embellishing_a_plot.rst
author Puneeth Chaganti <punchagan@fossee.in>
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.. Author              : Nishanth
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   Internal Reviewer 1 : Anoop
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   Internal Reviewer 2 : Madhu
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   External Reviewer   :
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.. Prerequisites: using ``plot`` command
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Hello friends and welcome to the tutorial on Embellishing Plots.
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{{{ Show the slide containing title }}}
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{{{ Show the slide containing the outline }}}
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In this tutorial, we shall look at how to modify the colour, thickness and 
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linestyle of the plot. We shall then learn how to add title to the plot and 
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then look at adding labels to x and y axes. we shall also look at adding 
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annotations to the plot and setting the limits of axes.
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Let us start ipython with pylab loaded, by typing on the terminal
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{{{ shift to terminal and type ipython -pylab }}}
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::
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    ipython -pylab
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.. #[madhu: I feel the instructions should precede the actual action,
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since while recording we need to know before hand what we need to do]
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We shall first make a simple plot and start decorating it.
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.. #[madhu: start decorating it should be fine, with is not necessary]
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::
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    x = linspace(-2, 4, 20)
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    plot(x, sin(x))
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.. #[madhu: Standard is to choose between -50 to 50 or 0 to 50 with 100
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     points right?]
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As we can see, the default colour and the default thickness of the
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line is as decided by pylab. Wouldn't be nice if we could control
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these parameters in the plot? This is possible by passing additional
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arguments to the plot command.
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.. #[[Anoop: I think it will be good to rephrase the sentence]]
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.. #[madhu: Why "you" here? Shouldn't this be "we" as decided? Also I
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     added "the default" check the diff]
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The additional argument that we shall be passing in here now is the
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colour argument. We shall first clear the figure and plot the same in
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red colour. Hence
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.. #[Madhu: Note the diff for changes]
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 ::
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    clf()
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    plot(x, sin(x), 'r')
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As we can see we have the same plot but now in red colour.
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.. #[Madhu: diff again]
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To alter the thickness of the line, we use the ``linewidth`` argument in the plot
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command. Hence
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::
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    plot(x, cos(x), linewidth=2)
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produces a plot with a thicker line, to be more precise plot with line
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thickness 2.
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.. #[[Anoop: I guess it will be good if you say that it affects the
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   same plot, as you have not cleared the figure]]
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.. #[Madhu: To Anoop, not necessary I feel since they can see it?]
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{{{ Show the plot and compare the sine and cos plots }}}
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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.. #[[Anoop: is the above a context switch for the person who does the
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   recording, other wise if it an instruction to the person viewing
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   the video, then I guess the three braces can be removed.]]
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%% 1 %% Plot sin(x) in blue colour and with linewidth as 3
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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A combination of colour and linewidth would do the job for us. Hence
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::
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    clf()
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    plot(x, sin(x), 'b', linewidth=3)
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.. #[[Anoop: add clf()]]
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produces the required plot
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.. #[Nishanth]: I could not think of a SIMPLE recipe approach for
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             introducing linestyle. Hence the naive approach.
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.. #[[Anoop: I guess the recipe is fine, but would be better if you
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   add the problem statement rather than just saying "let's do a simple
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   plot"]]
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.. #[Madhu: It is good enough.]
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Occasionally we would also want to alter the style of line. Sometimes
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all we want is just a bunch of points not joined. This is possible by
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passing the linestyle argument along with or instead of the colour
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argument. Hence ::
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    clf()
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    plot(x, sin(x), '.')
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produces a plot with only points.
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To produce the same plot but now in blue colour, we do
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::
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    clf()
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    plot(x, sin(x), 'b.')
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Other available options can be seen in the documentation of plot.
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::
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    plot?
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{{{ Run through the documentation and show the options available }}}
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{{{ Show the options available for line style and colors }}}
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.. #[Madhu: The script needs to tell what needs to be shown or
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     explained.]
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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.. #[[Anoop: same question as above, should it be read out?]]
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%% 2 %% Plot the sine curve with green filled circles.
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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All we have to do is use a combination of linestyle and colour to acheive this.
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Hence
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::
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    clf()
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    plot(x, cos(x), 'go')
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produces the required plot.
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 3 %% Plot the curve of x vs tan(x) in red dashed line and linewidth 3
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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.. #[Madhu: I did not understand the question]
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Now that we know how to produce a bare minimum plot with colour, style
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and thickness of our interest, we shall look at decorating the plot.
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Let us start with a plot of the function -x^2 + 4x - 5.
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::
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    plot(x, -x*x + 4*x - 5, 'r', linewidth=2)
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{{{ Show the plot window and switch back to terminal }}}
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We now have the plot in a colour and linewidth of our interest. As you can see,
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the figure does not have any description describing the plot.
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.. #[Madhu: Added "not". See the diff]
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We will now add a title to the plot by using the ``title`` command.
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::
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    title("Parabolic function -x^2+4x-5") 
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{{{ Show the plot window and point to the title }}}
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The figure now has a title which describes what the plot is. The
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``title`` command as you can see, takes a string as an argument and sets
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the title accordingly.
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.. #[Madhu: See the diff]
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The formatting in title is messed and it does not look clean. You can imagine
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what would be the situation if there were fractions and more complex functions
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like log and exp. Wouldn't it be good if there was LaTex like formatting?
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That is also possible by adding a $ sign before and after the part of the 
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string that should be in LaTex style.
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for instance, we can use
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::
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    title("Parabolic function $-x^2+4x-5$")
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and we get the polynomial formatted properly.
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.. #[Nishanth]: Unsure if I have to give this exercise since enclosing the whole
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             string in LaTex style is not good
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.. #[[Anoop: I guess you can go ahead with the LaTex thing, it's
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     cool!]]
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.. #[Madhu: Instead of saying LaTeX style you can say Typeset math
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     since that is how it is called as. I am not sure as well. It
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     doesn't really solve the purpose]
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 4 %% Change the title of the figure such that the whole title is formatted
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        in LaTex style
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{{{ continue from the paused state }}}
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The solution is to enclose the whole string in between $. Hence,
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::
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    title("$Parabolic function -x^2+4x-5$")
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gives a title that looks neatly formatted.
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Although we have title, the plot is not complete without labelling x
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and y axes. Hence we shall label x-axis to "x" and y-axis to "f(x)" ::
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    xlabel("x")
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{{{ Switch to plot window and show the xlabel }}}
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As you can see, ``xlabel`` command takes a string as an argument,
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similar to the ``title`` command and sets it as the label to x-axis.
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.. #[See the diff]
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Similarly,
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::
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    ylabel("f(x)")
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sets the name of the y-axis as "f(x)"
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{{{ Show the plot window and point to ylabel and switch back to the terminal }}}
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 5 %% Set the x and y labels as "x" and "f(x)" in LaTex style.
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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Since we need LaTex style formatting, all we have to do is enclose the string
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in between two $. Hence,
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::
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    xlabel("$x$")
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    yalbel("$f(x)$")
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does the job for us.
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{{{ Show the plot window with clean labels }}}
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The plot is now almost complete. Except that we have still not seen how to 
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name the points. For example the point (2, -1) is the local maxima. We would
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like to name the point accordingly. We can do this by using
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::
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    annotate("local maxima", xy=(2, -1))
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{{{ Show the annotation that has appeared on the plot }}}
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As you can see, the first argument to ``annotate`` command is the name we would
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like to mark the point as and the second argument is the co-ordinates of the
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point at which the name should appear. It is a sequence containing two numbers.
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The first is x co-ordinate and second is y co-ordinate.
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.. #[[Anoop: I think we should tell explicitely that xy takes a
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   sequence or a tuple]]
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.. #[Madhu: Agreed to what anoop says and also that xy= is the point
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     part should be rephrased I think.]
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 6 %% Make an annotation called "root" at the point (-4, 0)
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        What happens to the first annotation ?
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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As we can see, every annotate command makes a new annotation on the figure.
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Now we have everything we need to decorate a plot. but the plot would be
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incomplete if we can not set the limits of axes. This is possible using the
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button on the plot window.
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we shall look at how to get and set them from the script.
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::
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    xlim()
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    ylim()
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We see that ``xlim`` function returns the current x axis limits and ylim
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function returns the current y-axis limits.
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Let us look at how to set the limits.
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::
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    xlim(-4, 5)
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We see the limits of x-axis are now set to -4 and 5.
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Similarly
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::
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    ylim(-15, 2)
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sets the limits of y-axis appropriately.
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{{{ Pause here and try out the following exercises }}}
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%% 7 %% Set the limits of axes such that the area of interest is the rectangle
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        (-1, -15) and (3, 0)
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{{{ continue from paused state }}}
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As we can see, the lower upper limits of x-axis in the question are -1 and 3.
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The limits of y-axis are -15 and 0.
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::
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    xlim(-1, 3)
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    ylim(-15, 0)
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Gives us the required rectangle.
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{{{ Show summary slide }}}
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we have looked at 
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 * Modifying the attributes of plot by passing additional arguments
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 * How to add title
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 * How to incorporate LaTex style formatting
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 * How to label x and y axes
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 * How to add annotations
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 * How to set the limits of axes
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{{{ Show the "sponsored by FOSSEE" slide }}}
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6dcc77582e26 made the comments in my script as rst comments
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.. #[Nishanth]: Will add this line after all of us fix on one.
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This tutorial was created as a part of FOSSEE project, NME ICT, MHRD India
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Hope you have enjoyed and found it useful.
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Thankyou
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Questions
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=========
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 1. Draw a plot of cosine graph between -2pi to 2pi with line thickness 4
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    Answer::
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    x = linspace(-2*pi, 2*pi)
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    plot(x, cos(x), linewidth=4)
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 2. Draw a plot of the polynomial x^2-5x+6 in the range 0 to 5 in blue dotted
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    line
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    Answer::
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    x = linspace(-2*pi, 2*pi)
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    plot(x, x**2 - 5*x + 6, 'r.')
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 3. Which marker is used to get circles
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    a. '.'
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    #. '^'
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    #. 'o'
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    #. '--'
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 4. What does the '^' marker produce
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    Answer: Triangle up marker
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 5. How do you set the title as x^2-5x+6 in LaTex style formatting
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    Answer: title("$x^2-5x+6$")
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6. What happens when the following code is executed::
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    xlabel("First label")
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    xlabel("Second label")
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   Answer: The label of x-axis is set to "Second label"
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 7. Read thorugh the documentation and find out is there a way to modify the
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    alignment of text in the command ``ylabel``
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   a. Yes
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   #. No
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   Answer: No
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 8. How to add the annotation "Maxima" at the point (1, 2)
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   Answer: annotate("Maxima", xy=(1, 2))
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 9. Is the command ``annotate("max", (1, 2))`` same as ``annotate("max",
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    xy=(1, 2)``
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    a. True
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    b. False
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    Answer: True
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 10. When a new annotation is made at a point, what happens to the old one
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    a. It is replaced
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    b. It is overwritten
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    c. The new annotation is combined with old one
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    Answer: It is overwritten
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 11. What happens when xlim is used without arguments
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    Answer: It gives the current limits of x-axis
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 12. What happens when ``ylim(0, 5)`` is used
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    Answer: It sets the lower and upper limits of y-axis to 0 and 5
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 13. Draw a cosine plot from 0 to 2*pi with green dots. annotate the origin as
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     "origin" and set x and y labels to "x" and cos(x) and x limits to 0 and
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     2pi and y limits to -1.2 and 1.2
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    Answer::
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      x = linspace(0, 2*pi)
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      plot(x, cos(x), 'g.')
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      annotate("origin", (0, 0))
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      xlabel("$x$")
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      ylabel("$cos(x)$")
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      xlim(0, 2*pi)
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      ylim(-1.2, 1.2)
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