## Classes and Objects

In the previous sections we learnt about functions which provide certain level of abstraction to our code by holding the code which performs one or more specific functionalities. We were able to use this function as many times as we wanted. In addition to functions, Python also higher level of abstractions through Classes and Objects . Objects can be loosely defined as a collection of a set of data items and a set of methods. The data items can be any valid Python variable or any Python object. Functions enclosed within a class are called as methods . If you are thinking if methods are functions why is there a distinction between the two? The answer to this will be given as we walk through the concepts of Classes and Objects . Classes contain the definition for the Objects . Objects are instances of Classes .

A class is defined using the keyword class followed by the class name, in turn followed by a semicolon. The statements that a Class encloses are written in a new block, i.e on the next indentation level:

         class Employee:
      def setName(self, name):
        self.name = name

      def getName(self):
        return self.name

In the above example, we defined a class with the name Employee. We also defined two methods, setName and getName for this class. It is important to note the differences between the normal Python functions and class methods defined above. Each method of the class must take the same instance of the class(object) from which it was called as the first argument. It is conventionally given the name, self . Note that self is only a convention. You can use any other name, but the first argument to the method will always be the same object of the class from which the method was called. The data memebers that belong to the class are called as class attributes . Class attributes are preceded by the object of the class and a dot. In the above example, name is a class attribute since it is preceded by the self object. Class attributes can be accessed from anywhere within the class.

We can create objects of a class outside the class definition by using the same syntax we use to call a function with no parameters. We can assign this object to a variable:

         emp = Employee()

In the above example, we create an object named emp of the class Employee . All the attributes and methods of the class can be accessed by the object of the class using the standard notation object.attribute or object.method() . Although the first parameter of a class method is the self object, it must not be passed as an argument when calling the method. The self object is implicitly passed to the method by the Python interpreter. All other arguments passing rules like default arguments, keyword arguments, argument packing and unpacking follow the same rules as those for ordinary Python functions:

         >>> emp.setName('John')
    >>> name = emp.getName()
    >>> print name
    John
    >>> print emp.name
    John

If we at all try to access a class attribute before assigning a value to it, i.e before creating it, Python raises the same error as it would raise for the accessing undefined variable:

         >>> emp = Employee()
    >>> emp.name
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "class.py", line 10, in <module>
        print e.name
    AttributeError: Employee instance has no attribute 'name'