=============

Generic views

=============

Writing Web applications can be monotonous, because we repeat certain patterns

again and again. Django tries to take away some of that monotony at the model

and template layers, but Web developers also experience this boredom at the view

level.

Django's *generic views* were developed to ease that pain. They take certain

common idioms and patterns found in view development and abstract them so that

you can quickly write common views of data without having to write too much

code.

We can recognize certain common tasks, like displaying a list of objects, and

write code that displays a list of *any* object. Then the model in question can

be passed as an extra argument to the URLconf.

Django ships with generic views to do the following:

    * Perform common "simple" tasks: redirect to a different page and

      render a given template.

    * Display list and detail pages for a single object. If we were creating an

      application to manage conferences then a ``talk_list`` view and a

      ``registered_user_list`` view would be examples of list views. A single

      talk page is an example of what we call a "detail" view.

    * Present date-based objects in year/month/day archive pages,

      associated detail, and "latest" pages. The Django Weblog's

      (http://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/) year, month, and

      day archives are built with these, as would be a typical

      newspaper's archives.

    * Allow users to create, update, and delete objects -- with or

      without authorization.

Taken together, these views provide easy interfaces to perform the most common

tasks developers encounter.

Using generic views

===================

All of these views are used by creating configuration dictionaries in

your URLconf files and passing those dictionaries as the third member of the

URLconf tuple for a given pattern.

For example, here's a simple URLconf you could use to present a static "about"

page::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    from django.views.generic.simple import direct_to_template

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        ('^about/$', direct_to_template, {

            'template': 'about.html'

        })

    )

Though this might seem a bit "magical" at first glance  -- look, a view with no

code! --, actually the ``direct_to_template`` view simply grabs information from

the extra-parameters dictionary and uses that information when rendering the

view.

Because this generic view -- and all the others -- is a regular view function

like any other, we can reuse it inside our own views. As an example, let's

extend our "about" example to map URLs of the form ``/about/<whatever>/`` to

statically rendered ``about/<whatever>.html``. We'll do this by first modifying

the URLconf to point to a view function:

.. parsed-literal::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    from django.views.generic.simple import direct_to_template

    **from books.views import about_pages**

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        ('^about/$', direct_to_template, {

            'template': 'about.html'

        }),

        **('^about/(\\w+)/$', about_pages),**

    )

Next, we'll write the ``about_pages`` view::

    from django.http import Http404

    from django.template import TemplateDoesNotExist

    from django.views.generic.simple import direct_to_template

    def about_pages(request, page):

        try:

            return direct_to_template(request, template="about/%s.html" % page)

        except TemplateDoesNotExist:

            raise Http404()

Here we're treating ``direct_to_template`` like any other function. Since it

returns an ``HttpResponse``, we can simply return it as-is. The only slightly

tricky business here is dealing with missing templates. We don't want a

nonexistent template to cause a server error, so we catch

``TemplateDoesNotExist`` exceptions and return 404 errors instead.

.. admonition:: Is there a security vulnerability here?

    Sharp-eyed readers may have noticed a possible security hole: we're

    constructing the template name using interpolated content from the browser

    (``template="about/%s.html" % page``). At first glance, this looks like a

    classic *directory traversal* vulnerability. But is it really?

    Not exactly. Yes, a maliciously crafted value of ``page`` could cause

    directory traversal, but although ``page`` *is* taken from the request URL,

    not every value will be accepted. The key is in the URLconf: we're using

    the regular expression ``\w+`` to match the ``page`` part of the URL, and

    ``\w`` only accepts letters and numbers. Thus, any malicious characters

    (dots and slashes, here) will be rejected by the URL resolver before they

    reach the view itself.

Generic views of objects

========================

The ``direct_to_template`` certainly is useful, but Django's generic views

really shine when it comes to presenting views on your database content. Because

it's such a common task, Django comes with a handful of built-in generic views

that make generating list and detail views of objects incredibly easy.

Let's take a look at one of these generic views: the "object list" view. We'll

be using these models::

    # models.py

    from django.db import models

    class Publisher(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(max_length=30)

        address = models.CharField(max_length=50)

        city = models.CharField(max_length=60)

        state_province = models.CharField(max_length=30)

        country = models.CharField(max_length=50)

        website = models.URLField()

        def __unicode__(self):

            return self.name

        class Meta:

            ordering = ["-name"]

    class Book(models.Model):

        title = models.CharField(max_length=100)

        authors = models.ManyToManyField('Author')

        publisher = models.ForeignKey(Publisher)

        publication_date = models.DateField()

To build a list page of all publishers, we'd use a URLconf along these lines::

    from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

    from django.views.generic import list_detail

    from books.models import Publisher

    publisher_info = {

        "queryset" : Publisher.objects.all(),

    }

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        (r'^publishers/$', list_detail.object_list, publisher_info)

    )

That's all the Python code we need to write. We still need to write a template,

however. We could explicitly tell the ``object_list`` view which template to use

by including a ``template_name`` key in the extra arguments dictionary, but in

the absence of an explicit template Django will infer one from the object's

name. In this case, the inferred template will be

``"books/publisher_list.html"`` -- the "books" part comes from the name of the

app that defines the model, while the "publisher" bit is just the lowercased

version of the model's name.

.. highlightlang:: html+django

This template will be rendered against a context containing a variable called

``object_list`` that contains all the publisher objects. A very simple template

might look like the following::

    {% extends "base.html" %}

    {% block content %}

        <h2>Publishers</h2>

        <ul>

            {% for publisher in object_list %}

                <li>{{ publisher.name }}</li>

            {% endfor %}

        </ul>

    {% endblock %}

That's really all there is to it. All the cool features of generic views come

from changing the "info" dictionary passed to the generic view. The

:doc:`generic views reference</ref/generic-views>` documents all the generic

views and all their options in detail; the rest of this document will consider

some of the common ways you might customize and extend generic views.

Extending generic views

=======================

.. highlightlang:: python

There's no question that using generic views can speed up development

substantially. In most projects, however, there comes a moment when the

generic views no longer suffice. Indeed, the most common question asked by new

Django developers is how to make generic views handle a wider array of

situations.

Luckily, in nearly every one of these cases, there are ways to simply extend

generic views to handle a larger array of use cases. These situations usually

fall into a handful of patterns dealt with in the sections that follow.

Making "friendly" template contexts

-----------------------------------

You might have noticed that our sample publisher list template stores all the

books in a variable named ``object_list``. While this works just fine, it isn't

all that "friendly" to template authors: they have to "just know" that they're

dealing with publishers here. A better name for that variable would be

``publisher_list``; that variable's content is pretty obvious.

We can change the name of that variable easily with the ``template_object_name``

argument:

.. parsed-literal::

    publisher_info = {

        "queryset" : Publisher.objects.all(),

        **"template_object_name" : "publisher",**

    }

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        (r'^publishers/$', list_detail.object_list, publisher_info)

    )

Providing a useful ``template_object_name`` is always a good idea. Your

coworkers who design templates will thank you.

Adding extra context

--------------------

Often you simply need to present some extra information beyond that provided by

the generic view. For example, think of showing a list of all the books on each

publisher detail page. The ``object_detail`` generic view provides the

publisher to the context, but it seems there's no way to get additional

information in that template.

But there is: all generic views take an extra optional parameter,

``extra_context``. This is a dictionary of extra objects that will be added to

the template's context. So, to provide the list of all books on the detail

detail view, we'd use an info dict like this:

.. parsed-literal::

    from books.models import Publisher, **Book**

    publisher_info = {

        "queryset" : Publisher.objects.all(),

        "template_object_name" : "publisher",

        **"extra_context" : {"book_list" : Book.objects.all()}**

    }

This would populate a ``{{ book_list }}`` variable in the template context.

This pattern can be used to pass any information down into the template for the

generic view. It's very handy.

However, there's actually a subtle bug here -- can you spot it?

The problem has to do with when the queries in ``extra_context`` are evaluated.

Because this example puts ``Book.objects.all()`` in the URLconf, it will

be evaluated only once (when the URLconf is first loaded). Once you add or

remove books, you'll notice that the generic view doesn't reflect those

changes until you reload the Web server (see :ref:`caching-and-querysets`

for more information about when QuerySets are cached and evaluated).

.. note::

    This problem doesn't apply to the ``queryset`` generic view argument. Since

    Django knows that particular QuerySet should *never* be cached, the generic

    view takes care of clearing the cache when each view is rendered.

The solution is to use a callback in ``extra_context`` instead of a value. Any

callable (i.e., a function) that's passed to ``extra_context`` will be evaluated

when the view is rendered (instead of only once). You could do this with an

explicitly defined function:

.. parsed-literal::

    def get_books():

        return Book.objects.all()

    publisher_info = {

        "queryset" : Publisher.objects.all(),

        "template_object_name" : "publisher",

        "extra_context" : **{"book_list" : get_books}**

    }

or you could use a less obvious but shorter version that relies on the fact that

``Book.objects.all`` is itself a callable:

.. parsed-literal::

    publisher_info = {

        "queryset" : Publisher.objects.all(),

        "template_object_name" : "publisher",

        "extra_context" : **{"book_list" : Book.objects.all}**

    }

Notice the lack of parentheses after ``Book.objects.all``; this references

the function without actually calling it (which the generic view will do later).

Viewing subsets of objects

--------------------------

Now let's take a closer look at this ``queryset`` key we've been using all

along. Most generic views take one of these ``queryset`` arguments -- it's how

the view knows which set of objects to display (see :doc:`/topics/db/queries` for

more information about ``QuerySet`` objects, and see the

:doc:`generic views reference</ref/generic-views>` for the complete details).

To pick a simple example, we might want to order a list of books by

publication date, with the most recent first:

.. parsed-literal::

    book_info = {

        "queryset" : Book.objects.all().order_by("-publication_date"),

    }

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        (r'^publishers/$', list_detail.object_list, publisher_info),

        **(r'^books/$', list_detail.object_list, book_info),**

    )

That's a pretty simple example, but it illustrates the idea nicely. Of course,

you'll usually want to do more than just reorder objects. If you want to

present a list of books by a particular publisher, you can use the same

technique:

.. parsed-literal::

    **acme_books = {**

        **"queryset": Book.objects.filter(publisher__name="Acme Publishing"),**

        **"template_name" : "books/acme_list.html"**

    **}**

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        (r'^publishers/$', list_detail.object_list, publisher_info),

        **(r'^books/acme/$', list_detail.object_list, acme_books),**

    )

Notice that along with a filtered ``queryset``, we're also using a custom

template name. If we didn't, the generic view would use the same template as the

"vanilla" object list, which might not be what we want.

Also notice that this isn't a very elegant way of doing publisher-specific

books. If we want to add another publisher page, we'd need another handful of

lines in the URLconf, and more than a few publishers would get unreasonable.

We'll deal with this problem in the next section.

.. note::

    If you get a 404 when requesting ``/books/acme/``, check to ensure you

    actually have a Publisher with the name 'ACME Publishing'.  Generic

    views have an ``allow_empty`` parameter for this case.  See the

    :doc:`generic views reference</ref/generic-views>` for more details.

Complex filtering with wrapper functions

----------------------------------------

Another common need is to filter down the objects given in a list page by some

key in the URL. Earlier we hard-coded the publisher's name in the URLconf, but

what if we wanted to write a view that displayed all the books by some arbitrary

publisher? We can "wrap" the ``object_list`` generic view to avoid writing a lot

of code by hand. As usual, we'll start by writing a URLconf:

.. parsed-literal::

    from books.views import books_by_publisher

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        (r'^publishers/$', list_detail.object_list, publisher_info),

        **(r'^books/(\\w+)/$', books_by_publisher),**

    )

Next, we'll write the ``books_by_publisher`` view itself::

    from django.http import Http404

    from django.views.generic import list_detail

    from books.models import Book, Publisher

    def books_by_publisher(request, name):

        # Look up the publisher (and raise a 404 if it can't be found).

        try:

            publisher = Publisher.objects.get(name__iexact=name)

        except Publisher.DoesNotExist:

            raise Http404

        # Use the object_list view for the heavy lifting.

        return list_detail.object_list(

            request,

            queryset = Book.objects.filter(publisher=publisher),

            template_name = "books/books_by_publisher.html",

            template_object_name = "books",

            extra_context = {"publisher" : publisher}

        )

This works because there's really nothing special about generic views -- they're

just Python functions. Like any view function, generic views expect a certain

set of arguments and return ``HttpResponse`` objects. Thus, it's incredibly easy

to wrap a small function around a generic view that does additional work before

(or after; see the next section) handing things off to the generic view.

.. note::

    Notice that in the preceding example we passed the current publisher being

    displayed in the ``extra_context``. This is usually a good idea in wrappers

    of this nature; it lets the template know which "parent" object is currently

    being browsed.

Performing extra work

---------------------

The last common pattern we'll look at involves doing some extra work before

or after calling the generic view.

Imagine we had a ``last_accessed`` field on our ``Author`` object that we were

using to keep track of the last time anybody looked at that author::

    # models.py

    class Author(models.Model):

        salutation = models.CharField(max_length=10)

        first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)

        last_name = models.CharField(max_length=40)

        email = models.EmailField()

        headshot = models.ImageField(upload_to='/tmp')

        last_accessed = models.DateTimeField()

The generic ``object_detail`` view, of course, wouldn't know anything about this

field, but once again we could easily write a custom view to keep that field

updated.

First, we'd need to add an author detail bit in the URLconf to point to a

custom view:

.. parsed-literal::

    from books.views import author_detail

    urlpatterns = patterns('',

        #...

        **(r'^authors/(?P<author_id>\\d+)/$', author_detail),**

    )

Then we'd write our wrapper function::

    import datetime

    from books.models import Author

    from django.views.generic import list_detail

    from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404

    def author_detail(request, author_id):

        # Look up the Author (and raise a 404 if she's not found)

        author = get_object_or_404(Author, pk=author_id)

        # Record the last accessed date

        author.last_accessed = datetime.datetime.now()

        author.save()

        # Show the detail page

        return list_detail.object_detail(

            request,

            queryset = Author.objects.all(),

            object_id = author_id,

        )

.. note::

    This code won't actually work unless you create a

    ``books/author_detail.html`` template.

We can use a similar idiom to alter the response returned by the generic view.

If we wanted to provide a downloadable plain-text version of the list of

authors, we could use a view like this::

    def author_list_plaintext(request):

        response = list_detail.object_list(

            request,

            queryset = Author.objects.all(),

            mimetype = "text/plain",

            template_name = "books/author_list.txt"

        )

        response["Content-Disposition"] = "attachment; filename=authors.txt"

        return response

This works because the generic views return simple ``HttpResponse`` objects

that can be treated like dictionaries to set HTTP headers. This

``Content-Disposition`` business, by the way, instructs the browser to

download and save the page instead of displaying it in the browser.