striding using the smaller array
+C. Suppose we wish to access only the odd rows and columns (first,
+third, fifth). We do this by, 
+::
+
+  C[0:5:2, 0:5:2]
+
+if we wish to be explicit, or simply, 
+::
+
+  C[::2, ::2]
+
+This is very similar to the step specified to the ``range``
+function. It specifies, the jump or step in which to move, while
+accessing the elements. If no step is specified, a default value
+of 1 is assumed. 
+::
+
+  C[1::2, ::2] 
+
+gives the elements, [[21, 23, 0], [41, 43, 0]]
+
+E%% %% Pause the video here, and obtain the following. 
+[[12, 0], [42, 0]]
+[[12, 13, 14], [0, 0, 0]]
+Then, resume the video. 
+::
+
+  C[::3, 1::3]
+
+gives the elements [[12, 0], [42, 0]]
+::
+
+  C[::4, 1:4]
+
+gives the elements [[12, 13, 14], [0, 0, 0]]
+
+Now, that we know how to stride over an image, we can drop
+alternate rows and columns out of the image in I. 
+::
+
+  I[::2, ::2]
+
+To see this image, we say, 
+::
+
+  imshow(I[::2, ::2])
+
+This does not have much data to notice any real difference, but
+notice that the scale has reduced to show that we have dropped
+alternate rows and columns. If you notice carefully, you will be
+able to observe some blurring near the edges. To notice this
+effect more clearly, increase the step to 4. 
+::
+
+  imshow(I[::4, ::4])
+
+{{{ show summary slide }}}
+
+That brings us to the end of this tutorial. In this tutorial, we
+have learnt to access parts of arrays, specifically individual
+elements, rows and columns and larger pieces of arrays. We have
+also learnt how to modify arrays, element wise or in larger
+pieces.
+
+Thank You!
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee advanced-features-functions.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/advanced-features-functions.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+{{{ show the welcome slide }}}
+
+Welcome to this tutorial on manipulating strings. 
+
+{{{ show the slide with outline }}} 
+
+In this tutorial we shall learn to manipulate strings, specifically
+slicing and reversing them, or replacing characters, converting from
+upper to lower case and vice-versa 
+
+#[punch: reversed returns an iterator. should we still teach it?]
+
+We have an ``ipython`` shell open, in which we are going to work,
+through out this session. 
+
+Let us consider a simple problem, and learn how to slice strings and
+get sub-strings. 
+
+Let's say the variable ``week`` has the list of the names of the days
+of the week. 
+
+::
+
+    week = ["sun", "mon", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat"]
+
+
+Now given a string ``s``, we should be able to check if the string is a
+valid name of a day of the week or not. 
+
+::
+
+    s = saturday
+
+
+``s`` could be in any of the forms --- sat, saturday, Sat, Saturday,
+SAT, SATURDAY. We shall now be solving the problem only for the forms,
+sat and saturday. We shall solve it for the other forms, at the end of
+the tutorial. 
+
+{{{ show these forms in a slide }}}
+
+So, we need to check if the first three characters of the given string
+exists in the variable ``week``. 
+
+As, with any of the string data-types, strings can be sliced into
+sub-strings. To get the first three characters of s, we say, 
+
+::
+
+    s[0:3]
+
+Note that, we are slicing the string from the index 0 to index 3, 3
+not included. 
+
+As we already know, the last element of the string can be accessed
+using ``s[-1]``.  
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and obtain the sub-string excluding the
+first and last characters from the string. 
+
+::
+
+    s[1:-1]
+
+gives the a substring of s, without the first and the last
+characters. 
+
+::
+
+    s = saturday
+    s[:3]
+
+Now, we just check if that substring is present in the variable
+``week``. 
+
+::
+
+    s[:3] in week          
+
+Let us now consider the problem of finding out if a given string is
+palindromic or not. First of all, a palindromic string is a string
+that remains same even when it has been reversed.
+
+Let the string given be ``malayalam``.
+
+::
+
+    s = "malayalam"
+
+Now, we need to compare this string with it's reverse. 
+
+Again, we will use a technique common to all sequence data-types,
+[::-1]
+
+So, we obtain the reverse of s, by simply saying, 
+
+::
+
+    s[::-1]
+
+Now, to check if the string is ``s`` is palindromic, we say
+::
+
+    s == s[::-1]
+
+As, expected, we get ``True``. 
+
+Now, if the string we are given is ``Malayalam`` instead of
+``malayalam``, the above comparison would return a False. So, we will
+have to convert the string to all lower case or all upper case, before
+comparing. Python provides methods, ``s.lower`` and ``s.upper`` to
+achieve this. 
+
+Let's try it out. 
+::
+
+   s = "Malayalam"
+
+   s.upper()
+
+   s
+
+   s.lower()
+
+   s.lower() == s.lower()[::-1]
+   
+Note that these methods, do not change the original string, but return
+a new string.
+
+a%% %% Pause the video here, and finish the problem of checking if
+``s`` is a valid name of a day of the week and then resume the
+video. Change the solution to this problem, to include forms like,
+SAT, SATURDAY, Saturday and Sat. 
+
+::
+
+    s.lower()[:3] in week
+
+We just convert any input string to lower case and then check if it is
+present in the list ``week``. 
+
+Now, let us consider another problem. We often encounter e-mail id's
+which have @ and periods replaced with text, something like
+info[at]fossee[dot]in. We now wish to get back proper e-mail
+addresses.  
+
+Let's say the variable email has the email address. 
+::
+
+   email = "info[at]fossee[dot]in"
+
+Now, we first replace the ``[at]`` with the ``@``, using the replace
+method of strings. 
+::
+
+   email = email.replace("[at]", "@")
+   print email
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and replace the ``[dot]`` with ``.`` and then
+resume the video. 
+
+::
+
+   email = email.replace("[dot]", ".")        
+   print email
+
+
+That brings us to the end of the tutorial. 
+
+{{{ show summary slide }}}
+
+In this tutorial, we have learnt how to get substrings, reverse
+strings and a few useful methods, namely upper, lower and replace. 
+
+Thank You!
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee getting-started-files.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/getting-started-files.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+Welcome to the tutorial on getting started with files. 
+
+{{{ Screen shows welcome slide }}}
+
+{{{ Show the outline for this tutorial }}} 
+
+In this tutorial we shall learn to read files, and do some basic
+actions on the file, like opening and reading a file, closing a
+file, iterating through the file line-by-line, and appending the
+lines of a file to a list. 
+
+{{{ switch back to the terminal }}}
+
+As usual, we start IPython, using 
+::
+
+  ipython -pylab 
+
+Let us first open the file, ``pendulum.txt`` present in
+``/home/fossee/``. 
+::
+
+  f = open('/home/fossee/pendulum.txt')
+
+``f`` is called a file object. Let us type ``f`` on the terminal to
+see what it is. 
+::
+
+  f
+
+The file object shows, the file which is open and the mode (read
+or write) in which it is open. 
+
+We shall first learn to read the whole file into a single
+variable. Later, we shall look at reading it line-by-line. We use
+the ``read`` method of ``f`` to read, all the contents of the file
+into the variable ``pend``. 
+::
+
+  pend = f.read()
+
+Now, let us see what is in ``pend``, by typing 
+::
+
+  print pend
+
+We can see that ``pend`` has all the data of file. Type just ``pend``
+to see more explicitly, what it contains. 
+::
+
+  pend
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and split the variable into a list,
+``pend_list``, of the lines in the file and then resume the
+video. Hint, use the tab command to see what methods the string
+variable has. 
+
+#[punch: should this even be put? add dependency to strings LO,
+where we mention that strings have methods for manipulation. hint:
+use splitlines()]
+::
+
+  pend_list = pend.splitlines()
+
+  pend_list
+
+Now, let us learn to read the file line-by-line. But, before that
+we will have to close the file, since the file has already been
+read till the end. 
+#[punch: should we mention file-pointer?]
+
+Let us close the file opened into f.
+::
+
+  f.close()
+
+Let us again type ``f`` on the prompt to see what it shows. 
+::
+
+  f
+
+Notice, that it now says the file has been closed. It is a good
+programming practice to close any file objects that we have
+opened, after their job is done.
+
+Let us, now move on to reading files line-by-line. 
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and re-open the file ``pendulum.txt``
+with ``f`` as the file object, and then resume the video.
+
+We just use the up arrow until we reach the open command and issue
+it again. 
+::
+
+  f = open('/home/fossee/pendulum.txt')
+
+Now, to read the file line-by-line, we iterate over the file
+object line-by-line, using the ``for`` command. Let us iterate over
+the file line-wise and print each of the lines. 
+::
+
+  for line in f:
+      print line
+
+As we already know, ``line`` is just a dummy variable, and not a
+keyword. We could have used any other variable name, but ``line``
+seems meaningful enough.
+
+Instead of just printing the lines, let us append them to a list,
+``line_list``. We first initialize an empty list, ``line_list``. 
+::
+
+  line_list = [ ]
+
+Let us then read the file line-by-line and then append each of the
+lines, to the list. We could, as usual close the file using
+``f.close`` and re-open it. But, this time, let's leave alone the
+file object ``f`` and directly open the file within the for
+statement. This will save us the trouble of closing the file, each
+time we open it. 
+
+for line in open('/home/fossee/pendulum.txt'):
+line_list.append(line)
+
+Let us see what ``line_list`` contains. 
+::
+
+  line_list
+
+Notice that ``line_list`` is a list of the lines in the file, along
+with the newline characters. If you noticed, ``pend_list`` did not
+contain the newline characters, because the string ``pend`` was
+split on the newline characters. 
+
+{{{ show the summary slide }}}
+
+That brings us to the end of this tutorial. In this tutorial we
+have learnt to open and close files, read the data in the files as
+a whole, using the read command or reading it line by line by
+iterating over the file object. 
+
+Thank you!   
+
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee getting-started-ipython.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/getting-started-ipython.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+Welcome to so and so..
+
+
+This tutorial will cover the basic usage of the ``ipython``
+interpreter. The following topics would be covered.
+
+{{{ Show slide with outline of the session. }}}
+
+IPython is an enhanced Python interpreter that provides features like
+tabcompletion, easier access to help and many other functionalities
+which are not available in the vannila Python interpreter.
+
+First let us see how to invoke the ``ipython`` interpreter.
+
+We type
+::
+
+  ipython
+
+at the terminal prompt to invoke the ipython interpreter.
+
+We get a prompt with ``In [1]:`` after getting some information about
+the version of Python installed and some help commands.   
+
+If you get an error saying something like ``ipython is not
+installed``, refer to the tutorial on how to install the packages
+required for this course.
+
+Now, to quit the ipython interpreter, type Ctrl-D.  You are prompted
+asking if you really want to exit, type y to say yes and quit ipython.
+
+Start ipython again, as you did before.
+
+The prompt that you have says ``In [1]``. ``In`` stands for input and the
+ipython interpreter is ready to accept input from you.
+
+Now let us see, how we can type some commands into the interpreter.
+
+Start with the simplest thing, addition.
+
+Let's type 
+::
+  1+2 
+
+at the prompt. IPython promptly gives back the output as 3.  Notice
+that the output is displayed with an ``Out[1]`` indication.
+
+Let's try out few other mathematical operations.
+::
+
+  5 - 3
+  7 - 4
+  6 * 5
+
+Now let's ``print 1+2``. Instead of typing the whole thing, we make
+use of the fact that IPython remembers the history of the commands
+that you have already used. We use the up arrow key to go back the
+command ``1+2``. We then use the left-arrow key to navigate to the
+beginning of the line and add the word ``print`` and a space. Then hit
+enter and observe that the interpreter prints out the value as 3,
+without the Out[] indication.
+
+Now, let's change the previous command ``print 1+2`` to ``print
+10*2``.  We use the up arrow again to navigate to the previous command
+and use the left arrow key to move the cursor on to the + symbol and
+then use the delete key to remove it and type 0 and * to change the
+expression to the required one.  We hit enter to see the output of
+``print``. 
+
+Now, let's say we want to use the function ``round``. We type ``ro``
+at the prompt and hit the tab key. As you can see, the IPython
+completes the command. This feature is called the tab-completion.
+
+Now, we remove all the characters and just type ``r`` and then hit
+tab. IPython does not complete the command since there are many
+possibilities. It just lists out all the possible completions.
+
+%% %% Pause the video here and type ``ab`` and hit tab to see what
+happens. Next, jut type ``a`` and hit tab to see what happens. 
+
+``ab`` tab completes to ``abs`` and ``a<tab>`` gives us a list of all
+the commands starting with a. 
+
+Now, let's see what these functions are used for.  We will use the
+help features of ipython to find this out.
+
+To get the help of any function, we first type the function, ``abs``
+in our case and then add a ? at the end and hit enter.
+
+As the documentation says, ``abs`` accepts a number as an input and
+returns it's absolute value.
+
+We say, 
+::
+
+  abs(-19)
+
+  abs(19)
+
+We get 19, as expected, in both the cases.  
+
+Does it work for decimals (or floats)?  Let's try typing abs(-10.5)
+and we do get back 10.5.
+
+%% %% Pause the video here, and look-up the documentation of ``round``
+and see how to use it. 
+
+::
+
+ round?
+
+If you notice, there are extra square brackets around the ``ndigits``.
+This means that ``ndigits`` is optional and 0 is the default value.
+Optional parameters are shown in square brackets anywhere in Python
+documentation.
+
+The function ``round``, rounds a number to a given precision.
+
+%% %% Pause the video here and check the output of
+round(2.48)
+round(2.48, 1)
+round(2.48, 2)
+and then resume the video. 
+
+::
+  round(2.484)
+  round(2.484, 1)
+  round(2.484, 2)
+
+We get 2.0, 2.5 and 2.48, which are what we expect. 
+
+Let's now see how to correct typing errors that we make when typing at
+the terminal. As already shown, if we haven't hit the enter key
+already, we could navigate using the arrow keys and make deletions
+using delete or backspace key and correct the errors. 
+
+Let's now type round(2.484 and hit enter, without closing the
+parenthesis. We get a prompt with dots.  This prompt is the
+continuation prompt of ``ipython``.  It appears, the previous line is
+incomplete in some way.  We now complete the command by typing, the
+closing parenthesis and hitting enter.  We get the expected output of
+2.5. 
+
+In other instances, if we commit a typing error with a longer and more
+complex expression and end up with the continuation prompt, we can
+type Ctrl-C to interrupt the command and get back the ``ipython`` input
+prompt.
+
+%% %% Pause the video here. 
+Try typing round(2.484, and hit enter. and then cancel the command
+using Ctrl-C. Then, type the command, round(2.484, 2) and resume the
+video. 
+
+::
+  
+  round(2.484 
+  ^C
+
+  round(2.484, 2)
+  
+This brings us to the end of the tutorial on getting started with
+``ipython``.
+
+In this tutorial we have seen 
+{{{ show the outline/summary slide. }}}
+
+Thank you!
+
+
+
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee loading-data-from-files.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/loading-data-from-files.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+Welcome to this tutorial on loading data from files. 
+
+{{{ Screen shows welcome slide }}}
+
+Until now, all the plots we have made use analytic functions. We have
+been using analytic functions to generate a sequence of points and
+plotting them, against another sequence of points. But, this is not
+what we do most often. We often require to plot points obtained from
+experimental observations.
+
+#[punch: the initial part of the paragraph may be removed, to make
+this a more generic LO?]
+
+In this tutorial we shall learn to read data from files and save it
+into sequences that can later be used to plot.
+
+{{{ Show the outline for this tutorial }}} 
+
+We shall use the ``loadtxt`` command to load data from files. We will
+be looking at how to get multiple columns of data into multiple
+sequences.
+
+{{{ switch back to the terminal }}}
+
+As usual, let us start IPython, using 
+::
+
+  ipython -pylab 
+
+Now, Let us begin with reading the file primes.txt, which contains
+just a list of primes listed in a column, using the loadtxt command.
+The file, in our case, is present in ``/home/fossee/primes.txt``.
+
+#[punch: do we need a slide for showing the path?]
+
+We use the ``cat`` command to see the contents of this file. 
+
+#[punch: should we show the cat command here? seems like a good place
+to do it] ::
+
+  cat /home/fossee/primes.txt
+
+Now let us read this list into the variable ``primes``.
+::
+
+  primes = loadtxt('/home/fossee/primes.txt')
+
+``primes`` is now a sequence of primes, that was listed in the file,
+``primes.txt``.
+
+We now type, ``print primes`` to see the sequence printed.
+
+We observe that all of the numbers end with a period. This is so,
+because these numbers are actually read as ``floats``. We shall learn
+about them, later.
+
+Now, let us use the ``loadtxt`` command to read a file that contains
+two columns of data, ``pendulum.txt``. This file contains the length
+of the pendulum in the first column and the corresponding time period
+in the second.
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here, and use the ``cat`` command to view the
+contents of this file and then resume the video.
+
+This is how we look at the contents of the file, ``pendulum.txt``
+::
+
+  cat /home/fossee/pendulum.txt
+
+Let us, now, read the data into the variable ``pend``. Again, it is
+assumed that the file is in ``/home/fossee/``
+::
+
+  pend = loadtxt('/home/fossee/pendulum.txt')
+
+Let us now print the variable ``pend`` and see what's in it. 
+::
+
+  print pend
+
+Notice that ``pend`` is not a simple sequence like ``primes``. It has
+two sequences, containing both the columns of the data file. Let us
+use an additional argument of the ``loadtxt`` command, to read it into
+two separate, simple sequences.
+::
+
+  L, T = loadtxt('/home/fossee/pendulum.txt', unpack=True)
+
+Let us now, print the variables L and T, to see what they contain.
+::
+
+  print L
+  print T
+
+Notice, that L and T now contain the first and second columns of data
+from the data file, ``pendulum.txt``, and they are both simple
+sequences.
+
+{{{ show the slide with loadtxt --- other features }}}
+
+In this tutorial, we have learnt the basic use of the ``loadtxt``
+command, which is capable of doing a lot more than we have used it for
+until now, for example
+
+%%2%% Pause the video here, and read the file
+``pendulum_semicolon.txt`` which contains the same data as
+``pendulum.txt``, but the columns are separated by semi-colons instead
+of spaces. Use the IPython help to see how to do this. Once you have
+finished, resume the video to look at the solution.
+
+{{{ switch back to the terminal }}}
+::
+
+  L, T = loadtxt('/home/fossee/pendulum.txt', unpack``True, delimiter``';')
+
+  print L
+
+  print T
+
+This brings us to the end of this tutorial. 
+
+{{{ show the summary slide }}}
+
+You should now be able to do the following, comfortably. 
+
+  + Read data from files, containing a single column of data using the
+    ``loadtxt`` command.
+  + Read multiple columns of data, separated by spaces or other
+    delimiters.
+
+Thank you!   
+
+
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee loops.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/loops.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+{{{ show the welcome slide }}}
+
+Welcome to this tutorial on manipulating strings. 
+
+{{{ show the slide with outline }}} 
+
+In this tutorial we shall learn to manipulate strings, specifically
+slicing and reversing them, or replacing characters, converting from
+upper to lower case and vice-versa 
+
+#[punch: reversed returns an iterator. should we still teach it?]
+
+We have an ``ipython`` shell open, in which we are going to work,
+through out this session. 
+
+Let us consider a simple problem, and learn how to slice strings and
+get sub-strings. 
+
+Let's say the variable ``week`` has the list of the names of the days
+of the week. 
+
+::
+
+    week = ["sun", "mon", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat"]
+
+
+Now given a string ``s``, we should be able to check if the string is a
+valid name of a day of the week or not. 
+
+::
+
+    s = saturday
+
+
+``s`` could be in any of the forms --- sat, saturday, Sat, Saturday,
+SAT, SATURDAY. We shall now be solving the problem only for the forms,
+sat and saturday. We shall solve it for the other forms, at the end of
+the tutorial. 
+
+{{{ show these forms in a slide }}}
+
+So, we need to check if the first three characters of the given string
+exists in the variable ``week``. 
+
+As, with any of the string data-types, strings can be sliced into
+sub-strings. To get the first three characters of s, we say, 
+
+::
+
+    s[0:3]
+
+Note that, we are slicing the string from the index 0 to index 3, 3
+not included. 
+
+As we already know, the last element of the string can be accessed
+using ``s[-1]``.  
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and obtain the sub-string excluding the
+first and last characters from the string. 
+
+::
+
+    s[1:-1]
+
+gives the a substring of s, without the first and the last
+characters. 
+
+::
+
+    s = saturday
+    s[:3]
+
+Now, we just check if that substring is present in the variable
+``week``. 
+
+::
+
+    s[:3] in week          
+
+Let us now consider the problem of finding out if a given string is
+palindromic or not. First of all, a palindromic string is a string
+that remains same even when it has been reversed.
+
+Let the string given be ``malayalam``.
+
+::
+
+    s = "malayalam"
+
+Now, we need to compare this string with it's reverse. 
+
+Again, we will use a technique common to all sequence data-types,
+[::-1]
+
+So, we obtain the reverse of s, by simply saying, 
+
+::
+
+    s[::-1]
+
+Now, to check if the string is ``s`` is palindromic, we say
+::
+
+    s == s[::-1]
+
+As, expected, we get ``True``. 
+
+Now, if the string we are given is ``Malayalam`` instead of
+``malayalam``, the above comparison would return a False. So, we will
+have to convert the string to all lower case or all upper case, before
+comparing. Python provides methods, ``s.lower`` and ``s.upper`` to
+achieve this. 
+
+Let's try it out. 
+::
+
+   s = "Malayalam"
+
+   s.upper()
+
+   s
+
+   s.lower()
+
+   s.lower() == s.lower()[::-1]
+   
+Note that these methods, do not change the original string, but return
+a new string.
+
+a%% %% Pause the video here, and finish the problem of checking if
+``s`` is a valid name of a day of the week and then resume the
+video. Change the solution to this problem, to include forms like,
+SAT, SATURDAY, Saturday and Sat. 
+
+::
+
+    s.lower()[:3] in week
+
+We just convert any input string to lower case and then check if it is
+present in the list ``week``. 
+
+Now, let us consider another problem. We often encounter e-mail id's
+which have @ and periods replaced with text, something like
+info[at]fossee[dot]in. We now wish to get back proper e-mail
+addresses.  
+
+Let's say the variable email has the email address. 
+::
+
+   email = "info[at]fossee[dot]in"
+
+Now, we first replace the ``[at]`` with the ``@``, using the replace
+method of strings. 
+::
+
+   email = email.replace("[at]", "@")
+   print email
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and replace the ``[dot]`` with ``.`` and then
+resume the video. 
+
+::
+
+   email = email.replace("[dot]", ".")        
+   print email
+
+
+That brings us to the end of the tutorial. 
+
+{{{ show summary slide }}}
+
+In this tutorial, we have learnt how to get substrings, reverse
+strings and a few useful methods, namely upper, lower and replace. 
+
+Thank You!
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee manipulating-strings.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/manipulating-strings.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+{{{ show the welcome slide }}}
+
+Welcome to this tutorial on manipulating strings. 
+
+{{{ show the slide with outline }}} 
+
+In this tutorial we shall learn to manipulate strings, specifically
+slicing and reversing them, or replacing characters, converting from
+upper to lower case and vice-versa 
+
+#[punch: reversed returns an iterator. should we still teach it?]
+
+We have an ``ipython`` shell open, in which we are going to work,
+through out this session. 
+
+Let us consider a simple problem, and learn how to slice strings and
+get sub-strings. 
+
+Let's say the variable ``week`` has the list of the names of the days
+of the week. 
+
+::
+
+    week = ["sun", "mon", "tue", "wed", "thu", "fri", "sat"]
+
+
+Now given a string ``s``, we should be able to check if the string is a
+valid name of a day of the week or not. 
+
+::
+
+    s = saturday
+
+
+``s`` could be in any of the forms --- sat, saturday, Sat, Saturday,
+SAT, SATURDAY. We shall now be solving the problem only for the forms,
+sat and saturday. We shall solve it for the other forms, at the end of
+the tutorial. 
+
+{{{ show these forms in a slide }}}
+
+So, we need to check if the first three characters of the given string
+exists in the variable ``week``. 
+
+As, with any of the string data-types, strings can be sliced into
+sub-strings. To get the first three characters of s, we say, 
+
+::
+
+    s[0:3]
+
+Note that, we are slicing the string from the index 0 to index 3, 3
+not included. 
+
+As we already know, the last element of the string can be accessed
+using ``s[-1]``.  
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and obtain the sub-string excluding the
+first and last characters from the string. 
+
+::
+
+    s[1:-1]
+
+gives the a substring of s, without the first and the last
+characters. 
+
+::
+
+    s = saturday
+    s[:3]
+
+Now, we just check if that substring is present in the variable
+``week``. 
+
+::
+
+    s[:3] in week          
+
+Let us now consider the problem of finding out if a given string is
+palindromic or not. First of all, a palindromic string is a string
+that remains same even when it has been reversed.
+
+Let the string given be ``malayalam``.
+
+::
+
+    s = "malayalam"
+
+Now, we need to compare this string with it's reverse. 
+
+Again, we will use a technique common to all sequence data-types,
+[::-1]
+
+So, we obtain the reverse of s, by simply saying, 
+
+::
+
+    s[::-1]
+
+Now, to check if the string is ``s`` is palindromic, we say
+::
+
+    s == s[::-1]
+
+As, expected, we get ``True``. 
+
+Now, if the string we are given is ``Malayalam`` instead of
+``malayalam``, the above comparison would return a False. So, we will
+have to convert the string to all lower case or all upper case, before
+comparing. Python provides methods, ``s.lower`` and ``s.upper`` to
+achieve this. 
+
+Let's try it out. 
+::
+
+   s = "Malayalam"
+
+   s.upper()
+
+   s
+
+   s.lower()
+
+   s.lower() == s.lower()[::-1]
+   
+Note that these methods, do not change the original string, but return
+a new string.
+
+a%% %% Pause the video here, and finish the problem of checking if
+``s`` is a valid name of a day of the week and then resume the
+video. Change the solution to this problem, to include forms like,
+SAT, SATURDAY, Saturday and Sat. 
+
+::
+
+    s.lower()[:3] in week
+
+We just convert any input string to lower case and then check if it is
+present in the list ``week``. 
+
+Now, let us consider another problem. We often encounter e-mail id's
+which have @ and periods replaced with text, something like
+info[at]fossee[dot]in. We now wish to get back proper e-mail
+addresses.  
+
+Let's say the variable email has the email address. 
+::
+
+   email = "info[at]fossee[dot]in"
+
+Now, we first replace the ``[at]`` with the ``@``, using the replace
+method of strings. 
+::
+
+   email = email.replace("[at]", "@")
+   print email
+
+%%1%% Pause the video here and replace the ``[dot]`` with ``.`` and then
+resume the video. 
+
+::
+
+   email = email.replace("[dot]", ".")        
+   print email
+
+
+That brings us to the end of the tutorial. 
+
+{{{ show summary slide }}}
+
+In this tutorial, we have learnt how to get substrings, reverse
+strings and a few useful methods, namely upper, lower and replace. 
+
+Thank You!
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee module-assessment-arrays-matrices.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/module-assessment-arrays-matrices.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+Welcome. 
+
+This spoken tutorial is a self-assessment tutorial and you will be
+able to assess yourself on the concepts learnt in the Module on Arrays
+and Matrices. 
+
+
+As with all other assessments we will first start with a few short
+questions that will not take you more that 15 to 20 seconds to
+answer. Then we shall move on to a bigger problem, that you are
+expected to solve in less than 10 mins. 
+
+
+  * Given a list of marks::
+   
+      marks = [10, 20, 30, 50, 55, 75, 83]
+
+    How will you convert it to an array?
+
+  * What is the shape of the following array?::
+
+      x = array([[1,2,3,4],
+                 [3,4,2,5]])
+
+  * What is the resulting array::
+
+      a = array([[1, 2],
+                 [3, 4]])
+      
+      a[1,0] = 0
+ 
+  * What is the resulting array?::
+
+      x = array(([1,2,3,4],
+                 [2,3,4,5]))
+
+      x[-2][-3] = 4
+
+
+  * How do we change the array ``x = array([[1,2,3,4]])`` to
+    ``array([[1,2,0,4]])``?
+
+  * How do we get the slice::
+
+      array([[2,3],
+             [4,2]])
+
+    out of the array::
+
+      x = array([[1,2,3,4],
+                 [3,4,2,5]])
+
+
+  * What is the output of x[::3,::3], when x is::
+
+      x = array([[9,18,27],
+                 [30,60,90],
+                 [14,7,1]])
+
+  * How do you get the transpose of this array?::
+
+      a = array([[1, 2],
+                 [3, 4]])
+
+  * What is the output of the following?::
+
+      a = array([[1, 2],
+                 [3, 4]])
+
+      b = array([[1, 1],
+                 [2, 2]])
+
+      a*b
+
+
+{{{ show slides with solutions to these problems }}}
+
+Now, let us move on to a larger problem. From the image
+`tagore-einstein.png``
+
+  + extract the face of Einstein alone.
+  + extract the face of Tagore alone.
+  + get a smaller copy of the image, that is a fourth it's size. 
+                 
diff -r e75538bca178 -r 476ea1730aee using-sage.rst
--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/using-sage.rst	Thu Sep 16 12:10:16 2010 +0530
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+========
+ Script
+========
+
+{{{ show the welcome slide }}}
+
+Welcome to this tutorial on using Sage.
+
+{{{ show the slide with outline }}} 
+
+In this tutorial we shall quickly look at a few examples of the areas
+(name the areas, here) in which Sage can be used and how it can be
+used.
+
+{{{ show the slide with Calculus outline }}} 
+
+Let us begin with Calculus. We shall be looking at limits,
+differentiation, integration, and Taylor polynomial.
+
+{{{ show sage notebook }}}
+
+We have our Sage notebook running. In case, you don't have it running,
+start is using the command, ``sage --notebook``.
+
+To find the limit of the function x*sin(1/x), at x=0, we say::
+
+   lim(x*sin(1/x), x=0)
+
+We get the limit to be 0, as expected. 
+
+It is also possible to the limit at a point from one direction. For
+example, let us find the limit of 1/x at x=0, when approaching from
+the positive side.::
+
+    lim(1/x, x=0, dir='above')
+
+To find the limit from the negative side, we say,::
+
+    lim(1/x, x=0, dir='above')   
+
+Let us now see how to differentiate, using Sage. We shall find the
+differential of the expression ``exp(sin(x^2))/x`` w.r.t ``x``. We
+shall first define the expression, and then use the ``diff`` function
+to obtain the differential of the expression.::
+
+    var('x')
+    f = exp(sin(x^2))/x
+
+    diff(f, x)
+
+We can also obtain the partial differentiation of an expression w.r.t
+one of the variables. Let us differentiate the expression
+``exp(sin(y - x^2))/x`` w.r.t x and y.::
+
+    var('x y')
+    f = exp(sin(y - x^2))/x
+
+    diff(f, x)
+
+    diff(f, y)
+
+Now, let us look at integration. We shall use the expression obtained
+from the differentiation that we did before, ``diff(f, y)`` ---
+``e^(sin(-x^2 + y))*cos(-x^2 + y)/x``. The ``integrate`` command is
+used to obtain the integral of an expression or function.::
+
+    integrate(e^(sin(-x^2 + y))*cos(-x^2 + y)/x, y)
+
+We get back the correct expression. The minus sign being inside or
+outside the ``sin`` function doesn't change much. 
+
+Now, let us find the value of the integral between the limits 0 and
+pi/2. ::
+
+    integral(e^(sin(-x^2 + y))*cos(-x^2 + y)/x, y, 0, pi/2)
+
+Let us now see how to obtain the Taylor expansion of an expression
+using sage. Let us obtain the Taylor expansion of ``(x + 1)^n`` up to
+degree 4 about 0.::
+
+    var('x n')
+    taylor((x+1)^n, x, 0, 4)
+
+This brings us to the end of the features of Sage for Calculus, that
+we will be looking at. For more, look at the Calculus quick-ref from
+the Sage Wiki. 
+
+Next let us move on to Matrix Algebra. 
+
+{{{ show the equation on the slides }}}
+
+Let us begin with solving the equation ``Ax = v``, where A is the
+matrix ``matrix([[1,2],[3,4]])`` and v is the vector
+``vector([1,2])``. 
+
+To solve the equation, ``Ax = v`` we simply say::
+
+    x = solve_right(A, v)
+
+To solve the equation, ``xA = v`` we simply say::
+
+    x = solve_left(A, v)
+
+The left and right here, denote the position of ``A``, relative to x. 
+
+
+
+Now, let us look at Graph Theory in Sage. 
+
+Graph: G = Graph({0:[1,2,3], 2:[4]})
+Directed Graph: DiGraph(dictionary)
+Graph families: graphs. tab
+Invariants: G.chromatic polynomial(), G.is planar()
+Paths: G.shortest path()
+Visualize: G.plot(), G.plot3d()
+Automorphisms: G.automorphism group(), G1.is isomorphic(G2), G1.is subgraph(G2)
+
+Now let us look at bits and pieces of Number theory, combinatorics, 
+